1
|
Tsanaktsidou E, Chatzitaki AT, Chatzichristou A, Fatouros DG, Markopoulou CK. A Comparative Study and Prediction of the Ex Vivo Permeation of Six Vaginally Administered Drugs across Five Artificial Membranes and Vaginal Tissue. Molecules 2024; 29:2334. [PMID: 38792194 PMCID: PMC11123929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The theoretical interpretation of the vaginal permeability phenomenon, the evaluation of the suitability of five artificial membranes, and the prediction of the behaviors of vaginal drugs were the main objectives of this study. Franz vertical diffusion cells and different validated HPLC methods were used to measure the permeability of six vaginally administered drugs (econazole, miconazole, metronidazole, clindamycin, lidocaine, and nonoxynol-9). This study was performed (in vitro) on different membranes of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), plain cellulose or cellulose impregnated with isopropyl myristate (IPM), and cellulose combined with PVDF or IPM. The results were compared with those obtained from cow vaginal tissue (ex vivo), where cellulose was proven to be the best simulant. According to the permeability profiles (Papp), the water solubility of the drugs was considered a necessary criterion for their transport in the membranes or in the tissue, while the size was important for their penetration. Furthermore, it was found that polar compounds show clear superiority when penetrating cellulose or tissue, while non-polar ones show superiority when penetrating the lipophilic PVDF membrane. Finally, a successful attempt was made to predict the Papp values (|Papp-predPapp| < 0.005) of the six drugs under study based on a PLS (Partial Least Squares) in silico simulation model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Tsanaktsidou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Aikaterini-Theodora Chatzitaki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.-T.C.); (D.G.F.)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anatoli Chatzichristou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Dimitrios G. Fatouros
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.-T.C.); (D.G.F.)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Catherine K. Markopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.T.); (A.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bamisaye A, Eromosele CO, Dare EO, Akinloye OA, Idowu MA, Ighodaro OM, Manickam S. Fabrication, characterization, antimicrobial, toxicity and potential drug-delivery studies of PEGylated Sesamum indicum oil based nanoemulsion system. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-023-00371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The actively mutating properties of disease-causing pathogens and GI intolerance associated with certain antibiotics among other challenges necessitated the adoption of colloidal system for drug delivery. Nanoemulsions (Ciprofloxacin (Cp) -loaded and non-drug loaded) were prepared by spontaneous emulsification method, characterized using Cryo-TEM, FTIR and Zetasizer. Antimicrobial activities were carried out using agar well diffusion method on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis. The in-vitro and dermal toxicological assessment were carried out using adult Wistar rats.
Results
The Cryo-TEM micrographs showed spherical morphology while zetasizer results showed polydispersity index (PDI), mean droplet size and zeta potential (ZP) of 0.553, 124.3 ± 0.29 nm and − 15.3 mV respectively for non-drug loaded sesame oil-based emulsion (SOAB). While 0.295, 244.8 ± 0.33 nm and − 5.54 mV were recorded for Cp-loaded sesame oil-based emulsion (SOAB + Cp). The effective voltage charge of the emulsions was 147.4 V. FTIR results of Cp recorded O–H adsorption value of 3429 cm−1, while SOAB and SOAB + Cp showed superimposition at 3427.76 cm−1 showing no drug-excipient interactions. No skin irritation was observed after 14 days of skin corrosion assessment. No significant difference (p > 0.05) in body weight gain of both test and control animals, the treatment did not cause any observable alterations in blood-chemistry parameters and hematological indices. Photomicrographs of liver and heart shows an uncompromised histological architecture.
Conclusion
The finding of the study shows a skin friendly, nanosized, spherical negatively charged emulsion with no cardiotoxic, hematotoxic and hepatotoxic effects on Wistar rats, and as such appears promising as a safe vehicle for drug delivery.
Graphical Abstract
Collapse
|
3
|
Enhancement of the Topical Bioavailability and Skin Whitening Effect of Genistein by Using Microemulsions as Drug Delivery Carriers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121233. [PMID: 34959634 PMCID: PMC8703605 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genistein, the most abundant isoflavone of the soy-derived phytoestrogen compounds, is a potent antioxidant and inhibitor of tyrosine kinase, which can inhibit UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis in hairless mice and UVB-induced erythema on human skin. In current study, genistein-loaded microemulsions were developed by using the various compositions of oil, surfactants, and co-surfactants and used as a drug delivery carrier to improve the solubility, peremability, skin whitening, and bioavailbility of genistein. The mean droplet size and polydispersity index of all formulations was less than 100 nm and 0.26 and demonstrated the formation of microemulsions. Similarly, various studies, such as permeation, drug skin deposition, pharmacokinetics, skin whitening test, skin irritation, and stability, were also conducted. The permeability of genistein was significantly affected by the composition of microemulsion formulation, particular surfactnat, and cosurfactant. In-vitro permeation study revealed that both permeation rate and deposition amount in skin were significantly increased from 0.27 μg/cm2·h up to 20.00 μg/cm2·h and 4.90 up to 53.52 μg/cm2, respectively. In in-vivo whitening test, the change in luminosity index (ΔL*), tended to decrease after topical application of genistein-loaded microemulsion. The bioavailability was increased 10-fold by topical administration of drug-loaded microemulsion. Conclusively, the prepared microemulsion has been enhanced the bioavailability of genistein and could be used for clinical purposes.
Collapse
|
4
|
Emulsion-Based Multicompartment Vaginal Drug Carriers: From Nanoemulsions to Nanoemulgels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126455. [PMID: 34208652 PMCID: PMC8233730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to overcome the limitations associated with vaginal administration of drugs, e.g., the short contact time of the drug form with the mucosa or continuous carrier wash-out, the development of new carriers for gynecological use is necessary. Furthermore, high individual anatomical and physiological variability resulting in unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy of lipophilic active substances requires application of multicompartment drug delivery systems. This manuscript provides an up-to-date comprehensive review of the literature on emulsion-based vaginal dosage forms (EVDF) including macroemulsions, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, multiple emulsions and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. The first part of the paper discusses (i) the influence of anatomical-physiological conditions on therapeutic efficacy of drug forms after local and systemic administration, (ii) characterization of EVDF components and the manufacturing techniques of these dosage forms and (iii) methods used to evaluate the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of emulsion-based vaginal dosage forms. The second part of the paper presents (iv) the results of biological and in vivo studies as well as (v) clinical evaluation of EVDF safety and therapeutic efficacy across different indications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Osmałek T, Froelich A, Jadach B, Tatarek A, Gadziński P, Falana A, Gralińska K, Ekert M, Puri V, Wrotyńska-Barczyńska J, Michniak-Kohn B. Recent Advances in Polymer-Based Vaginal Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:884. [PMID: 34203714 PMCID: PMC8232205 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vagina has been considered a potential drug administration route for centuries. Most of the currently marketed and investigated vaginal formulations are composed with the use of natural or synthetic polymers having different functions in the product. The vaginal route is usually investigated as an administration site for topically acting active ingredients; however, the anatomical and physiological features of the vagina make it suitable also for drug systemic absorption. In this review, the most important natural and synthetic polymers used in vaginal products are summarized and described, with special attention paid to the properties important in terms of vaginal application. Moreover, the current knowledge on the commonly applied and innovative dosage forms designed for vaginal administration was presented. The aim of this work was to highlight the most recent research directions and indicate challenges related to vaginal drug administrations. As revealed in the literature overview, intravaginal products still gain enormous scientific attention, and novel polymers and formulations are still explored. However, there are research areas that require more extensive studies in order to provide the safety of novel vaginal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Osmałek
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (A.F.); (B.J.); (A.T.); (P.G.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Anna Froelich
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (A.F.); (B.J.); (A.T.); (P.G.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Barbara Jadach
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (A.F.); (B.J.); (A.T.); (P.G.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Adam Tatarek
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (A.F.); (B.J.); (A.T.); (P.G.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Piotr Gadziński
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (A.F.); (B.J.); (A.T.); (P.G.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Aleksandra Falana
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (A.F.); (B.J.); (A.T.); (P.G.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Kinga Gralińska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (A.F.); (B.J.); (A.T.); (P.G.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Michał Ekert
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (A.F.); (B.J.); (A.T.); (P.G.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Vinam Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, William Levine Hall, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Life Sciences Building, New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (V.P.); (B.M.-K.)
