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Hebisch M, Klostermeier S, Wolf K, Boccaccini AR, Wolf SE, Tanzi RE, Kim DY. The Impact of the Cellular Environment and Aging on Modeling Alzheimer's Disease in 3D Cell Culture Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205037. [PMID: 36642841 PMCID: PMC10015857 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Creating a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that accurately recapitulates disease pathology has been a longstanding challenge. Recent studies showed that human AD neural cells, integrated into three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel matrix, display key features of AD neuropathology. Like in the human brain, the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in determining the rate of neuropathogenesis in hydrogel-based 3D cellular models. Aging, the greatest risk factor for AD, significantly alters brain ECM properties. Therefore, it is important to understand how age-associated changes in ECM affect accumulation of pathogenic molecules, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in AD patients and in vitro models. In this review, mechanistic hypotheses is presented to address the impact of the ECM properties and their changes with aging on AD and AD-related dementias. Altered ECM characteristics in aged brains, including matrix stiffness, pore size, and composition, will contribute to disease pathogenesis by modulating the accumulation, propagation, and spreading of pathogenic molecules of AD. Emerging hydrogel-based disease models with differing ECM properties provide an exciting opportunity to study the impact of brain ECM aging on AD pathogenesis, providing novel mechanistic insights. Understanding the role of ECM aging in AD pathogenesis should also improve modeling AD in 3D hydrogel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hebisch
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Stefanie Klostermeier
- Institute of Medical PhysicsFriedrich‐Alexander Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg91052ErlangenGermany
- Max‐Planck‐Zentrum für Physik und Medizin91054ErlangenGermany
| | - Katharina Wolf
- Department of Medicine 1Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg91054ErlangenGermany
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of BiomaterialsDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Stephan E. Wolf
- Institute of Glass and CeramicsDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research UnitMcCance Center for Brain health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
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Nguyen B, Bix G, Yao Y. Basal lamina changes in neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:81. [PMID: 34876200 PMCID: PMC8650282 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative disorders are a group of age-associated diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the CNS. Two key pathological features of these disorders are blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and protein aggregation. MAIN BODY The BBB is composed of various cell types and a non-cellular component---the basal lamina (BL). Although how different cells affect the BBB is well studied, the roles of the BL in BBB maintenance and function remain largely unknown. In addition, located in the perivascular space, the BL is also speculated to regulate protein clearance via the meningeal lymphatic/glymphatic system. Recent studies from our laboratory and others have shown that the BL actively regulates BBB integrity and meningeal lymphatic/glymphatic function in both physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting that it may play an important role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we focus on changes of the BL and its major components during aging and in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). First, we introduce the vascular and lymphatic systems in the CNS. Next, we discuss the BL and its major components under homeostatic conditions, and summarize their changes during aging and in AD, PD, and ALS in both rodents and humans. The functional significance of these alterations and potential therapeutic targets are also reviewed. Finally, key challenges in the field and future directions are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Understanding BL changes and the functional significance of these changes in neurodegenerative disorders will fill the gap of knowledge in the field. Our goal is to provide a clear and concise review of the complex relationship between the BL and neurodegenerative disorders to stimulate new hypotheses and further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gregory Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, MDC 8, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA.
