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Peixoto C, Joncour A, Temal-Laib T, Tirera A, Dos Santos A, Jary H, Bucher D, Laenen W, Pereira Fernandes A, Lavazais S, Delachaume C, Merciris D, Saccomani C, Drennan M, López-Ramos M, Wakselman E, Dupont S, Borgonovi M, Roca Magadan C, Monjardet A, Brys R, De Vos S, Andrews M, Jimenez JM, Amantini D, Desroy N. Discovery of Clinical Candidate GLPG3970: A Potent and Selective Dual SIK2/SIK3 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5233-5258. [PMID: 38552030 PMCID: PMC11017251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) SIK1, SIK2, and SIK3 belong to the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family of serine/threonine kinases. SIK inhibition represents a new therapeutic approach modulating pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory pathways that holds potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Here, we describe the identification of GLPG3970 (32), a first-in-class dual SIK2/SIK3 inhibitor with selectivity against SIK1 (IC50 of 282.8 nM on SIK1, 7.8 nM on SIK2 and 3.8 nM on SIK3). We outline efforts made to increase selectivity against SIK1 and improve CYP time-dependent inhibition properties through the structure-activity relationship. The dual activity of 32 in modulating the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα and the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 is demonstrated in vitro in human primary myeloid cells and human whole blood, and in vivo in mice stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Compound 32 shows dose-dependent activity in disease-relevant mouse pharmacological models.
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Rodriguez Esquivel M, Hayes E, Lakomy O, Hassan M, Foretz M, Stocco C. Salt-inducible kinases regulate androgen synthesis in theca cells by enhancing CREB signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 577:112030. [PMID: 37499999 PMCID: PMC10592241 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Ovulation is the pinnacle of folliculogenesis, a process that requires an interplay between the oocyte, the granulosa cells, and the theca cells (TCs). TCs are the only source of ovarian androgens, which play a vital role in female fertility. However, abnormally elevated androgen levels reduce fertility. Therefore, uncovering novel mechanisms regulating androgen synthesis in TCs is of great significance. We have shown that salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) regulate granulosa cell steroidogenesis. Here, we investigated whether SIKs regulate androgen production in TCs. SIK2 and SIK3 were detected in the TCs of mouse ovaries and isolated TCs. Next, TCs in culture were treated with luteinizing hormone (LH) in the presence or absence of a highly specific SIK inhibitor. SIK inhibition enhanced the stimulatory effect of LH on steroidogenic gene expression and androgen production in a concentration-dependent manner. SIK inhibition alone stimulated the expression of steroidogenic genes and increased androgen production. Activation of adenylyl cyclase with forskolin or emulation of increased intracellular cyclic AMP levels stimulated steroidogenesis, an effect that was enhanced by the inhibition of SIK activity. The stimulatory effect of downstream targets of cyclic AMP was also significantly augmented by SIK inhibition, suggesting that SIKs control targets downstream cyclic AMP. Finally, it is shown that SIK2 knockout mice have higher circulating testosterone than controls. This evidence shows that TCs express SIKs and reveal novel roles for SIKs in the regulation of TC function and androgen production. This information could contribute to uncovering therapeutic targets to treat hyperandrogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Hayes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Oliwia Lakomy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mariam Hassan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Stocco
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Yu K, Ramkumar N, Wong KKL, Tettweiler G, Verheyen EM. The AMPK-like protein kinases Sik2 and Sik3 interact with Hipk and induce synergistic tumorigenesis in a Drosophila cancer model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1214539. [PMID: 37854071 PMCID: PMC10579798 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1214539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinases (Hipks) regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tissue development. Overexpression of Hipk in Drosophila causes tumorigenic phenotypes in larval imaginal discs. We find that depletion of Salt-inducible kinases Sik2 or Sik3 can suppress Hipk-induced overgrowth. Furthermore, co-expression of constitutively active forms of Sik2 or Sik3 with Hipk caused significant tissue hyperplasia and tissue distortion, indicating that both Sik2 and Sik3 can synergize with Hipk to promote tumorous phenotypes, accompanied by elevated dMyc, Armadillo/β-catenin, and the Yorkie target gene expanded. Larvae expressing these hyperplastic growths also display an extended larval phase, characteristic of other Drosophila tumour models. Examination of total protein levels from fly tissues showed that Hipk proteins were reduced when Siks were depleted through RNAi, suggesting that Siks may regulate Hipk protein stability and/or activity. Conversely, expression of constitutively active Siks with Hipk leads to increased Hipk protein levels. Furthermore, Hipk can interact with Sik2 and Sik3 by co-immunoprecipitation. Co-expression of both proteins leads to a mobility shift of Hipk protein, suggesting it is post-translationally modified. In summary, our research demonstrates a novel function of Siks in synergizing with Hipk to promote tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Niveditha Ramkumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kenneth Kin Lam Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Gritta Tettweiler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Esther M. Verheyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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4