| | - Joanna Wrotyńska-Barczyńska
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 33 Polna St., 60-535 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Bozena Michniak-Kohn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, William Levine Hall, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Life Sciences Building, New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (V.P.); (B.M.-K.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peng K, Sottmann T, Stubenrauch C. Gelled non-toxic bicontinuous microemulsions as promising transdermal drug carriers. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1886363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Peng
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Sottmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cosima Stubenrauch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
While contraceptive drugs have enabled many people to decide when they want to have a baby, more than 100 million unintended pregnancies each year in the world may indicate the contraceptive requirement of many people has not been well addressed yet. The vagina is a well-established and practical route for the delivery of various pharmacological molecules, including contraceptives. This review aims to present an overview of different contraceptive methods focusing on the vaginal route of delivery for contraceptives, including current developments, discussing the potentials and limitations of the modern methods, designs, and how well each method performs for delivering the contraceptives and preventing pregnancy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Xie M, Li J, Zhang S, Zhu D, Mei X, Wang Z, Cheng X, Li Z, Wang S, Cheng K. A trifunctional contraceptive gel enhances the safety and quality of sexual intercourse. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:1777-1788. [PMID: 33336110 PMCID: PMC7724154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current contraceptive methods come with a number of drawbacks, including low efficacy, in the case of commercial contraceptive gels, and a reduction in the quality of sexual intercourse, in the case of condoms. Adding pharmacologically-active agents to contraceptive gels holds the potential to improve sexual experience, and hardbor safety and hygiene. In this study, we fabricated a Carbomer-based contraceptive gel consisting of three agents: tenofovir, gossypol acetate, and nitroglycerin (TGN), with pH adjusted to 4.5 (to be compatible with the vagina). In vitro, the gossypol component of the contraceptive gel proved to be a significantly effective spermicide. When the concentration of gossypol acetate was 10 mg/ml, the spermicidal ability reached 100% after 30s. In addition, tenofovir in the gel significantly inhibited lentiviral transfection efficiency in cell-containing media. In 6 pairs of rats, the gel successfully prevented all females from conceiving after successful mating. Moreover, increased sexual frequency and enhanced erection, which were promoted by the nitroglycerin in the components, were observed in male rats that had the gel applied to their penises. This novel TGN contraceptive gel yielded a higher contraceptive success rate than that of the commercial contraceptive gel (Contragel®). In addition, it has the added benefits to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and improve male libido and erection function during sexual intercourse. Combining three FDA-approved and marketed agents together, our trifunctional TGN gel has a great potential for further translation and commercialization. Our novel TGN contraceptive gel yielded a higher contraceptive success rate than that of a commercial product (Contragel®). The TGN gel inhibits viral infection and shows great potential to prevent sexually transmitted diseases. Male libido and erection function are enhanced after topical application of the TGN gel. Combining three FDA-approved agents together, our TGN gel has a great potential for translation and commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China.,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Junlang Li
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Sichen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Dashuai Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Xuan Mei
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Shaowei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abu-Azzam O, Nasr M. In vitro anti-inflammatory potential of phloretin microemulsion as a new formulation for prospective treatment of vaginitis. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:930-935. [PMID: 32363977 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1764032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phloretin is a promising polyphenolic compound known for its anti-inflammatory properties, but its poor solubility and low bioavailability hinder its clinical applicability. Till current date, its potential in the treatment of vaginitis has not been explored, and only very few papers reported its formulation as nanoparticles to overcome its pharmaceutical challenges. Therefore, in the current study, phloretin was formulated in microemulsion of 11 nm size, and its in vitro anti-inflammatory properties were explored using histamine and IL-6 release inhibition assays, protease inhibition assay, and membrane stabilization potential. The anti-inflammatory properties of phloretin microemulsion were compared to the drug phloretin, and the reference standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Results proved that both phloretin and phloretin microemulsion significantly inhibited the release of the inflammatory mediators histamine and IL-6, inhibited protease action, and exhibited membrane stabilization potential. Phloretin microemulsion exhibited comparable anti-inflammatory properties to the NSAIDs diclofenac and indomethacin, and, hence, it can be delineated as a promising therapeutic tool in topical treatment of vaginal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abu-Azzam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mu'tah University, Mu'tah, Jordan
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang H, Zhao Z, Chen W, Lv M, Cheng J, Sun Z. In vitro and in vivo studies of micro-depots using tailored microemulsion for sustained local anaesthesia. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:874-881. [PMID: 32274946 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1754425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In clinical practice, lidocaine is used as local anesthetic for the management of post-operative pain. The commercial formulation including gels, injections and ointments showed short duration of action (1 to 2 h). In this paper, the efforts have being made to develop tailored lidocaine-microemulsion (o/w), which on penetration in the skin layer cause micro-depots formation due to destabilization of the microemulsion system. To identify the microemulsion region, pseudo ternary diagrams were constructed using Capmul MCM as oil, Pluronic F68 as tri-block surfactant, polyethylene glycol 200 as co-surfactant at 1:4 and 1:6 ratios (S:Co-S). The selected 5%w/v lidocaine loaded microemulsion [Ld-ME-2(1:4)] was stable in thermodynamic test and during shelf life period (3 months). In ex vivo permeability study, the lidocaine release from Ld-ME-2(1:4) microemulsion was sustained in comparison to the marketed lidocaine ointment. The skin irritation study confirmed the safety of lidocaine loaded microemulsion. Tail flick test showed improved and sustain local anaesthetic effect in comparison to the market ointment. The improved efficacy of microemulsion system, was due to high penetration in the skin layer due to local precipitation of lidocaine from microemulsion. The findings suggest that the tailored microemulsion could be a potential strategy to prolong the local anaesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Bayi Rehabilitation Center (Sichuan Provincial Rehabilitation Hospital), Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjia Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 323 Hospital of PLA, Xi'an, China
| | - Junmei Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Central Laboratory of Heze Medical College, Heze, China
| | - Zhihua Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Frank LA, Gazzi RP, Mello PA, Chaves P, Peña F, Beck RCR, Buffon A, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS. Anti-HPV Nanoemulsified-Imiquimod: A New and Potent Formulation to Treat Cervical Cancer. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:54. [PMID: 31907712 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is associated with the human papilloma virus (HPV) and nowadays is the fourth most frequent cancer among women. One of the treatments for this disease is based on the application of imiquimod. In this study, we postulated that the use of imiquimod in nanoemulsion results in a better antitumoral effect than the drug administered in its nonencapsulated form for the treatment of cervical cancer. Permeability studies using vaginal mucosa, as membrane, and in vitro studies involving cervical cancer cells (viability, clonogenic assay, and cell death analysis) were performed. We showed that low amount of encapsulated imiquimod permeated the vaginal mucosa. However, a higher percentage of cells died after the treatment with low amount (3.0 μmol L-1) of the formulation compared to the free drug. In addition, the innovative formulation presented a combinatory mechanism of cell death involving autophagy and apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that the imiquimod-loaded nanoemulsioncan be an alternative product for the treatment of cervical cancer validating the hypothesis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ciríaco SL, Carvalho IPS, Alves Terceiro Neto J, de Sousa Lima Neto J, de Oliveira DHB, Cunha APGP, Cavalcante YTD, da Silva DTC, da Silva JA, Mineiro ALBB, de Lima Chagas Moreno Fernandes MZ, Carvalho ALM. Development of microemulsion of tamsulosin and dutasteride for benign prostatic hyperplasia therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 185:110573. [PMID: 31675643 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition characterized by a benign enlargement of the prostate that interferes with the normal flow of urine. This disease is treated with the oral administration of combination therapy comprising α-blockers (tamsulosin) and 5α-reductase inhibitors (dutasteride). However, these compounds have low bioavailability. Thus, transdermal microemulsions aimed at promoting permeation and efficient targeted drug delivery through the skin are used. The objectives of this study were to obtain microemulsions of the combined doses of dutasteride and tamsulosin and evaluate their anti-hyperplastic activity in vivo. A phase diagram (4:1) was obtained for the choice of microemulsions. The microemulsions were characterized in terms of the droplet size, rheology, pH, conductivity, refractive index, in vitro release profile, and antihyperplastic effect in vivo. A method for the simultaneous quantification of drugs was developed using UV-vis spectroscopy. The microemulsions had an average size less than 116 nm, an acidic pH and low viscosity. The conductivity ranged from 6.18 to 185.2 μS/cm. The in vitro release profile was sustained for 6 h. Microemulsions promoted the reduction in the size of testosterone-dependent organs (prostate and seminal vesicles). Transdermal formulations for the treatment of BPH were obtained as a therapeutic alternative to conventional treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shayara Lopes Ciríaco
