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Zhou S, Yang Y, Cheng Z, Wu M, Han Q, Zhao W, Liu H. Effects of early maternal separation on the expression levels of hippocampal and prefrontal cortex genes and pathways in lactating piglets. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1243296. [PMID: 37645701 PMCID: PMC10460909 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1243296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In actual production, due to increased litter size when raising pigs, the management of piglets by split-suckling leads to intermittent neonatal maternal separation (MS). Early lactation is a critical period for the cognitive development of the brain of newborn piglets, and we hypothesized that intermittent MS may affect piglets' neurodevelopment and cognitive ability. Methods To determine the effects of the MS, we selected hippocampal and prefrontal cortex (PFC) tissues from piglets for the detection of neurodevelopmental or cognitive related indicators, the control group (Con group, n = 6) was established with no MS and an experimental group (MS group, n = 6) was established with MS for 6 h/day. Piglets in the MS group were milk-supplemented during the separation period and all piglets in both treatment groups were weaned at postnatal day (PND) 35. On PND 35, three male piglets from each group were sacrificed for hippocampus and PFC samples used for reference transcriptome sequencing. Following bioinformatics analysis, Gene ontology (GO) enrichment, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, and candidate gene screening and pathway were performed for differentially expressed genes. Results The results showed that a total of 1,632 differential genes were identified in the hippocampus of the MS group, including 1,077 up-regulated differential genes, 555 down-regulated differential genes, and 655 significant GO entries. Analysis of the PFC of the MS group revealed 349 up-regulated genes, 151 down-regulated differential genes, and 584 significant GO entries. Genes associated with neurodevelopment were screened for large fold differences in the hippocampus, and genes associated with cognition were screened for large fold differences in the PFC. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the sequencing data. Western blot (WB) experiments revealed that MS inhibited the neurodevelopment-related WNT signaling pathway in the hippocampus and the cognitive-related PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in the PFC. Discussion Taken together, these findings suggest that intermittent MS may affect some cognitive functions in piglets by damaging hippocampal and PFC genes or pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mengyao Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qi Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenzhong Zhao
- Institute of New Rural Development, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Honggui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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2
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Orui J, Shiraiwa K, Tazaki F, Inoue T, Ueda M, Ueno K, Naito Y, Ishii R. Social Buffering Effects during Craft Activities in Parallel Group Session Revealed by EEG Analysis and Parasympathetic Activity. Neuropsychobiology 2023; 82:287-299. [PMID: 37562371 PMCID: PMC10614439 DOI: 10.1159/000531005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The therapeutic structure of occupational therapy (OT) includes groups. Although the presence of others is expected to be relaxing due to the social buffering effect and the tend and befriend theory, it has not been sufficiently validated in accordance with the therapeutic structure of OT. The aim of this study was to investigate the electrophysiological evidence for the effectiveness of parallel groups and states of concentration on craft activities used in OT. METHODS Thirty healthy young adults were used as controls to measure EEG and autonomic activity during craft activities in three conditions: alone, parallel, and nonparallel. EEG was analyzed using exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography, and autonomic activity was analyzed using Lorenz plot analysis. RESULTS Parasympathetic activity was significantly higher in the parallel condition than in the alone condition. A significant negative correlation was found between current source density and parasympathetic activity in the region centered on the right insular cortex in the α1 band, and functional connectivity in regions including the anterior cingulate cortex and insular cortex was associated with autonomic activity. CONCLUSION Craft activities that occurred during frontal midline theta rhythm also increased parasympathetic activity. The results suggest that the parallel groups used in OT and the intensive state of craft activities induce a social buffering effect that increases parasympathetic activity despite the absence of physical contact or social support. This provides evidence for the effectiveness of the therapeutic structure of occupational activities and groups in OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Orui
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keigo Shiraiwa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumie Tazaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Inoue
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Ueda
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keita Ueno
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Naito
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryouhei Ishii
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Yang Y, Zhong Z, Wang B, Wang Y, Ding W. Activation of D1R signaling in the medial prefrontal cortex rescues maternal separation-induced behavioral deficits through restoration of excitatory neurotransmission. Behav Brain Res 2023; 441:114287. [PMID: 36627054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lack of maternal care and attention during infancy and childhood increases the likelihood of developing a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as social deficits, working memory impairment, and anxiety-like behaviors, in adulthood. However, the neuroregulatory signaling through which early-life stress causes behavioral and cognitive abnormalities in the offspring is largely unexplored. Here, we show that in mice, unpredictable maternal separation (MS) during the early postnatal period impairs neuronal development in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and results in long-lasting behavioral changes. Additionally, MS disrupts excitatory neurotransmission and inhibits the neuronal activity of pyramidal neurons in the mPFC. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data of mPFC showed that dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) was significantly downregulated in MS animals. Finally, we show that pharmacological activation of D1R signaling specifically in the mPFC improves neuronal excitability and rescues behavioral and cognitive dysfunction of MS mice, whereas pharmacologically inhibiting of D1R in the mPFC mimics MS-induced behavioral abnormalities in control mice. Together, our results identify D1R signaling in the mPFC, at least in part, as a potential therapeutic target for the behavioral and cognitive abnormalities caused by deprivation of maternal care in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Road, Chengdu 611137, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macao Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Zhanqiong Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Road, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Baojia Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Road, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Yili Wang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Weijun Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Road, Chengdu 611137, PR China
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Zablocki-Thomas PB, Rogers FD, Bales KL. Neuroimaging of human and non-human animal emotion and affect in the context of social relationships. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:994504. [PMID: 36338883 PMCID: PMC9633678 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.994504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term relationships are essential for the psychological wellbeing of humans and many animals. Positive emotions and affective experiences (e.g., romantic or platonic love) seem to be closely related to the creation and maintenance of social bonds. When relationships are threatened or terminated, other emotions generally considered to be negative can arise (e.g., jealousy or loneliness). Because humans and animals share (to varying degrees) common evolutionary histories, researchers have attempted to explain the evolution of affect and emotion through the comparative approach. Now brain imaging techniques allow the comparison of the neurobiological substrates of affective states and emotion in human and animal brains using a common methodology. Here, we review brain imaging studies that feature emotions characterized by the context of social bonding. We compare imaging findings associated with affective and emotional states elicited by similar social situations between humans and animal models. We also highlight the role of key neurohormones (i.e., oxytocin, vasopressin, and dopamine) that jointly support the occurrence of socially contextualized emotions and affect across species. In doing so, we seek to explore and clarify if and how humans and animals might similarly experience social emotion and affect in the context of social relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline B. Zablocki-Thomas
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Pauline B. Zablocki-Thomas,
| | - Forrest D. Rogers
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Psychology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Karen L. Bales
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Raper J, Chahroudi A. Clinical and Preclinical Evidence for Adverse Neurodevelopment after Postnatal Zika Virus Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6010010. [PMID: 33445671 PMCID: PMC7838975 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the Zika virus (ZIKV) typically causes mild or no symptoms in adults, during the 2015−2016 outbreak, ZIKV infection in pregnancy resulted in a spectrum of diseases in infants, including birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders identified in childhood. While intense clinical and basic science research has focused on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of prenatal ZIKV infection, less is known about the consequences of infection during early life. Considering the neurotropism of ZIKV and the rapidly-developing postnatal brain, it is important to understand how infection during infancy may disrupt neurodevelopment. This paper reviews the current knowledge regarding early postnatal ZIKV infection. Emerging clinical evidence supports the hypothesis that ZIKV infection during infancy can result in negative neurologic consequences. However, clinical data regarding postnatal ZIKV infection in children are limited; as such, animal models play an important role in understanding the potential complications of ZIKV infection related to the vulnerable developing brain. Preclinical data provide insight into the potential behavioral, cognitive, and motor domains that clinical studies should examine in pediatric populations exposed to ZIKV during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Raper
