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Torres MV, Ortiz-Leal I, Ferreiro A, Rois JL, Sanchez-Quinteiro P. Immunohistological study of the unexplored vomeronasal organ of an endangered mammal, the dama gazelle (Nanger dama). Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1206-1233. [PMID: 37494657 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Dama gazelle is a threatened and rarely studied species found primarily in northern Africa. Human pressure has depleted the dama gazelle population from tens of thousands to a few hundred individuals. Since 1970, a founder population consisting of the last 17 surviving individuals in Western Sahara has been maintained in captivity, reproducing naturally. In preparation for the future implementation of assisted reproductive technology, certain aspects of dama gazelle reproductive biology have been established. However, the role played by semiochemical-mediated communications in the sexual behavior of dama gazelle remains unknown due partially to a lack of a neuroanatomical or morphofunctional characterization of the dama gazelle vomeronasal organ (VNO), which is the sensory organ responsible for pheromone processing. The present study characterized the dama gazelle VNO, which appears fully equipped to perform neurosensory functions, contributing to current understanding of interspecies VNO variability among ruminants. By employing histological, lectin-histochemical, and immunohistochemical techniques, we conducted a detailed morphofunctional evaluation of the dama gazelle VNO along its entire longitudinal axis. Our findings of significant structural and neurochemical transformation along the entire VNO suggest that future studies of the VNO should take a similar approach. The present study contributes to current understanding of dama gazelle VNO, providing a basis for future studies of semiochemical-mediated communications and reproductive management in this species. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This exhaustive immunohistological study of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) of the dama gazelle provides the first evidence of notable differences in the expression of neuronal markers along the rostrocaudal axis of the VNO. This provides a morphological basis for the implementation of pheromones in captive populations of dama gazelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo V Torres
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Irene Ortiz-Leal
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Shen WX, Luo RC, Wang JQ, Chen ZS. Features of Cytokine Storm Identified by Distinguishing Clinical Manifestations in COVID-19. Front Public Health 2021; 9:671788. [PMID: 34109148 PMCID: PMC8180556 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.671788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a new coronavirus, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is currently spreading all over the world. In this paper, we developed a practical model for identifying the features of cytokine storm, which is common in acute infectious diseases and harmful manifestation of COVID-19, by distinguishing major and minor clinical events. This model is particularly suitable for identifying febrile and infectious diseases like COVID-19. Based on this model, features of cytokine storm and pathogenesis of COVID-19 have been proposed to be a consequence of the disequilibrated cytokine network resulting from increased biological activity of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which induces certain clinical manifestations such as fatigue, fever, dry cough, pneumonia, abatement and losing of olfactory, and taste senses in some patients. Research and clarification of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 will contribute to precision treatment. Various anti-TGF-β therapies may be explored as potential COVID-19 treatment. This novel model will be helpful in reducing the widespread mortality of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xi Shen
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Tianyou Medical Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rong-Cheng Luo
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Tianyou Medical Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing-Quan Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Health Science, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Health Science, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States
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Sailem HZ, Rittscher J, Pelkmans L. KCML: a machine-learning framework for inference of multi-scale gene functions from genetic perturbation screens. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e9083. [PMID: 32141232 PMCID: PMC7059140 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20199083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterising context-dependent gene functions is crucial for understanding the genetic bases of health and disease. To date, inference of gene functions from large-scale genetic perturbation screens is based on ad hoc analysis pipelines involving unsupervised clustering and functional enrichment. We present Knowledge- and Context-driven Machine Learning (KCML), a framework that systematically predicts multiple context-specific functions for a given gene based on the similarity of its perturbation phenotype to those with known function. As a proof of concept, we test KCML on three datasets describing phenotypes at the molecular, cellular and population levels and show that it outperforms traditional analysis pipelines. In particular, KCML identified an abnormal multicellular organisation phenotype associated with the depletion of olfactory receptors, and TGFβ and WNT signalling genes in colorectal cancer cells. We validate these predictions in colorectal cancer patients and show that olfactory receptors expression is predictive of worse patient outcomes. These results highlight KCML as a systematic framework for discovering novel scale-crossing and context-dependent gene functions. KCML is highly generalisable and applicable to various large-scale genetic perturbation screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Z Sailem
- Department of Engineering ScienceInstitute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Big Data InstituteLi Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Jens Rittscher
- Department of Engineering ScienceInstitute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Big Data InstituteLi Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Lucas Pelkmans
