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Xiao F, Qiu J, Zhao Y. Exploring the Potential Toxicological Mechanisms of Vine Tea on the Liver Based on Network Toxicology and Transcriptomics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:855926. [PMID: 35392562 PMCID: PMC8981030 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.855926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study focuses on whether vine tea contains potentially toxic components that trigger hepatotoxicity as a mechanism of action, which further provides some reference for the consumption and guides future product development of vine tea. Methods: The chemical components of vine tea were collected from the reported literature and the toxicological information matched with the CTD database was collected, and the dataset of potential toxic components was established. The toxic components were submitted to the PharmMapper server to obtain potential targets. At the same time, the relevant targets were searched in the CTD database and GeneCards database with keywords such as “Hepatic Toxicity,” “Liver Damage,” and “Drug-induced liver injury.” After intersection, the potential hepatotoxic targets of vine tea were obtained. The protein interactions of potential hepatotoxic targets of vine tea were analyzed by the STRING database. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed by Cytoscape3.6.1 software. The GO molecular function and KEGG pathway of hepatotoxic targets were enriched by the R package to screen the key targets. The role of the components and key targets was analyzed by the LEDOCK program. The data from GEO database were mined for the functional correlation characterized by cell transcriptional expression caused by vine tea as a disturbance factor. Results: This study has searched 34 potential toxic components and 57 potential hepatotoxic targets of vine tea, and the result showed that these targets were mainly involved in oxidative stress, cell metabolism, and apoptosis to affect the liver. Conclusion: Vine tea has the interrelationship of multi-components, multi-targets, and multi-pathways. At the cellular level, the toxic components of vine tea, mainly flavonoids, may promote oxidative stress, promote oxidation to produce free radicals, guide apoptosis, and affect cell metabolism and other cytotoxic mechanisms. However, this hepatotoxicity is related to the dose, duration of vine tea, and individual differences. This study revealed the potential hepatotoxic components of vine tea and provides a reference for further research and development of related functional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Xiao
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jihua Qiu
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Nishimura-Danjobara Y, Oyama K, Oyama TM, Yokoigawa K, Oyama Y. Modification of cell vulnerability to oxidative stress by N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine-lactone, a quorum sensing molecule, in rat thymocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 302:143-148. [PMID: 30779908 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine-lactone (ODHL), a quorum sensing molecule, affects intracellular Zn2+ concentration ([Zn2+]i) and cellular levels of nonprotein thiols ([NPT]i) of rat thymic lymphocytes, both of which are assumed to affect cell vulnerability to oxidative stress. Therefore, it is interesting to examine the effects of ODHL on the cells under oxidative stress. ODHL augmented the cytotoxicity of H2O2, but not calcium ionophore A23187. ODHL potentiated the H2O2-induced elevation of [Zn2+]i, wherein, it greatly attenuated the H2O2-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. ODHL did not affect [NPT]i in the presence of H2O2. Therefore, we conclude that the elevation of [Zn2+]i is involved in the ODHL-induced potentiation of H2O2 cytotoxicity. Our findings suggest that ODHL modifies cell vulnerability to oxidative stress in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keisuke Oyama
- Sakai City Medical Center, Sakai, Osaka, 593-8304, Japan.
| | | | - Kumio Yokoigawa
- Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Oyama
- Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan.
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3
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Hsu MJ, Prigent J, Dollet PE, Ravau J, Larbanoix L, Van Simaeys G, Bol A, Grégoire V, Goldman S, Deblandre G, Najimi M, Sokal EM, Lombard CA. Long-Term In Vivo Monitoring of Adult-Derived Human Liver Stem/Progenitor Cells by Bioluminescence Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, and Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:986-1002. [PMID: 28340549 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-derived human liver stem/progenitor cells (ADHLSCs) have the potential to alleviate liver injury. However, the optimal delivery route and long-term biodistribution of ADHLSCs remain unclear. In this article, we used a triple fusion reporter system to determine the kinetic differences in the biodistribution of ADHLSCs following intrasplenic (IS) and intrahepatic (IH) administration in severe combined immunodeficiency/beige mice. ADHLSCs were transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing a triple fusion reporter comprising renilla luciferase, monomeric red fluorescent protein, and truncated HSV-1 thymidine kinase. The stability and duration of the transgenes, and the effects of transduction on the cell properties were evaluated in vitro. The acute retention and long-term engraftment in vivo were revealed by positron emission tomography and bioluminescence imaging (BLI), respectively, followed by histochemical analysis. We showed that ADHLSCs can be safely transduced with the triple fusion reporter. Radiolabeled ADHLSCs showed acute cell retention at the sites of injection. The IH group showed a confined BLI signal at the injection site, while the IS group displayed a dispersed distribution at the upper abdominal liver area, and a more intense signal. In conclusion, ADHLSCs could be monitored by BLI for up to 4 weeks with a spread out biodistribution following IS injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ju Hsu
- 1 Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Prigent
- 1 Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Edouard Dollet
- 1 Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joachim Ravau
- 1 Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lionel Larbanoix
- 2 Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging , Gosselies, Belgium
- 3 NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, Université de Mons , Mons, Belgium
| | - Gaetan Van Simaeys
- 2 Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging , Gosselies, Belgium
- 4 Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Bol
- 5 Center of Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Grégoire
- 5 Center of Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Goldman
- 2 Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging , Gosselies, Belgium
- 4 Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gisèle Deblandre
- 1 Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- 1 Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne M Sokal
- 1 Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
- 6 Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine A Lombard
- 1 Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Mitani T, Elmarhomy AIE, Dulamjav L, Anu E, Saitoh S, Ishida S, Oyama Y. Zinc-related actions of sublethal levels of benzalkonium chloride: Potentiation of benzalkonium cytotoxicity by zinc. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 268:31-36. [PMID: 28257953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BZK) is a common preservative used in pharmaceutical and personal care products. ZnCl2 was recently reported to significantly potentiate the cytotoxicity of some biocidal compounds. In the present study, therefore, we compared the cytotoxic potency of BZK and then further studied the Zn2+-related actions of the most cytotoxic agent among BZK, using flow cytometric techniques with appropriate fluorescent probes in rat thymocytes. Cytotoxicity of benzylcetyldimethylammonium (BZK-C16) was more potent that those of benzyldodecyldimethylammonium and benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium. ZnCl2 (1-10 μM) significantly potentiated the cytotoxicity of BZK-C16 at a sublethal concentration (1 μM). The co-treatment of cells with 3 μM ZnCl2 and 1 μM BZK-C16 increased the population of both living cells with phosphatidylserine exposed on membrane surfaces and dead cells. BZK-C16 at 0.3-1.0 μM elevated intracellular Zn2+ levels by increasing Zn2+ influx, and augmented the cytotoxicity of 100 μM H2O2. Zn2+ is concluded to facilitate the toxicity of BZK. We suggest that the toxicity of BZK is determined after taking extracellular (plasma) and/or environmental Zn2+ levels into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Mitani
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | | | - Luvsandorj Dulamjav
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Enkhtumur Anu
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Shohei Saitoh
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shiro Ishida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8512, Japan
| | - Yasuo Oyama
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan; Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.