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Correspondence:
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Schiele MA, Bandelow B, Baldwin DS, Pini S, Domschke K. A neurobiological framework of separation anxiety and related phenotypes. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 33:45-57. [PMID: 32046934 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the DSM-5, separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is newly classified in the chapter on anxiety, renewing research efforts into its etiology. In this narrative review, we summarize the current literature on the genetic, endocrine, physiological, neural and neuropsychological underpinnings of SAD per se, SAD in the context of panic disorder, separation anxiety symptoms, and related intermediate phenotypes. SAD aggregates in families and has a heritability of ~43%. Variants in the oxytocin receptor, serotonin transporter, opioid receptor µ1, dopamine D4 receptor and translocator protein genes have all been associated with SAD. Dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, dysfunctional cortico-limbic interaction and biased cognitive processing seem to constitute further neurobiological markers of separation anxiety. Hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide appears to be an endophenotype shared by SAD, panic disorder and anxiety sensitivity. The identification of biological risk markers and its multi-level integration hold great promise regarding the prediction of SAD risk, maintenance and course, and in the future may allow for the selection of indicated preventive and innovative, personalized therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Schiele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Borwin Bandelow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - David S Baldwin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefano Pini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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7
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Yi Y, Li LMW, Xiao Y, Ma J, Fan L, Dai Z. Brain activity mediates the relation between emotional but not instrumental support and trait loneliness. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 13:995-1002. [PMID: 30137637 PMCID: PMC6137314 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Loneliness results from lacking satisfied social connections. However, little is known how trait loneliness, which is a stable personal characteristic, is influenced by different types of social support (i.e. emotional and instrumental support) through the brain activity associated with loneliness. To explore these questions, data of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) of 92 healthy participants were analyzed. We identified loneliness-related brain regions by correlating participants’ loneliness scores with amplitudes of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) of R-fMRI data. We then conducted mediation analyses to test whether the negative relation between each type of social support and loneliness was explained via the neural activity in the loneliness-related brain regions. The results showed that loneliness was positively related to the mean ALFF value within right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). In addition, the negative relation between emotional support and loneliness was explained by a decrease in the spontaneous neural activity within right ITG but this pattern was not observed for instrumental support. These results suggest the importance of social information processing on trait loneliness and highlight the need to differentiate the functions of different types of social support on mental health from a neural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yi
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liman Man Wai Li
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junji Ma
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengjia Dai
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Wakeford AG, Morin EL, Bramlett SN, Howell LL, Sanchez MM. A review of nonhuman primate models of early life stress and adolescent drug abuse. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:188-198. [PMID: 30450384 PMCID: PMC6236515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence represents a developmental stage in which initiation of drug use typically occurs and is marked by dynamic neurobiological changes. These changes present a sensitive window during which perturbations to normative development lead to alterations in brain circuits critical for stress and emotional regulation as well as reward processing, potentially resulting in an increased susceptibility to psychopathologies. The occurrence of early life stress (ELS) is related to a greater risk for the development of substance use disorders (SUD) during adolescence. Studies using nonhuman primates (NHP) are ideally suited to examine how ELS may alter the development of neurobiological systems modulating the reinforcing effects of drugs, given their remarkable neurobiological, behavioral, and developmental homologies to humans. This review examines NHP models of ELS that have been used to characterize its effects on sensitivity to drug reinforcement, and proposes future directions using NHP models of ELS and drug abuse in an effort to develop more targeted intervention and prevention strategies for at risk clinical populations. ELS has long-lasting neurobiological and behavioral consequences. ELS is a major risk factor for the initiation of adolescent drug use. Sex differences are apparent in the consequences of ELS, including drug use. Nonhuman primate models of ELS are critical for understanding ELS effects on neurobiology and risk for adolescent drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G.P. Wakeford
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Dr NE #200, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
- Corresponding author. Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States.
| | - Elyse L. Morin
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Dr NE #200, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
| | - Sara N. Bramlett
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Dr NE #200, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
| | - Leonard L. Howell
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Dr NE #200, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
| | - Mar M. Sanchez
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Dr NE #200, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
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Matthies S, Schiele MA, Koentges C, Pini S, Schmahl C, Domschke K. Please Don't Leave Me-Separation Anxiety and Related Traits in Borderline Personality Disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2018; 20:83. [PMID: 30155649 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-018-0951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In light of the apparent symptomatic resemblance of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms on the one hand and abandonment fears, anxiousness, and separation insecurity central to borderline personality disorder (BPD) on the other hand, a comprehensive overview of separation anxiety and related traits in BPD is provided. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiological, environmental, psychological, and neurobiological data connecting BPD to separation events, feelings of loneliness, insecure attachment styles, dimensional separation anxiety as well as SAD per se suggest a partly shared etiological pathway model underlying BPD and SAD. Differential diagnostic aspects and implications for treatment are discussed, highlighting separation anxiety as a promising transdiagnostic target for specific psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment approaches in BPD. This innovative angle on cross-disorder symptomatology might carry potential for novel preventive and therapeutic avenues in clinical practice by guiding the development of interventions specifically targeting separation anxiety and attachment-related issues in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swantje Matthies
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam A Schiele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christa Koentges
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Pini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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Wang J, Feng X, Wu J, Xie S, Li L, Xu L, Zhang Y, Ren X, Hu Z, Lv L, Hu X, Jiang T. Alterations of Gray Matter Volume and White Matter Integrity in Maternal Deprivation Monkeys. Neuroscience 2018; 384:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in youth; however, progress in treatment for childhood anxiety has stalled over the past decade. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project represents a shift toward a dimensional and interdisciplinary approach to psychiatric disorders; this shift can reframe developmental psychopathology for childhood anxiety and facilitate novel advances in its classification and treatment. Here we highlight constructs in the Systems for Social Processes and the Negative Valence System domains of RDoC, as they relate to childhood anxiety disorders. Childhood anxiety relates to both RDoC domains. In terms of social processes, through natural reliance on parents to reduce children's fear, attachment represents one particular social process, which plays a central role in anxiety among youth. In terms of negative valence, considerable research links threat conditioning to pediatric anxiety. Finally, fronto-amygdala circuitry relates to all three entities, as it has been shown to underly both attachment processes and threat learning, while it also has been consistently implicated in anxiety disorders across development. Through integrative and translational approaches, RDoC provides unique opportunities and simultaneous challenges for advancing the understanding and treatment of childhood anxiety disorders.