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3
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Cuajungco MP, Lees GJ, Kydd RR, Tanzi RE, Bush AI. Zinc and Alzheimer's Disease: An Update. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 2:191-208. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.1999.11747277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hawkes CA, Sullivan PM, Hands S, Weller RO, Nicoll JAR, Carare RO. Disruption of arterial perivascular drainage of amyloid-β from the brains of mice expressing the human APOE ε4 allele. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41636. [PMID: 22848551 PMCID: PMC3404985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of elimination of amyloid-β (Aβ) from the brain and vasculature appears to be a key factor in the etiology of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In addition to age, possession of an apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is a strong risk factor for the development of sporadic AD. The present study tested the hypothesis that possession of the APOE ε4 allele is associated with disruption of perivascular drainage of Aβ from the brain and with changes in cerebrovascular basement membrane protein levels. Targeted replacement (TR) mice expressing the human APOE3 (TRE3) or APOE4 (TRE4) genes and wildtype mice received intracerebral injections of human Aβ(40). Aβ(40) aggregated in peri-arterial drainage pathways in TRE4 mice, but not in TRE3 or wildtype mice. The number of Aβ deposits was significantly higher in the hippocampi of TRE4 mice than in the TRE3 mice, at both 3- and 16-months of age, suggesting that clearance of Aβ was disrupted in the brains of TRE4 mice. Immunocytochemical and Western blot analysis of vascular basement membrane proteins demonstrated significantly raised levels of collagen IV in 3-month-old TRE4 mice compared with TRE3 and wild type mice. In 16-month-old mice, collagen IV and laminin levels were unchanged between wild type and TRE3 mice, but were lower in TRE4 mice. The results of this study suggest that APOE4 may increase the risk for AD through disruption and impedance of perivascular drainage of soluble Aβ from the brain. This effect may be mediated, in part, by changes in age-related expression of basement membrane proteins in the cerebral vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A. Hawkes
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham VA Medical Center and GRECC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah Hands
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Roy O. Weller
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - James A. R. Nicoll
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Roxana O. Carare
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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5
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Sung JY, Park SM, Lee CH, Um JW, Lee HJ, Kim J, Oh YJ, Lee ST, Paik SR, Chung KC. Proteolytic cleavage of extracellular secreted {alpha}-synuclein via matrix metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:25216-24. [PMID: 15863497 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503341200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although alpha-synuclein is the main structural component of the insoluble filaments that form Lewy bodies in Parkinson disease (PD), its physiological function and exact role in neuronal death remain poorly understood. In the present study, we examined the possible functional relationship between alpha-synuclein and several forms of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the human dopaminergic neuroblastoma (SK-N-BE) cell line. When SK-N-BE cells were transiently transfected with alpha-synuclein, it was secreted into the extracellular culture media, concomitantly with a significant decrease in cell viability. Also the addition of nitric oxide-generating compounds to the cells caused the secreted alpha-synuclein to be digested, producing a small fragment whose size was similar to that of the fragment generated during the incubation of alpha-synuclein with various MMPs in vitro. Among several forms of MMPs, alpha-synuclein was cleaved most efficiently by MMP-3, and MALDI-TOF mass spectra analysis showed that alpha-synuclein is cleaved from its C-terminal end with at least four cleavage sites within the non-Abeta component of AD amyloid sequence. Compared with the intact form, the protein aggregation of alpha-synuclein was remarkably facilitated in the presence of the proteolytic fragments, and the fragment-induced aggregates showed more toxic effect on cell viability. Moreover, the levels of MMP-3 were also found to be increased significantly in the rat PD brain model produced by the cerebral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra. The present study suggests that the extracellularly secreted alpha-synuclein could be processed via the activation of MMP-3 in a selective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Young Sung
