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Machuca-Márquez P, Sánchez-Benito L, Menardy F, Urpi A, Girona M, Puighermanal E, Appiah I, Palmiter RD, Sanz E, Quintana A. Vestibular CCK signaling drives motion sickness-like behavior in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304933120. [PMID: 37847729 PMCID: PMC10622874 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304933120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Travel can induce motion sickness (MS) in susceptible individuals. MS is an evolutionary conserved mechanism caused by mismatches between motion-related sensory information and past visual and motion memory, triggering a malaise accompanied by hypolocomotion, hypothermia, hypophagia, and nausea. Vestibular nuclei (VN) are critical for the processing of movement input from the inner ear. Motion-induced activation of VN neurons recapitulates MS-related signs. However, the genetic identity of VN neurons mediating MS-related autonomic and aversive responses remains unknown. Here, we identify a central role of cholecystokinin (CCK)-expressing VN neurons in motion-induced malaise. Moreover, we show that CCK VN inputs onto the parabrachial nucleus activate Calca-expressing neurons and are sufficient to establish avoidance to novel food, which is prevented by CCK-A receptor antagonism. These observations provide greater insight into the neurobiological regulation of MS by identifying the neural substrates of MS and providing potential targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Sánchez-Benito
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona08193, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona08193, Spain
| | - Fabien Menardy
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona08193, Spain
| | - Andrea Urpi
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona08193, Spain
| | - Mònica Girona
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona08193, Spain
| | - Emma Puighermanal
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona08193, Spain
| | - Isabella Appiah
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona08193, Spain
| | - Richard D. Palmiter
- HHMI, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Elisenda Sanz
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona08193, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona08193, Spain
| | - Albert Quintana
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona08193, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona08193, Spain
- Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom2520, South Africa
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Pirník Z, Kořínková L, Osacká J, Železná B, Kuneš J, Maletínská L. Cholecystokinin system is involved in the anorexigenic effect of peripherally applied palmitoylated prolactin-releasing peptide in fasted mice. Physiol Res 2021; 70:579-590. [PMID: 34062082 PMCID: PMC8820541 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) has been proposed to mediate the central satiating effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) through the vagal CCK1 receptor. PrRP acts as an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor 10 (GPR10), which is expressed at the highest levels in brain areas related to food intake regulation, e.g., the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). The NTS and PVN are also significantly activated after peripheral CCK administration. The aim of this study was to determine whether the endogenous PrRP neuronal system in the brain is involved in the central anorexigenic effect of the peripherally administered CCK agonist JMV236 or the CCK1 antagonist devazepide and whether the CCK system is involved in the central anorexigenic effect of the peripherally applied lipidized PrRP analog palm-PrRP31 in fasted lean mice. The effect of devazepide and JMV236 on the anorexigenic effects of palm-PrRP31 as well as devazepide combined with JMV236 and palm-PrRP31 on food intake and Fos cell activation in the PVN and caudal NTS was examined. Our results suggest that the anorexigenic effect of JMV236 is accompanied by activation of PrRP neurons of the NTS in a CCK1 receptor-dependent manner. Moreover, while the anorexigenic effect of palm-PrRP31 was not affected by JMV236, it was partially attenuated by devazepide in fasted mice. The present findings indicate that the exogenously influenced CCK system may be involved in the central anorexigenic effect of peripherally applied palm-PrRP31, which possibly indicates some interaction between the CCK and PrRP neuronal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Pirník
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic,
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Elliott JA, Reynolds JV, le Roux CW, Docherty NG. Physiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic implications of enteroendocrine control of food intake. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2016; 11:475-499. [PMID: 30058920 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2016.1245140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities, strides to improve treatment strategies have enhanced our understanding of the function of the gut in the regulation of food intake. The most successful intervention for obesity to date, bariatric surgery effectively manipulates enteroendocrine physiology to enhance satiety and reduce hunger. Areas covered: In the present article, we provide a detailed overview of the physiology of enteroendocrine control of food intake, and discuss its pathophysiologic correlates and therapeutic implications in both obesity and gastrointestinal disease. Expert commentary: Ongoing research in the field of nutrient sensing by L-cells, as well as understanding the role of the microbiome and bile acid signaling may facilitate the development of novel strategies to combat the rising population health threat associated with obesity. Further refinement of post-prandial satiety gut hormone based therapies, including the development of chimeric peptides exploiting the pleiotropic nature of the gut hormone response, and identification of novel methods of delivery may hold the key to optimization of therapeutic modulation of gut hormone physiology in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie A Elliott