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | - José Alves Terceiro Neto
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Alexsandro da Silva
- Department of Agrarian and Extract Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Agroindustry Systems, Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | - André Luis Menezes Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Wang F, He J, Yang X, Xie W, Liu Y, Zhang Y. A thermosensitive gel based on w1/o/w2 multiple microemulsions for the vaginal delivery of small nucleic acid. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:168-178. [PMID: 30822166 PMCID: PMC6407577 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1568622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims at designing a thermosensitive gel prepared from w1/o/w2 multiple microemulsions (MMEs) for the vaginal delivery of siRNA. The w1/o/w2 MMEs were prepared by two-step emulsifications: the first step was to prepare primary emulsions (w1/o) by low energy emulsification (LEE); the second step was to obtain stable w1/o/w2 MMEs by self-emulsifying. An extensive formulation optimization process was undertaken. The final w1/o/w2 MMEs could be formed in ddH2O, phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.4) and 1640 culture media with diameter size about 166.5 ± 13.1, 271.0 ± 11.1 and 278.7 ± 12.1 nm respectively. The release rates of siRNA from solutions, MMEs and MMEs-gels were completed within 2 h, 6 h and13 h respectively. The transfection efficiency of MMEs was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. The relative target gene expressions of MMEs were 0.07 ± 0.05% vs. 0.37 ± 0.06% in Hela cells against Lipofectamine2000® and 1.88% ± 0.00% vs. 9.65% ± 0.02% in mouse vaginal mucosa against PEI. Good biocompatibility of MMEs was verified by cytotoxicity and pathological studies. Overall, our results indicated the potential of the MMEs-gel system for the vaginal delivery of siRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiu Wang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China.,b Division of Life Science, Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology , Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Yajing Wang
- c Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science , Changzhou University , Changzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- b Division of Life Science, Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology , Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Fan Wang
- b Division of Life Science, Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology , Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Jie He
- b Division of Life Science, Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology , Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- b Division of Life Science, Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology , Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Weidong Xie
- b Division of Life Science, Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology , Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Ying Liu
- b Division of Life Science, Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology , Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , China.,d School of Basic Medical Sciences , Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Yaou Zhang
- b Division of Life Science, Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology , Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Satapathy M, Quereshi D, Hanh Nguyen TT, Pani D, Mohanty B, Anis A, Maji S, Kim D, Sarkar P, Pal K. Preparation and characterization of cocoa butter and whey protein isolate based emulgels for pharmaceutical and probiotics delivery applications. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1583577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisha Satapathy
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Dilshad Quereshi
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Thi Thanh Hanh Nguyen
- Department of International Agricultural Technology & Institute of Green Bioscience and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Arfat Anis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samarendra Maji
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
| | - Doman Kim
- Department of International Agricultural Technology & Institute of Green Bioscience and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Preetam Sarkar
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pourjamal K, Fathi M, Entezami AA, Hasanzadeh M, Shadjou N. Superabsorbent Nanohydrogels of Poly (N-Isopropyl Acrylamide-Co-Itaconic Acid) Grafted on Starch — Synthesis and Swelling Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984416500057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymer-based superabsorbent nanohydrogel consisting of N-isopropylacrylamide and itaconic acid (IA) was grafted on to starch backbone in an aqueous solution in the absence of the cross-linker agents. The copolymerization reaction occurred in the presence of ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. The effect of N-isopropylacrylamide-to-IA ratio and different concentrations of initiator were investigated. The nanohydrogel composition was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermal stability was analyzed by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies were employed for determination of lower critical solution temperature in hydrogels. Dynamic light scattering analysis showed a narrow size distribution around 70–200[Formula: see text]nm for the synthesized nanohydrogels. The effects of pH on swelling behavior of the hydrogel were investigated. The obtained nanohydrogels, due to their pH and thermo dual sensitive properties, have the potential to be used in the drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Pourjamal
- Laboratory of Polymer, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Fathi
- Laboratory of Polymer, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Entezami
- Laboratory of Polymer, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran
| | - Nasrin Shadjou
- Department of Nanochemistry, Nano Technology Research Center, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
D'Cruz OJ, Erbeck D, Uckun FM. A Study of the Potential of the Pig as a Model for the Vaginal Irritancy of Benzalkonium Chloride in Comparison to the Nonirritant Microbicide PHI-443 and the Spermicide Vanadocene Dithiocarbamate. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 33:465-76. [PMID: 16036864 DOI: 10.1080/01926230590959866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A porcine model was established to test the mucosal toxicity potential of a thiophene thiourea (PHI-443)-based anti-HIV microbicide and a vanadocene-based spermicide, vanadocene dithiocarbamate (VDDTC) in comparison to benzalkonium chloride (BZK). Nine domestic pigs (Duroc) in nonestrus stage received a single intravaginal application of 2% BZK, 2% PHI-443, or 0.1% VDDTC-containing gel. At various times after gel application, cell differentials and levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, IFN- γ, and TNF- α) in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid were monitored by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. Eight pigs were exposed intravaginally to a gel with and without BZK or VDDTC for 4 consecutive days and vaginal tissues were scored histologically for inflammation using a new scoring system. Only CVL fluid from pigs exposed to BZK showed a significant increase of IL-1 β, IL-8, and also IL-18 production when compared to the controls, PHI-443 or VDDTC-treated groups. Maximum levels of BZK-induced IL-1 β (100-fold), IL-8 (2,500-fold), IL-18 (80-fold), and IFN- γ(10-fold) were found at 24 hours. In the in vivo porcine vaginal irritation model, increased levels of vaginal IL-1 β, IL-8, and IL-18 were associated with histological changes consistent with vaginal inflammation. These results demonstrate that key cervicovaginal inflammatory cytokines are useful in vivo biomarkers for predicting the mucosal toxicity potential of vaginal products in the physiologically relevant and sensitive porcine model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osmond J D'Cruz
- Drug Discovery Program, Experimental Pathology, Parker Hughes Institute LLC, 2657 Patton Road, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bonifácio BV, Ramos MADS, da Silva PB, Negri KMS, de Oliveira Lopes É, de Souza LP, Vilegas W, Pavan FR, Chorilli M, Bauab TM. Nanostructured lipid system as a strategy to improve the anti-Candida albicans activity of Astronium sp. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5081-92. [PMID: 26300640 PMCID: PMC4536841 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s79684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Astronium (Anacardiaceae) includes species, such as Astronium fraxinifolium, Astronium graveolens, and Astronium urundeuva, which possess anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcerogenic, healing, and antimicrobial properties. Nanostructured lipid systems are able to potentiate the action of plant extracts, reducing the required dose and side effects and improving antimicrobial activity. This work aims to evaluate a nanostructured lipid system that was developed as a strategy to improve the anti-Candida albicans activity of hydroethanolic extracts of stems and leaves from Astronium sp. The antifungal activity against C. albicans (ATCC 18804) was evaluated in vitro by a microdilution technique. In addition to the in vitro assays, the Astronium sp. that showed the best antifungal activity and selectivity index was submitted to an in vivo assay using a model of vulvovaginal candidiasis infection. In these assays, the extracts were either used alone or were incorporated into the nanostructured lipid system (comprising 10% oil phase, 10% surfactant, and 80% aqueous phase). The results indicated a minimal inhibitory concentration of 125.00 µg/mL before incorporation into the nanostructured system; this activity was even more enhanced when this extract presented a minimal inhibitory concentration of 15.62 µg/mL after its incorporation. In vivo assay dates showed that the nanostructure-incorporated extract of A. urundeuva leaves was more effective than both the unincorporated extract and the antifungal positive control (amphotericin B). These results suggest that this nanostructured lipid system can be used in a strategy to improve the in vitro and in vivo anti-C. albicans activity of hydroethanolic extracts of Astronium sp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Vidal Bonifácio
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Bento da Silva
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamila Maria Silveira Negri