- Department of Molecular Life SciencesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Hovakimyan M, Meyer A, Lukas J, Luo J, Gudziol V, Hummel T, Rolfs A, Wree A, Witt M. Olfactory deficits in Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82216. [PMID: 24391715 PMCID: PMC3877006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a rare autosomal recessive lipid storage disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. As only a few studies have been conducted on the impact of NPC on sensory systems, we used a mutant mouse model (NPC1−/−) to examine the effects of this disorder to morphologically distinct regions of the olfactory system, namely the olfactory epithelium (OE) and olfactory bulb (OB). Methodology/Principal findings For structural and functional analysis immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, western blotting, and electrophysiology have been applied. For histochemistry and western blotting, we used antibodies against a series of neuronal and glia marker proteins, as well as macrophage markers. NPC1−/− animals present myelin-like lysosomal deposits in virtually all types of cells of the peripheral and central olfactory system. Especially supporting cells of the OE and central glia cells are affected, resulting in pronounced astrocytosis and microgliosis in the OB and other olfactory cortices. Up-regulation of Galectin-3, Cathepsin D and GFAP in the cortical layers of the OB underlines the critical role and location of the OB as a possible entrance gate for noxious substances. Unmyelinated olfactory afferents of the lamina propria seem less affected than ensheathing cells. Supporting the structural findings, electro-olfactometry of the olfactory mucosa suggests that NPC1−/− animals exhibit olfactory and trigeminal deficits. Conclusions/Significance Our data demonstrate a pronounced neurodegeneration and glia activation in the olfactory system of NPC1−/−, which is accompanied by sensory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Hovakimyan
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anja Meyer
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Lukas
- Albrecht-Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jiankai Luo
- Albrecht-Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Volker Gudziol
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Albrecht-Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Witt
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Smad3 deficiency reduces neurogenesis in adult mice. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 41:383-96. [PMID: 20155334 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta signaling through Smad3 inhibits cell proliferation in many cell types. As cell proliferation in the brain is an integral part of neurogenesis, we sought to determine the role of Smad3 in adult neurogenesis through examining processes and structures important to neurogenesis in adult Smad3 null mice. We find that there are fewer proliferating cells in neurogenic regions of adult Smad3 null mouse brains and reduced migration of neuronal precursor cells from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb. Alterations in astrocyte number and distribution within the rostral migratory stream of Smad3 null mice give rise to a smaller and more disorganized structure that may impact on neuronal precursor cell migration. However, the proportion of proliferating cells that become neurons is similar in wild type and Smad3 null mice. Our results suggest that signaling through Smad3 is needed to maintain the rate of cell division of neuronal precursors in the adult brain and hence the amount of neurogenesis, without altering neuronal cell fate.
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Cho JH, Jung HH, Lee SH, Im GJ, Chang J, Kim SJ. Gene expression profiles of rat olfactory bulb at developmental stage. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 177:14-9. [PMID: 18840467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Microarray analysis may be a useful tool to identify some candidate genes related to the development of olfactory bulbs. In the present study, gene expression profiles of olfactory bulbs from postnatal day 1 (P1) rats and postnatal day 35 (P35) rats were analyzed by oligonucleotide-microarray and expression levels of some selected genes were also confirmed by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. 9146 genes were commonly identified in six microarray chips. Among these genes, 76 were up-regulated and 130 were down-regulated three-folds or more at P1 olfactory bulbs. Out of these 76 up-regulated genes, 24 genes were annotated based on the NCBI database of reference sequences and expression levels of these 24 genes were confirmed by RT-PCR. Among them, 2 interesting genes (neurogenic differentiation 1 and retinoid acid receptor alpha) were localized in the P1 olfactory bulb by the use of in situ hybridization technique. Our results may provide basic information to identify genes associated with functional growth of olfactory bulbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kon-Kuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Borders AS, Hersh MA, Getchell ML, van Rooijen N, Cohen DA, Stromberg AJ, Getchell TV. Macrophage-mediated neuroprotection and neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium. Physiol Genomics 2007; 31:531-43. [PMID: 17848607 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00008.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident and recruited olfactory epithelial macrophages participate in the regulation of the survival, degeneration, and replacement of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). We have reported that liposome-encapsulated clodronate (Lip-C) induced selective and statistically significant depletion of macrophages in the OE of sham and 48 h OBX mice (38 and 35%, respectively) that resulted in increased OSN apoptosis and decreased numbers of mature OSNs and proliferating basal cells compared to controls (Lip-O). The aim of this study was to identify molecular mechanisms by which the selective depletion of macrophages in the OE resulted in these cellular changes by using a microarray expression pattern analysis. A 2x2 ANOVA identified 4,085 overall significantly (P < 0.01) regulated genes in the OE of Lip-O and Lip-C sham and 48 h OBX mice, and further statistical analysis using pairwise comparisons identified 4,024 genes that had either a significant (P < 0.01) treatment main effect (n = 2,680), group main effect (n = 778), or interaction effect (n = 980). The mean hybridization signals of immune response genes, e.g., Cxcr4, and genes encoding growth factors and neurogenesis regulators, e.g., Hdgf and Neurod1, respectively, were primarily lower in Lip-C mice compared with Lip-O mice. Apoptosis genes, e.g., Bak1, were also differentially regulated in Lip-C and/or OBX mice. Expression patterns of selected genes were validated with real-time RT-PCR; immunohistochemistry was used to localize selected gene products. These results identified the differential regulation of several novel genes through which alternatively activated macrophages regulate OSN progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation, and the survival of OSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Borders
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Kentucky, USA.
