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García-Rodrigo JF, Ortiz G, Martínez-Díaz OF, Furuzawa-Carballeda J, Ruíz-Herrera X, Macias F, Ledesma-Colunga MG, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C. Prolactin Inhibits or Stimulates the Inflammatory Response of Joint Tissues in a Cytokine-dependent Manner. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad156. [PMID: 37864848 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The close association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA), sex, reproductive state, and stress has long linked prolactin (PRL) to disease progression. PRL has both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory outcomes in RA, but responsible mechanisms are not understood. Here, we show that PRL modifies in an opposite manner the proinflammatory actions of IL-1β and TNF-α in mouse synovial fibroblasts in culture. Both IL-1β and TNF-α upregulated the metabolic activity and the expression of proinflammatory factors (Il1b, Inos, and Il6) via the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. However, IL-1β increased and TNF-α decreased the levels of the long PRL receptor isoform in association with dual actions of PRL on synovial fibroblast inflammatory response. PRL reduced the proinflammatory effect and activation of NF-κB by IL-1β but increased TNF-α-induced inflammation and NF-κB signaling. The double-faceted role of PRL against the 2 cytokines manifested also in vivo. IL-1β or TNF-α with or without PRL were injected into the knee joints of healthy mice, and joint inflammation was monitored after 24 hours. IL-1β and TNF-α increased the joint expression of proinflammatory factors and the infiltration of immune cells. PRL prevented the actions of IL-1β but was either inactive or further increased the proinflammatory effect of TNF-α. We conclude that PRL exerts opposite actions on joint inflammation in males and females that depend on specific proinflammatory cytokines, the level of the PRL receptor, and the activation of NF-κB signaling. Dual actions of PRL may help balance joint inflammation in RA and provide insights for development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgina Ortiz
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, México
- División de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro. 76246, México
| | | | - Janette Furuzawa-Carballeda
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de México 14080, México
| | - Xarubet Ruíz-Herrera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, México
| | - Fernando Macias
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, México
| | - María G Ledesma-Colunga
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, México
| | | | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, México
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Ramos-Martínez E, Ramos-Martínez I, Valencia J, Ramos-Martínez JC, Hernández-Zimbrón L, Rico-Luna A, Pérez-Campos E, Pérez-Campos Mayoral L, Cerbón M. Modulatory role of prolactin in type 1 diabetes. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2022; 44:79-88. [PMID: 35852366 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have been reported to have elevated prolactin levels and a possible relationship between prolactin levels and the development of the disease has been proposed. However, some studies show that prolactin mediates beneficial functions in beta cells. Therefore, we review information on the roles of prolactin in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Content
Here we summarize the functions of prolactin in the immune system and in pancreatic beta cells, in addition, we describe studies related to PRL levels, its regulation and alterations of secretion in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Summary
Studies in murine models have shown that prolactin protects beta cells from apoptosis, stimulates their proliferation and promotes pancreatic islet revascularization. In addition, some studies in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have shown that elevated prolactin levels correlate with better disease control.
Outlook
Prolactin treatment appears to be a promising strategy to improve beta-cell vascularization and proliferation in transplantation and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ramos-Martínez
- Facultad de Química , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Ivan Ramos-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Jorge Valencia
- Endocrine Research Unit , UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Juan Carlos Ramos-Martínez
- Cardiology Department , Hospital General Regional Lic Ignacio Garcia Tellez IMSS , Mérida , Yucatán , México
| | - Luis Hernández-Zimbrón
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Licenciatura en Optometría, Unidad León , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Anaiza Rico-Luna
- Facultad de Química , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | | | - Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Research Centre Medicine UNAM-UABJO. Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca , Oaxaca , México
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana. Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
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3
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Clapp C, Ortiz G, García-Rodrigo JF, Ledesma-Colunga MG, Martínez-Díaz OF, Adán N, Martínez de la Escalera G. Dual Roles of Prolactin and Vasoinhibin in Inflammatory Arthritis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:905756. [PMID: 35721729 PMCID: PMC9202596 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.905756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The term inflammatory arthritis defines a family of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), caused by an overactive immune system, and influenced by host aspects including sex, reproductive state, and stress. Prolactin (PRL) is a sexually dimorphic, reproductive, stress-related hormone long-linked to RA under the general assumption that it aggravates the disease. However, this conclusion remains controversial since PRL has both negative and positive outcomes in RA that may depend on the hormone circulating levels, synthesis by joint tissues, and complex interactions at the inflammatory milieu. The inflamed joint is rich in matrix metalloproteases that cleave PRL to vasoinhibin, a PRL fragment with proinflammatory effects and the ability to inhibit the hyperpermeability and growth of blood vessels. This review addresses this field with the idea that explanatory mechanisms lie within the PRL/vasoinhibin axis, an integrative framework influencing not only the levels of systemic and local PRL, but also the proteolytic conversion of PRL to vasoinhibin, as vasoinhibin itself has dual actions on joint inflammation. In this review, we discuss recent findings from mouse models suggesting the upregulation of endogenous vasoinhibin by the pro-inflammatory environment and showing dichotomous actions and signaling mechanisms of PRL and vasoinhibin on joint inflammation that are cell-specific and context-dependent. We hypothesize that these opposing actions work together to balance the inflammatory response and provide new insights for understanding the pathophysiology of RA and the development of new treatments.