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5
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Imai H, Kita F, Ikesugi S, Abe M, Sogabe S, Nishimura-Danjobara Y, Miura H, Oyama Y. Cetylpyridinium chloride at sublethal levels increases the susceptibility of rat thymic lymphocytes to oxidative stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 170:118-123. [PMID: 27984775 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is an antimicrobial agent used in many personal care products, with subsequent release into the environment. Since CPC is found at low concentrations in river and municipal wastewater, its influence on wildlife is of concern. Therefore, in this study, we used flow cytometry to examine the effects of sublethal concentrations of CPC on rat thymic lymphocytes in order to characterize the cellular actions of CPC at low concentrations in the presence and absence of H2O2-induced oxidative stress. CPC treatment increased the population of living cells with phosphatidylserine exposed on the outer surface of their plasma membranes (a marker of early stage apoptosis), elevated intracellular Zn2+ levels, and decreased the cellular content of nonprotein thiols. CPC also potentiated the cytotoxicity of H2O2. Our results suggest that, even at environmentally relevant sublethal concentrations, CPC exerts cytotoxic effects under oxidative stress conditions by increasing intracellular Zn2+ concentration and decreasing the cellular content of nonprotein thiols. These findings indicate that, under some in vitro conditions, CPC is bioactive at environmentally relevant concentrations. Therefore, CPC release from personal care products into the environment may need to be regulated to avoid its adverse effects on wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Imai
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Fumiya Kita
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Sho Ikesugi
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Masami Abe
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Shizuka Sogabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nishimura-Danjobara
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hajime Miura
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan; Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuo Oyama
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan; Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.
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6
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Nonami K, Saitoh S, Nishimura-Danjobara Y, Ishida S, Oyama Y. Chlorhexidine possesses unique cytotoxic actions in rat thymic lymphocytes: Its relation with electrochemical property of membranes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 48:17-21. [PMID: 27716531 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHX) is an antibacterial agent used in various types of pharmaceutical products. Therefore, CHX is easily found around us. Owing to its positive charge, the electrochemical property of cell membranes was assumed to be a key point of cytotoxic action of CHX. Depolarization of membranes attenuated the cytotoxic action of CHX in rat thymic lymphocytes. CHX interfered with annexin V binding to membranes. Manipulations to induce exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer membrane surface augmented the cytotoxic action of CHX, indicating that changes in the electrochemical property of membranes affected the cytotoxic action of CHX. Hence, CHX might kill cells physiologically undergoing apoptosis, resulting instead in necrotic cell death. However, the threshold CHX concentration in this in vitro study was slightly higher than blood CHX concentrations observed clinically. Therefore, these results may support the safety of CHX use although CHX possesses unique cytotoxic actions described in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Nonami
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Shohei Saitoh
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Shiro Ishida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8512, Japan
| | - Yasuo Oyama
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan; Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.
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7
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Fukunaga E, Ishida S, Oyama Y. Changes in cellular thiol content and intracellular Zn2+ level by 1,4-naphthoquinone in rat thymocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 222:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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8
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Oyama TM, Oyama K, Fukunaga E, Ishibashi H, Oyama Y. Clioquinol, a lipophilic Zn2+ chelator, augments and attenuates the cytotoxicity of H2O2: a bell-shaped response curve of the effects of the drug. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50097g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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9
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Chimeddorj T, Suzuki T, Murakane K, Inai M, Satoh M, Oyama Y. Synergistic increase in cell lethality by dieldrin and H2O2 in rat thymocytes: effect of dieldrin on the cells exposed to oxidative stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:353-358. [PMID: 23726008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dieldrin, one of persistent pesticides, is highly resistant to biotic and abiotic degradation. It is accumulated in organisms. Recent studies suggest that dieldrin exerts a potent cytotoxic action on cells exposed to oxidative stress. In this study, the effect of dieldrin on rat thymocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress was examined. Dieldrin at 5μM and H2O2 at 300μM slightly increased cell lethality from a control value of 5.4±0.5% (mean±standard deviation of four experiments) to 7.8±1.3% and 9.0±0.3%, respectively. Simultaneous application of dieldrin and H2O2 significantly increased cell lethality to 46.2±1.8%. The synergistic increase in cell lethality was dependent on dieldrin concentration (0.3-5μM) but not on H2O2 concentration (30-300μM). Dieldrin accelerated H2O2-induced cell death, which was estimated with the help of annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide. Presence of either dieldrin or H2O2 decreased the cellular content of nonprotein thiol and increased intracellular Zn(2+) concentration. The combination of dieldrin and H2O2 further pronounced these effects. TPEN, a chelator of intracellular Zn(2+), significantly attenuated the synergistic increase in cell lethality induced by dieldrin and H2O2. It is, therefore, suggested that dieldrin augments the cytotoxicity of H2O2 in a Zn(2+)-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsolmon Chimeddorj
- Division of Environmental Symbiosis Studies, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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10
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Kanbara Y, Murakane K, Nishimura Y, Satoh M, Oyama Y. Nanomolar concentration of triclocarban increases the vulnerability of rat thymocytes to oxidative stress. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:49-55. [PMID: 23358139 DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
It was recently reported that triclocarban was absorbed significantly from soap used during showering in human subjects and that its C(max) in their whole blood ranged from 23 nM to 530 nM. We revealed that a nanomolar concentration (300 nM) of triclocarban potentiated the cytotoxicity of 300 µM H(2)O(2) in rat thymocytes by using cytometric techniques with appropriate fluorescent probes. Although 300 nM triclocarban did not itself increase the population of dead cells (cell lethality), it facilitated the process of cell death induced by H(2)O(2), resulting in a further increase in the population of dead cells. Nanomolar concentrations (300 nM or higher) of triclocarban significantly decreased the cellular content of nonprotein thiol (glutathione), which has a protective role against oxidative stress. Triclocarban at 300 nM or higher increased the cell vulnerability to oxidative stress. The results may suggest that nanomolar concentration (300 nM or higher) of triclocarban affects some cellular functions although there is no evidence for adverse effects of triclocarban in humans at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kanbara
- Division of Environmental Symbiosis Studies, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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11
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Fukunaga E, Hirao Y, Ogata-Ikeda I, Nishimura Y, Seo H, Oyama Y. Bisabololoxide A, one of the constituents in German chamomile extract, attenuates cell death induced by calcium overload. Phytother Res 2013; 28:685-91. [PMID: 23873581 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisabololoxide A (BSBO), main constituents in German chamomile extract, is responsible for antipruritic effect. In previous study, the incubation with 30-100 μM BSBO for 24 h exerted cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects on rat thymocytes. To further characterize BSBO cytotoxicity, the effect on the cells suffering from calcium overload by calcium ionophore A23187 was examined. A23187 induced Ca(2+) -dependent cell death. Contrary to our expectation, 1-10 μM BSBO inhibited A23187-induced increase in cell lethality of rat thymocytes. BSBO attenuated A23187-induced increases in populations of shrunken living cells, phosphatidylserine-exposed living cells, and dead cells, without affecting the increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and the Ca(2+) -dependent hyperpolarization. The effect of BSBO on A23187-treated cells may be unique because the activation of Ca(2+) -dependent K(+) channels is required for cell shrinkage, externalization of phosphatidylserine, and cell death in some cells. The cell death induced by A23187 was not inhibited by Z-VAD-FMK, a pan-inhibitor of caspases. Thus, the cell death may be a necrosis with some features observed during an early stage of apoptosis. These results suggest that BSBO at low micromolar concentrations is cytoprotective against calcium overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Fukunaga
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8502, Japan
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Toxicological aspects of the use of phenolic compounds in disease prevention. Interdiscip Toxicol 2012; 4:173-83. [PMID: 22319251 PMCID: PMC3274725 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-011-0027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of a diet low in fat and enhanced by fruits and vegetables, especially rich in phenolic compounds, may reduce risks of many civilization diseases. The use of traditional medicines, mainly derived from plant sources, has become an attractive segment in the management of many lifestyle diseases. Concerning the application of dietary supplements (based on phenolic compounds) in common practice, the ongoing debate over possible adverse effects of certain nutrients and dosage levels is of great importance. Since dietary supplements are not classified as drugs, their potential toxicities and interactions have not been thoroughly evaluated. First, this review will introduce phenolic compounds as natural substances beneficial for human health. Second, the potential dual mode of action of flavonoids will be outlined. Third, potential deleterious impacts of phenolic compounds utilization will be discussed: pro-oxidant and estrogenic activities, cancerogenic potential, cytotoxic effects, apoptosis induction and flavonoid-drug interaction. Finally, future trends within the research field will be indicated.