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
- b Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences , Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- b Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences , Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Carel W le Roux
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
- c Gastrosurgical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Neil G Docherty
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
- c Gastrosurgical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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4
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Maekawa F, Nakamori T, Uchimura M, Fujiwara K, Yada T, Tsukahara S, Kanamatsu T, Tanaka K, Ohki-Hamazaki H. Activation of cholecystokinin neurons in the dorsal pallium of the telencephalon is indispensable for the acquisition of chick imprinting behavior. J Neurochem 2007; 102:1645-1657. [PMID: 17697050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chick imprinting behavior is a good model for the study of learning and memory. Imprinting object is recognized and processed in the visual wulst, and the memory is stored in the intermediate medial mesopallium in the dorsal pallium of the telencephalon. We identified chicken cholecystokinin (CCK)-expressing cells localized in these area. The number of CCK mRNA-positive cells increased in chicks underwent imprinting training, and these cells expressed nuclear Fos immunoreactivity at high frequency in these regions. Most of these CCK-positive cells were glutamatergic and negative for parvalbumin immunoreactivity. Semi-quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the CCK mRNA levels were significantly increased in the trained chicks compared with untrained chicks. In contrast, the increase in CCK- and c-Fos-double-positive cells associated with the training was not observed after closure of the critical period. These results indicate that CCK cells in the dorsal pallium are activated acutely by visual training that can elicit imprinting. In addition, the CCK receptor antagonist significantly suppressed the acquisition of memory. These results suggest that the activation of CCK cells in the visual wulst as well as in the intermediate medial mesopallium by visual stimuli is indispensable for the acquisition of visual imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Maekawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science and Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanDepartment of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, JapanRecognition and Formation, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Nakamori
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science and Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanDepartment of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, JapanRecognition and Formation, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Motoaki Uchimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science and Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanDepartment of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, JapanRecognition and Formation, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ken Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science and Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanDepartment of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, JapanRecognition and Formation, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science and Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanDepartment of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, JapanRecognition and Formation, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinji Tsukahara
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science and Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanDepartment of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, JapanRecognition and Formation, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kanamatsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science and Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanDepartment of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, JapanRecognition and Formation, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kohichi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science and Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanDepartment of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, JapanRecognition and Formation, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ohki-Hamazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science and Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, JapanResearch Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanDepartment of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, JapanRecognition and Formation, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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Moran TH, Bi S. Hyperphagia and obesity in OLETF rats lacking CCK-1 receptors. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2007; 361:1211-8. [PMID: 16815799 PMCID: PMC1642702 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain-gut peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits food intake following peripheral or site directed central administration. Peripheral exogenous CCK inhibits food intake by reducing the size and duration of a meal. Antagonist studies have demonstrated that the actions of the exogenous peptide mimic those of endogenous CCK. Antagonist administration results in increased meal size and meal duration. The feeding inhibitory actions of CCK are mediated through interactions with CCK-1 receptors. The recent identification of the Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat as a spontaneous CCK-1 receptor knockout model has allowed a more comprehensive evaluation of the feeding actions of CCK. OLETF rats become obese and develop non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Consistent with the absence of