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érica de Oliveira Lopes
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Coastal Campus of São Vicente, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taís Maria Bauab
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Surfactant–cosurfactant interactions and process parameters involved in the formulation of stable and small droplet-sized benznidazole-loaded soybean O/W emulsions. J Mol Liq 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Çelebi N, Ermiş S, Özkan S. Development of topical hydrogels of terbinafine hydrochloride and evaluation of their antifungal activity. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:631-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.891129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV type 1 infection, despite having fallen by one-third over the past decade, remains a global health concern affecting millions of individuals worldwide. A focal point in contemporary research aimed at global HIV prevention has been the development of safe and efficacious coitally dependent and coitally independent anti-HIV microbicides to curb heterosexual HIV transmission. Despite extensive research efforts to develop novel vaginal antiretroviral (ARV) formulations and intravaginal ring delivery systems, the clinical advancement of microbicides with improved safety, efficacy and tolerability has significantly lagged behind. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the current status of both coitally dependent and coitally independent delivery platforms designed to increase user acceptability and clinical effectiveness of anti-HIV microbicides. The clinical failure of several vaginal microbicide candidates has propelled the field to mechanism-based ARV candidates that act more specifically on viral receptors, viral enzymes and host proteins. Consequently, improved vaginal microbicide delivery strategies that achieve uniform drug distribution with enhanced solubility, sustained drug release, improved product adherence with reduced dosing frequency and lack of effect on the vaginal mucosa and microbiota are being sought. EXPERT OPINION Clinical success with vaginal microbicides may best be achieved through the combined effects of ARV compounds that exhibit different mechanisms of action with potent activity against multidrug-resistant HIV and efficacious delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osmond J D'Cruz
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases , Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Smith Research Tower Suite 316, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, CHLA Mailstop 160, Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jangir S, Bala V, Lal N, Kumar L, Sarswat A, Kumar L, Kushwaha B, Singh P, Shukla PK, Maikhuri JP, Gupta G, Sharma VL. A unique dithiocarbamate chemistry during design & synthesis of novel sperm-immobilizing agents. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3090-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00005f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Unusual loss of CS2 observed in benzyl substituted dithiocarbamates during synthesis of double edged spermicides which acted through sulfhydryl binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Jangir
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Veenu Bala
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research
- New Delhi, India
| | - Nand Lal
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Amit Sarswat
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar
- Endocrinology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Bhavana Kushwaha
- Endocrinology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Pratiksha Singh
- Microbiology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031, India
| | | | | | - Gopal Gupta
- Endocrinology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Vishnu Lal Sharma
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li J, Li X, Kuang Y, Gao Y, Du X, Shi J, Xu B. Self-delivery multifunctional anti-HIV hydrogels for sustained release. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:1586-90. [PMID: 23616384 PMCID: PMC3934007 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
None of the clinical trials of anti-HIV gels based on conventional polymers or lipid emulsions has been successful, suggesting the need of new molecular design of the anti-HIV gels. This paper reports the conversion of anti-HIV prodrugs into self-delivery supramolecular hydrogels. By covalently conjugating reverse transcriptase inhibitors to a versatile self-assembly motif, the hydrogelators that self-assemble to form supramolecular nanofibers as the matrices of hydrogels in a weak acidic condition are obtained. Upon the treatment of prostate acid phosphatase (PAP), the hydrogels exhibit drastically enhanced elasticity. The hydrogelators are biocompatible and able to release the inhibitors under physiological condition. The use of the self-assembly motif as a self-delivery agent containing non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) renders this hydrogel to be both anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV. This work illustrates an unprecedented approach for designing multifunctional supramolecular hydrogels that may serve as potential anti-HIV hydrogels for sustained drug release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Li
- Department of Chemistry, MS 015, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
| | - Xinming Li
- Department of Chemistry, MS 015, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
| | - Yi Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, MS 015, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, MS 015, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
| | - Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, MS 015, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, MS 015, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, MS 015, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lu Z, Wang L, Zhou R, Qiu Y, Yang L, Zhang C, Cai M, Mi M, Xu H. Evaluation of the spermicidal and contraceptive activity of Platycodin D, a Saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82068. [PMID: 24303079 PMCID: PMC3841115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extract of Platycodon grandiflorum has been reported to have effective spermicidal activity. This study was designed to evaluate the spermicidal and contraceptive activity, as well as the safety, of Platycodin D (PD), a major saponin in Platycodon grandiflorum. METHODS Using the computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) test criteria, the sperm-immobilizing activity of PD was studied using highly motile human sperm. The sperm viability was assessed by fluorescent staining using SYBR-14 (living sperm) and propidium iodide (dead sperm). The sperm membrane integrity was assessed by evaluating the hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) and examinations by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vivo contraceptive efficacy was evaluated in rats using post-intrauterine PD application. The comet assay was employed to determine whether PD caused DNA damage in the sperm. Vaginal biopsies were also performed to determine whether the PD gel induced vaginal inflammation. RESULTS A dose-dependent effect of PD on the sperm motility and viability was observed. The maximum spermicidal effect was observed with a 0.25 mM concentration of PD. More than 70% of the PD-treated sperm lost their HOS responsiveness at a concentration of 0.20 mM PD, indicating that PD caused injury to the sperm plasma membrane. TEM and SEM revealed significant damage to both the head and tail membranes of the sperm. PD decreased the fertility to zero in rats, was non-DNA damaging and was not harmful to the vaginal tissue in the rats. CONCLUSION PD has significant spermicidal activity that should be explored in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongliang Lu
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Leiguang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Family Planning Institute of Science and Technology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yi Qiu
- Shandong Provincial Family Planning Institute of Science and Technology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Liuna Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chanyu Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Min Cai
- Institute of Chongqing National Population and Family Planning Science, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mantian Mi
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vanić Ž, Škalko-Basnet N. Nanopharmaceuticals for improved topical vaginal therapy: Can they deliver? Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:29-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Zaïri A, Tangy F, Hani K. Dermaseptin S4derivative K4K20S4: A potential candidate for development of a new microbicide contraceptive agent – anin vitrostudy. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2013; 18:79-87. [DOI: 10.3109/13625187.2013.769950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
26
|
Costin GE, Raabe HA, Priston R, Evans E, Curren RD. Vaginal irritation models: the current status of available alternative and in vitro tests. Altern Lab Anim 2011; 39:317-37. [PMID: 21942546 DOI: 10.1177/026119291103900403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces, such as the vaginal epithelium, are natural barriers to infection that are constantly exposed to bacteria and viruses, and are therefore potential sites of entry for numerous pathogens. The vaginal epithelium can be damaged mechanically, e.g. by the incorrect use of objects such as tampons, and by chemicals that are irritating or corrosive. Consequently, this can lead to an increase in susceptibility to further damage or infection. Pharmaceutical, cosmetic and personal care products that are specifically formulated for application onto human external mucosae can occasionally induce undesirable local or systemic side-effects. Therefore, the compatibility of applied materials with this mucosal surface represents a key issue to be addressed by manufacturers. The most frequently used method for assessing vaginal mucosal irritation is the in vivo rabbit vaginal irritation test. However, the current emphasis in the field of toxicology is to use alternative in vitro methods that reduce, refine, and replace the use of animals, and which model and predict human, not animal, responses. Such an approach is of particular interest to the personal care and cosmetic industries in their effort to comply with European legislative measures, such as the 7th Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive that does not permit the marketing of cosmetic products if they, or their ingredients, have been tested for irritation responses in animals. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the alternative and in vitro tests that are currently available for vaginal mucosal irritation assessment, and which are already used, or may become useful, to establish the safety of newly-designed products for human use.