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Shi TS, Li WY, Chen YM, Huang J, Guan W, Xu DW, Jiang B. The antidepressant-like effects of escitalopram in mice require salt-inducible kinase 1 and CREB-regulated transcription co-activator 1 in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Affect Disord 2023; 338:228-238. [PMID: 37257779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1)-CREB-regulated transcription co-activator 1 (CRTC1) system in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus has been demonstrated to participate in not only depression neurobiology but also the antidepressant mechanisms of fluoxetine, paroxetine, venlafaxine, and duloxetine. Like fluoxetine and paroxetine, escitalopram is also a well-known selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). However, recently it has been found that escitalopram can modulate a lot of targets other than the 5-HT system. Here, we speculate that escitalopram produces effects on the SIK1-CRTC1 system in the PVN. METHODS Two mice models of depression (chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)), various behavioral tests, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence, and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer were used together in the present study. RESULTS It was found that escitalopram administration not only significantly prevented the hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis induced by CSDS and CUMS, but also notably reversed the effects of CSDS and CUMS on SIK1, CRTC1, and CRTC1-CREB binding in the PVN of mice. AAV-based genetic knock-down of SIK1 in PVN neurons evidently abolished the antidepressant-like effects of escitalopram in mice. LIMITATION A shortage of this study is that only rodent models of depression were used, while human samples were not included. CONCLUSIONS In summary, regulating the SIK1-CRTC1 system in the PVN participates in the antidepressant mechanism of escitalopram, which extends the knowledge of the pharmacological actions of escitalopram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Shun Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Mei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Da-Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Li Y, Li C, Liu Y, Yu J, Yang J, Cui Y, Wang TV, Li C, Jiang L, Song M, Rao Y. Sleep need, the key regulator of sleep homeostasis, is indicated and controlled by phosphorylation of threonine 221 in salt-inducible kinase 3. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad136. [PMID: 37477881 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep need drives sleep and plays a key role in homeostatic regulation of sleep. So far sleep need can only be inferred by animal behaviors and indicated by electroencephalography (EEG). Here we report that phosphorylation of threonine (T) 221 of the salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) increased the catalytic activity and stability of SIK3. T221 phosphorylation in the mouse brain indicates sleep need: more sleep resulting in less phosphorylation and less sleep more phosphorylation during daily sleep/wake cycle and after sleep deprivation (SD). Sleep need was reduced in SIK3 loss of function (LOF) mutants and by T221 mutation to alanine (T221A). Rebound after SD was also decreased in SIK3 LOF and T221A mutant mice. By contrast, SIK1 and SIK2 do not satisfy criteria to be both an indicator and a controller of sleep need. Our results reveal SIK3-T221 phosphorylation as a chemical modification which indicates and controls sleep need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS (PTN) Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, ZGC Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chengang Li
- Institute of Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, ZGC Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS (PTN) Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, ZGC Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS (PTN) Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingqun Yang
- Institute of Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, ZGC Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yunfeng Cui
- Research Unit of Medical Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tao V Wang
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS (PTN) Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chaoyi Li
- Institute of Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, ZGC Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lifen Jiang
- Institute of Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, ZGC Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Meilin Song
- Institute of Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, ZGC Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yi Rao
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS (PTN) Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, ZGC Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
- Research Unit of Medical Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
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6
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Gonsalez SR, Gomes DS, de Souza AM, Ferrão FM, Vallotton Z, Gogulamudi VR, Lowe J, Casarini DE, Prieto MC, Lara LS. The Triad Na + Activated Na + Channel (Nax)-Salt Inducible KINASE (SIK) and (Na + + K +)-ATPase: Targeting the Villains to Treat Salt Resistant and Sensitive Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097887. [PMID: 37175599 PMCID: PMC10178781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Na+-activated Na+ channel (Nax) and salt-inducible kinase (SIK) are stimulated by increases in local Na+ concentration, affecting (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. To test the hypothesis that the triad Nax/SIK/(Na+ + K+)-ATPase contributes to kidney injury and salt-sensitive hypertension (HTN), uninephrectomized male Wistar rats (200 g; n = 20) were randomly divided into 4 groups based on a salt diet (normal salt diet; NSD-0.5% NaCl-or high-salt diet; HSD-4% NaCl) and subcutaneous administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) or deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA, 8 mg/kg), as follows: Control (CTRL), CTRL-Salt, DOCA, and DOCA-Salt, respectively. After 28 days, the following were measured: kidney function, blood pressure, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and SIK1 kidney activities, and Nax and SIK1 renal expression levels. SIK isoforms in kidneys of CTRL rats were present in the glomerulus and tubular epithelia; they were not altered by HSD and/or HTN. CTRL-Salt rats remained normotensive but presented slight kidney function decay. HSD rats displayed augmentation of the Nax/SIK/(Na+ + K+)-ATPase pathway. HTN, kidney injury, and kidney function decay were present in all DOCA rats; these were aggravated by HSD. DOCA rats presented unaltered (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity, diminished total SIK activity, and augmented SIK1 and Nax content in the kidney cortex. DOCA-Salt rats expressed SIK1 activity and downregulation in (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in the kidney cortex despite augmented Nax content. The data of this study indicate that the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity response to SIK is attenuated in rats under HSD, independent of HTN, as a mechanism contributing to kidney injury and salt-sensitive HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina R Gonsalez