CCK-1 receptors, OLETF rats do not respond to exogenous CCK. OLETF rats are hyperphagic and their increased food intake is characterized by a large increase in meal size with a decrease in meal frequency that is not sufficient to compensate for the meal size increase. Deficits in meal size control are evident in OLETF rats as young as 2 days of age. OLETF obesity is secondary to the increased food intake. Pair feeding to amounts consumed by intact control rats normalizes body weight, body fat and elevated insulin and glucose levels. Hypothalamic arcuate nucleus peptide mRNA expression in OLETF rats is appropriate to their obesity and is normalized by pair feeding. In contrast, pair fed and young pre-obese OLETF rats have greatly elevated dorsomedial hypothalamic (DMH) neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression. Elevated DMH NPY in OLETF rats appears to be a consequence of the absence of CCK-1 receptors. In intact rats NPY and CCK-1 receptors colocalize to neurons within the compact subregion of the DMH and local CCK administration reduces food intake and decreases DMH NPY mRNA expression. We have proposed that the absence of DMH CCK-1 receptors significantly contributes to the OLETF's inability to compensate for their meal size control deficit leading to their overall hyperphagia. Access to a running wheel and the resulting exercise normalizes food intake and body weight in OLETF rats. When given access to running wheels for 6 weeks shortly after weaning, OLETF rats do not gain weight to the same degree as sedentary OLETF rats and do not develop NIDDM. Exercise also prevents elevated levels of DMH NPY mRNA expression, suggesting that exercise exerts an alternative, non-CCK mediated, control on DMH NPY. The OLETF rat is a valuable model for characterizing actions of CCK in energy balance and has provided novel insights into interactions between exercise and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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6
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Tsitolovsky LE. Protection from neuronal damage evoked by a motivational excitation is a driving force of intentional actions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 49:566-94. [PMID: 16269320 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Revised: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Motivation may be understood as an organism's subjective attitude to its current physiological state, which somehow modulates generation of actions until the organism attains an optimal state. How does this subjective attitude arise and how does it modulate generation of actions? Diverse lines of evidence suggest that elemental motivational states (hunger, thirst, fear, drug-dependence, etc.) arise as the result of metabolic disturbances and are related to transient injury, while rewards (food, water, avoidance, drugs, etc.) are associated with the recovery of specific neurons. Just as motivation and the very life of an organism depend on homeostasis, i.e., maintenance of optimum performance, so a neuron's behavior depends on neuronal (i.e., ion) homeostasis. During motivational excitation, the conventional properties of a neuron, such as maintenance of membrane potential and spike generation, are disturbed. Instrumental actions may originate as a consequence of the compensational recovery of neuronal excitability after the excitotoxic damage induced by a motivation. When the extent of neuronal actions is proportional to a metabolic disturbance, the neuron theoretically may choose a beneficial behavior even, if at each instant, it acts by chance. Homeostasis supposedly may be directed to anticipating compensation of the factors that lead to a disturbance of the homeostasis and, as a result, participates in the plasticity of motivational behavior. Following this line of thought, I suggest that voluntary actions arise from the interaction between endogenous compensational mechanisms and excitotoxic damage of specific neurons, and thus anticipate the exogenous compensation evoked by a reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev E Tsitolovsky
- Department of Life Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
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7
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Gulley S, Covasa M, Ritter RC, Sayegh AI. Cholecystokinin1 receptors mediate the increase in Fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat myenteric plexus following intestinal oleate infusion. Physiol Behav 2005; 86:128-35. [PMID: 16098547 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2004] [Revised: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal infusion of nutrients, such as glucose and oleic acid, increase Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in both the enteric nervous system and neurons of the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) of the hindbrain. To test the hypothesis that increased Fos-LI in enteric neurons and the DVC, following intestinal nutrient infusions is mediated by cholecystokinin(1) receptors (CCK(1)), we counted enteric and DVC neurons that expressed Fos-LI following intestinal infusion of oleate or glucose, with and without pretreatment with the CCK(1) receptor antagonist, lorglumide. Both oleate and glucose infusions increased Fos-LI in the DVC. Oleate also increased Fos-LI in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the duodenum and the jejunum, but not the ileum, while glucose only increased Fos-LI in the submucosal plexus of the ileum. The CCK(1) receptor antagonist, lorglumide, abolished Fos-LI in the DVC following infusions of either oleate or glucose. In addition, lorglumide attenuated oleate-induced Fos-LI in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the duodenum and jejunum. However, lorglumide failed to attenuate glucose-induced Fos-LI in the submucosal plexus of the ileum. These data confirm previous reports indicating that CCK(1) receptors mediate increased DVC Fos-LI following intestinal infusion of oleate or glucose. CCK(1) receptors also contribute to increased Fos-LI in enteric neurons following intestinal oleate infusion. However, failure of lorglumide to attenuate the increase of Fos-LI in the ileal submucosal plexus following intestinal glucose suggests that some intestinal nutrients trigger Fos-LI induction via CCK(1) receptor-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gulley