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Pfefferle D, Plümer S, Burchardt L, Treue S, Gail A. Assessment of stress responses in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) to daily routine procedures in system neuroscience based on salivary cortisol concentrations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190190. [PMID: 29293564 PMCID: PMC5749769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates participating in neurophysiological research are exposed to potentially stressful experimental procedures, such as dietary control protocols, surgical implants and their maintenance, or social separation during training and experimental session. Here, we investigated the effect of controlled access to fluid, surgical implants, implant-related cleaning of skin margins, and behavioral training sessions on salivary cortisol levels of adult male rhesus macaques participating in neurophysiological research. The animals were trained to chew flavored cotton swabs to non-invasively collect saliva samples. Our data show no differences in cortisol levels between animals with and without implants, but both, controlled access to fluid and cleaning of implants individually increased salivary cortisol concentrations, while both together did not further increase the concentration. Specifically, before cleaning, individuals with controlled access to fluid had 55% higher cortisol concentrations than individuals with free access to fluid. Under free access to fluid, cortisol concentrations were 27% higher after cleaning while no effect of cleaning was found for individuals under controlled fluid access. Training sessions under controlled access to fluid also did not affect salivary cortisol concentrations. The observed changes in cortisol concentrations represent mild stress responses, as they are only a fraction of the range of the regular circadian changes in cortisol levels in rhesus monkeys. They also indicate that combinations of procedures do not necessarily lead to cumulative stress responses. Our results indicate that salivary cortisol levels of rhesus monkeys respond to neurophysiological experimental procedures and, hence, may be used to assess further refinements of such experimental methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Pfefferle
- Welfare and Cognition Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz-ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, German Primate Center & University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sina Plümer
- Welfare and Cognition Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leonore Burchardt
- Welfare and Cognition Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Treue
- Welfare and Cognition Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz-ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, German Primate Center & University of Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Gail
- Welfare and Cognition Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz-ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, German Primate Center & University of Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Amaral WZ, Lubach GR, Proctor A, Lyte M, Phillips GJ, Coe CL. Social Influences on Prevotella and the Gut Microbiome of Young Monkeys. Psychosom Med 2017; 79:888-897. [PMID: 28178033 PMCID: PMC5547018 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate the bacterial profiles of young monkeys as they were weaned into peer groups with a particular focus on Prevotella, an important taxon in both human and nonhuman primates. The weaning of infants and increased social contact with peers is a developmental stage that is likely to affect the gut microbiome. METHODS Gut bacteria were assessed in 63 rhesus monkeys living in social groups comprised of 4 to 7 individuals. Two groups were assessed prospectively on day 1 and 2 weeks after rehousing away from the mother and group formation. Ten additional groups were assessed at 2 weeks after group establishment. Fecal genomic DNA was extracted and 16S ribosomal RNA sequenced by Illumina MiSeq (5 social groups) and 454-amplicon pyrosequencing (7 social groups). RESULTS Combining weaned infants into small social groups led to a microbial convergence by 2 weeks (p < .001). Diversity analyses indicated more similar community structure within peer groups than across groups (p < .01). Prevotella was the predominant taxon, and its abundance differed markedly across individuals. Indices of richness, microbial profiles, and less abundant taxa were all associated with the Prevotella levels. Functional Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses suggested corresponding shifts in metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS The formation of small groups of young rhesus monkeys was associated with significant shifts in the gut microbiota. The profiles were closely associated with the abundance of Prevotella, a predominant taxon in the rhesus monkey gut. Changes in the structure of the gut microbiome are likely to induce differences in metabolic and physiologic functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Z Amaral
- From the Harlow Center for Biological Psychology (Amaral, Lubach, Coe), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Medicine (Proctor, Lyte, Phillips), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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Saur L, Neves LT, Greggio S, Venturin GT, Jeckel CMM, Costa Da Costa J, Bertoldi K, Schallenberger B, Siqueira IR, Mestriner RG, Xavier LL. Ketamine promotes increased freezing behavior in rats with experimental PTSD without changing brain glucose metabolism or BDNF. Neurosci Lett 2017; 658:6-11. [PMID: 28823895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute treatment with ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, has been reported to be efficacious in treating depression. The goal of our study was to evaluate ketamine treatment in an animal model of another important psychiatric disease, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fifty-eight male rats were initially divided into four groups: Control+Saline (CTRL+SAL), Control+Ketamine (CTRL+KET), PTSD+Saline (PTSD+SAL) and PTSD+Ketamine (PTSD+KET). To mimic PTSD we employed the inescapable footshock protocol. The PTSD animals were classified according to freezing behavior duration into "extreme behavioral response" (EBR) or "minimal behavioral response" (MBR). Afterwards, the glucose metabolism and BDNF were evaluated in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and amygdala. Our results show that animals classified as EBR exhibited increased freezing behavior and that ketamine treatment further increased freezing duration. Glucose metabolism and BDNF levels showed no significant differences. These results suggest ketamine might aggravate PTSD symptoms and that this effect is unrelated to alterations in glucose metabolism or BDNF protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiani Saur
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, FaBio, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Laura Tartari Neves
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, FaBio, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Samuel Greggio
- Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul- PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Karine Bertoldi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, ICBS, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Léder Leal Xavier
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, FaBio, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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15
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Wright DB, Laurent HK, Ablow JC. Mothers Who Were Neglected in Childhood Show Differences in Neural Response to Their Infant's Cry. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2017; 22:158-166. [PMID: 28413918 DOI: 10.1177/1077559516683503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate how a mother's experience of neglect in her own childhood is associated with her neural response to her infant's distress cues. During scanning, 22 high-risk primiparous mothers were exposed to both their own 18-month-old infant's cry sound and a control sound. Mothers' continuous Neglect subscale scores from the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were examined as a predictor of their neural response to own infant cry > control sound. Mothers who reported high levels of neglect from childhood showed regions of hyperactivation to their infant's cry (relative to control sound) in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices and insula as well as specific prefrontal (precentral gyrus) and parietal (posterior supramarginal gyrus) areas. These results may suggest how important early life experiences are for future parenting responses and behaviors.
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16
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Heightened extended amygdala metabolism following threat characterizes the early phenotypic risk to develop anxiety-related psychopathology. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:724-732. [PMID: 27573879 PMCID: PMC5332536 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Children with an anxious temperament are prone to heightened shyness and behavioral inhibition (BI). When chronic and extreme, this anxious, inhibited phenotype is an important early-life risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders, depression and co-morbid substance abuse. Individuals with extreme anxious temperament often show persistent distress in the absence of immediate threat and this contextually inappropriate anxiety predicts future symptom development. Despite its clear clinical relevance, the neural circuitry governing the maladaptive persistence of anxiety remains unclear. Here, we used a well-established nonhuman primate model of childhood temperament and high-resolution 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging to understand the neural systems governing persistent anxiety and to clarify their relevance to early-life phenotypic risk. We focused on BI, a core component of anxious temperament, because it affords the moment-by-moment temporal resolution needed to assess contextually appropriate and inappropriate anxiety. From a pool of 109 peri-adolescent rhesus monkeys, we formed groups characterized by high or low levels of BI, as indexed by freezing in response to an unfamiliar human intruder's profile. The high-BI group showed consistently elevated signs of anxiety and wariness across >2 years of assessments. At the time of brain imaging, 1.5 years after initial phenotyping, the high-BI group showed persistently elevated freezing during a 30-min 'recovery' period following an encounter with the intruder-more than an order of magnitude greater than the low-BI group-and this was associated with increased metabolism in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, a key component of the central extended amygdala. These observations provide a neurobiological framework for understanding the early phenotypic risk to develop anxiety-related psychopathology, for accelerating the development of improved interventions, and for understanding the origins of childhood temperament.
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17
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Gee DG. Sensitive Periods of Emotion Regulation: Influences of Parental Care on Frontoamygdala Circuitry and Plasticity. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2017; 2016:87-110. [PMID: 27589500 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Early caregiving experiences play a central role in shaping emotional development, stress physiology, and refinement of limbic circuitry. Converging evidence across species delineates a sensitive period of heightened neuroplasticity when frontoamygdala circuitry is especially amenable to caregiver inputs early in life. During this period, parental buffering regulates emotional behaviors and stress physiology as emotion regulation circuitry continues to mature. By contrast, disorganized or poor quality caregiving has profound and lasting consequences on the maturation of frontoamygdala circuitry essential for emotion regulation, even following termination of this early life stressor (e.g., adoption from orphanage). This article highlights how interactions between caregiving experiences and the biological state of the developing brain have broad implications for long-term health.
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18
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Maninger N, Hinde K, Mendoza SP, Mason WA, Larke RH, Ragen BJ, Jarcho MR, Cherry SR, Rowland DJ, Ferrer E, Bales KL. Pair bond formation leads to a sustained increase in global cerebral glucose metabolism in monogamous male titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus). Neuroscience 2017; 348:302-312. [PMID: 28242440 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Social bonds, especially attachment relationships, are crucial to our health and happiness. However, what we know about the neural substrates of these bonds is almost exclusively limited to rodent models and correlational experiments in humans. Here, we used socially monogamous non-human primates, titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) to experimentally examine changes in regional and global cerebral glucose metabolism (GCGM) during the formation and maintenance of pair bonds. Baseline positron emission tomography (PET) scans were taken of thirteen unpaired male titi monkeys. Seven males were then experimentally paired with females, scanned and compared, after one week, to six age-matched control males. Five of the six control males were then also paired and scanned after one week. Scans were repeated on all males after four months of pairing. PET scans were coregistered with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and region of interest (ROI) analysis was carried out. A primary finding was that paired males showed a significant increase in [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in whole brain following one week of pairing, which is maintained out to four months. Dopaminergic, "motivational" areas and those involved in social behavior showed the greatest change in glucose uptake. In contrast, control areas changed only marginally more than GCGM. These findings confirm the large effects of social bonds on GCGM. They also suggest that more studies should examine how social manipulations affect whole-brain FDG uptake, as opposed to assuming that it does not change across condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Maninger
- California National Primate Research Center, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Katie Hinde
- California National Primate Research Center, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States.
| | - Sally P Mendoza
- California National Primate Research Center, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Psychology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - William A Mason
- California National Primate Research Center, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Psychology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Rebecca H Larke
- California National Primate Research Center, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Psychology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Benjamin J Ragen
- California National Primate Research Center, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Psychology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Michael R Jarcho
- California National Primate Research Center, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Psychology, Siena College, Loudonville, NY 12211, United States.