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Dayene S Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-971, Brazil
| | - Alessandro M de Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-971, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Ferrão
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia (NUMPEX-BIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Zoe Vallotton
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Tulane Renal and Hypertension Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Venkateswara R Gogulamudi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Tulane Renal and Hypertension Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jennifer Lowe
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Dulce E Casarini
- Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Nefrologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Minolfa C Prieto
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Tulane Renal and Hypertension Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lucienne S Lara
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-971, Brazil
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7
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Wang Y, Liu L, Gu JH, Wang CN, Guan W, Liu Y, Tang WQ, Ji CH, Chen YM, Huang J, Li WY, Shi TS, Chen WJ, Zhu BL, Jiang B. Salt-inducible kinase 1-CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 signalling in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus plays a role in depression by regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Mol Psychiatry 2022:10.1038/s41380-022-01881-4. [PMID: 36434056 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying the hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during chronic stress is critical for understanding depression and treating depression. The secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is controlled by salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) and CREB-regulated transcription co-activators (CRTCs). We hypothesised that the SIK-CRTC system in the PVN might contribute to the pathogenesis of depression. Thus, the present study employed chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) models of depression, various behavioural tests, virus-mediated gene transfer, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence to investigate this connection. Our results revealed that both CSDS and CUMS induced significant changes in SIK1-CRTC1 signalling in PVN neurons. Both genetic knockdown of SIK1 and genetic overexpression of CRTC1 in the PVN simulated chronic stress, producing a depression-like phenotype in naive mice, and the CRTC1-CREB-CRH pathway mediates the pro-depressant actions induced by SIK1 knockdown in the PVN. In contrast, both genetic overexpression of SIK1 and genetic knockdown of CRTC1 in the PVN protected against CSDS and CUMS, leading to antidepressant-like effects in mice. Moreover, stereotactic infusion of TAT-SIK1 into the PVN also produced beneficial effects against chronic stress. Furthermore, the SIK1-CRTC1 system in the PVN played a role in the antidepressant actions of fluoxetine, paroxetine, venlafaxine, and duloxetine. Collectively, SIK1 and CRTC1 in PVN neurons are closely involved in depression neurobiology, and they could be viable targets for novel antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng-Niu Wang
- Basic Medical Research Centre, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Qian Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Hui Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Mei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian-Shun Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Jia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bao-Lun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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Salt-inducible kinase 1 deficiency promotes vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension via enhancement of yes-associated protein-mediated proliferation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11016. [PMID: 36276742 PMCID: PMC9582722 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial remodeling at an early stage, including excessive proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, is a hallmark of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) have been increasingly reported to play a key role in smooth muscle cell proliferation and phenotype switching, which may be associated with arterial remodeling. However, the potential effects of SIK1 in PAH and the underlying mechanisms have not been explored. The aim of this study was to determine whether reduced expression or inactivation of SIK1 is associated with pulmonary arterial remodeling in PAH and to elucidate whether it is related to the Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP) pathway. Using mouse models of PAH and hypoxia-stimulated hPASMCs, we observed that SIK1 expression was robustly reduced in lung tissues of PAH mice and hPASMCs cultured under hypoxia. In hypoxia-induced PAH mice, pharmacological SIK inhibition or AAV9-mediated specific smooth muscle SIK1 knockdown strongly aggravated pathological changes caused by hypoxia, including right ventricular hypertrophy and small pulmonary arterial remodeling. Meanwhile, in hypoxia-stimulated hPASMCs, SIK1 knockdown or inhibition promoted proliferation and migration under hypoxia, accompanied by decreased phosphorylation and increased nuclear accumulation of YAP, while SIK1 overexpression inhibited hypoxia-induced proliferation, migration and nuclear translocation of YAP in hPASMCs. YAP knockdown attenuated the increase in cell proliferation induced by HG-9-91-01 treatment or SIK1 siRNA transfection under hypoxia in hPASMCs. Here, we identified SIK1 as an antiproliferative factor in hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial remodeling via YAP-mediated mechanisms. These results show that targeting SIK1 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PAH.