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Reyes AE, Chacón MA, Dinamarca MC, Cerpa W, Morgan C, Inestrosa NC. Acetylcholinesterase-Abeta complexes are more toxic than Abeta fibrils in rat hippocampus: effect on rat beta-amyloid aggregation, laminin expression, reactive astrocytosis, and neuronal cell loss. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:2163-74. [PMID: 15161650 PMCID: PMC1615768 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathological changes generated by human amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) fibrils and Abeta-acetylcholinesterase (Abeta-AChE) complexes were compared in rat hippocampus in vivo. Results showed that Abeta-AChE complexes trigger a more dramatic response in situ than Abeta fibrils alone as characterized by the following features observed 8 weeks after treatment: 1). amyloid deposits were larger than those produced in the absence of AChE. In fact, AChE strongly stimulates rat Abeta aggregation in vitro as shown by turbidity measurements, Congo Red binding, as well as electron microscopy, suggesting that Abeta-AChE deposits observed in vivo probably recruited endogenous Abeta peptide; 2). the appearance of laminin expressing neurons surrounding Abeta-AChE deposits (such deposits are resistant to disaggregation by laminin in vitro); 3). an extensive astrocytosis revealed by both glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity and number counting of reactive hypertrophic astrocytes; and 4). a stronger neuronal cell loss in comparison with Abeta-injected animals. We conclude that the hippocampal injection of Abeta-AChE complexes results in the appearance of some features reminiscent of Alzheimer-like lesions in rat brain. Our studies are consistent with the notion that Abeta-AChE complexes are more toxic than Abeta fibrils and that AChE triggered some of the neurodegenerative changes observed in Alzheimer's disease brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel E Reyes
- Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología "Joaquín V. Luco," Millennium Institute of Fundamental and Applied Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Paik SR, Lee D, Cho HJ, Lee EN, Chang CS. Oxidized glutathione stimulated the amyloid formation of alpha-synuclein. FEBS Lett 2003; 537:63-7. [PMID: 12606032 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Synuclein is the major filamentous constituent of Lewy bodies found in Parkinson's disease (PD). The amyloid formation of alpha-synuclein was significantly facilitated by oxidized glutathione (GSSG) as the lag period of the aggregation kinetics was shortened by 2.5-fold from its absence. Reduced glutathione (GSH), on the other hand, did not influence the lag phase although it increased the final amyloid formation. The GSSG stimulation was specific for not only alpha-synuclein but also its intactness. The preferred GSSG interaction of alpha-synuclein to GSH was also demonstrated with dissociation constants of 0.53 and 43.5 mM, respectively. It is suggested that the oxidative stress favoring the GSSG generation from GSH could result in the augmented amyloid formation of alpha-synuclein, which ought to be related to the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung R Paik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-Dong, Nam-Ku, Inchon 402-751, South Korea.
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Tezak Z, Prandini P, Boscaro M, Marin A, Devaney J, Marino M, Fanin M, Trevisan CP, Park J, Tyson W, Finkel R, Garcia C, Angelini C, Hoffman EP, Pegoraro E. Clinical and molecular study in congenital muscular dystrophy with partial laminin alpha 2 (LAMA2) deficiency. Hum Mutat 2003; 21:103-11. [PMID: 12552556 DOI: 10.1002/humu.10157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Complete laminin alpha2 (LAMA2) deficiency causes approximately half of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) cases. Many loss-of-function mutations have been reported in these severe, neonatal-onset patients, but only single missense mutations have been found in milder CMD with partial laminin alpha2 deficiency. Here, we studied nine patients diagnosed with CMD who showed abnormal white-matter signal at brain MRI and partial deficiency of laminin alpha2 on immunofluorescence of muscle biopsy. We screened the entire 9.5 kb laminin alpha2 mRNA from patient muscle biopsy by direct capillary automated sequencing, single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP), or denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) of overlapping RT-PCR products followed by direct sequencing of heteroduplexes. We identified laminin alpha2 sequence changes in six of nine CMD patients. Each of the gene changes identified, except one, was novel, including three missense changes and two splice-site mutations. The finding of partial laminin alpha2 deficiency by immunostaining is not specific for laminin alpha2 gene mutation carriers, with only two patients (22%) showing clear causative mutations, and an additional three patients (33%) showing possible mutations. The clinical presentation and disease progression was homogeneous in the laminin alpha2-mutation positive and negative CMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zivana Tezak
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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9
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Parbhu A, Lin H, Thimm J, Lal R. Imaging real-time aggregation of amyloid beta protein (1-42) by atomic force microscopy. Peptides 2002; 23:1265-70. [PMID: 12128083 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(02)00061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta protein (AbetaP) is the major fibrillar constituent of senile plaques. However, no causative role for AbetaP-fibers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is established. Globular AbetaPs are continuously released during normal cellular metabolism at pico- to nano-molar concentration. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to examine aggregation of freshly prepared AbetaP(1-42) and to examine the role of AbetaP concentration, imaging medium (air, water, or PBS) and agonists/antagonists on AbetaP-fibrillogenesis. At even very high and non-physiological AbetaP concentrations, 24-48 h of real-time AFM imaging (a) in water show only multiple layers of globular aggregates and no fibrils and (b) in PBS show mainly the globular structures and some short fibrils. On-line addition of Zn, an agonist for AbetaP-fibrillogenesis, induced a slow but non-fibrillar aggregation of globular AbetaPs. EDTA, a chelator of Zn and calcium (a modulator of AbetaP-mediated toxicity) induced a reversible change in the Zn-mediated aggregation. These results strongly suggest that no AbetaP-fibers are formed for the physiologically relevant concentration and thus the plaque-associated fibers may not account for the AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Parbhu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93016, USA