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, AL 36088, USA
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8
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Xie JY, Herman DS, Stiller CO, Gardell LR, Ossipov MH, Lai J, Porreca F, Vanderah TW. Cholecystokinin in the rostral ventromedial medulla mediates opioid-induced hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance. J Neurosci 2005; 25:409-16. [PMID: 15647484 PMCID: PMC6725495 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4054-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is characterized by hypersensitivity to innocuous or noxious stimuli during sustained opiate administration. Microinjection of lidocaine into the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), or dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) lesion, abolishes opioid-induced hyperalgesia, suggesting the importance of descending pain facilitation mechanisms. Here, we investigate the possibility that cholecystokinin (CCK), a pronociceptive peptide, may drive such descending facilitation from the RVM during continuous opioid administration. In opioid-naive rats, CCK in the RVM produced acute tactile and thermal hypersensitivity that was antagonized by the CCK2 receptor antagonist L365,260 or by DLF lesion. CCK in the RVM also acutely displaced the spinal morphine antinociceptive dose-response curve to the right. Continuous systemic morphine elicited sustained tactile and thermal hypersensitivity within 3 d. Such hypersensitivity was reversed in a time-dependent manner by L365,260 in the RVM, and blockade of CCK2 receptors in the RVM also blocked the rightward displacement of the spinal morphine antinociceptive dose-response curve. Microdialysis studies in rats receiving continuous morphine showed an approximately fivefold increase in the basal levels of CCK in the RVM when compared with controls. These data suggest that activation of CCK2 receptors in the RVM promotes mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity and antinociceptive tolerance to morphine. Enhanced, endogenous CCK activity in the RVM during sustained morphine exposure may diminish spinal morphine antinociceptive potency by activating descending pain facilitatory mechanisms to exacerbate spinal nociceptive sensitivity. Prevention of opioid-dose escalation in chronic pain states by CCK receptor antagonism represents a potentially important strategy to limit unintended enhanced clinical pain and analgesic tolerance
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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Patel SM, Ebenezer IS. The effects of intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular administration of the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP 35348 on food intake in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 503:89-93. [PMID: 15496301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Revised: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to test the hypothesis that endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acting at central GABAB receptors, plays a physiological role in the control of feeding behaviour, it was reasoned that blocking these receptors with a centrally active GABAB receptor antagonist should reduce food intake in hungry rats. In the present study, experiments were carried out to test this possibility using the GABAB receptor antagonist 3-aminopropyl-diethoxy-methyl-phosphinic acid (CGP 35348), which is water-soluble and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier from the systemic circulation. CGP 35348 (50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) had no effect on food intake in 22-h fasted rats, but a higher dose (i.e. 500 mg/kg., i.p.) significantly reduced cumulative food consumption. These findings are consistent with previous observations that high systemic doses of CGP 35348 are needed to block central GABAB receptors. However, to eliminate the possibility that the 500 mg/kg dose of CGP 35348 decreased food intake by a peripheral, rather than a central mode of action, further experiments were undertaken where the drug was given directly into the brain by the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route. I.c.v. administration of CGP 35348 (5 and 10 microg) significantly decreased cumulative food intake food intake in rats that had been fasted for 22 h. By contrast, i.c.v. administration of CGP 35348 (10 microg) had no effect on water intake in 16-h water-deprived rats. The results indicate that CGP 35348 reduces food consumption in hungry rats by blocking central GABAB receptors in a behaviourally specific manner. These findings suggest that endogenous GABA acting at central GABAB receptors plays a physiological role in the regulation of feeding behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit M Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
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10
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Abstract
Satiation for food comprises the physiological processes that result in the termination of eating. Satiation is evoked by physical and chemical qualities of ingested food, which trigger afferent signals to the brain from multiple sites in the GI tract, including the stomach, the proximal small intestine, the distal small intestine and the colon. The physiological nature of each signal's contribution to satiation and overall control of food intake is likely to vary, depending on the level of the GI tract from which the signal arises. This article is a critical, though non-exhaustive, review of our current understanding of the mechanisms and adaptive value of satiation signals from the stomach and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Ritter
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, and Programs in Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, USA.