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An Epilepsy-Associated Mutation of Salt-Inducible Kinase 1 Increases the Susceptibility to Epileptic Seizures and Interferes with Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Therapy for Infantile Spasms in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147927. [PMID: 35887274 PMCID: PMC9319016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Six mutations in the salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) have been identified in developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE-30) patients, and two of the mutations are nonsense mutations that truncate the C-terminal region of SIK1. In a previous study, we generated SIK1 mutant (SIK1-MT) mice recapitulating the C-terminal truncated mutations using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and found an increase in excitatory synaptic transmission and enhancement of neural excitability in neocortical neurons in SIK1-MT mice. NMDA was injected into SIK1-MT males to induce epileptic seizures in the mice. The severity of the NMDA-induced seizures was estimated by the latency and the number of tail flickering and hyperflexion. Activated brain regions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry against c-fos, Iba1, and GFAP. As another epilepsy model, pentylenetetrazol was injected into the adult SIK1 mutant mice. Seizure susceptibility induced by both NMDA and PTZ was enhanced in SIK1-MT mice. Brain regions including the thalamus and hypothalamus were strongly activated in NMDA-induced seizures. The epilepsy-associated mutation of SIK1 canceled the pharmacological effects of the ACTH treatment on NMDA-induced seizures. These results suggest that SIK1 may be involved in the neuropathological mechanisms of NMDA-induced spasms and the pharmacological mechanism of ACTH treatment.
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Yoon SH, Tang CC, Wein MN. Salt inducible kinases and PTH1R action. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 120:23-45. [PMID: 35953111 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone is a central regulator of calcium homeostasis. PTH protects the organism from hypocalcemia through its actions in bone and kidney. Recent physiologic studies have revealed key target genes for PTH receptor (PTH1R) signaling in these target organs. However, the complete signal transduction cascade used by PTH1R to accomplish these physiologic actions has remained poorly defined. Here we will review recent studies that have defined an important role for salt inducible kinases downstream of PTH1R in bone, cartilage, and kidney. PTH1R signaling inhibits the activity of salt inducible kinases. Therefore, direct SIK inhibitors represent a promising novel strategy to mimic PTH actions using small molecules. Moreover, a detailed understanding of the molecular circuitry used by PTH1R to exert its biologic effects will afford powerful new models to better understand the diverse actions of this important G protein coupled receptor in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Yoon
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cheng-Chia Tang
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Shi X, Yu X, Wang J, Bian S, Li Q, Fu F, Zou X, Zhang L, Bast RC, Lu Z, Guo L, Chen Y, Zhou J. SIK2 promotes ovarian cancer cell motility and metastasis by phosphorylating MYLK. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:2558-2574. [PMID: 35278271 PMCID: PMC9251837 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt‐inducible kinase 2 (SIK2; also known as serine/threonine‐protein kinase SIK2) is overexpressed in several cancers and has been implicated in cancer progression. However, the mechanisms by which SIK2 regulates cancer cell motility, migration and metastasis in ovarian cancer have not been fully discovered. Here, we identify that SIK2 promotes ovarian cancer cell motility, migration and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, SIK2 regulated cancer cell motility and migration by myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle (MYLK)‐meditated phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2 (MYL2). SIK2 directly phosphorylated MYLK at Ser343 and activated its downstream effector MYL2, promoting ovarian cancer cell motility and metastasis. In addition, we found that adipocytes induced SIK2 phosphorylation at Ser358 and MYLK phosphorylation at Ser343, enhancing ovarian cancer cell motility. Moreover, SIK2 protein expression was positively correlated with the expression of MYLK‐pS343 in ovarian cancer cell lines and tissues. The co‐expression of SIK2 and MYLK‐pS343 was associated with reduced median overall survival in human ovarian cancer samples. Taken together, SIK2 positively regulates ovarian cancer motility, migration and metastasis, suggesting that SIK2 is a potential candidate for ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center of Obstetrics and Gynecology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Yu