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10
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Defelice FG, Ferreira ST. Physiopathological modulators of amyloid aggregation and novel pharmacological approaches in Alzheimer's disease. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2002; 74:265-84. [PMID: 12098753 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652002000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological mechanisms underlying the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are complex, as several factors likely contribute to the development of the disease. Therefore, it is not surprising that a number of different possible therapeutic approaches addressing distinct aspects of this disease are currently being investigated. Among these are ways to prevent amyloid aggregation and/or deposition, to prevent neuronal degeneration, and to increase brain neurotransmitter levels. Here, we discuss possible roles of endogenous modulators of Abeta aggregation in the physiopathology of AD and some of the strategies currently under consideration to interfere with brain levels of beta-amyloid, its aggregation and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G Defelice
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Kiuchi Y, Isobe Y, Fukushima K, Kimura M. Disassembly of amyloid beta-protein fibril by basement membrane components. Life Sci 2002; 70:2421-31. [PMID: 12150206 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-protein (A3) fibril in senile plaque may be related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Basement membrane (BM) components are associated with the plaques in AD brain. It suggests that the BM components may play an important role in the deposition of the plaque. We investigated the potential of BM components, such as type IV collagen (collagen IV) and entactin, to induce disassembly of preformed Abeta1-42 (Abeta42) fibrils in direct comparison to laminin. Thioflavin T assays revealed that these BM components disrupted preformed Abeta42 fibrils in a dose-dependent manner. The high concentration of BM components, 100 microg/mL laminin, 50 microg/mL collagen IV and 50 microg/mL entactin, had most effect on disassembly of preformed Abeta42 fibrils (Molar ratio; Abeta42:laminin = 90:1, Abeta42:collagen IV = 34:1, Abeta42:entactin = 20:1). Circular dichroism spectroscopy data indicated that the high concentration of BM components induced structural transition in Abeta42 from beta-sheet to random structures. These results suggest that collagen IV and entactin, as well as laminin, are effective inducers of disassembly of Abeta42 fibrils. The ability of these BM components to induce random structures may be linked to the disassembly of preformed Abeta42 fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Kiuchi
- Toxicology Laboratory, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Center, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Saitama, Japan.
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Kim YS, Lee D, Lee EK, Sung JY, Chung KC, Kim J, Paik SR. Multiple ligand interaction of alpha-synuclein produced various forms of protein aggregates in the presence of Abeta25-35, copper, and eosin. Brain Res 2001; 908:93-8. [PMID: 11457435 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Various protein aggregates of alpha-synuclein developed by way of the common protein self-oligomerization in the presence of Abeta25-35, copper, and eosin were examined. All the aggregates exhibited congo red birefringence although the actual amounts of the aggregates were varied as determined by thioflavin T binding fluorescence. When their morphologies were analyzed in relation to in vitro cytotoxicity, the smallest granular aggregates obtained with copper exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, while the fibrous structures by eosin did not affect the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gojan-Dong, 425-020, Ansan, South Korea
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13
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Kiuchi Y, Isobe Y, Fukushima K. Entactin-induced inhibition of human amyloid beta-protein fibril formation in vitro. Neurosci Lett 2001; 305:119-22. [PMID: 11376898 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) fibril in senile plaques may possibly be related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Basement membrane (BM) components are localized to the plaques. Entactin binds the plaque associated BM components. We investigated the potential of entactin to prevent Abeta fibril formation. Thioflavin T fluorometric assay and electron microscopy revealed that entactin significantly inhibited Abeta1-40 (Abeta40) fibril formation at an Abeta40:entactin molar ratio of 50:1. The inhibitory effect of entactin was displayed in a dose-dependent manner. Circular dichroism spectroscopy data indicated that entactin induced a random coil structure in Abeta40. We propose that the ability of entactin to induce random structure is linked to the inhibition of Abeta fibril formation. Entactin may be related to the pathogenesis of AD by regulating Abeta40 fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kiuchi
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Company, Limited, 403, Yoshino-cho 1-chome, Omiya, 330-8530, Saitama, Japan.