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Hathaway CA, Rice MS, Townsend MK, Hankinson SE, Arslan AA, Buring JE, Hallmans G, Idahl A, Kubzansky LD, Lee IM, Lundin EA, Sluss PM, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Tworoger SS. Prolactin and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:1652-1659. [PMID: 34244157 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin is synthesized in the ovaries and may play a role in ovarian cancer etiology. One prior prospective study observed a suggestive positive association between prolactin levels and risk of ovarian cancer. METHODS We conducted a pooled case-control study of 703 cases and 864 matched controls nested within five prospective cohorts. We used unconditional logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between prolactin and ovarian cancer risk. We examined heterogeneity by menopausal status at blood collection, body mass index (BMI), age, and histotype. RESULTS Among women with known menopausal status, we observed a positive trend in the association between prolactin and ovarian cancer risk (P trend = 0.045; OR, quartile 4 vs. 1 = 1.34; 95% CI = 0.97-1.85), but no significant association was observed for premenopausal or postmenopausal women individually (corresponding OR = 1.38; 95% CI = 0.74-2.58; P trend = 0.32 and OR = 1.41; 95% CI = 0.93-2.13; P trend = 0.08, respectively; P heterogeneity = 0.91). In stratified analyses, we observed a positive association between prolactin and risk for women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, but not BMI < 25 kg/m2 (corresponding OR = 2.68; 95% CI = 1.56-4.59; P trend < 0.01 and OR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.58-1.40; P trend = 0.98, respectively; P heterogeneity < 0.01). Associations did not vary by age, postmenopausal hormone therapy use, histotype, or time between blood draw and diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS We found a trend between higher prolactin levels and increased ovarian cancer risk, especially among women with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. IMPACT This work supports a previous study linking higher prolactin with ovarian carcinogenesis in a high adiposity setting. Future work is needed to understand the mechanism underlying this association.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan S Rice
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary K Townsend
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Alan A Arslan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York.,Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York.,NYU Perlmutter Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Julie E Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annika Idahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - I-Min Lee
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eva A Lundin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Patrick M Sluss
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York.,NYU Perlmutter Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida. .,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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5
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Ramos-Martinez E, Ramos-Martínez I, Molina-Salinas G, Zepeda-Ruiz WA, Cerbon M. The role of prolactin in central nervous system inflammation. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:323-340. [PMID: 33661585 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin has been shown to favor both the activation and suppression of the microglia and astrocytes, as well as the release of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Prolactin has also been associated with neuronal damage in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and in experimental models of these diseases. However, studies show that prolactin has neuroprotective effects in conditions of neuronal damage and inflammation and may be used as neuroprotector factor. In this review, we first discuss general information about prolactin, then we summarize recent findings of prolactin function in inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes and factors involved in the possible dual role of prolactin are described. Finally, we review the function of prolactin specifically in the central nervous system and how it promotes a neuroprotective effect, or that of neuronal damage, particularly in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and during excitotoxicity. The overall studies indicated that prolactin may be a promising molecule for the treatment of some neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ramos-Martinez
- Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca68120, Mexico
- Instituto de Cómputo Aplicado en Ciencias, Oaxaca68000, Mexico
| | - Ivan Ramos-Martínez
- Glycobiology, Cell Growth and Tissue Repair Research Unit (Gly-CRRET), Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), 94010Créteil, France
| | - Gladys Molina-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510Coyoacan, Mexico
| | - Wendy A Zepeda-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510Coyoacan, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbon
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510Coyoacan, Mexico
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6
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Ortiz G, Ledesma-Colunga MG, Wu Z, García-Rodrigo JF, Adan N, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C. Vasoinhibin reduces joint inflammation, bone loss, and the angiogenesis and vasopermeability of the pannus in murine antigen-induced arthritis. J Transl Med 2020; 100:1068-1079. [PMID: 32341517 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased permeability and growth (angiogenesis) of blood vessels play a key role in joint swelling and pannus formation in inflammatory arthritis, a family of diseases influenced by reproductive hormones. The hormone prolactin (PRL) protects against joint inflammation, pannus formation, and bone destruction in adjuvant-induced arthritis and these effects may involve its proteolytic conversion to vasoinhibin, a PRL fragment that inhibits angiogenesis and vasopermeability. Here, we show that the intra-articular injection of an adeno-associated virus type-2 (AAV2) vector encoding vasoinhibin reduced joint inflammation, the hyperplasia, vascular density, and vasopermeability of the pannus, and the loss of bone in mice subjected to antigen-induced arthritis. In agreement, the AAV2 vasoinhibin vector reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6), an endothelial cell marker (platelet endothelial cell-adhesion molecule 1), and proangiogenic molecules [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α] in the arthritic joint. Also, vasoinhibin reduced the synovial vasopermeability induced by the intra-articular injection of VEGF in healthy mice. Finally, vasoinhibin signals by blocking the phosphorylation/activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) at Ser1179 and the AAV2 vasoinhibin vector inhibited the enhanced phosphorylation of eNOS Ser1179 in the arthritic joint. We conclude that vasoinhibin reduces joint inflammation and bone loss in arthritis by inhibiting pannus angiogenesis and vasopermeability via the blockage of VEGF-induced eNOS activation. These findings suggest the potential therapeutic benefit of AAV2-mediated vasoinhibin gene delivery in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Ortiz
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Maria G Ledesma-Colunga
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Zhijian Wu
- Ocular Gene Therapy Laboratory, Neurobiology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jose F García-Rodrigo
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Norma Adan
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | | | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México.