- Department of Imaging Department The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Shimin Bian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiutong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengqing Fu
- Clinical Research Center of Obstetrics and Gynecology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinwei Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Robert C. Bast
- Department of Imaging Department The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Imaging Department The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingchuan Guo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas USA
| | - Youguo Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center of Obstetrics and Gynecology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center of Obstetrics and Gynecology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology Soochow University Suzhou People’s Republic of China
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Armouti M, Rodriguez-Esquivel M, Stocco C. Mechanism of negative modulation of FSH signaling by salt-inducible kinases in rat granulosa cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1026358. [PMID: 36246922 PMCID: PMC9556844 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1026358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal development of preovulatory follicles needs follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Recent findings revealed that salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) inhibit FSH actions in humans and rodents. This report seeks to increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlled by SIKs that participate in the inhibition of FSH actions in primary rat granulosa cells (GCs). The results showed that FSH causes a transient induction of Sik1 mRNA. In contrast, SIK inhibition had no effects on FSH receptor expression. Next, we determined whether SIK inhibition enhances the effect of several sequential direct activators of the FSH signaling pathway. The findings revealed that SIK inhibition stimulates the induction of steroidogenic genes by forskolin, cAMP, protein kinase A (PKA), and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB). Strikingly, FSH stimulation of CREB and AKT phosphorylation was not affected by SIK inhibition. Therefore, we analyzed the expression and activation of putative CREB cofactors and demonstrated that GCs express CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivators (CRTC2) and that FSH treatment and SIK inhibition increase the nuclear expression of this factor. We concluded that SIKs target the FSH pathway by affecting factors located between cAMP/PKA and CREB and propose that SIKs control the activity of CRTC2 in ovarian GCs. The findings demonstrate for the first time that SIKs blunt the response of GCs to FSH, cAMP, PKA, and CREB, providing further evidence for a crucial role for SIKs in regulating ovarian function and female fertility.
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Salt inducible kinases 2 and 3 are required for thymic T cell development. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21550. [PMID: 34732767 PMCID: PMC8566462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt Inducible Kinases (SIKs), of which there are 3 isoforms, are established to play roles in innate immunity, metabolic control and neuronal function, but their role in adaptive immunity is unknown. To address this gap, we used a combination of SIK knockout and kinase-inactive knock-in mice. The combined loss of SIK1 and SIK2 activity did not block T cell development. Conditional knockout of SIK3 in haemopoietic cells, driven by a Vav-iCre transgene, resulted in a moderate reduction in the numbers of peripheral T cells, but normal B cell numbers. Constitutive knockout of SIK2 combined with conditional knockout of SIK3 in the haemopoietic cells resulted in a severe reduction in peripheral T cells without reducing B cell number. A similar effect was seen when SIK3 deletion was driven via CD4-Cre transgene to delete at the DP stage of T cell development. Analysis of the SIK2/3 Vav-iCre mice showed that thymocyte number was greatly reduced, but development was not blocked completely as indicated by the presence of low numbers CD4 and CD8 single positive cells. SIK2 and SIK3 were not required for rearrangement of the TCRβ locus, or for low level cell surface expression of the TCR complex on the surface of CD4/CD8 double positive thymocytes. In the absence of both SIK2 and SIK3, progression to mature single positive cells was greatly reduced, suggesting a defect in negative and/or positive selection in the thymus. In agreement with an effect on negative selection, increased apoptosis was seen in thymic TCRbeta high/CD5 positive cells from SIK2/3 knockout mice. Together, these results show an important role for SIK2 and SIK3 in thymic T cell development.