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14
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Morgan C, Inestrosa NC. Interactions of laminin with the amyloid beta peptide. Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001; 34:597-601. [PMID: 11323745 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2001000500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive neuronal cell loss is observed in Alzheimer's disease. Laminin immunoreactivity colocalizes with senile plaques, the characteristic extracellular histopathological lesions of Alzheimer brain, which consist of the amyloid beta (A(beta)) peptide polymerized into amyloid fibrils. These lesions have neurotoxic effects and have been proposed to be a main cause of neurodegeneration. In order to understand the pathological significance of the interaction between laminin and amyloid, we investigated the effect of laminin on amyloid structure and toxicity. We found that laminin interacts with the A(beta)1-40 peptide, blocking fibril formation and even inducing depolymerization of preformed fibrils. Protofilaments known to be intermediate species of A(beta) fibril formation were also detected as intermediate species of laminin-induced A(beta) fibril depolymerization. Moreover, laminin-amyloid interactions inhibited the toxic effects on rat primary hippocampal neurons. As a whole, our results indicate a putative anti-amyloidogenic role of laminin which may be of biological and therapeutic interest for controlling amyloidosis, such as those observed in cerebral angiopathy and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morgan
- Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Castillo GM, Lukito W, Peskind E, Raskind M, Kirschner DA, Yee AG, Snow AD. Laminin inhibition of beta-amyloid protein (Abeta) fibrillogenesis and identification of an Abeta binding site localized to the globular domain repeats on the laminin a chain. J Neurosci Res 2000; 62:451-62. [PMID: 11054814 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4547(20001101)62:3<451::aid-jnr15>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
beta-Amyloid protein (Abeta) is a major component of neuritic plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid deposits in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inhibitors of Abeta fibrillogenesis are currently sought as potential future therapeutics for AD and related disorders. In the present study, the basement membrane protein laminin was found to bind Abeta 1-40 with a single dissociation constant, K(d) = 2.7 x 10(-9) M, and serve as a potent inhibitor of Abeta fibril formation. 25 microM of Abeta 1-40 was incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 week in the presence of 100 nM of laminin or other basement membrane components, including perlecan, type IV collagen, and fibronectin to determine their effects on Abeta fibril formation as evaluated by thioflavin T fluorometry. Of all the basement membrane components tested, laminin demonstrated the greatest inhibitory effect on Abeta-amyloid fibril formation, causing a ninefold inhibition at 1 and 3 days and a 21-fold inhibition at 1 week. The inhibitory effects of laminin on Abeta fibrillogenesis occurred in a dose-dependent manner and were still effective at lower concentrations. The inhibitory effects of laminin on Abeta 1-40 fibril formation was confirmed by negative stain electron microscopy, whereby laminin caused an almost complete inhibition of Abeta fibril formation and assembly by 3 days, resulting in the appearance of primarily amorphous nonfibrillar material. Laminin also caused partial disassembly of preformed Abeta-amyloid fibrils following 4 days of coincubation. Laminin was not effective as an inhibitor of islet amyloid polypeptide fibril formation, suggesting that laminin's amyloid inhibitory effects were Abeta-specific. To identify a potential Abeta-binding site(s) on laminin, laminin was first digested with V8, trypsin, or elastase. An Abeta-binding elastase digestion product of approximately 120-130 kDa was found. In addition, a approximately 55 kDa fragment derived from V8 and elastase-digested laminin interacted with biotinylated Abeta 1-40. Amino acid sequencing of the approximately 55 kDa fragment identified a conformationally dependent Abeta-binding site within laminin localized to the globular repeats on the laminin A chain. These studies demonstrate that laminin not only binds Abeta with relatively high affinity but is a potent inhibitor of Abeta-amyloid fibril formation. In addition, further identification of an Abeta-binding domain within the globular repeats on the laminin A chain may lead to the design of new therapeutics for the inhibition of Abeta fibrillogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Castillo
- ProteoTech Inc., Kirkland, Washington 98034, USA.