Collapse
|
27
|
Singh KK, Parmar S, Tatke PA. Contraceptive efficacy and safety of HerbOshield™ vaginal gel in rats. Contraception 2011; 85:122-7. [PMID: 22067802 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spermicides represent one of the methods of contraception. The synthetic agents available as spermicides produce severe side effects. Hence, there is a need to replace these agents with safe and effective agents such as plant-based contraceptive agents. STUDY DESIGN The objective of the present study was to develop and evaluate a stable, safe, effective and easily acceptable contraceptive delivery system containing herbal drug. Efforts were made to evaluate the contraceptive potential of the hydroalcoholic extract from the seeds of Annona squamosa Linn. and the vaginal gel HerbOshield™ containing the extract. RESULTS Spermicidal effect was evaluated in vitro using healthy human spermatozoa and in vivo in rats. The in vitro results demonstrated that HerbOshield™ vaginal gel is an effective spermicide. At a 100-mg/mL dose, complete immobilization of human spermatozoa was observed within 20 s. None of the treated animals conceived, indicating 100% contraceptive effect as compared to Gynol II, a nonoxynol-9-containing marketed formulation, which showed only 67% contraceptive effect in vivo. HerbOshield™ vaginal gel was found to be safe in animals during a 14-day toxicity study. CONCLUSIONS HerbOshield™ vaginal gel was found to be safe and effective in rats and could be developed as a potential vaginal contraceptive for future use in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamalinder K Singh
- C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thakersey Women's University, Santacruz (West), Mumbai-400049, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Diffusion of sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles in agarose gels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 356:165-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
29
|
Medeiros SF, Santos AM, Fessi H, Elaissari A. Synthesis of biocompatible and thermally sensitive poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) nanogels via inverse miniemulsion polymerization: Effect of the surfactant concentration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
30
|
Zairi A, Tangy F, Bouassida K, Hani K. Dermaseptins and magainins: antimicrobial peptides from frogs' skin-new sources for a promising spermicides microbicides-a mini review. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:452567. [PMID: 19893636 PMCID: PMC2773376 DOI: 10.1155/2009/452567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agents of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), are two great concerns in the reproductive health of women. Thus, the challenge is to find products with a double activity, on the one hand having antimicrobial/antiviral properties with a role in the reduction of STI, and on the other hand having spermicidal action to be used as a contraceptive. In the absence of an effective microbicide along with the disadvantages of the most commonly used spermicidal contraceptive worldwide, nonoxynol-9, new emphasis has been focused on the development of more potential intravaginal microbicidal agents. Topical microbicides spermicides would ideally provide a female-controlled method of self-protection against HIV as well as preventing pregnancies. Nonoxynol-9, the only recommended microbicide spermicide, damages cervicovaginal epithelium because of its membrane-disruptive properties. Clearly, there is an urgent need to identify new compounds with dual potential microbicidal properties; antimicrobial peptides should be candidates for such investigations. Dermaseptins and magainins are two classes of cationic, amphipathic alpha-helical peptides that have been identified in the skin extracts of frogs Phyllomedusa sauvagei and Xenopus laevis. Regarding their contraceptive activities and their effect against various STI-causing pathogens, we believe that these two peptides are appropriate candidates in the evaluation of newer and safer microbicides spermicides in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amira Zairi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Virus Lents, CNRS URA 1930, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Khaled Hani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Andrews GP, Donnelly L, Jones DS, Curran RM, Morrow RJ, Woolfson AD, Malcolm RK. Characterization of the rheological, mucoadhesive, and drug release properties of highly structured gel platforms for intravaginal drug delivery. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2427-35. [PMID: 19642670 PMCID: PMC2745825 DOI: 10.1021/bm9003332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This investigation describes the formulation and characterization of rheologically structured vehicles (RSVs) designed for improved drug delivery to the vagina. Interactive, multicomponent, polymeric platforms were manufactured containing hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC, 5% w/w) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, 4% w/w), Pluronic (PL, 0 or 10% w/w), and either polycarbophil (PC, 3% w/w) or poly(methylvinylether-co-maleic anhydride) (Gantrez S97, 3% w/w) as a mucoadhesive agent. The rheological (torsional and dynamic), mechanical (compressional), and mucoadhesive properties were characterized and shown to be dependent upon the mucoadhesive agent used and the inclusion/exclusion of PL. The dynamic rheological properties of the gel platforms were also assessed following dilution with simulated vaginal fluid (to mimic in vivo dilution). RSVs containing PC were more rheologically structured than comparator formulations containing GAN. This trend was also reflected in formulation hardness, compressibility, consistency, and syringeability. Moreover, formulations containing PL (10% w/w) were more rheologically structured than formulations devoid of PL. Dilution with simulated vaginal fluids significantly decreased rheological structure, although RSVs still retained a highly elastic structure (G' > G'' and tan delta < 1). Furthermore, RSVs exhibited sustained drug release properties that were shown to be dependent upon their rheological structure. It is considered that these semisolid drug delivery systems may be useful as site-retentive platforms for the sustained delivery of therapeutic agents to the vagina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Andrews
- Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Group, The School of Pharmacy, The Queen's University of Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Azeem A, Khan ZI, Aqil M, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK, Talegaonkar S. Microemulsions as a Surrogate Carrier for Dermal Drug Delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35:525-47. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040802448646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
33
|
Bensi T, Mele F, Ferretti M, Norelli S, El Daker S, Chiocchetti A, Maria Rojo J, Cauda R, Dianzani U, Savarino A. Evaluation of the antiretroviral effects of a PEG-conjugated peptide derived from human CD38. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:141-52. [PMID: 19236233 DOI: 10.1517/14728220802637147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cell infection by HIV-1 is inhibited by both the expression of CD38 and a soluble peptide (sCD38p) corresponding to its extracellular membrane-proximal amino acid sequence (amino acids 51 - 74). We show here the effects of PEG conjugation to sCD38p and provide new insights into the mechanisms behind the anti-HIV-1 effects of CD38 and derived peptides. RESEARCH DESIGN/METHODS In-vitro and in-silico study. RESULTS PEGylation of sCD38p increased its ability to inhibit replication of HIV-1 in MT-4 cells and syncytia formation in cocultures of MT-2 and persistently HIV-1(IIIB)-infected H9(IIIB) cells. In silico modeling suggests that sCD38p and CD4 form stable heterodimers involving, among others, an interaction between lysine 57 (K57) of CD38 and a groove in the CD4 receptor, which, in CD4/gp120 complexes, is partially occupied by a lysine residue of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. K57 substitution with a glycine in sCD38p impaired its ability to inhibit syncytia formation in MT-2/H9(IIIB) cell cocultures and gp120 binding to CD4 in a mouse T cell line expressing human but not mouse CD4. CONCLUSIONS PEGylation significantly improves the anti-HIV-1 activity of sCD38p, whose effect is probably due to competition with gp120 for a common binding site on CD4 although other mechanisms cannot be excluded so far. The inhibitory concentrations of the sCD38p-PEG as well as its poor toxicity, merit further consideration in anti-HIV-1 strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thea Bensi
- 1'A Avogadro' University of Eastern Piedmont, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Medical Science, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Azeem A, Rizwan M, Ahmad FJ, Iqbal Z, Khar RK, Aqil M, Talegaonkar S. Nanoemulsion components screening and selection: a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:69-76. [PMID: 19148761 PMCID: PMC2663668 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-008-9178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Azeem
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hydrogel nanoparticles in drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:1638-49. [PMID: 18840488 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1169] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel nanoparticles have gained considerable attention in recent years as one of the most promising nanoparticulate drug delivery systems owing to their unique potentials via combining the characteristics of a hydrogel system (e.g., hydrophilicity and extremely high water content) with a nanoparticle (e.g., very small size). Several polymeric hydrogel nanoparticulate systems have been prepared and characterized in recent years, based on both natural and synthetic polymers, each with its own advantages and drawbacks. Among the natural polymers, chitosan and alginate have been studied extensively for preparation of hydrogel nanoparticles and from synthetic group, hydrogel nanoparticles based on poly (vinyl alcohol), poly (ethylene oxide), poly (ethyleneimine), poly (vinyl pyrrolidone), and poly-N-isopropylacrylamide have been reported with different characteristics and features with respect to drug delivery. Regardless of the type of polymer used, the release mechanism of the loaded agent from hydrogel nanoparticles is complex, while resulting from three main vectors, i.e., drug diffusion, hydrogel matrix swelling, and chemical reactivity of the drug/matrix. Several crosslinking methods have been used in the way to form the hydrogel matix structures, which can be classified in two major groups of chemically- and physically-induced crosslinking.