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Medina CB, Chiu YH, Stremska ME, Lucas CD, Poon I, Tung KS, Elliott MR, Desai B, Lorenz UM, Bayliss DA, Ravichandran KS. Pannexin 1 channels facilitate communication between T cells to restrict the severity of airway inflammation. Immunity 2021; 54:1715-1727.e7. [PMID: 34283971 PMCID: PMC8363584 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Allergic airway inflammation is driven by type-2 CD4+ T cell inflammatory responses. We uncover an immunoregulatory role for the nucleotide release channel, Panx1, in T cell crosstalk during airway disease. Inverse correlations between Panx1 and asthmatics and our mouse models revealed the necessity, specificity, and sufficiency of Panx1 in T cells to restrict inflammation. Global Panx1-/- mice experienced exacerbated airway inflammation, and T-cell-specific deletion phenocopied Panx1-/- mice. A transgenic designed to re-express Panx1 in T cells reversed disease severity in global Panx1-/- mice. Panx1 activation occurred in pro-inflammatory T effector (Teff) and inhibitory T regulatory (Treg) cells and mediated the extracellular-nucleotide-based Treg-Teff crosstalk required for suppression of Teff cell proliferation. Mechanistic studies identified a Salt-inducible kinase-dependent phosphorylation of Panx1 serine 205 important for channel activation. A genetically targeted mouse expressing non-phosphorylatable Panx1S205A phenocopied the exacerbated inflammation in Panx1-/- mice. These data identify Panx1-dependent Treg:Teff cell communication in restricting airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Medina
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yu-Hsin Chiu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30071, Taiwan
| | - Marta E Stremska
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Christopher D Lucas
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ivan Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Kenneth S Tung
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Michael R Elliott
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Bimal Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ulrike M Lorenz
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Douglas A Bayliss
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; VIB/UGent Inflammation Research Centre and the Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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António T, Cosme D, Igreja B, Fraga S, Serrão MP, Pires NM, Soares-da-Silva P. The role of salt-inducible kinases on the modulation of renal and intestinal Na +,K +-ATPase activity during short- and long-term high-salt intake. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 904:174153. [PMID: 33989615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 salt-inducible kinases (SIK1) has been shown to act as a mediator during the cellular adaptation to variations in intracellular sodium in a variety of cell types. Type 2 SIK (SIK2) modulates various biological functions and acts as a signal transmitter in various pathways. To evaluate the role of both SIK isoforms in renal and intestinal Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) activity, we made use of constitutive sik1-/- (SIK1-KO), sik2-/- (SIK2-KO), double sik1-/-sik2-/- (double SIK1*2-KO) knockout and wild-type (WT) mice challenged to a standard (0.3% NaCl) or chronic high-salt (HS, 8% NaCl) diet intake for 48 h or 12 weeks. Long-term HS intake in WT was accompanied by 2-fold increase in jejunal NKA activity and slight (~30% reduction) decreases in NKA in the ileum and cecum; none of these changes was accompanied by changes in the expression of α1-NKA. The ablation of SIK1 and SIK2 prevented the marked increase in jejunal NKA activity following the long-term HS intake. The ablation of SIK1 and SIK2 in mice on a long-term HS intake impacted differently in the ileum and cecum. The most interesting finding is that in SIK2-KO mice marked reductions in NKA activity were observed in the ileum and cecum when compared to WT mice, both on normal and long-term HS intake. In summary, SIK1 or SIK2 ablation on chronic high-salt intake is accompanied by modulation of NKA along the intestinal tract, which differ from those after an acute high-salt intake, and this may represent an absorptive compensatory mechanism to keep electrolyte homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana António
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; MedInUp - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dina Cosme
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; MedInUp - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Igreja
- Division of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & C(a), S.A, 4745-457, Coronado, Portugal
| | - Sónia Fraga
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; MedInUp - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula Serrão
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; MedInUp - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno M Pires
- Division of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & C(a), S.A, 4745-457, Coronado, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; MedInUp - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; Division of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & C(a), S.A, 4745-457, Coronado, Portugal.
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The Small-Molecule Inhibitor MRIA9 Reveals Novel Insights into the Cell Cycle Roles of SIK2 in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153658. [PMID: 34359562 PMCID: PMC8345098 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current standard therapy of ovarian cancers comprises a reductive surgery followed by a combination of taxane-platinum-based primary chemotherapy. However, despite an initial positive response, patients in the advanced stage showed relapse within months or even weeks. Thus, there is a need to find combinatorial therapies that permit overcoming the paclitaxel-associated resistance in patients. Here, we found that MRIA9, a newly developed small-molecule inhibitor of the salt-inducible-kinase 2, interferes with the cell division of cancer cells. More importantly, MRIA9 increases paclitaxel efficiency in eliminating ovarian cancer cells and patient derived cancer cells by inducing apoptosis or programmed cell death. Thus, our study indicates that MRIA9 might represent a novel therapeutical tool for translational studies to overcome paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer. Abstract The activity of the Salt inducible kinase 2 (SIK2), a member of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related kinase family, has been linked to several biological processes that maintain cellular and energetic homeostasis. SIK2 is overexpressed in several cancers, including ovarian cancer, where it promotes the proliferation of metastases. Furthermore, as a centrosome kinase, SIK2 has been shown to regulate the G2/M transition, and its depletion sensitizes ovarian cancer to paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. Here, we report the consequences of SIK2 inhibition on mitosis and synergies with paclitaxel in ovarian cancer using a novel and selective inhibitor, MRIA9. We show that MRIA9-induced inhibition of SIK2 blocks the centrosome disjunction, impairs the centrosome alignment, and causes spindle mispositioning during mitosis. Furthermore, the inhibition of SIK2 using MRIA9 increases chromosomal instability, revealing the role of SIK2 in maintaining genomic stability. Finally, MRIA9 treatment enhances the sensitivity to paclitaxel in 3D-spheroids derived from ovarian cancer cell lines and ovarian cancer patients. Our study suggests selective targeting of SIK2 in ovarian cancer as a therapeutic strategy for overcoming paclitaxel resistance.