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13
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Koizumi K, Kawanai T, Hashimoto E, Kanbara Y, Masuda T, Kanemaru K, Okano Y, Oyama Y. Cytometric analysis on cytotoxicity of curcumin on rat thymocytes: Proapoptotic and antiapoptotic actions of curcumin. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:985-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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14
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Apoptosis-inducing action of two products from oxidation of sesamol, an antioxidative constituent of sesame oil: a possible cytotoxicity of oxidized antioxidant. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1720-6. [PMID: 20510349 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many effects of sesamol, an antioxidative constituent of sesame oil, have been reported for human health benefits due to its antioxidative action. However, we recently isolated two cytotoxic products, trimer and tetramer of sesamol, from oxidation of sesamol by an assay-guided purification. In this study, we have revealed some cytotoxic characteristics of these products in rat thymocytes and human leukemia K562 cells. Incubation of cells with trimer or tetramer at 10-30 microM for 24h significantly increased cell lethality and population of rat thymocytes containing hypodiploid DNA, suggesting cell death with DNA fragmentation, while it was not the case for 30 microM sesamol. The cytotoxic action of tetramer was more potent than that of trimer in rat thymocytes when their concentrations were 10-30 microM. The incubation of cells with 10 microM tetramer for 24h increased the population of cells with exposed phosphatidylserine, the activity of caspases, and the nick of DNA. These results indicate tetramer-induced apoptosis. In K562 cells, the incubation with tetramer at 10 microM for 72 h significantly inhibited the growth without affecting the lethality. However, tetramer at 30 microM significantly increased cell lethality. It is likely that tetramer exerts more cytotoxic action on normal non-proliferative cells (rat thymocytes) rather than proliferative cancer cells (human leukemia K562 cells). It may be necessary to consider the condition for preservation of sesamol and the safety of products from in vivo oxidation of sesamol for human health.
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Zinc at clinically-relevant concentrations potentiates the cytotoxicity of polysorbate 80, a non-ionic surfactant. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:737-44. [PMID: 20079827 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate 80, a non-ionic surfactant, is used in the formula of water-insoluble anticancer agents for intravenous application. In our recent studies, this surfactant decreased cellular thiol content and the chemicals decreasing cellular thiol content increased intracellular Zn(2+) concentration. In this study using rat thymocytes, the effect of polysorbate 80 on FluoZin-3 fluorescence, an indicator for intracellular Zn(2+), and the influence of ZnCl(2) on cytotoxicity of polysorbate 80 were examined in order to test the possibility that Zn(2+) is involved in cytotoxic action of polysorbate 80. The surfactant at concentrations of 10 microg/ml or more significantly augmented FluoZin-3 fluorescent in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating an increase in intracellular Zn(2+) concentration. The increase by polysorbate 80 was also observed after removing extracellular Zn(2+), suggesting an intracellular Zn(2+) release. The simultaneous application of polysorbate 80 (30 microg/ml) and ZnCl(2) (10-30 microM) significantly increased cell lethality. The simultaneous application of ZnCl(2) accelerated the process of cell death induced by polysorbate 80 and the combination increased oxidative stress. Results may indicate that the cytotoxicity of polysorbate 80 at clinical concentrations is modified by micromolar zinc. Although there is no clinical report that polysorbate 80 and zinc salt are simultaneously applied to human as far as our knowledge, it may be speculated that zinc induces some diverse actions in cancer treatment with water-insoluble anticancer agent including nanoparticle drug of which the solvent is polysorbate 80.
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16
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Bisabololoxide A, one of the main constituents in German chamomile extract, induces apoptosis in rat thymocytes. Arch Toxicol 2009; 84:45-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Chang M, Wang WN, Wang AL, Tian TT, Wang P, Zheng Y, Liu Y. Effects of cadmium on respiratory burst, intracellular Ca2+ and DNA damage in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 149:581-6. [PMID: 19185616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute effects of heavy metal ions on shrimp have been an area of intense study worldwide. However, the molecular mechanism by which cadmium-induced injury occurs remains largely unclear, and methods for mitigating toxicity in vivo have rarely been reported. In this study, the changes in respiratory burst and intracellular free calcium in haemocytes of pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, after exposure to Cd(2+) (CdCl(2)) were examined using flow cytometry. Meanwhile, DNA damage and repair in haemocytes and hepatopancreas cells were studied using the comet assay. Respiratory burst generation, intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and DNA damage in haemocytes and hepatopancreas cells all exhibited a dose-dependent increase and a time-dependent change after treatment with Cd(2+) compared with controls. These results indicate that Cd can induce oxidative stress and DNA damage in the shrimp L. vannamei. Moreover, the results also demonstrate that these parameters can be used as sensitive indicators of exposure to this genotoxicant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
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18
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Fujimoto A, Sakanashi Y, Matsui H, Oyama T, Nishimura Y, Masuda T, Oyama Y. Cytometric analysis of cytotoxicity of polyphenols and related phenolics to rat thymocytes: potent cytotoxicity of resveratrol to normal cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 104:455-62. [PMID: 19389048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic actions of polyphenols and related phenolics have received considerable attention since these compounds induce apoptosis in several types of cancer cells in vitro. A plausible criterion for the use of such compounds is that they should not exert any toxic effect on normal cells. However, information about the toxicity of polyphenols and related phenolics to normal cells is limited. In this study, the effects of polyphenols and related phenolics on rat thymocytes were examined by flow cytometric analysis with appropriate fluorescent probes. The compounds examined in this study were caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, 6-gingerol, sesamol, resveratrol, and eugenol. Of these, resveratrol was the most cytotoxic on rat thymocytes incubated for 24 hrs with 100 microM of this compound. Resveratrol at a concentration of 10 microM or more (up to 100 microM) led to a significant dose-dependent increase in the population of dead cells, shrunken living cells, annexin V-positive cells and cells with hypodiploidal DNA. In the presence of benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp (OMe) fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK), a pan-inhibitor of caspases, the resveratrol-induced increase in the population of cells with hypodiploidal DNA was partially inhibited. Overall, it is suggested that resveratrol at a concentration of 10 microM or more induces apoptosis in normal cells as well as cancer cells (previously reported elsewhere). Thus, at concentrations that are suitable for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic actions, resveratrol may exert a cytotoxic effect on normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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19
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Possible use of quercetin, an antioxidant, for protection of cells suffering from overload of intracellular Ca2+: A model experiment. Life Sci 2008; 83:164-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Matsui H, Morimoto M, Horimoto K, Nishimura Y. Some characteristics of fluoride-induced cell death in rat thymocytes: Cytotoxicity of sodium fluoride. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1113-20. [PMID: 17544615 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride is found in the atmosphere, water, soil, coal, food, dental and industrial uses. There were some case reports concerning acute fluoride poisoning in workplaces and laboratories. However, there is limited information concerning the mechanism of fluoride-induced cell death. To study the cytotoxicity of fluoride, the effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) on rat thymocytes has been examined by using a flow cytometer with appropriate fluorescence probes for membrane and cellular parameters. The cytotoxicity of NaF under nominal Ca2+-free condition was significantly lower than that under control condition. NaF also increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration. NaF significantly increased the population of shrunken cells and the cells positive to annexin V. Both are known to be parameters for early stage of apoptosis. However, NaF decreased the population of cells with hypodiploidal DNA, indicating that NaF apparently attenuated spontaneous apoptosis in rat thymocytes. It may be suggested that NaF induces necrosis, associated with some apoptotic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Matsui