Collapse
|
36
|
Baloğlu E, Ozyazici M, Yaprak Hizarcioğlu S, Senyiğit T, Ozyurt D, Pekçetin C. Bioadhesive Controlled Release Systems of Ornidazole for Vaginal Delivery. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 11:477-84. [PMID: 17101518 DOI: 10.1080/10837450600939784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to develop a bioadhesive vaginal tablet formulation of ornidazole by using different polymer mixtures, to evaluate the bioadhesive tablet properties, and to investigate the irritation potential of the formulations to the rat vaginal tissue. Vaginal tablets of ornidazole were directly compressed with bioadhesive and swellable polymer mixtures as release-controlled agents. Carbopol 934 (Cp), pectin (Pc), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na CMC), and guar gum (GG) were used in different ratios. Bioadhesive properties, swelling capacity, release studies, and histological studies of the formulations were carried out. The bioadhesive strength between bovine vagina and surface of the tablets was determined by tensile experiments, and it was found to be dependent on Cp content. The release mechanism was described and found to be non-Fickian for all formulations. Dissolution data were evaluated statistically. No histological damage was found except one formulation containing high amount of guar gum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Baloğlu
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
D'Cruz OJ, Uckun FM. Evaluation of local tolerance of the antiretroviral spermicide (WHI-07)-loaded gel-microemulsion in the porcine female reproductive tract. J Appl Toxicol 2008; 28:303-14. [PMID: 17624922 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The local tolerance of the antiretroviral spermicide, WHI-07 (5-bromo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-3'-azidothymidine-5'-(p-bromophenyl)-methoxyalaninyl phosphate)-loaded gel-microemulsion was evaluated in a physiologically relevant and sensitive porcine model. Gilts (Duroc) in nonestrus stages of the reproductive cycle received either a single or a daily intravaginal application of 2.0% WHI-07 via a gel-microemulsion for 6 days. Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid was obtained for up to 72 h after a single exposure and the cellular profile and levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-8, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha) were quantitated by flow cytometry and chemiluminescence-based multiplex immunoassay, respectively. The reproductive tract (vagina, cervix, uteri and Fallopian tubes) harvested on day 7 was scored histologically for evidence of mucosal irritation using a new scoring criterion for ten histological endpoints that reflect pathological changes in the epithelial/ subepithelial and vascular/perivascular compartments. When compared with irritant reactions caused by the detergent-type spermicide, benzalkonium chloride (BZK), the scatter profile of CVL immune cells and basal levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-8, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha) in CVL fluid were unaffected by intravaginal exposure to 2% WHI-07. Unlike BZK, endpoint histology of the proximal and distal regions of the reproductive tract from gilts treated with 2.0% WHI-07 via gel-microemulsion for 6 days did not result in mucosal irritation or alteration in the epithelium, subepithelium/lamina propria, vessels/perivascular tissues and underlying/surrounding muscles. Based on surrogate markers for inflammation, leukocyte profile and histologic data for local tolerance, repeated intravaginal administration of WHI-07 via gel-microemulsion as a prophylactic contraceptive is unlikely to cause vaginal irritation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osmond J D'Cruz
- Paradigm Pharmaceuticals, LLC, St Paul, Minnesota 55113, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
D'Cruz OJ, Uckun FM. Preclinical evaluation of a dual-acting microbicidal prodrug WHI-07 in combination with vanadocene dithiocarbamate in the female reproductive tract of rabbit, pig, and cat. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 35:910-27. [PMID: 18098038 DOI: 10.1080/01926230701748115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal safety of the combination antiretroviral spermicide,WHI-07 [5-bromo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-3'-azidothymidine-5'-(p-bromophenyl)-methoxy alaninyl phosphate] and vanadocene dithiocarbamate (VDDTC), was evaluated in 3 different animal models. Twenty-seven NZW rabbits in four subgroups were exposed intravaginally to a gel-microemulsion (GM) with and without three dose levels of WHI-07 plus VDDTC (0.5+0.06%, 1.0+0.12% and 2.0+0.25%) or 4% nonoxynol-9 (N-9; Conceptrol) for 14 consecutive days. Ten nonestrus gilts (Duroc) in three subgroups received either a single or daily intravaginal application of GM with and without 2.0% WHI-07 plus 0.25% VDDTC or 2.0% benzalkonium chloride (BZK)-containing gel for 6 and 4 consecutive days, respectively. Five cats received a single intravaginal application of GM incorporating 2.0% WHI-07 plus 0.25% VDDTC. Genital tract histopathology was performed in the pig and rabbit at the end of dosing period but after 18 weeks post-dosing in the cat. Porcine cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid was obtained for up to 72 hours after a single exposure and changes in the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-8, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha) were quantitated by a multiplexed chemiluminescence-based immunoassay. Rabbit vaginal tissues were evaluated for localized cellular inflammation and in situ apoptosis by immunohistochemical staining for CD45, nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated FITC-deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), respectively. Vanadium content in selected organs and body fluids from rabbits and pigs was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. When compared with 4% N-9 (total irritation score 13-14 out of a possible 16), none of the rabbits given WHI-07 plus VDDTC intravaginally, developed histological alterations such as epithelial erosion, edema, leukocyte influx or vascular congestion characteristic of inflammation (total irritation score 4-6). CD45 and NF-kappa B immunoreactivity was limited to cells within the vascular lumen of both control and WHI-07 plus VDDTC-treated vaginal tissues. TUNEL assay revealed lack of increased apoptotic cells in vaginal mucosa exposed to increasing concentrations of WHI-07 plus VDDTC. Basal levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-8, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha) in porcine CVL were unaffected by intravaginal exposure to WHI-07 plus VDDTC when compared with BZK used as a positive control. Endpoint histology of the reproductive tract from cats and pigs after a single or repeated intravaginal exposure to WHI-07 plus VDDTC, respectively, revealed lack of irritation/inflammation in the epithelium, subepithelium/lamina propria, vessels/perivascular tissues, and underlying/surrounding muscles. Vanadium was not preferentially incorporated into rabbit or porcine tissues and body fluids at levels above 1 microg/g. Based on comparative histologic data and surrogate markers for inflammation, repeated intravaginal administration of WHI-07 plus VDDTC via a gel-microemulsion did not result in vaginal irritation, mucosal toxicity, or systemic absorption of vanadium. Therefore, the combined use of WHI-07 and VDDTC via gel-microemulsion appears safe for topical use as a prophylactic anti-HIV microbicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osmond J D'Cruz
- Drug Discovery Program, Paradigm Pharmaceuticals, LLC, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zairi A, Serres C, Tangy F, Jouannet P, Hani K. In vitro spermicidal activity of peptides from amphibian skin: Dermaseptin S4 and derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:266-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
40
|
Karasulu HY. Microemulsions as novel drug carriers: the formation, stability, applications and toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2007; 5:119-35. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
41
|
Abstract