| | - Simon R Cherry
- California National Primate Research Center, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Douglas J Rowland
- Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Emilio Ferrer
- Department of Psychology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Karen L Bales
- California National Primate Research Center, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Psychology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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19
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Zhang B. Consequences of early adverse rearing experience(EARE) on development: insights from non-human primate studies. Zool Res 2017; 38:7-35. [PMID: 28271667 PMCID: PMC5368383 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early rearing experiences are important in one's whole life, whereas early adverse rearing experience(EARE) is usually related to various physical and mental disorders in later life. Although there were many studies on human and animals, regarding the effect of EARE on brain development, neuroendocrine systems, as well as the consequential mental disorders and behavioral abnormalities, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Due to the close genetic relationship and similarity in social organizations with humans, non-human primate(NHP) studies were performed for over 60 years. Various EARE models were developed to disrupt the early normal interactions between infants and mothers or peers. Those studies provided important insights of EARE induced effects on the physiological and behavioral systems of NHPs across life span, such as social behaviors(including disturbance behavior, social deficiency, sexual behavior, etc), learning and memory ability, brain structural and functional developments(including influences on neurons and glia cells, neuroendocrine systems, e.g., hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis, etc). In this review, the effects of EARE and the underlying epigenetic mechanisms were comprehensively summarized and the possibility of rehabilitation was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China; National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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20
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Kanitz E, Hameister T, Tuchscherer A, Tuchscherer M, Puppe B. Social Support Modulates Stress-Related Gene Expression in Various Brain Regions of Piglets. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:227. [PMID: 27965550 PMCID: PMC5126102 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of an affiliative conspecific may alleviate an individual’s stress response in threatening conditions. However, the mechanisms and neural circuitry underlying the process of social buffering have not yet been elucidated. Using the domestic pig as an animal model, we examined the effect of a 4-h maternal and littermate deprivation on stress hormones and on mRNA expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11ß-HSD) types 1 and 2 and the immediate early gene c-fos in various brain regions of 7-, 21- and 35-day old piglets. The deprivation occurred either alone or with a familiar or unfamiliar age-matched piglet. Compared to piglets deprived alone, the presence of a conspecific animal significantly reduced free plasma cortisol concentrations and altered the MR/GR balance and 11ß-HSD2 and c-fos mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala and hypothalamus, but not in the hippocampus. The alterations in brain mRNA expression were particularly found in 21- or 35-day old piglets, which may reflect the species-specific postnatal ontogeny of the investigated brain regions. The buffering effects of social support were most pronounced in the amygdala, indicating its significance both for the assessment of social conspecifics as biologically relevant stimuli and for the processing of emotional states. In conclusion, the present findings provide further evidence for the importance of the cortico-limbic network underlying the abilities of individuals to cope with social stress and strongly emphasize the benefits of social partners in livestock with respect to positive welfare and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN) Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Theresa Hameister
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN) Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN) Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Margret Tuchscherer
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN) Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Birger Puppe
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN)Dummerstorf, Germany; Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany
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21
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Buttner AP. Neurobiological underpinnings of dogs' human-like social competence: How interactions between stress response systems and oxytocin mediate dogs' social skills. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:198-214. [PMID: 27593441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) have been suggested as a natural model for human social cognition, possessing social skills that are in many ways functionally analogous to those of young humans. Researchers have debated the origins of dogs' human-like social competence and the underlying cognitive mechanisms, but only recently have researchers begun to explore their neurobiological underpinnings. In this review, findings from behavioral studies are integrated with what is known about the biological basis of dogs' human-directed social competence, with an emphasis on how stress-mediating systems, particularly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, interact with oxytocin and underlying neural systems to facilitate dogs' interspecific social-cognitive abilities. The working model presented in this paper offers a biological explanation for many of the inconsistent findings from past work on social cognition in dogs and generates questions for future research in the field of canine social competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Phillips Buttner
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Allwine Hall, Room 419, 6001 Dodge St., Omaha, NE, 68182, USA.
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22
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Zhang ZY, Mao Y, Feng XL, Zheng N, Lü LB, Ma YY, Qin DD, Hu XT. Early adversity contributes to chronic stress induced depression-like behavior in adolescent male rhesus monkeys. Behav Brain Res 2016; 306:154-9. [PMID: 27025444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is an important cause for depression. However, not everyone who is exposed to chronic stress will develop depression. Our previous studies demonstrated that early adversity can cause lasting changes in adolescent rhesus monkeys, but depressive symptoms have not been observed. Compared to adults, it is still unknown that whether adolescent rhesus monkeys experiencing early adversity are more likely to develop depressive symptoms. In this study, we investigated the long term relationship between early adversity, chronic stress and adolescent depression for the first time. Eight male rhesus monkeys were reared in maternal separation (MS) or mother-reared (MR) conditions. All of them went through unpredictable chronic stress for two months at their age four. The stressors included space restriction, intimidation, long illumination and fasting. Behavioral and physiological data were collected during the experiment. The results showed that, compared with the MR group, the locomotor activity of MS group was significantly decreased after one month of chronic stress while huddling up and stereotypical behaviors were significantly increased. Moreover, this trend continued and even worsened at the second month. Significantly higher hair cortisol levels and lower body weight were observed in MS group after two months of stress. These results indicate that early adversity is one of the environmental factors which can increase the susceptibility of depression when experiencing chronic stress in the later life. This will further clarify the important roles of early environmental factors in the development of adolescent depression and children rearing conditions should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Center for Drug Safety Evaluation, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xiao-Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long-Bao Lü
- Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yuan-Ye Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Dong-Dong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
| | - Xin-Tian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Doom JR, Doyle CM, Gunnar MR. Social stress buffering by friends in childhood and adolescence: Effects on HPA and oxytocin activity. Soc Neurosci 2016; 12:8-21. [PMID: 26899419 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1149095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that before puberty, parents are able to buffer, and often completely block, cortisol responses to social evaluative stressors (e.g., Trier Social Stress Test; TSST). However, after puberty, parents no longer provide a powerful buffer of the HPA axis from a social-evaluative stressor. The current study investigates whether friends can buffer the HPA axis in both children and adolescents compared to parents and whether similar stress-ameliorating patterns can also be observed in oxytocin activity. A total of 109 participants (54 children aged 9-10 and 55 adolescents aged 15-16; half of each sex) completed the TSST and were randomly assigned to prepare for their speech with their parent or friend for 5 minutes beforehand. Salivary cortisol and urinary oxytocin were measured before and after the TSST. For children, cortisol responses were comparable regardless of who helped the child prepare the speech. For adolescents, however, friends actually amplified the cortisol response compared to parents. In addition, adolescents produced less oxytocin than children, as did males compared to females. Notably, for boys, oxytocin levels decreased across the session if participants prepared with a friend rather than their parent. The mean change was in the same direction but not significant for girls. These results indicate that friends do not take over the social buffering role by age 15-16, which may inform interventions in at-risk children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenalee R Doom
- a Institute of Child Development , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Colleen M Doyle
- a Institute of Child Development , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Megan R Gunnar
- a Institute of Child Development , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
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24
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Multiple sevoflurane exposures in infant monkeys do not impact the mother-infant bond. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 54:46-51. [PMID: 26878984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to general anesthesia during the postnatal period is associated with death of brain cells as well as long-term impairments in cognitive and emotional behavior in animal models. These models are critical for investigating mechanisms of pediatric anesthetic neurotoxicity as well as for testing potential strategies for preventing or mitigating this toxicity. Control conditions for anesthesia exposure involve separation of conscious infants from their mothers for variable periods of time, which could have its own effect on subsequent behavior because of stress to the mother and/or infant as a consequence of separation.We are conducting a long-term study of infant rhesus monkeys exposed three times for 4h each to sevoflurane anesthesia during the first six postnatal weeks, with a comparison condition of control infant monkeys that undergo brief maternal separations on the same schedule, to equate the period of time each infant is conscious and separated from its mother. Because mothers are separated from their infants longer for infants in the anesthesia condition, this could modify maternal behavior toward the infant, which may influence subsequent socioemotional behavior in the infants. In this study, we analyzed maternal behavior immediately after the first post-anesthesia (or control) reunion, as well as during reintroduction of the mother-infant pair to the larger social group 24 hpost-anesthesia or control separation, and found no differences between the conditions with mothers spending most of their time in contact with infants in all conditions analyzed. This indicates that the different durations of maternal separation in this study design do not impact the mother-infant bond, strengthening conclusions that subsequent differences in behavior between monkeys exposed to anesthesia compared to controls are a consequence of anesthesia exposure and not differential maternal behavior in the two conditions.