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Huang X, Cuajungco MP, Atwood CS, Moir RD, Tanzi RE, Bush AI. Alzheimer's disease, beta-amyloid protein and zinc. J Nutr 2000; 130:1488S-92S. [PMID: 10801964 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.5.1488s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid deposits within the neocortical parenchyma and the cerebrovasculature. The main component of these predominantly extracellular collections, Abeta, which is normally a soluble component of all biological fluids, is cleaved out of a ubiquitously expressed parent protein, the amyloid protein precursor (APP), one of the type 1 integral membrane glycoproteins. Considerable evidence has indicated that there is zinc dyshomeostasis and abnormal cellular zinc mobilization in AD. We have characterized both APP and Abeta as copper/zinc metalloproteins. Zinc, copper and iron have recently been reported to be concentrated to 0.5 to 1 mmol/L in amyloid plaque. In vitro, rapid Abeta aggregation is mediated by Zn(II), promoted by the alpha-helical structure of Abeta, and is reversible with chelation. In addition, Abeta produces hydrogen peroxide in a Cu(II)/Fe(III)-dependent manner, and the hydrogen peroxide formation is quenched by Zn(II). Moreover, zinc preserves the nontoxic properties of Abeta. Although the zinc-binding proteins apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele and alpha(2)-macroglobulin have been characterized as two genetic risk factors for AD, zinc exposure as a risk factor for AD has not been rigorously studied. Based on our findings, we envisage that zinc may serve twin roles by both initiating amyloid deposition and then being involved in mechanisms attempting to quench oxidative stress and neurotoxicity derived from the amyloid mass. Hence, it remains debatable whether zinc supplementation is beneficial or deleterious for AD until additional studies clarify the issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Huang
- Laboratory for Oxidation Biology, Genetics and Aging Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charleston, MA 02129, USA
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Drouet B, Pinçon-Raymond M, Chambaz J, Pillot T. Laminin 1 attenuates beta-amyloid peptide Abeta(1-40) neurotoxicity of cultured fetal rat cortical neurons. J Neurochem 1999; 73:742-9. [PMID: 10428072 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0730742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A growing amount of evidence indicates the involvement of extracellular matrix components, especially laminins, in the development of Alzheimer's disease, although their role remains unclear. In this study, we clearly demonstrate that laminin 1 inhibits beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta)-induced neuronal cell death by preventing the fibril formation and interaction of the Abeta peptide with cell membranes. The presence of laminin at a laminin/Abeta peptide molar ratio of 1:800 significantly inhibits the Abeta-induced apoptotic events, together with inhibition of amyloid fibril formation. The inhibitory effects of laminin 1 were time- and dose-dependent, whereas laminin 2 had less effect on Abeta neurotoxicity. A preincubation of laminin and Abeta was not required to observe the protective effect of laminin, suggesting a direct interaction between laminin 1 and Abeta. Moreover, laminin had no effect on the toxicity of the fibrillar Abeta peptide, suggesting an interaction of laminin with nonfibrillar species of the Abeta peptide, sequestering the peptide in a soluble form. These data extend our understanding of laminin-dependent binding of Abeta and highlight the possible modulation role of laminin regarding Abeta aggregation and neurotoxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Drouet
- INSERM U-505, Institut des Cordelliers, Paris, France
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