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Sammeta N, Yu TT, Bose SC, McClintock TS. Mouse olfactory sensory neurons express 10,000 genes. J Comp Neurol 2007; 502:1138-56. [PMID: 17444493 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory epithelial cells from olfactory marker protein-green fluorescent protein (OMP-GFP) mice were separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting into a GFP+ sample enriched in mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and a GFP- sample enriched in all other cells. GeneChip expression profiling of these samples provided a predictive measure of expression in OSNs. Validation tests comparing the ratio of GFP+/GFP- signal intensity against expression patterns from in situ hybridization for 189 mRNAs proved statistically significant and provided probabilities of expression in OSNs scaled according to the signal intensity ratios. These probabilities predict that, among 11,596 mRNAs detected in the GFP+ sample, more than 10,000 are expressed in OSNs. Transcripts and overrepresented categories of mRNAs detected in the GFP+ sample agreed with known properties of OSNs and predict additional properties. For example, ciliogenesis and spermatogenesis were overrepresented, consistent with similarities between OSN cilia and sperm flagella. Chromatin assembly mRNAs were expressed throughout the OSN cell lineage, consistent with the hypothesis that chromatin remodeling plays a role in OSN differentiation. We detected numerous signaling proteins and receptors, such as 30 nonchemosensory G-protein-coupled receptors, including the presynaptic glutamate receptor mGlur4 and the Wnt receptor Fzd3. The largest group of mRNAs, however, was the hundreds of transcriptional regulators that presumably determine the OSN phenotype. The absence of OMP protein in OMP-GFP mice had no detectable effect on mRNA abundance. Within limits prescribed by the nature of microarray data and the in situ hybridization validation, these data should be useful in directing further experiments on OSN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Sammeta
- Department of Physiology, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience of Sensory Systems Training Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
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Borders AS, Getchell ML, Etscheidt JT, van Rooijen N, Cohen DA, Getchell TV. Macrophage depletion in the murine olfactory epithelium leads to increased neuronal death and decreased neurogenesis. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:206-18. [PMID: 17226772 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) induced by olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) leads to the activation of resident macrophages within the olfactory epithelium (OE). These macrophages phagocytose degenerating OSNs and secrete chemokines, which recruit additional macrophages into the OE, and cytokines/growth factors, which regulate basal cell proliferation and differentiation and maturation of OSNs. In this study we apply for the first time the use of liposome-encapsulated clodronate to selectively deplete macrophages during the OSN degeneration/regeneration cycle in order to elucidate the role(s) of macrophages in regulating cellular mechanisms that lead to apoptosis and neurogenesis. Mice were injected intranasally and intravenously with either liposome-encapsulated clodronate or empty liposomes prior to and after OBX or sham OBX. At 48 hours after surgery the numbers of macrophages in the OE of both sham and OBX clodronate-treated mice were significantly reduced compared to liposome-treated controls (38% and 35%, respectively, P < 0.05). The reduction in macrophage numbers was accompanied by significant decreases in OE thickness (22% and 21%, P < 0.05), the number of mOSNs (1.2- and 1.9-fold, P < 0.05), and basal cell proliferation (7.6- and 3.8-fold, P < 0.005) in sham and OBX mice, respectively, compared to liposome-treated controls. In OBX mice there was also increased immunoreactivity for active caspase-3 in the OE and olfactory nerves of clodronate-treated OBX mice compared to liposome-treated controls. These results indicate that macrophages modulate the OSN population in the normal and target-ablated murine OE by influencing neuronal survival and basal cell proliferation, resulting in neurogenesis and replacement of mature OSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Borders
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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Her Y, Yoo KY, Hwang IK, Lee JS, Kang TC, Lee BH, Kim DH, Won MH. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor type 1 immunoreactivity and protein level in the gerbil main olfactory bulb after transient forebrain ischemia. Neurochem Res 2006; 32:125-31. [PMID: 17160502 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that the over-stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NR) modulates glutamate postsynaptic neurotransmission by generating long lasting Ca2+ channel openings. In the present study, we investigated ischemia-induced change in NR1 immunoreactivity and level in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) after 5 min of transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. NR1 immunoreactivity in the sham-operated group was shown mainly in tufted cells of the external plexiform and in mitral cells of the mitral cell layer. NR1 immunoreactivity in these neurons was increased with time and was very strong 15 days after ischemia/reperfusion. At that time, NR1 protein level in the MOB was also highest. Thereafter, NR1 immunoreactivity and protein level in the MOB were decreased with time after ischemia/reperfusion. Thus, NR1 in tufted and mitral cells in the gerbil MOB is changed after transient forebrain ischemia. This suggests that mitral and tufted cells may be the principal neurons in the MOB affected in receiving inputs and sending projections to the olfactory area after transient ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Her