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7
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Ochoa-Amaya JE, Queiroz-Hazarbassanov N, Namazu LB, Calefi AS, Tobaruela CN, Margatho R, Palermo-Neto J, Ligeiro de Oliveira AP, Felicio LF. Short-Term Hyperprolactinemia Reduces the Expression of Purinergic P2X7 Receptors during Allergic Inflammatory Response of the Lungs. Neuroimmunomodulation 2018; 25:34-41. [PMID: 29874677 DOI: 10.1159/000489312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously shown that domperidone-induced short-term hyperprolactinemia reduces the lung's allergic inflammatory response in an ovalbumin antigenic challenge model. Since purinergic receptor P2X7R activity leads to proinflammatory cytokine release and is possibly related to the pathogenesis of allergic respiratory conditions, the present study was designed to investigate a possible involvement of purinergic and prolactin receptors in this phenomenon. METHODS To induce hyperprolactinemia, domperidone was injected intraperitoneally in rats at a dose of 5.1 mg × kg-1 per day for 5 days. P2X7 expression was evaluated by lung immunohistochemistry while prolactin receptor expression in bronchoalveolar lavage leukocytes was analyzed through flow cytometry. RESULTS Previous reports demonstrated that rats subjected to short-term hyperprolactinemia exhibited a decrease in leukocyte counts in bronchoalveolar lavage, especially granulocytes. Here, it is revealed that hyperprolactinemia promotes an increased expression of prolactin receptors in granulocytes. Also, increased expression of purinergic P2X7R observed in allergic animals was significantly reduced by hyperprolactinemia. CONCLUSIONS Both purinergic and prolactin receptor expression changes occur during the anti-asthmatic effect of hyperprolactinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta E Ochoa-Amaya
- Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Programa de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | | | - Lilian B Namazu
- Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Atilio S Calefi
- Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla N Tobaruela
- Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Margatho
- Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Palermo-Neto
- Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P Ligeiro de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano F Felicio
- Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Tang MW, Garcia S, Malvar Fernandez B, Gerlag DM, Tak PP, Reedquist KA. Rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis synovial fluids stimulate prolactin production by macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2017. [PMID: 28642278 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0317-115rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a neuroendocrine hormone that can promote inflammation. We examined the synovial tissue and fluid levels of PRL in patients with inflammatory arthritis, PRL expression in differentiated Mϕs from patients with arthritis and from healthy donors, and the effects of different stimuli on PRL production by Mϕs. PRL levels were measured in paired synovial fluid (SF) and peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 19), psoriatic arthritis (PsA, n = 11), and gout (n = 11). Synovial-tissue PRL mRNA expression was measured by quantitative PCR in patients with RA (n = 25), PsA (n = 11), and gout (n = 12) and in Mϕs differentiated in SF of patients with RA, PsA, other subtypes of spondyloarthritis (SpA), and gout. Synovial-tissue PRL mRNA expression correlated significantly with clinical disease parameters in patients with RA and PsA, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, r = 0.424; P = 0.049) and disease activity score evaluated in 28 joints (DAS28, r = 0.729; P = 0.017). Synovial-tissue PRL expression was similar in RA, PsA, and gout. PRL mRNA expression was detected in monocyte-derived Mϕs from patients with RA and was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) in Mϕs differentiated in pooled SF from patients with RA and PsA compared with SpA or gout. PRL production by Mϕ differentiation in the SF from patients with RA was not further regulated by stimulation with CD40L, IgG, LPS, or TNF. PRL is produced locally in the synovium of patients with inflammatory arthritis. The production of PRL by Mϕs was increased by unknown components of RA and PsA SF, where it could contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wai Tang
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; .,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Garcia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Malvar Fernandez
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle M Gerlag
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul-Peter Tak
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; and.,Department of Rheumatology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kris A Reedquist