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Badawi M, Mori T, Kurihara T, Yoshizawa T, Nohara K, Kouyama-Suzuki E, Yanagawa T, Shirai Y, Tabuchi K. Risperidone Mitigates Enhanced Excitatory Neuronal Function and Repetitive Behavior Caused by an ASD-Associated Mutation of SIK1. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:706494. [PMID: 34295222 PMCID: PMC8289890 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.706494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Six mutations in the salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1)-coding gene have been identified in patients with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE-30) accompanied by autistic symptoms. Two of the mutations are non-sense mutations that truncate the C-terminal region of SIK1. It has been shown that the C-terminal-truncated form of SIK1 protein affects the subcellular distribution of SIK1 protein, tempting to speculate the relevance to the pathophysiology of the disorders. We generated SIK1-mutant (SIK1-MT) mice recapitulating the C-terminal-truncated mutations using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. SIK1-MT protein was distributed in the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas the distribution of wild-type SIK1 was restricted to the nucleus. We found the disruption of excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) synaptic balance due to an increase in excitatory synaptic transmission and enhancement of neural excitability in the pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the medial prefrontal cortex in SIK1-MT mice. We also found the increased repetitive behavior and social behavioral deficits in SIK1-MT mice. The risperidone administration attenuated the neural excitability and excitatory synaptic transmission, but the disrupted E/I synaptic balance was unchanged, because it also reduced the inhibitory synaptic transmission. Risperidone also eliminated the repetitive behavior but not social behavioral deficits. These results indicate that risperidone has a role in decreasing neuronal excitability and excitatory synapses, ameliorating repetitive behavior in the SIK1-truncated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Badawi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takuma Mori
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of NeuroHealth Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Taiga Kurihara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Nohara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Emi Kouyama-Suzuki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Toru Yanagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Shirai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tabuchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of NeuroHealth Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
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Pires NM, Igreja B, Soares-da-Silva P. Antagonistic modulation of SIK1 and SIK2 isoforms in high blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy triggered by high-salt intake. Clin Exp Hypertens 2021; 43:428-435. [PMID: 33688765 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2021.1896728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) represent a subfamily of AMPK family kinases. SIK1 has been shown to act as a mediator during the cellular adaptation to variations in intracellular sodium in a variety of cell types. SIK2, as an isoform of the SIK family, modulates various biological functions and acts as a signal transmitter in various pathways. To evaluate the role of both SIK1 and SIK2 isoforms in blood pressure (BP), body fluid regulation and cardiac hypertrophy development, we made use of constitutive sik1-/- (SIK1-KO), sik2-/- (SIK2-KO), double sik1-/-sik2-/- (double SIK1*2-KO) knockout and wild-type (WT) mice challenged to a standard (0.3% NaCl) or chronic high-salt (HS, 8% NaCl) diet intake for 12 weeks.Mice, under a standard diet intake, had similar and normal BP. On a chronic HS intake, SIK1-KO and double SIK1*2-KO mice showed increased BP, but not WT and SIK2-KO mice. A chronic HS intake led to the development of cardiac left ventricle hypertrophy (LVH) in normotensive WT and hypertensive SIK1-KO mice, but not in SIK2-KO mice. Double SIK1*2-KO mice under standard diet intake show normal BP but an increased LV mass. Remarkably, in response to a dietary stress condition, there is an increase in BP but LVH remained unchanged in double SIK1*2-KO mice.In summary, SIK1 isoform is required for maintaining normal BP in response to HS intake. LVH triggered by HS intake requires SIK2 isoform and is independent of high BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M Pires
- Division of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª, S.A, Coronado (S. Mamede & S. Romão), Portugal
| | - Bruno Igreja
- Division of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª, S.A, Coronado (S. Mamede & S. Romão), Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Division of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª, S.A, Coronado (S. Mamede & S. Romão), Portugal
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- MedInUp - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Shi M, Zhao M, Wang L, Liu K, Li P, Liu J, Cai X, Chen L, Xu D. Exploring the stability of inhibitor binding to SIK2 using molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13216-13227. [PMID: 34086021 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00717c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Salt inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) is a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-like kinase that is implicated in a variety of biological phenomena, including cellular metabolism, growth, and apoptosis. SIK2 is the key target for various cancers, including ovarian, breast, prostate, and lung cancers. Although potent inhibitors of SIK2 are being developed, their binding stability and functional role are not presently known. In this work, we studied the detailed interactions between SIK2 and four of its inhibitors, HG-9-91-01, KIN112, MRT67307, and MRT199665, using molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, binding free energy calculation, and interaction fingerprint analysis. Intermolecular interactions revealed that HG-9-91-01 and KIN112 have stronger interactions with SIK2 than those of MRT199665 and MRT67307. The key residues involved in binding with SIK2 are conserved among all four inhibitors. Our results explain the detailed interaction of SIK2 with its inhibitors at the molecular level, thus paving the way for the development of targeted efficient anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Lun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Kongjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Penghui Li