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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21
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Oyama TM, Oyama TB, Oyama K, Matsui H, Horimoto K, Nishimura Y, Oyama Y. Clotrimazole, an antifungal drug possessing diverse actions, increases the vulnerability to cadmium in lymphocytes dissociated from rat thymus. Toxicology 2006; 228:269-79. [PMID: 17055140 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since clotrimazole, known as an antifungal drug, exerts diverse actions on cellular functions, it is expected that clotrimazole can be used for other purposes. This antifungal drug protects the cells overloaded with Ca(2+) by A23187, a calcium ionophore. Therefore, the agent may prevent the cells from death induced by heavy metals such as CdCl(2), PbCl(2), or HgCl(2) that are respectively proposed to increase intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. To test this possibility, we have examined the effect of clotrimazole on the cells simultaneously treated with CdCl(2), PbCl(2), or HgCl(2) using rat thymocytes and a flow cytometer with fluorescent probes. The simultaneous application of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) significantly decreased cell viability, even though the concentrations of both were ineffective at affecting the viability. The significant decrease in cell viability was not due to the inhibition of Ca(2+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels that were induced by clotrimazole. The simultaneous application increased the population of cells with phosphatidylserine exposed on membrane surface, indicating the change in asymmetrical distribution of membrane phospholipids. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity induced by the combination of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) under nominally Ca(2+)-free condition was more profound than that under normal Ca(2+) condition. Therefore, the membrane may be a target for the cytotoxic action of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) that were simultaneously applied. It is also the case for PbCl(2), but not the case for HgCl(2). It is concluded that clotrimazole can modulate the cytotoxicity of some heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro M Oyama
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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22
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Yamaguchi JY, Kanada A, Horimoto K, Oyama TM, Chikutei KI, Nishimura Y, Yamamoto H, Ishida S, Okano Y, Oyama Y. Modification of vulnerability to dodecylbenzenesulfonate, an anionic surfactant, by calcium in rat thymocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 22:234-239. [PMID: 21783715 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that cremophor EL, a nonionic surfactant, at clinical concentrations significantly decreases the cell viability of rat thymocytes with phosphatidylserine-exposed (PS-exposed) membranes under in vitro condition. It is reminiscent of a possibility that sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DCBS), an anionic surfactant world-widely used for detergents, also affects the cells in the similar manner. To test the possibility, the effect of DCBS on rat thymocytes has been examined using a flow cytometer with fluorescent probes. Exposure of PS on outer surface of cell membranes was induced by A23187, a calcium ionophore to increase intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). DCBS at 1μg/mL (2.87μM) significantly decreased the viability of cells with PS-exposed membranes, but not with intact membranes. DCBS also significantly decreased the viability of cells exposed to H(2)O(2), an oxidative stress increasing the [Ca(2+)](i). On the other hand, the decrease in extracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](e)) increased the cell vulnerability to DCBS and vice versa. Intact membrane lipid bilayer and extracellular Ca(2+) are required to maintain membrane integrity. Therefore, the change of membrane property by manipulation of [Ca(2+)](i) and [Ca(2+)](e) is one of causes for the augmentation of DCBS cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ya Yamaguchi
- Laboratories of Cell Signaling and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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23
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Chikutei KI, Oyama TM, Ishida S, Okano Y, Kobayashi M, Matsui H, Horimoto K, Nishimura Y, Ueno SY, Oyama Y. Propofol, an anesthetic possessing neuroprotective action against oxidative stress, promotes the process of cell death induced by H2O2 in rat thymocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 540:18-23. [PMID: 16730701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a general anesthetic possessing a neuroprotective action against oxidative stress produced by H2O2. H2O2 induces an exposure of phosphatidylserine on outer surface of cell membranes, resulting in change in membrane phospholipid arrangement, in rat thymocytes. Since propofol is highly lipophilic, the agent is presumed to interact with membrane lipids and hence to modify the cell vulnerability to H2O2. Therefore, to test the possibility, we have examined the effect of propofol on rat thymocytes simultaneously incubated with H2O2. Although propofol (up to 30 microM) alone did not significantly affect the cell viability, the agent at 10 microM started to increase the population of dead cells in the presence of 3 mM H2O2 and the significant increase was observed at 30 microM. Propofol at clinically relevant concentrations (10-30 microM) facilitated the process of cell death induced by H2O2 in rat thymocytes. However, propofol protected rat brain neurons against the oxidative stress induced by H2O2 under same experimental condition. Therefore, the action of propofol may be dependent on the type of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Chikutei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8512, Japan
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24
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Horimoto K, Nishimura Y, Oyama TM, Onoda K, Matsui H, Oyama TB, Kanemaru K, Masuda T, Oyama Y. Reciprocal effects of glucose on the process of cell death induced by calcium ionophore or H2O2 in rat lymphocytes. Toxicology 2006; 225:97-108. [PMID: 16784802 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2006] [Revised: 05/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the effects of glucose at high concentrations on the process of cell death induced by excessive increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) or oxidative stress in rat lymphocytes. The cell death elicited by the excessive increase in [Ca(2+)](i) seemed to be induced by an activation of Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels because the inhibitors for Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels attenuated the decrease in cell viability. Glucose at 30-50mM augmented the decrease in cell viability by the excessive increase in [Ca(2+)](i). It was not specific for glucose because it was the case for sucrose or NaCl, suggesting an involvement of increased osmolarity in adverse action of glucose. On the contrary, glucose protected the cells suffering from oxidative stress induced by H(2)O(2), one of reactive oxygen species. It was also the case for fructose or sucrose, but not for NaCl. The process of cell death induced by H(2)O(2) started, being independent from the presence of glucose. Glucose delayed the process of cell death induced by H(2)O(2). Sucrose and fructose also protected the cells against oxidative stress. The reactivity of sucrose to reactive oxygen species is lower than those of glucose and fructose. The order in the reactivity cannot explain the protective action of glucose. Glucose at high concentrations exerts reciprocal actions on the process of cell death induced by the oxidative stress and excessive increase in [Ca(2+)](i).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Horimoto
- Laboratories of Cell Signaling and Bioorganochemistry, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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25
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Brand A, Yavin E. Translocation of Ethanolamine Phosphoglyceride is Required for Initiation of Apoptotic Death in OLN-93 Oligodendroglial Cells. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:1257-67. [PMID: 16341587 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-8797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The possible interplay between extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) activation and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (PG) membrane bilayer translocation following oxidative stress (OS) (0.5 mM H2O2/0.05 mM Fe2+), was examined in oligodendroglia, OLN93, cells with altered plasma membrane PG composition. Cells supplemented with 50 microM docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3) to increase the number of potential double bond targets for OS in ethanolamine-PG (EPG) were compared to cells with diminished content of EPG, attained by the addition of 0.5 mM N,N-dimethylethanolamine (dEa). After 30 min OS, EPG translocation accompanied by sustained ERK activation and nuclear translocation culminating in apoptosis was found in DHA-supplemented cells in contrast to no EPG translocation, a brief ERK activation, but no nuclear translocation, and no cell death in DHA/dEa-supplemented cells. DHA/dEa-supplemented cells pretreated with the protein-tyrosine phosphatases inhibitor Na3VO4 followed by OS, although expressing a sustained ERK activation and nuclear translocation, failed to show apoptosis and lacked EPG translocation. In DHA-supplemented cells U0126, a MEK inhibitor, prevented ERK activation and EPG translocation and protected from cell death. These findings most likely indicate that ERK activation is an indispensable component for the signaling cascades leading to EPG translocation but only activation of the latter is leading to OS-induced apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Brand