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Reidelberger RD, Hernandez J, Fritzsch B, Hulce M. Abdominal vagal mediation of the satiety effects of CCK in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286:R1005-12. [PMID: 14701717 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00646.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CCK type 1 (CCK1) receptor antagonists differing in blood-brain barrier permeability were used to test the hypothesis that satiety is mediated in part by CCK action at CCK1 receptors on vagal sensory nerves innervating the small intestine. Devazepide penetrates the blood-brain barrier; A-70104, the dicyclohexylammonium salt of Nα-3-quinolinoyl-d-Glu- N,N-dipentylamide, does not. At dark onset, non-food-deprived control rats and rats with subdiaphragmatic vagotomies received a bolus injection of devazepide (2.5 μmol/kg iv) or a 3-h infusion of A-70104 (3 μmol·kg−1·h−1 iv) either alone or coadministered with a 2-h intragastric infusion of peptone (0.75 or 1 g/h). Food intake was determined from continuous computer recordings of changes in food bowl weight. In control rats both antagonists stimulated food intake and attenuated the anorexic response to intragastric infusion of peptone. In contrast, only devazepide was effective in stimulating food intake in vagotomized rats. Thus endogenous CCK appears to act both at CCK1 receptors beyond the blood-brain barrier and by a CCK1 receptor-mediated mechanism involving abdominal vagal nerves to inhibit food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Reidelberger
- Department of Veterans Affairs-Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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Guan Y, Tang M, Jiang Z, Peeters TL. Excitatory effects of motilin in the hippocampus on gastric motility in rats. Brain Res 2003; 984:33-41. [PMID: 12932837 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal motilin is known to stimulate gastrointestinal motility. Recently, it was shown that the motilin gene and the motilin receptor are expressed in various regions of the brain. We studied whether motilin can activate pathways in the rat hippocampus to stimulate gastric motility. Gastric motility was monitored in conscious rats, whereas extracellular electrical activity recordings of the hippocampus were performed on anaesthetized rats to measure the influence of microinjection of motilin and CCK-8 into the hippocampus and into the cerebral ventricles. We found that neurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus are sensitive to gastric distension, and that injection of motilin into the hippocampus increased the amplitude of gastric contractions by 35.3+/-6.8%, while CCK-8 injection inhibited motility by -27.3+/-6.8%. The hippocampal motilin-induced stimulation of gastric motility (30.6+/-5.5%) was completely abolished by subdiaphragmal vagotomy (-2.8+/-4.4%) but unaffected by the intravenously applied receptor blockers atropine, phentolamine and propranolol. In vivo extracellular recordings of gastric distension-responsive CA3 neurons revealed that intracerebroventricular administration of motilin increased firing while CCK-8 inhibited firing. These opposite effects of motilin and CCK-8 fit with the nature of the actions of these gut-brain peptides on gastric motility. Our findings suggest that the stimulation of gastric motility by motilin administered in the hippocampus reflects the existence of a functional interaction between the hippocampus and a vago-vagus reflex running via a noncholinergic and nonadrenergic efferent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Guan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, PR China.