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Ledesma-Colunga MG, Adán N, Ortiz G, Solís-Gutiérrez M, López-Barrera F, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C. Prolactin blocks the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and reduces osteoclastogenesis and bone loss in murine inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:93. [PMID: 28506283 PMCID: PMC5433139 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolactin (PRL) reduces joint inflammation, pannus formation, and bone destruction in rats with polyarticular adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). Here, we investigate the mechanism of PRL protection against bone loss in AIA and in monoarticular AIA (MAIA). Methods Joint inflammation, trabecular bone loss, and osteoclastogenesis were evaluated in rats with AIA treated with PRL (via osmotic minipumps) and in mice with MAIA that were null (Prlr-/-) or not (Prlr+/+) for the PRL receptor. To help define target cells, synovial fibroblasts from Prlr+/+ mice were treated or not with proinflammatory cytokines ((Cyt), including TNFα, IL-1β, and interferon (IFN)γ) with or without PRL, and these synovial cells were co-cultured or not with bone marrow osteoclast progenitors from Prlr+/+ or Prlr-/- mice. Results In AIA, PRL treatment reduced joint swelling, increased trabecular bone area, lowered osteoclast density, and reduced mRNA levels of osteoclast-associated genes (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Trap)), cathepsin K (Ctsk), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Mmp9), and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB or RANK (Tnfrsf11a)), of genes encoding cytokines with osteoclastogenic activity (Tnfa, Il1b, Il6, and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand or RANKL (Tnfrsf11)), and of genes encoding for transcription factors and cytokines related to T helper (Th)17 cells (Rora, Rorc, Il17a, Il21, Il22) and to regulatory T cells (Foxp3, Ebi3, Il12a, Tgfb1, Il10). Prlr-/- mice with MAIA showed enhanced joint swelling, reduced trabecular bone area, increased osteoclast density, and elevated expression of Tnfa, Il1b, Il6, Trap, Tnfrsf11a, Tnfrsf11, Il17a, Il21, Il22, 1 l23, Foxp3, and Il10. The expression of the long PRL receptor form increased in arthritic joints, and in synovial membranes and cultured synovial fibroblasts treated with Cyt. PRL induced the phosphorylation/activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) and inhibited the Cyt-induced expression of Il1b, Il6, and Tnfrsf11 in synovial fibroblast cultures. The STAT3 inhibitor S31-201 blocked inhibition of Tnfrsf11 by PRL. Finally, PRL acted on both synovial fibroblasts and osteoclast precursor cells to downregulate Cyt-induced osteoclast differentiation. Conclusion PRL protects against osteoclastogenesis and bone loss in inflammatory arthritis by inhibiting cytokine-induced expression of RANKL in joints and synovial fibroblasts via its canonical STAT3 signaling pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1290-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Ledesma-Colunga
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Norma Adán
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Georgina Ortiz
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Mariana Solís-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Fernando López-Barrera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Gonzalo Martínez de la Escalera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México.
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Thébault S. Potential mechanisms behind the antioxidant actions of prolactin in the retina. Exp Eye Res 2017; 160:56-61. [PMID: 28456446 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Causes for age-related retinal diseases are numerous and complex, and they are intertwined with the natural vision decline that accompanies aging. The elucidation of endogenous mechanisms that help maintain retinal function under conditions that are threatening for the eye and happen during natural aging is therefore critical in developing new prevention and therapeutic strategies against age-related retinal degeneration. Our lab recently reported that the hormone of lactation, prolactin, helps the retinal pigment epithelium to survive via antioxidant actions that result in the inhibition of sirtuin2-dependent cell death (EbioMedicine issue of May). The mechanism behind the antioxidant activity of prolactin remains elusive. The main purposes of my commentary are to discuss mechanisms that could explain this effect in the context of previously identified defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and focus particularly on the potential regulation of reduced glutathione levels by prolactin. I also briefly comment on how our study contributes to cell biology, which as the foundational science for understanding neurodegeneration, may accelerate progress in disease prevention and cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Thébault
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico.