Microemulsions are clear, stable, isotropic mixtures of oil, water, and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant. Microemulsions have been intensively studied during the last decades by many scientists and technologists because of their great potential in many food and pharmaceutical applications. The use of microemulsions is advantageous not only due to the facile and low cost preparation, but also because of the improved bioavailability. The increased absorption of drugs in topical applications is attributed to enhancement of penetration through the skin by the carrier. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids serving as an oil phase are frequently used as penetration enhancers. The most popular enhancer is oleic acid. Other permeation enhancers commonly used in transdermal formulations are isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, triacetin, isostearylic isostearate, R(+)-limonene and medium chain triglycerides. The most popular among the enhancing permeability surfactants are phospholipids that have been shown to enhance drug permeation in a different mode. l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk, l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine 60%, from soybean and dioleylphosphatidyl ethanolamine which are in a fluid state may diffuse into the stratum corneum and enhance dermal and transdermal drug penetration, while distearoylphosphatidyl choline which is in a gel-state has no such capability. Other very commonly used surfactants are Tween 20, Tween 80, Span 20, Azone, Plurol Isostearique and Plurol Oleique. As cosurfactants commonly serve short-chain alkanols such as ethanol and propylene glycol. Long-chain alcohols, especially 1-butanol, are known for their enhancing activity as well. Decanol was found to be an optimum enhancer among other saturated fatty alcohols that were examined (from octanol to myristyl alcohol). Many enhancers are concentration-dependent; therefore, optimal concentration for effective promotion should be determined. The delivery rate is dependent on the type of the drug, the structure and ingredients of the carrier, and on the character of the membrane in use. Each formulation should be examined very carefully, because every membrane alters the mechanism of penetration and can turn an enhancer to a retarder. Various potential mechanisms to enhance drug penetration through the skin include directly affecting the skin and modifying the formulation so the partition, diffusion, or solubility is altered. The combination of several enhancement techniques such as the use of iontophoresis with fatty acids leads to synergetic drug penetration and to decrease in skin toxicity. Selected studies of various microemulsions containing certain drugs including retinoic acid, 5-fluorouracil, triptolide, ascorbic acid, diclofenac, lidocaine, and prilocaine hydrochloride in transdermal formulations are presented in this review. In conclusion, microemulsions were found as an effective vehicle of the solubilization of certain drugs and as protecting medium for the entrapped of drugs from degradation, hydrolysis, and oxidation. It can also provide prolonged release of the drug and prevent irritation despite the toxicity of the drug. Yet, in spite of all the advantages the present formulations lack several key important characteristics such as cosmetic-permitted surfactants, free dilution in water capabilities, stability in the digestive tracts and sufficient solubilization capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kogan
- Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, Givat Ram Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kiran Kumar STVS, Sharma VL, Kumar M, Shukla PK, Tiwari P, Jain RK, Maikhuri JP, Singh D, Gupta G, Singh MM. Synthesis of benzenepropanamine analogues as non-detergent spermicides with antitrichomonas and anticandida activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:6593-600. [PMID: 16793275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen analogues of benzenepropanamine were synthesized and evaluated for their spermicidal as well as microbicidal activities against Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida spp. Several compounds showed appreciable dual activities. Compound 12 exhibited good spermicidal (MEC=0.1%) along with substantial anticandidal (MIC=0.05%) activities, while compounds 3 and 6 showed significant microbicidal activities with moderate spermicidal effect. The SAR of these structures is being discussed here in this communication. It is concluded that suitable structural modifications in this class of compounds at 3-amino position may lead to a potent spermicide with associated microbicidal activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S T V S Kiran Kumar
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
D'Cruz OJ, Uckun FM. Influence of long-term stability conditions on microbicidal nucleoside prodrug (WHI-07)-loaded gel-microemulsion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2006; 7:73. [PMID: 17025253 PMCID: PMC2750515 DOI: 10.1208/pt070373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term stability of the antiretroviral spermicide WHI-07 (5-bromo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-3'-azidothymidine-5'-(p-bromophenyl)-methoxyalaninyl phosphate) in a polymer-based microemulsion. The recovery and stability of WHI-07 in gel-microemulsion was examined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The stability was examined over a period of 24 weeks at 3 controlled temperatures (4 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 40 degrees C). The recovery of the prodrug from 0.5% to 2.0% WHI-07-loaded gel-microemulsion was 99.8%. HPLC analysis revealed that a 2% WHI-07-loaded gel-microemulsion stored at room temperature and cold temperatures for 24 weeks retained >90% of the prodrug, whereas those stored at 40 degrees C maintained 90% of initial WHI-07 for at least 10 weeks. The observed stability of WHI-07 in gel-microemulsion is of great importance for its widespread utility in various climatological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osmond J D'Cruz
- Drug Discovery Program, Parker Hughes Institute, St Paul, MN 55113, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
D'Cruz OJ, Uckun FM. Vaginal contraceptive activity of a chelated vanadocene. Contraception 2006; 72:146-56. [PMID: 16022855 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 02/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bis(cyclopentadienyl) complexes of vanadium (IV) or vanadocenes are rapid and potent inhibitors of human sperm motility with potential as a new class of contraceptive agents. This study sought to determine the vaginal contraceptive activity of vanadocene dithiocarbamate (VDDTC), a stable vanadocene (IV)-chelated complex, using the standard rabbit model as well as the domestic pig as a physiologically relevant animal model for contraception. In experiment I, ovulating New Zealand White does in subgroups of eight were artificially inseminated (AI) with semen mixed with VDDTC (0.01-1 mM) or vehicle. In experiment II, ovulating does in subgroups of 18 were AI at 5 and 60 min after intravaginal application of a gel with and without 0.1% VDDTC or 2% nonoxynol-9 (N-9) (Gynol II, Ortho Pharmaceutical, Raritan, NJ), and allowed to complete term pregnancy. In experiment III, seven sexually mature Duroc gilts in standing estrus were AI with and without intravaginal application of 0.1% VDDTC gel microemulsion. Exposure of rabbit semen to VDDTC at the time of artificial insemination resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in fertility. Exposure of semen to 1 mM VDDTC led to complete inhibition of fertility as assessed by the number of embryos (control 49/94 vs. VDDTC-treated 0/117, p<.0001) or the percent embryos (52% vs. 0%, respectively) based on number of embryos to corpora lutea. Intravaginal administration of 0.1% VDDTC gel microemulsion or Gynol II prior to artificial insemination significantly inhibited term pregnancy rates (88% and 62% inhibition, respectively) when compared to control gel alone. Vanadocene dithiocarbamate gel microemulsion provided 80% inhibition of fertility even when insemination was delayed until 60 min after intravaginal application of VDDTC gel microemulsion. Rabbits that delivered litters despite intravaginal exposure of semen to VDDTC via gel microemulsion had healthy offsprings with no apparent perinatal repercussions. In domestic pigs, intravaginal applications of 0.1% VDDTC gel microemulsion prior to artificial insemination led to complete inhibition of fertility as assessed by the number of embryos (control 29/52 vs. VDDTC-treated 0/44, p<.0001) or the percent embryos (56% vs. 0%, respectively) based on the number of embryos to corpora lutea. These results suggest that VDDTC is a potent contraceptive agent in vivo. Intravaginal use of VDDTC via a gel microemulsion has clinical potential as a safe alternative to currently used detergent-type contraceptives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osmond J D'Cruz
- Drug Discovery Program, Parker Hughes Institute, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rheological properties and microstructures of gelatin-containing microemulsion-based organogels. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
46
|