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25
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Callaghan BL, Tottenham N. The Neuro-Environmental Loop of Plasticity: A Cross-Species Analysis of Parental Effects on Emotion Circuitry Development Following Typical and Adverse Caregiving. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:163-76. [PMID: 26194419 PMCID: PMC4677125 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early experiences critically shape the structure and function of the brain. Perturbations in typical/species-expected early experiences are known to have profound neural effects, especially in regions important for emotional responding. Parental care is one species-expected stimulus that plays a fundamental role in the development of emotion neurocircuitry. Emerging evidence across species suggests that phasic variation in parental presence during the sensitive period of childhood affects the recruitment of emotional networks on a moment-to-moment basis. In addition, it appears that increasing independence from caregivers cues the termination of the sensitive period for environmental input into emotion network development. In this review, we examine how early parental care, the central nervous system, and behavior come together to form a 'neuro-environmental loop,' contributing to the formation of stable emotion regulation circuits. To achieve this end, we focus on the interaction of parental care and the developing amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) network-that is at the core of human emotional functioning. Using this model, we discuss how individual or group variations in parental independence, across chronic and brief timescales, might contribute to neural and emotional phenotypes that have implications for long-term mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nim Tottenham
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Reproductive experiential regulation of cognitive and emotional resilience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:92-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Strong evidence indicates that reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) support fundamental aspects of emotional behavior in adulthood. However, this circuitry is slow to develop in humans, exhibiting immaturity in childhood. The argument is made that the development of this circuitry in humans is intimately associated with caregiving, such that parental availability during childhood provides important and enduring scaffolding of neuroaffective processes that ultimately form of the nature of the adult phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nim Tottenham
- a Department of Psychology , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
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28
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Qin D, Chu X, Feng X, Li Z, Yang S, Lü L, Yang Q, Pan L, Yin Y, Li J, Xu L, Chen L, Hu X. The first observation of seasonal affective disorder symptoms in Rhesus macaque. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:463-9. [PMID: 26164484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal animals are a better model for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) than nocturnal ones. Previous work with diurnal rodents demonstrated that short photoperiod conditions brought about depression-like behavior. However, rodents are at a large phylogenetic distance from humans. In contrast, nonhuman primates are closely similar to humans, making them an excellent candidate for SAD model. This study made the first attempt to develop SAD in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and it was found that short photoperiod conditions could lead monkeys to display depressive-like huddling behavior, less spontaneous locomotion, as well as less reactive locomotion. In addition to these depression-related behavioral changes, the physiological abnormalities that occur in patients with SAD, such as weight loss, anhedonia and hypercortisolism, were also observed in those SAD monkeys. Moreover, antidepressant treatment could reverse all of the depression-related symptoms, including depressive-like huddling behavior, less spontaneous locomotion, less reactive locomotion, weight loss, anhedonia and hypercortisolism. For the first time, this study observed the SAD symptoms in rhesus macaque, which would provide an important platform for the understanding of the etiology of SAD as well as developing novel therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xunxun Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Zhifei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Shangchuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Longbao Lü
- Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xintian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Dettmer AM, Suomi SJ. Nonhuman primate models of neuropsychiatric disorders: influences of early rearing, genetics, and epigenetics. ILAR J 2015; 55:361-70. [PMID: 25225312 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This report reviews the scientific literature from the past several decades that focuses on nonhuman primates (NHPs) as models of neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety, and alcoholism. In particular, we highlight the approaches, advantages, and disadvantages of the rearing, genetic, and epigenetic methodologies behind these studies as a means of evaluating the application of these methods in assessing disorders in NHPs as models of human disease. Finally, we describe the contributions the NHP studies have made to neuropsychiatric research and areas for future research.
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Monfardini E, Redouté J, Hadj-Bouziane F, Hynaux C, Fradin J, Huguet P, Costes N, Meunier M. Others' Sheer Presence Boosts Brain Activity in the Attention (But Not the Motivation) Network. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:2427-2439. [PMID: 25858969 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sheer presence of another member of the same species affects performance, sometimes impeding it, sometimes enhancing it. For well-learned tasks, the effect is generally positive. This fundamental form of social influence, known as social facilitation, concerns human as well as nonhuman animals and affects many behaviors from food consumption to cognition. In psychology, this phenomenon has been known for over a century. Yet, its underlying mechanism (motivation or attention) remains debated, its relationship to stress unclear, and its neural substrates unknown. To address these issues, we investigated the behavioral, neuronal, and endocrinological markers of social facilitation in monkeys trained to touch images to obtain rewards. When another animal was present, performance was enhanced, but testing-induced stress (i.e., plasma cortisol elevation) was unchanged, as was metabolic activity in the brain motivation network. Rather, task-related activity in the (right) attention frontoparietal network encompassing the lateral prefrontal cortex, ventral premotor cortex, frontal eye field, and intraparietal sulcus was increased when another individual was present compared with when animals were tested alone. These results establish the very first link between the behavioral enhancement produced by the mere presence of a peer and an increase of metabolic activity in those brain structures underpinning attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Monfardini
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon F-69000, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France.,Institut de Médecine Environnementale, Paris, France
| | | | - Fadila Hadj-Bouziane
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon F-69000, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Clément Hynaux
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon F-69000, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France
| | | | - Pascal Huguet
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7290-LPC and Fédération de Recherche 3C, Marseille, France
| | | | - Martine Meunier
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon F-69000, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France
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31
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Clauss JA, Avery SN, Blackford JU. The nature of individual differences in inhibited temperament and risk for psychiatric disease: A review and meta-analysis. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 127-128:23-45. [PMID: 25784645 PMCID: PMC4516130 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
What makes us different from one another? Why does one person jump out of airplanes for fun while another prefers to stay home and read? Why are some babies born with a predisposition to become anxious? Questions about individual differences in temperament have engaged the minds of scientists, psychologists, and philosophers for centuries. Recent technological advances in neuroimaging and genetics provide an unprecedented opportunity to answer these questions. Here we review the literature on the neurobiology of one of the most basic individual differences-the tendency to approach or avoid novelty. This trait, called inhibited temperament, is innate, heritable, and observed across species. Importantly, inhibited temperament also confers risk for psychiatric disease. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of inhibited temperament, including neuroimaging and genetic studies in human and non-human primates. We conducted a meta-analysis of neuroimaging findings in inhibited humans that points to alterations in a fronto-limbic-basal ganglia circuit; these findings provide the basis of a model of inhibited temperament neurocircuitry. Lesion and neuroimaging studies in non-human primate models of inhibited temperament highlight roles for the amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsal prefrontal cortex. Genetic studies highlight a role for genes that regulate neurotransmitter function, such as the serotonin transporter polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR), as well as genes that regulate stress response, such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Together these studies provide a foundation of knowledge about the genetic and neural substrates of this most basic of temperament traits. Future studies using novel imaging methods and genetic approaches promise to expand upon these biological bases of inhibited temperament and inform our understanding of risk for psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Clauss
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - S N Avery
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - J U Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States.