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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26
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Yamaguchi JY, Nishimura Y, Kanada A, Kobayashi M, Mishima K, Tatsuishi T, Iwase K, Oyama Y. Cremophor EL, a non-ionic surfactant, promotes Ca2+-dependent process of cell death in rat thymocytes. Toxicology 2005; 211:179-86. [PMID: 15925021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cremophor EL, a surfactant for pharmaceutical products, augments the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide in rat thymocytes [Iwase, K., Oyama, Y., Tatsuishi, T., Yamaguchi1, J., Nishimura1, Y., Kanada, A., Kobayashi, M., Maemura, Y., Ishida, S., Okano, Y., 2004. Cremophor EL augments the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide in lymphocytes dissociated from rat thymus glands. Toxicol. Lett. 154, 143-148]. The effect of cremophor EL on Ca(2+)-dependent process of cell death has been examined using a flow cytometer since hydrogen peroxide increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Cremophor EL at clinically-relevant concentrations greatly increased the population of dead cells in rat thymocytes simultaneously treated with A23187, a calcium ionophore increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Removal of Ca2+ from external solution diminished the cremophor EL-induced increase in the dead cell population. Result suggests that Ca(2+)-dependent process is involved in the cremophor EL-induced decrease in the cell viability in the simultaneous presence of A23187. The population of cells with hypodiploidal DNA was not increased by the application of cremophor EL and A23187 although the cell viability was greatly decreased, indicating that the type of cell death is necrosis. It is suggested that cremophor EL at clinically-relevant concentrations augments the Ca(2+)-dependent process of necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ya Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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27
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Ueha-Ishibashi T, Oyama Y, Nakao H, Umebayashi C, Hirama S, Sakai Y, Ishida S, Okano Y. Flow-cytometric analysis on cytotoxic effect of thimerosal, a preservative in vaccines, on lymphocytes dissociated from rat thymic glands. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:191-8. [PMID: 15649632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a concern on the part of public health community that adverse health consequence by thimerosal, a preservative in vaccines for infants, may occur among infants during immunization schedule. Therefore, the cytotoxic action of thimerosal was examined on lymphocytes dissociated from thymic glands of young rats using a flow cytometer and respective fluorescent probes for monitoring changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and membrane potential, and for discriminating intact living cells, apoptotic living cells and dead cells. Incubation with thimerosal at 3 microM or more (up to 30 microM) for 60 min depolarized the membranes, associated with increasing the [Ca2+]i. Thimerosal at 30 microM induced an apoptotic change in membranes of almost all living cells. Furthermore, the prolonged incubation with 30 microM thimerosal induced a loss of membrane integrity, leading to cell death. Since the blood concentration of thimerosal after receiving vaccines is theoretically submicromolar, it may be unlikely that thimerosal affects lymphocytes of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ueha-Ishibashi
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Minami-Jyosanjima 1-1, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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28
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Wätjen W, Michels G, Steffan B, Niering P, Chovolou Y, Kampkötter A, Tran-Thi QH, Proksch P, Kahl R. Low concentrations of flavonoids are protective in rat H4IIE cells whereas high concentrations cause DNA damage and apoptosis. J Nutr 2005; 135:525-31. [PMID: 15735088 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.3.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary flavonoids possess a wide spectrum of biochemical and pharmacological actions and are assumed to protect human health. These actions, however, can be antagonistic, and some health claims are mutually exclusive. The antiapoptotic actions of flavonoids may protect against neurodegenerative diseases, whereas their proapoptotic actions could be used for cancer chemotherapy. This study was undertaken to determine whether a cytoprotective dose range of flavonoids could be differentiated from a cytotoxic dose range. Seven structurally related flavonoids were tested for their ability to protect H4IIE rat hepatoma cells against H(2)O(2)-induced damage on the one hand and to induce cellular damage on their own on the other hand. All flavonoids proved to be good antioxidants in a cell-free assay. However, their pharmacologic activity did not correlate with in vitro antioxidant potential but rather with cellular uptake. For quercetin and fisetin, which were readily taken up into the cells, protective effects against H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity, DNA strand breaks, and apoptosis were detected at concentrations as low as 10-25 micromol/L. On the other hand, these flavonoids induced cytotoxicity, DNA strand breaks, oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and caspase activation at concentrations between 50 and 250 micromol/L. Published data on quercetin pharmacokinetics in humans suggest that a dietary supplement of 1-2 g of quercetin may result in plasma concentrations between 10 and 50 micromol/L. Our data suggest that cytoprotective concentrations of some flavonoids are lower by a factor of 5-10 than their DNA-damaging and proapoptotic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Wätjen
- Institute of Toxicology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40001 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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29
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Tatsuishi T, Oyama Y, Iwase K, Yamaguchi JY, Kobayashi M, Nishimura Y, Kanada A, Hirama S. Polysorbate 80 increases the susceptibility to oxidative stress in rat thymocytes. Toxicology 2005; 207:7-14. [PMID: 15590117 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Revised: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Effect of simultaneous application of polysorbate 80, a nonionic surfactant widely used in pharmaceutical products, and hydrogen peroxide on rat thymocytes was examined to see if polysorbate 80 increases the susceptibility to oxidative stress because this surfactant decreases the cellular content of glutathione. Polysorbate 80 at clinically-relevant concentrations increases the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide under the in vitro condition. Result suggests that polysorbate 80 may increase the susceptibility of cells to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Tatsuishi
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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30
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Iwase K, Oyama Y, Tatsuishi T, Yamaguchi JY, Nishimura Y, Kanada A, Kobayashi M, Maemura Y, Ishida S, Okano Y. Cremophor EL augments the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide in lymphocytes dissociated from rat thymus glands. Toxicol Lett 2004; 154:143-8. [PMID: 15475188 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Revised: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical uses of cremophor EL, a non-ionic surfactant, are similar to those of polysorbate 80. In our previous study, polysorbate 80 exerted some adverse actions on rat thymocytes under in vitro condition. Therefore, the effects of cremophor EL on thymic lymphocytes were examined using a flow cytometer with appropriate fluorescent dyes. Cremophor EL at 10 microg/ml or more (up to 300 microg/ml) concentration-dependently decreased cellular content of glutathione. The cell viability of thymocytes under control condition was 95.4 +/- 1.2% (n = 7, mean +/- S.D.). The incubation of thymocytes with 300 microg/ml cremophor EL or 3 mM hydrogen peroxide for 2 h, respectively, decreased the cell viability to 90.8 +/- 2.8% or 91.2 +/- 2.6%. However, the simultaneous incubation with cremophor EL and hydrogen peroxide decreased the cell viability to 28.7 +/- 8.2%. Cremophor EL at 100 microg/ml accelerated the process of cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide. Results suggest that cremophor EL increases the susceptibility to oxidative stress. Cremophor EL at clinically relevant concentrations may increase the therapeutic potential of some anticancer agents to produce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Iwase
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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31