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11
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Ronchetti SA, Machiavelli LI, Quinteros FA, Duvilanski BH, Cabilla JP. Nitric Oxide Plays a Key Role in Ovariectomy-Induced Apoptosis in Anterior Pituitary: Interplay between Nitric Oxide Pathway and Estrogen. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162455. [PMID: 27611913 PMCID: PMC5017659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the estrogenic status produce deep changes in pituitary physiology, mainly because estrogens (E2) are one of the main regulators of pituitary cell population. Also, E2 negatively regulate pituitary neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity and expression and may thereby modulate the production of nitric oxide (NO), an important regulator of cell death and survival. Little is known about how ovary ablation affects anterior pituitary cell remodelling and molecular mechanisms that regulate this process have not yet been elucidated. In this work we used freshly dispersed anterior pituitaries as well as cell cultures from ovariectomized female rats in order to study whether E2 deficiency induces apoptosis in the anterior pituitary cells, the role of NO in this process and effects of E2 on the NO pathway. Our results showed that cell activity gradually decreases after ovariectomy (OVX) as a consequence of cell death, which is completely prevented by a pan-caspase inhibitor. Furthermore, there is an increase of fragmented nuclei and DNA cleavage thereby presenting the first direct evidence of the existence of apoptosis in the anterior pituitary gland after OVX. NO production and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) expression in anterior pituitary cells increased concomitantly to the apoptosis. Inhibition of both, NO synthase (NOS) and sGC activities prevented the drop of cell viability after OVX, showing for the first time that increased NO levels and sGC activity observed post-OVX play a key role in the induction of apoptosis. Conversely, E2 and prolactin treatments decreased nNOS expression and activity in pituitary cells from OVX rats in a time- and E2 receptor-dependent manner, thus suggesting interplay between NO and E2 pathways in anterior pituitary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A. Ronchetti
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED) UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leticia I. Machiavelli
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda A. Quinteros
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz H. Duvilanski
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED) UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena P. Cabilla
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED) UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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12
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Clapp C, Adán N, Ledesma-Colunga MG, Solís-Gutiérrez M, Triebel J, Martínez de la Escalera G. The role of the prolactin/vasoinhibin axis in rheumatoid arthritis: an integrative overview. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2929-48. [PMID: 27026299 PMCID: PMC11108309 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease destroying articular cartilage and bone. The female preponderance and the influence of reproductive states in RA have long linked this disease to sexually dimorphic, reproductive hormones such as prolactin (PRL). PRL has immune-enhancing properties and increases in the circulation of some patients with RA. However, PRL also suppresses the immune system, stimulates the formation and survival of joint tissues, acquires antiangiogenic properties upon its cleavage to vasoinhibins, and protects against joint destruction and inflammation in the adjuvant-induced model of RA. This review addresses risk factors for RA linked to PRL, the effects of PRL and vasoinhibins on joint tissues, blood vessels, and immune cells, and the clinical and experimental data associating PRL with RA. This information provides important insights into the pathophysiology of RA and highlights protective actions of the PRL/vasoinhibin axis that could lead to therapeutic benefits.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/immunology
- Animals
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/epidemiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology
- Cartilage, Articular/blood supply
- Cartilage, Articular/immunology
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cartilage, Articular/physiopathology
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunity, Cellular
- Inflammation/epidemiology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Joints/blood supply
- Joints/immunology
- Joints/pathology
- Joints/physiopathology
- Male
- Prolactin/immunology
- Reproduction
- Sex Factors
- Stress, Physiological
- Stress, Psychological
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Norma Adán
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - María G Ledesma-Colunga
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mariana Solís-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Jakob Triebel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Martínez de la Escalera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
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13
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López-Rincón G, Mancilla R, Pereira-Suárez AL, Martínez-Neri PA, Ochoa-Zarzosa A, Muñoz-Valle JF, Estrada-Chávez C. Expression of autocrine prolactin and the short isoform of prolactin receptor are associated with inflammatory response and apoptosis in monocytes stimulated with Mycobacterium bovis proteins. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:517-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Martínez-Neri PA, López-Rincón G, Mancilla-Jiménez R, del Toro-Arreola S, Muñoz-Valle JF, Fafutis-Morris M, Bueno-Topete MR, Estrada-Chávez C, Pereira-Suárez AL. Prolactin modulates cytokine production induced by culture filtrate proteins of M. bovis through different signaling mechanisms in THP1 cells. Cytokine 2015; 71:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Zamorano M, Ledesma-Colunga MG, Adán N, Vera-Massieu C, Lemini M, Méndez I, Moreno-Carranza B, Neumann ID, Thebault S, Martínez de la Escalera G, Torner L, Clapp C. Prolactin-derived vasoinhibins increase anxiety- and depression-related behaviors. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 44:123-32. [PMID: 24767626 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hormone prolactin (PRL) regulates neuroendocrine and emotional stress responses. It is found in the hypothalamus, where the protein is partially cleaved to vasoinhibins, a family of N-terminal antiangiogenic PRL fragments ranging from 14 to 18kDa molecular masses, with unknown effects on the stress response. Here, we show that the intracerebroventricular administration of a recombinant vasoinhibin, containing the first 123 amino acids of human PRL that correspond to a 14kDa PRL, exerts anxiogenic and depressive-like effects detected in the elevated plus-maze, the open field, and the forced swimming tests. To investigate whether stressor exposure affects the generation of vasoinhibins in the hypothalamus, the concentrations of PRL mRNA, PRL, and vasoinhibins were evaluated in hypothalamic extracts of virgin female rats immobilized for 30min at different time points after stress onset. The hypothalamic levels of PRL mRNA and protein were higher at 60min but declined at 360min to levels seen in non-stressed animals. The elevation of hypothalamic PRL did not correlate with the stress-induced increase in circulating PRL levels, nor was it modified by blocking adenohypophyseal PRL secretion with bromocriptine. A vasoinhibin having an electrophoretic migration rate corresponding to 17kDa was detected in the hypothalamus. Despite the elevation in hypothalamic PRL, the levels of this hypothalamic vasoinhibin were similar in stressed and non-stressed rats. Stress reduced the rate of cleavage of PRL to this vasoinhibin as shown by the incubation of recombinant PRL with hypothalamic extracts from stressed rats. These results suggest that vasoinhibins are potent anxiogenic and depressive factors and that stress increases PRL levels in the hypothalamus partly by reducing its conversion to vasoinhibins. The reciprocal interplay between PRL and vasoinhibins may represent an effective mechanism to regulate anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Zamorano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Maria G Ledesma-Colunga
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Norma Adán
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Camila Vera-Massieu
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Maria Lemini
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Isabel Méndez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Moreno-Carranza
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Inga D Neumann
- Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Thebault
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | - Luz Torner
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico.