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Carpenter KLH, Angold A, Chen NK, Copeland WE, Gaur P, Pelphrey K, Song AW, Egger HL. Preschool anxiety disorders predict different patterns of amygdala-prefrontal connectivity at school-age. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116854. [PMID: 25625285 PMCID: PMC4308069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In this prospective, longitudinal study of young children, we examined whether a history of preschool generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, and/or social phobia is associated with amygdala-prefrontal dysregulation at school-age. As an exploratory analysis, we investigated whether distinct anxiety disorders differ in the patterns of this amygdala-prefrontal dysregulation. Methods Participants were children taking part in a 5-year study of early childhood brain development and anxiety disorders. Preschool symptoms of generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, and social phobia were assessed with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA) in the first wave of the study when the children were between 2 and 5 years old. The PAPA was repeated at age 6. We conducted functional MRIs when the children were 5.5 to 9.5 year old to assess neural responses to viewing of angry and fearful faces. Results A history of preschool social phobia predicted less school-age functional connectivity between the amygdala and the ventral prefrontal cortices to angry faces. Preschool generalized anxiety predicted less functional connectivity between the amygdala and dorsal prefrontal cortices in response to fearful faces. Finally, a history of preschool separation anxiety predicted less school-age functional connectivity between the amygdala and the ventral prefrontal cortices to angry faces and greater school-age functional connectivity between the amygdala and dorsal prefrontal cortices to angry faces. Conclusions Our results suggest that there are enduring neurobiological effects associated with a history of preschool anxiety, which occur over-and-above the effect of subsequent emotional symptoms. Our results also provide preliminary evidence for the neurobiological differentiation of specific preschool anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L. H. Carpenter
- Duke University Medical Center, Center for Developmental Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Adrian Angold
- Duke University Medical Center, Center for Developmental Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nan-Kuei Chen
- Duke University Medical Center, Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William E. Copeland
- Duke University Medical Center, Center for Developmental Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pooja Gaur
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Chemical and Physical Biology, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kevin Pelphrey
- Yale University, Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Allen W. Song
- Duke University Medical Center, Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Helen L. Egger
- Duke University Medical Center, Center for Developmental Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Loseth GE, Ellingsen DM, Leknes S. State-dependent μ-opioid modulation of social motivation. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:430. [PMID: 25565999 PMCID: PMC4264475 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Social mammals engage in affiliative interactions both when seeking relief from negative affect and when searching for pleasure and joy. These two motivational states are both modulated by μ-opioid transmission. The μ-opioid receptor (MOR) system in the brain mediates pain relief and reward behaviors, and is implicated in social reward processing and affiliative bonding across mammalian species. However, pharmacological manipulation of the μ-opioid system has yielded opposite effects on rodents and primates: in rodents, social motivation is generally increased by MOR agonists and reduced by antagonists, whereas the opposite pattern has been shown in primates. Here, we address this paradox by taking into account differences in motivational state. We first review evidence for μ-opioid mediation of reward processing, emotion regulation, and affiliation in humans, non-human primates, rodents and other species. Based on the consistent cross-species similarities in opioid functioning, we propose a unified, state-dependent model for μ-opioid modulation of affiliation across the mammalian species. Finally, we show that this state-dependent model is supported by evidence from both rodent and primate studies, when species and age differences in social separation response are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro E. Loseth
- Department of Psychology, University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | | | - Siri Leknes
- Department of Psychology, University of OsloOslo, Norway
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
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34
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Quaedflieg CWEM, Meyer T, Smulders FTY, Smeets T. The functional role of individual-alpha based frontal asymmetry in stress responding. Biol Psychol 2014; 104:75-81. [PMID: 25481665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetry in frontal electrical activity has been suggested to index tendencies in affective responding and thus may be associated with hormonal stress responses. To assess the functional role of frontal asymmetry (FA) in stress, we measured FA at rest and following exposure to acute stress induced with the Maastricht Acute Stress Task (MAST; N=70) in the standard 8-13Hz band as well as based on individual alpha frequency (IAF) band. IAF-based resting FAF4-F3 was associated with the stress-induced neuroendocrine response, such that left individual frontal activity predicted smaller total cortisol increases in response to the MAST. Like previous studies, we found resting left-sided FAF8-F7 to predict trait behavioural activation measured with the BIS/BAS scales. FA remained unaffected by stress-induced cortisol response. These findings suggest that individual FA might reflect a trait-like characteristic that moderates the stress response. Our results underscore the utility of IAF in studying individual differences in stress responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W E M Quaedflieg
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - T Meyer
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F T Y Smulders
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T Smeets
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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35
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Neuman Y. Personality from a cognitive-biological perspective. Phys Life Rev 2014; 11:650-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Hennessy MB, Schiml PA, Willen R, Watanasriyakul W, Johnson J, Garrett T. Selective social buffering of behavioral and endocrine responses and Fos induction in the prelimbic cortex of infants exposed to a novel environment. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 57:50-62. [PMID: 25355379 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the presence of the mother can reduce or "buffer" stress responses of her young in threatening conditions. We compared the effect of the mother, a familiar littermate, and an unfamiliar adult male on three classes of response shown by guinea pig pups in a novel environment: short latency active behaviors, particularly vocalizing; slower developing passive behaviors that appear mediated by inflammatory mechanisms; and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity. We also examined Fos induction in the prelimbic cortex, a region hypothesized to mediate buffering effects. Only the mother significantly suppressed all classes of behavior. The greatest selectivity was observed for passive behavioral responses. Contrary to expectations, the adult male reduced plasma cortisol levels of pups as effectively as did the mother. The presence of the male also resulted in increased Fos induction in the prelimbic cortex and high levels of social interaction. Maternal buffering was not associated with prelimbic activity. These results confirm the ability of the mother to reduce active behavioral and HPA responses and suggest a specific maternal buffering effect on the later developing passive behavioral responses. The findings also demonstrate an unexpected ability of adult males to reduce HPA responses and raise the possibility that different social partners buffer HPA activity through different underlying processes.
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37
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Callaghan BL, Sullivan RM, Howell B, Tottenham N. The international society for developmental psychobiology Sackler symposium: early adversity and the maturation of emotion circuits--a cross-species analysis. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 56:1635-50. [PMID: 25290865 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Early-life caregiving shapes the architecture and function of the developing brain. The fact that the infant-caregiver relationship is critically important for infant functioning across all altricial species, and that the anatomical circuits supporting emotional functioning are highly preserved across different species, suggests that the results of studies examining the role of early adversity and emotional functioning should be translatable across species. Here we present findings from four different research laboratories, using three different species, which have converged on a similar finding: adversity accelerates the developmental trajectory of amygdala-prefrontal cortex (PFC) development and modifies emotional behaviors. First, a rodent model of attachment learning associated with adversity is presented showing precocial disruption of attachment learning and emergence of heightened fear learning and emotionality. Second, a model of infant-mother separation is presented in which early adversity is shown to accelerate the developmental emergence of adult-like fear retention and extinction. Third, a model of early life adversity in Rhesus monkeys is presented in which a naturally occurring variation in maternal-care (abuse) is shown to alter the functioning of emotion circuits. Finally, a human model of maternal deprivation is presented in which children born into orphanages and then adopted abroad exhibit aberrant development of emotion circuits. The convergence of these cross-species studies on early life adversity suggests that adversity targets the amygdala and PFC and has immediate impact on infant behavior with the caregiver, and emotional reactions to the world. These results provide insight into mechanisms responsible for caregiver induced mental health trajectory alterations.
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38
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Sheikh HI, Joanisse MF, Mackrell SM, Kryski KR, Smith HJ, Singh SM, Hayden EP. Links between white matter microstructure and cortisol reactivity to stress in early childhood: evidence for moderation by parenting. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 6:77-85. [PMID: 25379418 PMCID: PMC4215465 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (measured via cortisol reactivity) may be a biological marker of risk for depression and anxiety, possibly even early in development. However, the structural neural correlates of early cortisol reactivity are not well known, although these would potentially inform broader models of mechanisms of risk, especially if the early environment further shapes these relationships. Therefore, we examined links between white matter architecture and young girls' cortisol reactivity and whether early caregiving moderated these links. We recruited 45 6-year-old girls based on whether they had previously shown high or low cortisol reactivity to a stress task at age 3. White matter integrity was assessed by calculating fractional anisotropy (FA) of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans. Parenting styles were measured via a standardized parent–child interaction task. Significant associations were found between FA in white matter regions adjacent to the left thalamus, the right anterior cingulate cortex, and the right superior frontal gyrus (all ps < .001). Further, positive early caregiving moderated the effect of high cortisol reactivity on white matter FA (all ps ≤ .05), with high stress reactive girls who received greater parent positive affect showing white matter structure more similar to that of low stress reactive girls. Results show associations between white matter integrity of various limbic regions of the brain and early cortisol reactivity to stress and provide preliminary support for the notion that parenting may moderate associations. We examined neural correlates of cortisol reactivity to stress in young girls. DTI was performed in young girls to examine white matter fractional anisotropy (FA). Lower FA was linked to high cortisol reactivity to stress. Differences in neuronal fiber projections were linked to cortisol reactivity. Parenting style buffered the effect of high cortisol reactivity on white matter FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon I Sheikh
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Marc F Joanisse
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Sarah M Mackrell
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Katie R Kryski
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Heather J Smith
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Shiva M Singh
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P Hayden
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Sampath D, Sabitha KR, Hegde P, Jayakrishnan HR, Kutty BM, Chattarji S, Rangarajan G, Laxmi TR. A study on fear memory retrieval and REM sleep in maternal separation and isolation stressed rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 273:144-54. [PMID: 25084041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As rapid brain development occurs during the neonatal period, environmental manipulation during this period may have a significant impact on sleep and memory functions. Moreover, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep plays an important role in integrating new information with the previously stored emotional experience. Hence, the impact of early maternal separation and isolation stress (MS) during the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP) on fear memory retention and sleep in rats were studied. The neonatal rats were subjected to maternal separation and isolation stress during postnatal days 5-7 (6h daily/3d). Polysomnographic recordings and differential fear conditioning was carried out in two different sets of rats aged 2 months. The neuronal replay during REM sleep was analyzed using different parameters. MS rats showed increased time in REM stage and total sleep period also increased. MS rats showed fear generalization with increased fear memory retention than normal control (NC). The detailed analysis of the local field potentials across different time periods of REM sleep showed increased theta oscillations in the hippocampus, amygdala and cortical circuits. Our findings suggest that stress during SHRP has sensitized the hippocampus-amygdala-cortical loops which could be due to increased release of corticosterone that generally occurs during REM sleep. These rats when subjected to fear conditioning exhibit increased fear memory and increased fear generalization. The development of helplessness, anxiety and sleep changes in human patients, thus, could be related to the reduced thermal, tactile and social stimulation during SHRP on brain plasticity and fear memory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayalan Sampath
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - K R Sabitha
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Preethi Hegde
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - H R Jayakrishnan
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Bindu M Kutty
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Sumantra Chattarji
- National Center for Biological Sciences (NCBS), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India
| | | | - T R Laxmi
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India.