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Williams RJ, Spencer JPE, Rice-Evans C. Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules? Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:838-49. [PMID: 15019969 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1233] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many studies are accumulating that report the neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and chemopreventive actions of dietary flavonoids. While there has been a major focus on the antioxidant properties, there is an emerging view that flavonoids, and their in vivo metabolites, do not act as conventional hydrogen-donating antioxidants but may exert modulatory actions in cells through actions at protein kinase and lipid kinase signalling pathways. Flavonoids, and more recently their metabolites, have been reported to act at phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), Akt/protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), tyrosine kinases, protein kinase C (PKC), and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) signalling cascades. Inhibitory or stimulatory actions at these pathways are likely to affect cellular function profoundly by altering the phosphorylation state of target molecules and by modulating gene expression. A clear understanding of the mechanisms of action of flavonoids, either as antioxidants or modulators of cell signalling, and the influence of their metabolism on these properties are key to the evaluation of these potent biomolecules as anticancer agents, cardioprotectants, and inhibitors of neurodegeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Williams
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Umebayashi C, Oyama Y, Chikahisa-Muramastu L, Nakao H, Nishizaki Y, Nakata M, Soeda F, Takahama K. Tri-n-butyltin-induced cytotoxicity on rat thymocytes in presence and absence of serum. Toxicol In Vitro 2004; 18:55-61. [PMID: 14630062 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2003.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Influence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) on cytotoxicity induced by tri-n-butyltin (TBT), an environmental pollutant, on rat thymocytes was examined to reveal how FBS modifies TBT cytotoxicity. As the medium FBS concentration was increased from 0 to 10%, the cytotoxicity of TBT was dose-dependently reduced when the cells were incubated with 1 microM TBT for 3 h. Almost complete inhibitions of TBT-induced changes in cell viability and population of cells with exposed phosphatidylserine (cells undergoing apoptosis) were observed when the FBS concentration was 10%. Thus, the cytotoxicity induced by 3 h incubation with TBT in FBS-free medium may be different from that in medium containing 10% FBS. However, even in presence of 10% FBS, TBT at concentrations ranging from 10 to 300 nM exerted cytotoxic action on rat thymocytes when the cells were incubated with TBT for 24 h. TBT dose-dependently increased the population of shrunken cells, of which more than 30% were stained with propidium. TBT at 30 nM or more significantly increased the population of cells with hypodiploid DNA, indicating TBT-induced apoptotic cell death. Thus, in the presence of 10% FBS, the prolonged incubation (24 h) of rat thymocytes with TBT at nanomolar concentrations induced apoptosis rather than necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Umebayashi
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 770-8502, Japan
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33
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Nishizaki Y, Nakao H, Umebayashi C, Iwase K, Tatsuishi T, Satoh M, Oyama Y. Increase in number of annexin V-positive living cells of rat thymocytes by intracellular Pb(2+). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2003; 15:45-51. [PMID: 21782679 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2003] [Accepted: 08/19/2003] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lead is ubiquitous in our environment and lead poisoning is a major public health problem worldwide. In this study, to see if intracellular Pb(2+) induces the exposure of phosphatidylserine in rat thymocyte membranes, we have examined the effect of PbCl(2) on rat thymocytes treated with A23187 using a flow cytometer with appropriate fluorescent indicators under nominally-Ca(2+)-free condition. PbCl(2) at 1-30 μM dose-dependently induced the exposure of phosphatidylserine on outer membranes, associated with increasing the concentration of intracellular Pb(2+). The potency of intracellular Pb(2+) to induce the apoptotic change in thymocyte membranes seems to be greater than those of intracellular Ca(2+) and Cd(2+). Results suggest that intracellular Pb(2+) triggers apoptosis of rat thymocytes. This action of Pb(2+) may be one of mechanisms for the lead-induced changes in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Nishizaki
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratories of Cellular Signaling and Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Minami-Jyosanjima 1-1, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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34
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Spencer JPE, Rice-Evans C, Williams RJ. Modulation of pro-survival Akt/protein kinase B and ERK1/2 signaling cascades by quercetin and its in vivo metabolites underlie their action on neuronal viability. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:34783-93. [PMID: 12826665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305063200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Much recent interest has focused on the potential of flavonoids to interact with intracellular signaling pathways such as with the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. We have investigated whether the observed strong neurotoxic potential of quercetin in primary cortical neurons may occur via specific and sensitive interactions within neuronal mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) signaling cascades, both implicated in neuronal apoptosis. Quercetin induced potent inhibition of both Akt/PKB and ERK phosphorylation, resulting in reduced phosphorylation of BAD and a strong activation of caspase-3. High quercetin concentrations (30 microM) led to sustained loss of Akt phosphorylation and subsequent Akt cleavage by caspase-3, whereas at lower concentrations (<10 microM) the inhibition of Akt phosphorylation was transient and eventually returned to basal levels. Lower levels of quercetin also induced strong activation of the pro-survival transcription factor cAMP-responsive element-binding protein, although this did not prevent neuronal damage. O-Methylated quercetin metabolites inhibited Akt/PKB to lesser extent and did not induce such strong activation of caspase-3, which was reflected in the lower amount of damage they inflicted on neurons. In contrast, neither quercetin nor its O-methylated metabolites had any measurable effect on c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation. The glucuronide of quercetin was not toxic and did not evoke any alterations in neuronal signaling, probably reflecting its inability to enter neurons. Together these data suggest that quercetin and to a lesser extent its O-methylated metabolites may induce neuronal death via a mechanism involving an inhibition of neuronal survival signaling through the inhibition of both Akt/PKB and ERK rather than by an activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P E Spencer
- Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, Hodgkin Building, King's College, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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35
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Bucki R, Pastore JJ, Giraud F, Sulpice JC, Janmey PA. Flavonoid inhibition of platelet procoagulant activity and phosphoinositide synthesis. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:1820-8. [PMID: 12911599 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dietary flavonoids are known for their antiplatelet activity resulting in cardiovascular protection. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) was previously reported to play a direct role in phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, as a Ca2+ target. Thrombin formation and platelet procoagulant activity are dependent on PS exposure. As flavonoids can inhibit phosphoinositide (PPI) kinases, we examined whether changes in PPI metabolism in flavonoid-treated platelets could be involved in their antiplatelet effects. Treatment with the flavonoids quercetin or catechin reduced PS exposure, thrombin formation, PIP2 level and resynthesis after platelet activation with collagen, thrombin or calcium ionophore. Flavonoids also prevented [Ca2+]i increase induced by collagen, but not by the ionophore. The ability of flavonoids to decrease PS exposure induced by ionophore treatment could result from the diminution of PIP2 levels, whereas PS exposure induced by collagen could also be diminished by flavonoids' effects on calcium signaling dependent on PIP2 hydrolysis. These data favor a role for PIP2 in the antiplatelet effects of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bucki
- University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, 1010 Vagelos Research Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Oyama Y, Arata T, Chikahisa L, Umebayashi C, Tabaru K, Sakai K, Hayashi H. Effects of A23187 and CaCl(2) on tri-n-butyltin-induced cell death in rat thymocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2003; 13:29-36. [PMID: 21782646 DOI: 10.1016/s1382-6689(02)00127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2002] [Accepted: 09/02/2002] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As tri-n-butyltin (TBT), one of the environmental pollutants, is accumulated in wild animals, concern regarding the toxicity of TBT in both wildlife and human is increasing. TBT has been reported to increase intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in several types of cells. In order to examine how Ca(2+) is involved in TBT-induced cell death, the effect of TBT on rat thymocytes has been compared with that of A23187, a calcium ionophore, under various concentrations of external Ca(2+) using a flow cytometer and fluorescent probes. Although both TBT and A23187 were toxic to cells under normal Ca(2+) condition, under external Ca(2+)-free condition the cytotoxic action of TBT was potentiated without changing the threshold concentration while that of A23187 was completely abolished. A23187 attenuated the TBT-induced descent in cell viability under normal Ca(2+) concentration despite intracellular Ca(2+) concentration was increased. As external Ca(2+) concentration increased, the TBT-induced increase in number of dead cells gradually decreased whereas the number of cells in an early stage of apoptosis increased. Results suggest that Ca(2+) has contradictory actions on the process of TBT-induced cell death in rat thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Oyama