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16
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The hormone prolactin is a novel, endogenous trophic factor able to regulate reactive glia and to limit retinal degeneration. J Neurosci 2014; 34:1868-78. [PMID: 24478366 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2452-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration is characterized by the progressive destruction of retinal cells, causing the deterioration and eventual loss of vision. We explored whether the hormone prolactin provides trophic support to retinal cells, thus protecting the retina from degenerative pressure. Inducing hyperprolactinemia limited photoreceptor apoptosis, gliosis, and changes in neurotrophin expression, and it preserved the photoresponse in the phototoxicity model of retinal degeneration, in which continuous exposure of rats to bright light leads to retinal cell death and retinal dysfunction. In this model, the expression levels of prolactin receptors in the retina were upregulated. Moreover, retinas from prolactin receptor-deficient mice exhibited photoresponsive dysfunction and gliosis that correlated with decreased levels of retinal bFGF, GDNF, and BDNF. Collectively, these data unveiled prolactin as a retinal trophic factor that may regulate glial-neuronal cell interactions and is a potential therapeutic molecule against retinal degeneration.
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17
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López-Rincón G, Gutiérrez-Pabello JÁ, Díaz-Otero F, Muñoz-Valle JF, Pereira-Suárez AL, Estrada-Chávez C. Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle induces differential expression of prolactin receptor isoforms in macrophages. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:619-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Adán N, Guzmán-Morales J, Ledesma-Colunga MG, Perales-Canales SI, Quintanar-Stéphano A, López-Barrera F, Méndez I, Moreno-Carranza B, Triebel J, Binart N, Martínez de la Escalera G, Thebault S, Clapp C. Prolactin promotes cartilage survival and attenuates inflammation in inflammatory arthritis. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3902-13. [PMID: 23908112 DOI: 10.1172/jci69485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes are the only cells in cartilage, and their death by apoptosis contributes to cartilage loss in inflammatory joint diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A putative therapeutic intervention for RA is the inhibition of apoptosis-mediated cartilage degradation. The hormone prolactin (PRL) frequently increases in the circulation of patients with RA, but the role of hyperprolactinemia in disease activity is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that PRL inhibits the apoptosis of cultured chondrocytes in response to a mixture of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) by preventing the induction of p53 and decreasing the BAX/BCL-2 ratio through a NO-independent, JAK2/STAT3-dependent pathway. Local treatment with PRL or increasing PRL circulating levels also prevented chondrocyte apoptosis evoked by injecting cytokines into the knee joints of rats, whereas the proapoptotic effect of cytokines was enhanced in PRL receptor-null (Prlr(-/-)) mice. Moreover, eliciting hyperprolactinemia in rats before or after inducing the adjuvant model of inflammatory arthritis reduced chondrocyte apoptosis, proinflammatory cytokine expression, pannus formation, bone erosion, joint swelling, and pain. These results reveal the protective effect of PRL against inflammation-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and the therapeutic potential of hyperprolactinemia to reduce permanent joint damage and inflammation in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Adán
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
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19
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López-Rincón G, Pereira-Suárez AL, Del Toro-Arreola S, Sánchez-Hernández PE, Ochoa-Zarzosa A, Muñoz-Valle JF, Estrada-Chávez C. Lipopolysaccharide induces the expression of an autocrine prolactin loop enhancing inflammatory response in monocytes. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2013; 10:24. [PMID: 23731754 PMCID: PMC3716533 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Prolactin from pituitary gland helps maintain homeostasis but it is also released in immune cells where its function is not completely understood. Pleiotropic functions of prolactin (PRL) might be mediated by different isoforms of its receptor (PRLr). Methods The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the eventual synthesis of PRL and PRLr isoforms with the inflammatory response in monocytes. We used THP-1 and monocytes isolated from healthy subjects stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Western blot, real time PCR and immunocytochemistry were performed to identify both molecules. The bioactivity of the PRL was assessed using a bioassay and ELISA to detect pro inflammatory cytokines. Results PRLr mRNA and PRL mRNA were synthesized in THP-1 monocytes activated with LPS with peaks of 300-fold and 130-fold, respectively. The long (100 kDa) and the intermediate (50 kDa) isoforms of PRLr and big PRL (60 kDa) were time-dependent upregulated for monocytes stimulated with LPS. This expression was confirmed in monocytes from healthy subjects. The PRLr intermediate isoform and the big PRL were found soluble in the culture media and later in the nucleus in THP-1 monocytes stimulated with LPS. Big PRL released by monocytes showed bioactivity in Nb2 Cells, and both PRL and PRLr, synthesized by monocytes were related with levels of nitrites and proinflammatory citokines. Conclusions Our results suggest the expression of a full-autocrine loop of PRL enhances the inflammatory response in activated monocytes. This response mediated by big PRL may contribute to the eradication of potential pathogens during innate immune response in monocytes but may also contribute to inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo López-Rincón
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A,C, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270, México.