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Trifunovic R, Reilly S. Excitotoxic lesions of the lateral parabrachial nucleus do not prevent cholecystokinin-induced suppression of milk intake in rats. Neurosci Lett 2003; 348:109-12. [PMID: 12902030 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of lateral (visceral) and medial (gustatory) parabrachial nucleus (PBN) lesions on the suppression of milk intake induced with cholecystokinin (CCK) in 24 h food-deprived rats. Irrespective of CCK dose, each type of PBN lesion significantly elevated the consumption of milk. Neither medial nor lateral PBN lesions had any discernible influence on the anorectic action of CCK, however. In combination with the results from a previous study using the same rats (Brain Res. 894 (2001) 288), the present results support the view that the role of the lateral PBN in CCK-induced anorexia depends on the nature of the food used at test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Trifunovic
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Reidelberger RD, Castellanos DA, Hulce M. Effects of peripheral CCK receptor blockade on food intake in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285:R429-37. [PMID: 12738611 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00176.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type A cholecystokinin receptor (CCKAR) antagonists differing in blood-brain barrier permeability were used to test the hypothesis that satiety is mediated, in part, by CCK action at CCKARs located peripheral to the blood-brain barrier. At dark onset, non-food-deprived rats received a bolus injection of devazepide (2.5 micromol/kg iv), a 3-h infusion of A-70104 (1 or 3 micromol x kg-1 x h-1 iv), or vehicle either alone or coadministered with a 3-h infusion of CCK-8 (10 nmol x kg-1 x h-1 iv) or a 2-h intragastric infusion of peptone (1 g/h). Food intake was determined from continuous computer recordings of changes in food bowl weight. Devazepide penetrates the blood-brain barrier; A-70104, the dicyclohexylammonium salt of Nalpha-3-quinolinoyl-d-Glu-N,N-dipentylamide (A-65186), does not. CCK-8 inhibited 3-h food intake by more than 50% and both A-70104 and devazepide abolished this response. A-70104 and devazepide stimulated food intake and similarly attenuated the anorexic response to intragastric infusion of peptone. Thus endogenous CCK appears to act, in part, at CCKARs peripheral to the blood-brain barrier to inhibit food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Reidelberger
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha 68105, USA.
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Ebenezer IS. The effects of a peripherally acting cholecystokinin1 receptor antagonist on food intake in rats: implications for the cholecystokinin-satiety hypothesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 461:113-8. [PMID: 12586206 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The observation that systemic administration of the peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits food intake in mammalian species has led to the hypothesis that endogenous peripheral CCK released from the small intestine during a meal acts as a satiety factor. It was predicted that if CCK does play an important role in satiety, then systemic administration of a specific CCK receptor antagonist should block the effects of the endogenous peptide released during a meal and increase food intake. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis by investigating the effects of the cholecystokinin(1) (CCK(1)) receptor antagonist N-alpha-3'-quinolinoyl-D-Glu-N,N-dipentylamide dicyclohexylammonium (A70104), which is unlikely to cross the blood-brain barrier, on food intake in rats. A70104 (20-200 microg/kg, i.p.) had no any significant effect on the intake of a test meal in rats under different experimental conditions. However, pretreatment of rats with A70104 (50 microg/kg, i.p.) abolished the inhibitory effects of exogenous peripheral CCK (5 microg/kg, i.p.) on food intake. The findings that A70104 had no effect on food intake when administered on its own, but abolishes the suppressant effect of exogenous peripheral CCK, suggest that endogenously released peripheral CCK does not play an important role as a satiety factor in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivor S Ebenezer
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO1 2DT, England, UK.
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Reidelberger RD, Heimann D, Kelsey L, Hulce M. Effects of peripheral CCK receptor blockade on feeding responses to duodenal nutrient infusions in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 284:R389-98. [PMID: 12414437 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00529.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type A cholecystokinin receptor (CCKAR) antagonists differing in blood-brain barrier permeability were used to test the hypothesis that duodenal delivery of protein, carbohydrate, and fat produces satiety in part by an essential CCK action at CCKARs located peripheral to the blood-brain barrier. Fasted rats with open gastric fistulas received devazepide (1 mg/kg iv) or A-70104 (700 nmol. kg(-1). h(-1) iv) and either a 30-min intravenous infusion of CCK-8 (10 nmol. kg(-1). h(-1)) or duodenal infusion of peptone, maltose, or Intralipid beginning 10 min before 30-min access to 15% sucrose. Devazepide penetrates the blood-brain barrier; A-70104, the dicyclohexylammonium salt of Nalpha-3-quinolinoyl-d-Glu-N,N-dipentylamide, does not. CCK-8 inhibited sham feeding by approximately 50%, and both A-70104 and devazepide abolished this response. Duodenal infusion of each of the macronutrients dose dependently inhibited sham feeding. A-70104 and devazepide attenuated inhibitory responses to each macronutrient. Thus endogenous CCK appears to act in part at CCKARs peripheral to the blood-brain barrier to inhibit food intake.
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