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Minami-Jyozanjima 1-1, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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Arata T, Oyama Y, Tabaru K, Satoh M, Hayashi H, Ishida S, Okano Y. Cytotoxic effects of triphenylbismuth on rat thymocytes: comparisons with bismuth chloride and triphenyltin chloride. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2002; 17:472-477. [PMID: 12242678 DOI: 10.1002/tox.10081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The biomedical and industrial uses of organobismuth compounds have become widespread, although there is limited information concerning their cytotoxicity. Therefore, the actions of triphenylbismuth on rat thymocytes were examined using a flow cytometer with ethidium bromide, annexin V-FITC, fluo-3-AM, and 5-chloromethylfluorescein (5CMF) diacetate. Triphenylbismuth at 3-30 microM increased the population of cells stained with ethidium, indicating a decrease in cell viability. Organobismuth at 30 microM increased the population of cells positive to annexin V, suggesting an increase in the population of apoptotic cells. Triphenylbismuth at 3 microM or more decreased cellular glutathione content (5CMF fluorescence intensity) and increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i), fluo-3 fluorescence intensity) in a dose-dependent manner. Because an increase in [Ca(2+)](i) is linked to cell death or cell injury and a decrease in cellular glutathione content increases cell vulnerability to oxidative stress, the triphenylbismuth-induced changes in cellular parameters may be responsible for triphenylbismuth-induced cytotoxicity. Bismuth chloride at 10-30 microM did not significantly affect cell viability. These results suggest that triphenylbismuth at micromolar concentrations exerts cytotoxic action on rat thymocytes, possibly related to a health hazard. Although the cytotoxicity of triphenylbismuth was less than that of triphenyltin, one of the environmental pollutants, it is necessary to direct our attention to the use and disposal of organobismuth compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Arata
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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38
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Ocampo MTA, Chaung W, Marenstein DR, Chan MK, Altamirano A, Basu AK, Boorstein RJ, Cunningham RP, Teebor GW. Targeted deletion of mNth1 reveals a novel DNA repair enzyme activity. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:6111-21. [PMID: 12167705 PMCID: PMC134015 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.17.6111-6121.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA N-glycosylase/AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) lyase enzymes of the endonuclease III family (nth in Escherichia coli and Nth1 in mammalian organisms) initiate DNA base excision repair of oxidized ring saturated pyrimidine residues. We generated a null mouse (mNth1(-/-)) by gene targeting. After almost 2 years, such mice exhibited no overt abnormalities. Tissues of mNth1(-/-) mice contained an enzymatic activity which cleaved DNA at sites of oxidized thymine residues (thymine glycol [Tg]). The activity was greater when Tg was paired with G than with A. This is in contrast to Nth1, which is more active against Tg:A pairs than Tg:G pairs. We suggest that there is a back-up mammalian repair activity which attacks Tg:G pairs with much greater efficiency than Tg:A pairs. The significance of this activity may relate to repair of oxidized 5-methyl cytosine residues (5meCyt). It was shown previously (S. Zuo, R. J. Boorstein, and G. W. Teebor, Nucleic Acids Res. 23:3239-3243, 1995) that both ionizing radiation and chemical oxidation yielded Tg from 5meCyt residues in DNA. Thus, this previously undescribed, and hence novel, back-up enzyme activity may function to repair oxidized 5meCyt residues in DNA while also being sufficient to compensate for the loss of Nth1 in the mutant mice, thereby explaining the noninformative phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T A Ocampo
- Department of Pathology and Kaplan Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Schimmel M, Bauer G. Proapoptotic and redox state-related signaling of reactive oxygen species generated by transformed fibroblasts. Oncogene 2002; 21:5886-96. [PMID: 12185588 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2001] [Revised: 05/16/2002] [Accepted: 05/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic transformed fibroblasts are characterized by extracellular superoxide anion generation through a membrane-associated NADPH oxidase. After cellular glutathione depletion, extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by transformed fibroblasts exhibit a strong apoptosis-inducing potential. As apoptosis induction under glutathione depletion is inhibited by catalase, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, superoxide dismutase, the hydroxyl radical scavenger terephthalate and the iron chelator deferoxamine, the metal-catalysed Haber-Weiss reaction seems to be the responsible signaling mechanism. In contrast to extracellular ROS, intracellular ROS play no role for apoptosis induction in glutathione-depleted transformed fibroblasts initially, since a high level of intracellular catalase scavenges intracellular hydrogen peroxide. Intracellular catalase seems to be induced by extracellular hydrogen peroxide, as pretreatment of transformed fibroblasts with exogenous catalase downmodulates endogenous catalase and renders glutathione-depleted transformed cells susceptible for the effect of endogenous hydrogen peroxide. In contrast to transformed fibroblasts, nontransformed glutathione-depleted fibroblasts do not generate substantial extracellular ROS, but apoptosis is efficiently induced in these cells by intracellular ROS. Our data show that extracellular ROS of transformed fibroblasts exhibit redox-related signaling and at the same time represent a potential apoptosis-inducing hazard through the metal-catalysed Haber-Weiss reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Schimmel
- Abteilung Virologie, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Freiburg, Germany
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40
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Lee JC, Lim KT, Jang YS. Identification of Rhus verniciflua Stokes compounds that exhibit free radical scavenging and anti-apoptotic properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1570:181-91. [PMID: 12020808 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) is a widely used herbal plant with various biological properties. Our previous study using cultured neuronal cells showed that an ethanol extract of RVS had strong antioxidant properties. In this study, we characterized the antioxidant activity of the RVS ethanol extract and identified the active compounds responsible for this activity. From the RVS ethanol extract, we derived three water-eluted fractions and another three fractions eluted by organic solvents, and determined that the water-eluted fractions are what protect against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by iron and enzymes. Water-eluted fraction F(2) was the most efficient antioxidant. Moreover, DNA fragmentation and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining experiments revealed that F(2) also protects against thymocyte apoptosis mediated by hydroxyl radicals. Finally, EI-MS, (1)H-NMR, and (13)C-NMR spectra signals confirmed that the fraction contained flavonoid derivatives, including fustin, quercetin, butein, and sulfuretin. These results suggest that the flavonoid derivatives in F(2) are the compounds in the RVS ethanol extract that act as antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Chae Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences and The Research Center for Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561-756, South Korea
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41