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Yeh YT, Lee KT, Tsai CJ, Chen YJ, Wang SN. Prolactin promotes hepatocellular carcinoma through Janus kinase 2. World J Surg 2012; 36:1128-1135. [PMID: 22392353 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-012-1505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one human cancer with obvious gender disparity. This study investigated the association of aberrant prolactin levels with HCC risk and the potential impacts on HCC of the prolactin receptor (PRLR)/Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) signaling. METHODS Serum prolactin of 63 HCC patients and 162 subjects without HCC was measured by radioimmunoassay. The expressions of PRLR and phosphorylated JAK2 (p-JAK2) in 82 retrospectively collected HCC specimens were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and further incorporated into the survival analysis. The immunoblotting and proliferation assays were used to analyze the effects of PRLR/JAK2 signaling on liver cancer cells with prolactin treatment. RESULTS Serum prolactin level was significantly higher in HCC patients than in controls. Hepatocellular carcinoma patients with high p-JAK2 expression had a significantly higher postoperative risk than those with low p-JAK2 expression. Moreover, results from the multivariate analysis indicated the prognostic role of p-JAK2 expression with respect to overall survival in HCC patients. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that high p-JAK2 expression was associated with poor survival in HCC patients with high PRLR expression. The immunoblotting assay showed that prolactin induced the expression of both p-JAK2 and cyclin D1 in Hep-G2 cells. Importantly, the proliferative effects induced by prolactin could be effectively attenuated by adding AG490, a JAK2 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Increased circulating prolactin was found in HCC patients and high p-JAK2 expression could predict poor overall survival in those patients expressing high PRLR. In addition, prolactin contributed to the proliferation of liver cancer cells through PRLR/JAK2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Tsung Yeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - King-Teh Lee
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jie Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Nien Wang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tzyou 1st Rd., Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Vega C, Moreno-Carranza B, Zamorano M, Quintanar-Stéphano A, Méndez I, Thebault S, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C. Prolactin promotes oxytocin and vasopressin release by activating neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R1701-8. [PMID: 20943859 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00575.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) stimulates the secretion of oxytocin (OXT) and arginine AVP as part of the maternal adaptations facilitating parturition and lactation. Both neurohormones are under the regulation of nitric oxide. Here, we investigate whether the activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system mediates the effect of PRL on OXT and AVP release and whether these effects operate in males. Plasma levels of OXT and AVP were measured in male rats after the intracerebroventricular injection of PRL or after inducing hyperprolactinemia by placing two anterior pituitary glands under the kidney capsule. NOS activity was evaluated in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) hypothalamic nuclei by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and in hypothalamic extracts by the phosphorylation/inactivation of nNOS at Ser847. Elevated central and systemic PRL correlated with increased NOS activity in the PVN and SON and with higher OXT and AVP circulating levels. Notably, treatment with 7-nitroindazole, a selective inhibitor of nNOS, prevented PRL-induced stimulation of the release of both neurohormones. Also, phosphorylation of nNOS was reduced in hyperprolactinemic rats, and treatment with bromocriptine, an inhibitor of anterior pituitary PRL secretion, suppressed this effect. These findings suggest that PRL enhances nNOS activity in the PVN and SON, thereby contributing to the regulation of OXT and AVP release. This mechanism likely contributes to the regulation of processes beyond those of female reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vega
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Bibiana Moreno-Carranza
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Miriam Zamorano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Isabel Méndez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
- Departamento de Biología Reproductiva, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Stéphanie Thebault
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
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Levina VV, Nolen B, Su Y, Godwin AK, Fishman D, Liu J, Mor G, Maxwell LG, Herberman RB, Szczepanski MJ, Szajnik ME, Gorelik E, Lokshin AE. Biological significance of prolactin in gynecologic cancers. Cancer Res 2009; 69:5226-33. [PMID: 19491263 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that prolactin (PRL), a hormone/cytokine, plays a role in breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers via local production or accumulation. Elevated levels of serum PRL in ovarian and endometrial cancers have been reported, indicating a potential role for PRL in endometrial and ovarian carcinogenesis. In this study, we show that serum PRL levels are significantly elevated in women with a strong family history of ovarian cancer. We show dramatically increased expression of PRL receptor in ovarian and endometrial tumors as well as in endometrial hyperplasia, signifying the importance of PRL signaling in malignant and premalignant conditions. PRL mRNA was expressed in ovarian and endometrial tumors, indicating the presence of an autocrine loop. PRL potently induced proliferation in several ovarian and endometrial cancer cell lines. Binding of PRL to its receptor was followed by rapid phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase 1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, CREB, ATF-2, and p53 and activation of 37 transcription factors in ovarian and endometrial carcinoma cells. PRL also activated Ras oncogene in these cells. When human immortalized normal ovarian epithelial cells were chronically exposed to PRL, a malignant transformation occurred manifested by the acquired ability of transformed cells to form clones, grow in soft agar, and form tumors in severe combined immunodeficient-beige mice. Transformation efficiency was diminished by a Ras inhibitor, providing proof that PRL-induced transformation uses the Ras pathway. In summary, we present findings that indicate an important role for PRL in ovarian and endometrial tumorigenesis. PRL may represent a risk factor for ovarian and endometrial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera V Levina
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Prolactin stimulates the internalization of Staphylococcus aureus and modulates the expression of inflammatory response genes in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 121:113-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Clapp C, Thebault S, Martínez de la Escalera G. Hormones and postpartum cardiomyopathy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007; 18:329-30. [PMID: 17764970 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin, a hormone fundamental for lactation, was recently shown to mediate postpartum cardiomyopathy, a life-threatening disease in late-term and lactating mothers. The detrimental effect of prolactin results from myocardial upregulation of cathepsin-D, which in turn cleaves prolactin to a 16 kDa fragment (vasoinhibin) with anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic properties that impair developing cardiac vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro, México.