D'Cruz OJ, Uckun FM. Dawn of non-nucleoside inhibitor-based anti-HIV microbicides. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:411-23. [PMID: 16431862 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dki464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of HIV/AIDS as a disease spread through sexual intercourse has prompted the search for safe and effective vaginal and rectal microbicides for curbing mucosal viral transmission via semen. Since endogenous reverse transcription is implicated in augmenting the sexual transmission of HIV-1 infection, potential microbicides should have the inherent ability to optimally inhibit both wild-type and drug-escape mutants. The non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), which bind to an allosteric site on RT, are an important arsenal of drugs against HIV-1. The clinical success of NNRTI-based HIV/AIDS therapies has led to extensive structural and molecular modelling studies of enzyme complexes and chemical synthesis of second- and third-generation NNRTIs. Rationally designed NNRTIs deduced from changes in binding pocket size, shape and residue character that result from clinically observed NNRTI resistance-associated mutations exhibit high binding affinity for HIV-1 RT and robust anti-HIV activity against the wild-type and drug-escape mutants without cytotoxicity. Notably, membrane permeable tight binding NNRTIs have the ability to inactivate cell-free as well as cell-associated HIV-1 in semen without metabolic activation. Consequently, NNRTIs currently under development as experimental microbicides include thiourea-PETT (where PETT stands for phenethylthiazolylthiourea) derivatives (PHI-236, PHI-346 and PHI-443), urea-PETT derivatives (MIV-150), oxypyrimidines (S-DABOs), thiocarboxanilides (UC-781) and diarylpyrimidines (TMC-120). Mucoadhesive formulations of these NNRTIs have been studied for safety and efficacy in animal models and some have entered Phase I safety testing in humans. This review focuses on the structural, biological and preclinical studies relevant to the clinical development of these NNRTIs as molecular virucides intended to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osmond J D'Cruz
- Drug Discovery Program, Parker Hughes Institute, 2657 Patton Road, St Paul, MN 55113, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zairi A, Belaïd A, Gahbiche A, Hani K. Spermicidal activity of dermaseptins. Contraception 2005; 72:447-53. [PMID: 16307969 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2005.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken to elucidate the spermicidal efficacy of two synthetic antimicrobial peptides, dermaseptin (DS1 and DS4). METHODS Twenty samples of fresh semen were obtained from patients aged between 23 and 35 years. The ability of DS to kill sperm was evaluated by the Sander-Cramer test under in vitro conditions. RESULTS The data showed that sperm motility was inhibited with various concentrations of DS at different intervals ranging from 2 to 240 min. The effective 100% inhibitory concentration (EC(100)) of DS4 in 2 min during the sperm immobilization assay was 100 microg/mL whereas the sperm immobilization of EC(100) of DS1 was 200 microg/mL. The presence of 0.1% chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) reduced the EC(100) of DS4 to 10 microg/mL whereas less than a two-time enhancement in DS1 activity was observed upon combination with EDTA. The action of DSs on sperm motility was observed to be dose dependent. Supplementation with pentoxifylline and that with calcium are known to enhance the motility of sperm but they did not prevent the spermicidal action of DSs. CONCLUSION This present study indicates that DS is an effective agent to kill sperm. In view of this fact, it is suggested that DS4 has antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and potentially spermicidal activities and could be a potent vaginal contraceptive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amira Zairi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry (UR/08-45), Faculty of Medicine, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
D'Cruz OJ, Samuel P, Uckun FM. Conceival, a novel noncontraceptive vaginal vehicle for lipophilic microbicides. AAPS PharmSciTech 2005; 6:E56-64. [PMID: 16353964 PMCID: PMC2750412 DOI: 10.1208/pt060111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a nontoxic and noncontraceptive vaginal drug delivery vehicle for lipophilic anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) microbicides. Three representative poorly water-soluble novel broad-spectrum anti-HIV microbicides, PHI-113, PHI-346, and PHI-443, were evaluated in 11 different solvent systems. Based on their solubility profiles, a novel nonspermicidal self-emulsifying gel (viz Conceival) composed of pharmaceutical excipients, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol 400, polysorbate 80, microcrystalline cellulose, xanthan gum, and water was optimized. Conceival enhanced the solubility of these poorly water-soluble (<0.001 mg/mL) anti-HIV drugs by at least 150- to 270-fold. Conceival was evaluated in vivo in the New Zealand white rabbit model for the preservation of sperm function based on pregnancy outcome and the potential for vaginal irritation following single and multiple intravaginal applications, respectively. Conceival administered intravaginally immediately prior to artificial insemination with semen had no adverse effects on subsequent reproductive performance, neonatal survival, or pup development when compared with untreated control group. Histologic evaluation of vaginal tissues of rabbits exposed intravaginally to Conceival for 14 consecutive days revealed lack of epithelial, submucosal, and vascular changes at the gel application site (total irritation score <3 out of a possible 16). These findings indicate that Conceival has potential to become a clinically useful, safe noncontraceptive vaginal vehicle for lipophilic microbicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osmond J D'Cruz
- Drug Discovery Program, Parker Hughes Institute, St Paul, MN 55113, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hussain A, Ahsan F. The vagina as a route for systemic drug delivery. J Control Release 2005; 103:301-13. [PMID: 15763615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exhaustive efforts have been made toward the administration of drugs, via alternative routes, that are poorly absorbed after the oral administration. The vagina as a route of drug delivery has been known since ancient times. In recent years, the vaginal route has been rediscovered as a potential route for systemic delivery of peptides and other therapeutically important macromolecules. However, successful delivery of drugs through the vagina remains a challenge, primarily due to the poor absorption across the vaginal epithelium. The rate and extent of drug absorption after intravaginal administration may vary depending on formulation factors, vaginal physiology, age of the patient and menstrual cycle. Suppositories, creams, gels, tablets and vaginal rings are commonly used vaginal drug delivery systems. The purpose of this communication is to provide the reader with a summary of advances made in the field of vaginal drug delivery. This report, therefore, summarizes various vaginal drug delivery systems with an introduction to vaginal physiology and factors affecting drug absorption from the vaginal route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alamdar Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University, Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
D'Cruz OJ, Waurzyniak B, Uckun FM. Antiretroviral spermicide WHI-07 prevents vaginal and rectal transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus in domestic cats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1082-8. [PMID: 15047505 PMCID: PMC375320 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.4.1082-1088.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
WHI-07 [5-bromo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-3'-azidothymidine-5'-(p-bromophenyl)-methoxy alaninyl phosphate] is a novel dual-function aryl phosphate derivative of zidovudine with potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and spermicidal activities. WHI-07 was active against the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). This study evaluated whether topical application of WHI-07 as a single agent and in combination with an organometallic vanadium complex, vanadocene dithiocarbamate (VDDTC), via a nontoxic gel microemulsion can block vaginal as well as rectal transmission of feline AIDS (FAIDS) by chronically FIV-infected feline T cells in the natural host model. Genital transmission of FIV was monitored in recipient cats by the appearance of viral antibodies to FIV Gag proteins and by virus isolation of blood leukocytes as measured by FIV reverse transcriptase activity and FIV-specific PCR. Microbicidal activity was considered effective when the treated cats did not show evidence of FIV infection for up to 18 weeks postchallenge. An aggregate analysis of 46 specific-pathogen-free cats revealed that a single dose of the infected cell inoculum efficiently transmitted FIV infection when delivered into the vagina (100%) or rectum (66%). Pretreatment of the vagina or rectum with 2% WHI-07 alone or in combination with 0.25% VDDTC significantly (P = 0.004) protected cats from genital transmission by the highly infectious inoculum (7 million FIV(Bangston)-infected feline T cells). Collectively, using the vaginal and rectal transmucosal model for FAIDS, our studies demonstrated that WHI-07 either alone or in combination with a vanadocene has clinical potential for the development of a dual-function anti-HIV microbicide for sexually active women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osmond J D'Cruz
- Drug Discovery Program, Parker Hughes Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota 55113, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|