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40
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Loria AS, Ho DH, Pollock JS. A mechanistic look at the effects of adversity early in life on cardiovascular disease risk during adulthood. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:277-87. [PMID: 24330084 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Early origins of adult disease may be defined as adversity or challenges during early life that alter physiological responses and prime the organism to chronic disease in adult life. Adverse childhood experiences or early life stress (ELS) may be considered a silent independent risk factor capable of predicting future cardiovascular disease risk. Maternal separation (MatSep) provides a suitable model to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms by which ELS increases the risk to develop cardiovascular disease in adulthood. The aim of this review is to describe the links between behavioural stress early in life and chronic cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood. We will discuss the following: (i) adult cardiovascular outcomes in humans subjected to ELS, (ii) MatSep as an animal model of ELS as well as the limitations and advantages of this model in rodents and (iii) possible ELS-induced mechanisms that predispose individuals to greater cardiovascular risk. Overall, exposure to a behavioural stressor early in life sensitizes the response to a second stressor later in life, thus unmasking an exaggerated cardiovascular dysfunction that may influence quality of life and life expectancy in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Loria
- Section of Experimental Medicine; Department of Medicine; Georgia Regents University; Augusta GA USA
| | - D. H. Ho
- Section of Experimental Medicine; Department of Medicine; Georgia Regents University; Augusta GA USA
| | - J. S. Pollock
- Section of Experimental Medicine; Department of Medicine; Georgia Regents University; Augusta GA USA
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41
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Hostinar CE, Sullivan RM, Gunnar MR. Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the social buffering of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis: a review of animal models and human studies across development. Psychol Bull 2013; 140:256-82. [PMID: 23607429 DOI: 10.1037/a0032671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Discovering the stress-buffering effects of social relationships has been one of the major findings in psychobiology in the last century. However, an understanding of the underlying neurobiological and psychological mechanisms of this buffering is only beginning to emerge. An important avenue of this research concerns the neurocircuitry that can regulate the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. The present review is a translational effort aimed at integrating animal models and human studies of the social regulation of the HPA axis from infancy to adulthood, specifically focusing on the process that has been named social buffering. This process has been noted across species and consists of a dampened HPA axis stress response to threat or challenge that occurs with the presence or assistance of a conspecific. We describe aspects of the relevant underlying neurobiology when enough information exists and expose major gaps in our understanding across all domains of the literatures we aimed to integrate. We provide a working conceptual model focused on the role of oxytocinergic systems and prefrontal neural networks as 2 of the putative biological mediators of this process, and propose that the role of early experiences is critical in shaping later social buffering effects. This synthesis points to both general future directions and specific experiments that need to be conducted to build a more comprehensive model of the HPA social buffering effect across the life span that incorporates multiple levels of analysis: neuroendocrine, behavioral, and social.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regina M Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center
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Zhang B, Suarez-Jimenez B, Hathaway A, Waters C, Vaughan K, Noble PL, Fox NA, Suomi SJ, Pine DS, Nelson EE. Developmental changes of rhesus monkeys in response to separation from the mother. Dev Psychobiol 2012; 54:798-807. [PMID: 22213455 PMCID: PMC3361565 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of separation response behaviors in infant rhesus macaques across the first 6 months of life was assessed. Seventeen infants underwent a neonatal assessment at 7, 14, 21, and 30 days of age which included a brief period of social isolation. At 3 and 6 months of age these same monkeys and four additional subjects were again subjected to a period of brief social isolation and also exposed to a novel environment with their sedated mother. Results indicate a developmental increase followed by a steady decline in the frequency of separation vocalizations. A modest relationship between early-infancy locomotor profiles and separation responses was also observed at several time points suggesting a possible relationship between these measures. However, stable inter-individual measures of separation distress did not emerge until late in the infantile period. This could suggest that high levels of maternal contact-seeking behavior early in infancy are context specific and not a reliable index of enduring temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Section on Developmental Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health
| | | | | | - Carlos Waters
- Nonhuman Primate Core, National Institute of Mental Health
| | - Kelli Vaughan
- Nonhuman Primate Core, National Institute of Mental Health
| | | | - Nathan A. Fox
- Department of Human Development, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Stephen J. Suomi
- Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Developmental Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health
| | - Eric E. Nelson
- Section on Developmental Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health
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Piper M, Beneyto M, Burne THJ, Eyles DW, Lewis DA, McGrath JJ. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia: convergent clues from epidemiology and neuropathology. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2012; 35:571-84. [PMID: 22929867 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that the disruption of early brain development increases the risk of later developing schizophrenia. This hypothesis focuses attention on critical periods of early brain development. From an epidemiologic perspective, various prenatal and perinatal risk factors have been linked to schizophrenia, including exposures related to infection, nutrition, and obstetric complications. From a genetic perspective, candidate genes have also been linked to altered brain development. In recent decades evidence from neuropathology has provided support for the neurodevelopmental hypothesis. Animal models involving early life exposures have been linked to changes in these same brain systems, providing convergent evidence for this long-standing hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Piper
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Walsh ND, Dalgleish T, Dunn VJ, Abbott R, St Clair MC, Owens M, Fairchild G, Kerslake WS, Hiscox LV, Passamonti L, Ewbank M, Ban M, Calder AJ, Goodyer IM. 5-HTTLPR-environment interplay and its effects on neural reactivity in adolescents. Neuroimage 2012; 63:1670-80. [PMID: 23034517 PMCID: PMC3480648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is not known how 5-HTTLPR genotype × childhood adversity (CA) interactions that are associated with an increased risk for affective disorders in population studies operate at the neural systems level. We hypothesized that healthy adolescents at increased genetic and environmental risk for developing mood disorders (depression and anxiety) would demonstrate increased amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli compared to those with only one such risk factor or those with none. Participants (n = 67) were classified into one of 4 groups dependent on being homozygous for the long or short alleles within the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) of the SLC6A4 gene and exposure to CA in the first 11 years of life (present or absent). A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation was undertaken which involved viewing emotionally-salient face stimuli. In addition, we assessed the role of other variables hypothesized to influence amygdala reactivity, namely recent negative life-events (RNLE) assessed at ages 14 and 17, current anxiety symptoms and psychiatric history. We replicated prior findings demonstrating moderation by gene variants in 5-HTTLPR, but found no support for an effect of CA on amygdala reactivity. We also found a significant effect of RNLE aged 17 with amygdala reactivity demonstrating additive, but not interactive effects with 5-HTTLPR. A whole-brain analysis found a 5-HTTLPR × CA interaction in the lingual gyrus whereby CA appears to differentially modify neural reactivity depending on genotype. These results demonstrate that two different forms of environmental adversities interplay with 5-HTTLPR and thereby differentially impact amygdala and cortical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Walsh
- Developmental and Life-course Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AD, UK.