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Oyama Y, Arata T, Chikahisa L, Soeda F, Takahama K. Estimation of increased concentration of intracellular Cd(2+) by fluo-3 in rat thymocytes exposed to CdCl(2). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 11:111-118. [PMID: 21782592 DOI: 10.1016/s1382-6689(01)00112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2001] [Revised: 11/01/2001] [Accepted: 11/02/2001] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium, an environmental pollutant, has been reported to induce apoptosis in murine lymphocytes. To reveal the mechanism of cadmium-induced apoptosis, one of important questions is whether cadmium increases intracellular concentration of Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)), Cd(2+) ([Cd(2+)](i)) or both. It is difficult to detect the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) using Ca(2+)-chelator-based fluorescent Ca(2+) indicators in the presence of Cd(2+) because of their sensitivity to Cd(2+). Therefore, the study on membrane response such as Ca(2+)-dependent hyperpolarization gives a clue to reveal whether the [Ca(2+)](i) or [Cd(2+)](i) is increased. Cadmium at concentrations of 3 μM or more dose-dependently augmented fluo-3 fluorescence in rat thymocytes, presumably suggesting an increased [Ca(2+)](i). However, the membranes were not hyperpolarized although the cells possess Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels. One may argue that cadmium inhibits Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels so that cadmium fails to hyperpolarize the membranes. It is unlikely because the [Ca(2+)](i) increased by A23187, a calcium ionophore, elicited the hyperpolarization in the presence of Cd(2+). Furthermore, the profile of cytotoxicity induced by cadmium, examined by ethidium bromide and annexin V-FITC, was different from that induced by A23187. Taken together, it is concluded that the application of cadmium increases the [Cd(2+)](i) rather than the [Ca(2+)](i) in rat thymocytes, resulting in the induction of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Oyama
- Laboratories of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Minami-Jyosanjima 1-1, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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42
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Bucki R, Janmey PA, Vegners R, Giraud F, Sulpice JC. Involvement of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in phosphatidylserine exposure in platelets: use of a permeant phosphoinositide-binding peptide. Biochemistry 2001; 40:15752-61. [PMID: 11747452 DOI: 10.1021/bi010899c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During platelet activation, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane is associated with increased procoagulant activity. PS externalization is generally attributed to an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). Various phospholipid transporters, such as specific scramblases or proteins from the family of multidrug resistance proteins, and cofactors such as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) have been proposed to participate in this process. In this study, we used a membrane-permeant polycationic peptide (RhB-QRLFQVKGRR), derived from the PIP2-binding site of gelsolin (GS 160-169) and linked to rhodamine B, to investigate the role of PIP2 in PS externalization in whole platelets. The peptide penetrated rapidly into the platelets, specifically bound to PIP2, and induced PS exposure to a similar extent as thrombin or collagen, but independently of changes in intracellular Ca(2+) or phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity. A pretreatment of platelets with quercetin, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide metabolism, drastically decreased PS exposure induced by agonists or peptide. In large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), the presence of PIP2 was strictly required for the induction of scrambling of NBD-labeled phospholipids (PC and PS) by the peptide. In inside-out vesicles from erythrocytes (IOVs), the peptide also induced redistribution of PC and PS. Our data suggest that, in intact platelets, PIP2 acts as a target of polycationic effectors, including Ca(2+), to promote PS exposure. The use of a membrane-permeant and fluorescent peptide which binds to PIP2 is a promising tool to investigate the role of PIP2 in various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bucki
- University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, 1010 Vagelos Research Laboratories, 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Brand A, Yavin E. Early ethanolamine phospholipid translocation marks stress-induced apoptotic cell death in oligodendroglial cells. J Neurochem 2001; 78:1208-18. [PMID: 11579130 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of H(2)O(2)/Fe(2+)-induced oxidative stress on translocation of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride (EPG) and serine phosphoglyceride (SPG) were studied in an oligodendroglia-like cell line (OLN 93) following 3 days of supplementation with 0.1 mM docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and a series of polar head group precursors, including N-monomethyl- and N,N-dimethylethanolamine at millimolar concentrations. Added DHA was predominantly esterified in EPG species and those cells enriched in DHA showed enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress and eventually died by apoptosis. Co-supplements with ethanolamine and DHA resulted in a rapid, but transient, EPG translocation with a maximum at 30 min following stress, as characterized by a trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid reagent. There was no significant translocation of SPG as evidenced by annexin V binding. Unlike SPG, which is usually irreversibly translocated to subserve as a tag for phagocytosis, EPG acted as a signaling molecule with biphasic kinetic characteristics. N-Monomethyl- and N,N-dimethylethanolamine supplements reduced EPG synthesis, prevented its externalization and rescued cells from apoptotic death. Following stress, the fatty acid profile of the externalized EPG showed marked losses in polyunsaturated fatty acids and aldehydes compared with the remaining intracellular EPG. Prevention of EPG species selective translocation to the outer membrane leaflet by altering phospholipid asymmetry may be important in the mechanism of rescue from cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brand
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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44
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Sakai K, Oyama Y, Okada Y, Akaike N, Nakata M, Chikahisa L. Tri-n-butyltin delays the cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide in rat thymocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2001; 10:95-101. [PMID: 21782563 DOI: 10.1016/s1382-6689(01)00074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2000] [Revised: 03/16/2001] [Accepted: 03/23/2001] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tri-n-butyltin (TBT), one of environmental pollutants accumulated in mollusks, at nanomolar concentrations decreases cellular content of glutathione (GSH), suggesting that TBT increases cell vulnerability to oxidative stress because GSH has a role in catabolizing hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). In order to examine this possibility, the effect of tri-n-butyltin chloride (TBTCl) on rat thymocytes suffering from oxidative stress induced by H(2)O(2) was examined using a flow cytometer with four fluorescent probes; ethidium bromide, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate and annexin-V-FITC. TBTCl at concentrations ranging from 100 nM to 1 μM attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced decrease in cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. It was unlikely that TBTCl reduced H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress because TBTCl failed to affect H(2)O(2)-induced oxidation of intracellular molecule (2',7'-dichlorofluorescin) and H(2)O(2)-induced decrease in cellular content of GSH. Results suggest that TBTCl may inhibit the pathway of cell death induced by H(2)O(2) or that TBTCl may induce a protective substance against the oxidative stress produced by H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakai
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Minami-Jyozanjima 1-1, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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45
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Oyama Y, Yamazaki Y, Okada Y, Takahama K, Satoh M, Hayashi H. Toxicity of methylmercury conjugated with L-cysteine on rat thymocytes and human leukemia K562 cells in comparison with that of methylmercury chloride. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2000; 9:49-55. [PMID: 11137468 DOI: 10.1016/s1382-6689(00)00062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to reveal the implication of use of methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl) in in vitro study, the effects of 10 µM MeHgCl on rat thymocytes and human leukemia K562 cells were compared with those of methylmercury conjugated with L-cysteine (10 µM MeHg-Cys) using a flow cytometer and fluorescent probes to monitor cellular physiological and pathological parameters. MeHgCl hyperpolarized membranes of thymocytes, followed by depolarization within a few minutes after the application, while MeHg-Cys persistently hyperpolarized them. MeHgCl increased intracellular concentration of Ca(2+), decreased cellular content of glutathione and increased generation of superoxide anion in the cells. The effects of MeHg-Cys were much less than those of MeHgCl. MeHgCl greatly increased both numbers of the cells undergoing apoptosis and dead cells in cell suspension containing thymocytes, while this was not the case for MeHg-Cys. MeHgCl reduced the cell viability of human leukemia K562 cells and completely inhibited the cell growth. The effects of MeHg-Cys on K562 cells were less than those of MeHgCl. It can be concluded that the effects of MeHgCl on rat thymocytes and K562 cells are different from those of MeHg-Cys. The results obtained from the in vitro studies using MeHgCl may be less implicit to elucidate the mechanism of MeHg intoxication in humans and experimental animals because MeHg are present in forms of MeHg-Cys and/or MeHg-S conjugate under the in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Oyama
- Laboratories of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 770-8502, Tokushima, Japan
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