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25
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Montes de Oca P, Macotela Y, Nava G, López-Barrera F, de la Escalera GM, Clapp C. Prolactin stimulates integrin-mediated adhesion of circulating mononuclear cells to endothelial cells. J Transl Med 2005; 85:633-42. [PMID: 15753953 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment of leukocytes to endothelial cells is an essential step for the extravasation and recruitment of cells at sites of inflammation. The pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) is involved in the inflammatory process. Here, we show that treatment with PRL of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulates their adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) activated by interleukin-1beta. Stimulation of adhesion by PRL is mediated via integrins leukocyte functional antigen-1 (LFA-1) and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), because immunoneutralization of both integrins prevents PRL action. Also, PRL promotes the adhesion of PBMC to immobilized intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and fibronectin, ligands for LFA-1 and VLA-4, respectively. Stimulation of integrin-mediated cell adhesion by PRL may involve the activation of chemokine receptors, because PRL upregulates the expression of the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR3 in PBMC, and pertussis toxin, a specific G-protein inhibitor, blocks PRL stimulation of PBMC adhesion to HUVEC. In addition, PRL stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation pathways leading to leukocyte adhesion. PRL triggered the tyrosine phosphorylation of Janus kinase-2, of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and 5, and of the focal adhesion protein paxillin. Furthermore, genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocked PRL-stimulated adhesion of PBMC and Jurkat T-cells to HUVEC. These results suggest that PRL promotes integrin-mediated leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells via chemokine receptors and tyrosine phosphorylation signaling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Genistein/pharmacology
- Humans
- Integrins/immunology
- Integrins/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Phosphorylation
- Prolactin/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Pável Montes de Oca
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Queretaro, Qro, Mexico
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26
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Abstract
The catabolic state of prolonged critical illness is associated with a low activity of anterior pituitary functions. Before considering endocrine intervention in these conditions, a detailed understanding of the neuroendocrinology of the stress response is warranted. It is now clear that the acute phase and the later phase of critical illness behave differently from an endocrinological point of view. When the disease process becomes prolonged, there is a uniformly-reduced pulsatile secretion of anterior pituitary hormones with proportionally reduced concentrations of peripheral anabolic hormones. Apparently, there is a constant interaction between neuroendocrine and internal immunoregulatory mechanisms that assures the fine tuning of both the neuro-endocrine and the immune system, so that both are able to preserve homeostasis of patients during severe and life-threatening illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gauna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Head of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Corbacho AM, Valacchi G, Kubala L, Olano-Martín E, Schock BC, Kenny TP, Cross CE. Tissue-specific gene expression of prolactin receptor in the acute-phase response induced by lipopolysaccharides. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287:E750-7. [PMID: 15186999 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00522.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute inflammation can elicit a defense reaction known as the acute-phase response (APR) that is crucial for reestablishing homeostasis in the host. The role for prolactin (PRL) as an immunomodulatory factor maintaining homeostasis under conditions of stress has been proposed; however, its function during the APR remains unclear. Previously, it was shown that proinflammatory cytokines characteristic of the APR (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IFNgamma) induced the expression of the PRL receptor (PRLR) by pulmonary fibroblasts in vitro. Here, we investigated the in vivo expression of PRLR during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced APR in various tissues of the mouse. We show that PRLR mRNA and protein levels were downregulated in hepatic tissues after intraperitoneal LPS injection. Downregulation of PRLR in the liver was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. A suppressive effect on mRNA expression was also observed in prostate, seminal vesicle, kidney, heart, and lung tissues. However, PRLR mRNA levels were increased in the thymus, and no changes were observed in the spleen. The proportion of transcripts for the different receptor isoforms (long, S1, S2, and S3) in liver and thymus was not altered by LPS injection. These findings suggest a complex tissue-specific regulation of PRLR expression in the context of the APR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Corbacho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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