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Wallez C, Vauclair J. First evidence of population-level oro-facial asymmetries during the production of distress calls by macaque (Macaca mulatta) and baboon (Papio anubis) infants. Behav Brain Res 2012; 234:69-75. [PMID: 22698705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infant distress calls are vocal communicative signals present in most animals. In nonhuman primates, they correspond to critical vocalizations for caregiving and contribute to the socio-emotional development of the individual. To our knowledge, no systematic study on the development of oro-facial hemispheric specialization in nonhuman primates infants is available. Thus, we proposed to assess to what extend emotional behaviors underlying distress calls in macaques and in baboons younger than 1 year of age may express lateralization. For the first time, a population-level cerebral lateralization was found for screaming and cooing calls in macaques and for the moaning call in baboons. However, differences in patterns of lateralization were found between the two vocalizations produced by macaques (for cooing, the left-side of the mouth opened widest than the right one and for screaming, a preference toward the right side of the mouth was noticed) as well as a sex effect for cooing. Our findings are discussed within the comparative literature in order to comprehend the ontogenetic and phylogenetic changes of hemispheric specialization for emotions in the primate order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Wallez
- Center for Research in the Psychology of Cognition, Language & Emotion, Department of Psychology, Aix-Marseille University, 29 Ave. Robert Schuman, 13621 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 1, France.
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Bock J, Riedel A, Braun K. Differential changes of metabolic brain activity and interregional functional coupling in prefronto-limbic pathways during different stress conditions: functional imaging in freely behaving rodent pups. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:19. [PMID: 22590453 PMCID: PMC3349270 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The trumpet-tailed rat or degu (Octodon degus) is an established model to investigate the consequences of early stress on the development of emotional brain circuits and behavior. The aim of this study was to identify brain circuits, that respond to different stress conditions and to test if acute stress alters functional coupling of brain activity among prefrontal and limbic regions. Using functional imaging (2-Fluoro-deoxyglucose method) in 8-day-old male degu pups the following stress conditions were compared: (A) pups together with parents and siblings (control), (B) separation of the litter from the parents, (C) individual separation from parents and siblings, and (D) individual separation and presentation of maternal calls. Condition (B) significantly downregulated brain activity in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens (NAcc), and sensory areas compared to controls. Activity decrease was even more pronounced during condition (C), where, in contrast to all other regions, activity in the PAG was increased. Interestingly, brain activity in stress-associated brain regions such as the amygdala and habenula was not affected. In condition (D) maternal vocalizations "reactivated" brain activity in the cingulate and precentral medial cortex, NAcc, and striatum and in sensory areas. In contrast, reduced activity was measured in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortex (IL) and in the hippocampus and amygdala. Correlation analysis revealed complex, region- and situation-specific changes of interregional functional coupling among prefrontal and limbic brain regions during stress exposure. We show here for the first time that early life stress results in a widespread reduction of brain activity in the infant brain and changes interregional functional coupling. Moreover, maternal vocalizations can partly buffer stress-induced decrease in brain activity in some regions and evoked very different functional coupling patterns compared to the three other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Bock
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
- PG Structural Plasticity, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Anett Riedel
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Braun
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany
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Virdee K, Cumming P, Caprioli D, Jupp B, Rominger A, Aigbirhio FI, Fryer TD, Riss PJ, Dalley JW. Applications of positron emission tomography in animal models of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1188-216. [PMID: 22342372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) provides dynamic images of the biodistribution of radioactive tracers in the brain. Through application of the principles of compartmental analysis, tracer uptake can be quantified in terms of specific physiological processes such as cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate, and the availability of receptors in brain. Whereas early PET studies in animal models of brain diseases were hampered by the limited spatial resolution of PET instruments, dedicated small-animal instruments now provide molecular images of rodent brain with resolution approaching 1mm, the theoretic limit of the method. Major applications of PET for brain research have consisted of studies of animal models of neurological disorders, notably Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Huntington's disease (HD), stroke, epilepsy and traumatic brain injury; these studies have particularly benefited from selective neurochemical lesion models (PD), and also transgenic rodent models (AD, HD). Due to their complex and uncertain pathophysiologies, corresponding models of neuropsychiatric disorders have proven more difficult to establish. Historically, there has been an emphasis on PET studies of dopamine transmission, as assessed with a range of tracers targeting dopamine synthesis, plasma membrane transporters, and receptor binding sites. However, notable recent breakthroughs in molecular imaging include the development of greatly improved tracers for subtypes of serotonin, cannabinoid, and metabotropic glutamate receptors, as well as noradrenaline transporters, amyloid-β and neuroinflammatory changes. This article reviews the considerable recent progress in preclinical PET and discusses applications relevant to a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwar Virdee
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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Converse AK, Aubert Y, Farhoud M, Weichert JP, Rowland IJ, Ingrisano NM, Allers KA, Sommer B, Abbott DH. Positron emission tomography assessment of 8-OH-DPAT-mediated changes in an index of cerebral glucose metabolism in female marmosets. Neuroimage 2012; 60:447-55. [PMID: 22233732 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of a larger experiment investigating serotonergic regulation of female marmoset sexual behavior, this study was designed to (1) advance methods for PET imaging of common marmoset monkey brain, (2) measure normalized FDG uptake as an index of local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose, and (3) study changes induced in this index of cerebral glucose metabolism by chronic treatment of female marmosets with a serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT(1A)) agonist. We hypothesized that chronic treatment with the 5-HT(1A) agonist 8-OH-DPAT would alter the glucose metabolism index in dorsal raphe (DR), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), medial preoptic area of hypothalamus (mPOA), ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH), and field CA1 of hippocampus. Eight adult ovariectomized female common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were studied with and without estradiol replacement. In a crossover design, each subject was treated daily with 8-OH-DPAT (0.1mg/kg SC daily) or saline. After 42-49 days of treatment, the glucose metabolism radiotracer FDG was administered to each female immediately prior to 30 min of interaction with her male pairmate, after which the subject was anesthetized and imaged by PET. Whole brain normalized PET images were analyzed with anatomically defined regions of interest (ROI). Whole brain voxelwise mapping was also used to explore treatment effects and correlations between alterations in the glucose metabolism index and pairmate interactions. The rank order of normalized FDG uptake was VMH/mPOA>DR>mPFC/CA1 in both conditions. 8-OH-DPAT did not induce alterations in the glucose metabolism index in ROIs. Voxelwise mapping showed a significant reduction in normalized FDG uptake in response to 8-OH-DPAT in a cluster in medial occipital cortex as well as a significant correlation between increased rejection of mount attempts and reduced normalized FDG uptake in an overlapping cluster. In conclusion, PET imaging has been used to measure FDG uptake relative to whole brain in marmoset monkeys. Voxelwise mapping shows that 8-OH-DPAT reduces this index of glucose metabolism in medial occipital cortex, consistent with alterations in female sexual behavior.
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Parr LA, Boudreau M, Hecht E, Winslow JT, Nemeroff CB, Sánchez MM. Early life stress affects cerebral glucose metabolism in adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Dev Cogn Neurosci 2012; 2:181-93. [PMID: 22682736 PMCID: PMC3372874 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is a risk factor for anxiety, mood disorders and alterations in stress responses. Less is known about the long-term neurobiological impact of ELS. We used [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) to assess neural responses to a moderate stress test in adult monkeys that experienced ELS as infants. Both groups of monkeys showed hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress-induced activations and cardiac arousal in response to the stressor. A whole brain analysis detected significantly greater regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCGM) in superior temporal sulcus, putamen, thalamus, and inferotemporal cortex of ELS animals compared to controls. Region of interest (ROI) analyses performed in areas identified as vulnerable to ELS showed greater activity in the orbitofrontal cortex of ELS compared to control monkeys, but greater hippocampal activity in the control compared to ELS monkeys. Together, these results suggest hyperactivity in emotional and sensory processing regions of adult monkeys with ELS, and greater activity in stress-regulatory areas in the controls. Despite these neural responses, no group differences were detected in neuroendocrine, autonomic or behavioral responses, except for a trend towards increased stillness in the ELS monkeys. Together, these data suggest hypervigilance in the ELS monkeys in the absence of immediate danger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Parr
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States.
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