- Department of Training & Education, Kandong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Seoul 134-701, South Korea
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Hardie WD, Le Cras TD, Jiang K, Tichelaar JW, Azhar M, Korfhagen TR. Conditional expression of transforming growth factor-alpha in adult mouse lung causes pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 286:L741-9. [PMID: 14660483 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00208.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha in the adult lung causes remodeling independently of developmental influences, we generated conditional transgenic mice expressing TGF-alpha in the epithelium under control of the doxycycline (Dox)-regulatable Clara cell secretory protein promoter. Two transgenic lines were generated, and following 4 days of Dox-induction TGF-alpha levels in whole lung homogenate were increased 13- to 18-fold above nontransgenic levels. After TGF-alpha induction, transgenic mice developed progressive pulmonary fibrosis and body weight loss, with mice losing 15% of their weight after 6 wk of TGF-alpha induction. Fibrosis was detected within 4 days of TGF-alpha induction and developed initially in the perivascular, peribronchial, and pleural regions but later extended into the interstitium. Fibrotic regions were composed of increased collagen and cellular proliferation and were adjacent to airway and alveolar epithelial sites of TGF-alpha expression. Fibrosis progressed in the absence of inflammatory cell infiltrates as determined by histology, without changes in bronchiolar alveolar lavage total or differential cell counts and without changes in proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha or IL-6. Active TGF-beta in whole lung homogenate was not altered 1 and 4 days after TGF-alpha induction, and immunostaining was not increased in the peribronchial/perivascular areas at all time points. Chronic epithelial expression of TGF-alpha in adult mice caused progressive pulmonary fibrosis associated with increased collagen and extracellular matrix deposition and increased cellular proliferation. Induction of pulmonary fibrosis by TGF-alpha was independent of inflammation or early activation of TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hardie
- Div. of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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Getchell TV, Subhedar NK, Shah DS, Hackley G, Partin JV, Sen G, Getchell ML. Chemokine regulation of macrophage recruitment into the olfactory epithelium following target ablation: involvement of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. J Neurosci Res 2002; 70:784-93. [PMID: 12444600 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Target ablation by olfactory bulbectomy synchronizes the degenerative cell death of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), infiltration of macrophages, and proliferation of progenitor cells, leading to neurogenesis, ORN replacement, and regeneration of the sensory epithelium. Although macrophages participate in the degenerative and regenerative events, little is known of the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with their recruitment during the earliest period following target ablation. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which are members of the CC or beta-chemokine subfamily, are chemoattractants for monocytes/macrophages. Shortly after target ablation, the protein and mRNA levels for MIP-1alpha and MCP-1 were up-regulated, showing peak expression levels from 16 hr to 3 days post-OBX; this coincided with the pattern of infiltration of activated F4/80(+) macrophages. The mRNAs for MIP-1alpha and MCP-1, as well as their cognate receptors CCR1 and CCR2, respectively, were localized in resident and infiltrating macrophages in numbers commensurate with those of F4/80-immunopositive macrophages in adjacent tissue sections. The mRNA(+) macrophages were localized within olfactory epithelial compartments that corresponded with their proposed functions associated with phagocytosis, proliferation, and infiltration. Our data support the hypothesis that MIP-1alpha and MCP-1 are chemoattractant chemokines associated with the recruitment of macrophages into the olfactory epithelium shortly after target ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Getchell
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0230, USA.
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