- College of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Xiaoying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Dingguo Xu
- College of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China. and Research Center for Material Genome Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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20
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Abstract
Salmonella is an intracellular pathogen of a substantial global health concern. In order to identify key players involved in Salmonella infection, we performed a global host phosphoproteome analysis subsequent to bacterial infection. Thereby, we identified the kinase SIK2 as a central component of the host defense machinery upon Salmonella infection. SIK2 depletion favors the escape of bacteria from the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) and impairs Xenophagy, resulting in a hyperproliferative phenotype. Mechanistically, SIK2 associates with actin filaments under basal conditions; however, during bacterial infection, SIK2 is recruited to the SCV together with the elements of the actin polymerization machinery (Arp2/3 complex and Formins). Notably, SIK2 depletion results in a severe pathological cellular actin nucleation and polymerization defect upon Salmonella infection. We propose that SIK2 controls the formation of a protective SCV actin shield shortly after invasion and orchestrates the actin cytoskeleton architecture in its entirety to control an acute Salmonella infection after bacterial invasion.
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21
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Nuts and bolts of the salt-inducible kinases (SIKs). Biochem J 2021; 478:1377-1397. [PMID: 33861845 PMCID: PMC8057676 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The salt-inducible kinases, SIK1, SIK2 and SIK3, most closely resemble the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and other AMPK-related kinases, and like these family members they require phosphorylation by LKB1 to be catalytically active. However, unlike other AMPK-related kinases they are phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which promotes their binding to 14-3-3 proteins and inactivation. The most well-established substrates of the SIKs are the CREB-regulated transcriptional co-activators (CRTCs), and the Class 2a histone deacetylases (HDAC4/5/7/9). Phosphorylation by SIKs promotes the translocation of CRTCs and Class 2a HDACs to the cytoplasm and their binding to 14-3-3s, preventing them from regulating their nuclear binding partners, the transcription factors CREB and MEF2. This process is reversed by PKA-dependent inactivation of the SIKs leading to dephosphorylation of CRTCs and Class 2a HDACs and their re-entry into the nucleus. Through the reversible regulation of these substrates and others that have not yet been identified, the SIKs regulate many physiological processes ranging from innate immunity, circadian rhythms and bone formation, to skin pigmentation and metabolism. This review summarises current knowledge of the SIKs and the evidence underpinning these findings, and discusses the therapeutic potential of SIK inhibitors for the treatment of disease.
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22
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Puri S, Lee Y. Salt Sensation and Regulation. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030175. [PMID: 33802977 PMCID: PMC8002656 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste sensation and regulation are highly conserved in insects and mammals. Research conducted over recent decades has yielded major advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the taste sensors for a variety of taste sensations and the processes underlying regulation of ingestion depending on our internal state. Salt (NaCl) is an essential ingested nutrient. The regulation of internal sodium concentrations for physiological processes, including neuronal activity, fluid volume, acid–base balance, and muscle contraction, are extremely important issues in animal health. Both mammals and flies detect low and high NaCl concentrations as attractive and aversive tastants, respectively. These attractive or aversive behaviors can be modulated by the internal nutrient state. However, the differential encoding of the tastes underlying low and high salt concentrations in the brain remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the current view of taste sensation and modulation in the brain with an emphasis on recent advances in this field. This work presents new questions that include but are not limited to, “How do the fly’s neuronal circuits process this complex salt code?” and “Why do high concentrations of salt induce a negative valence only when the need for salt is low?” A better understanding of regulation of salt homeostasis could improve our understanding of why our brains enjoy salty food so much.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Puri
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bio-Health Convergence, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bio-Health Convergence, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-910-5734
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Hsu SJ, Zhang C, Jeong J, Lee SI, McConnell M, Utsumi T, Iwakiri Y. Enhanced Meningeal Lymphatic Drainage Ameliorates Neuroinflammation and Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhotic Rats. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1315-1329.e13. [PMID: 33227282 PMCID: PMC7956141 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious neurologic complication in patients with liver cirrhosis. Very little is known about the role of the meningeal lymphatic system in HE. We tested our hypothesis that enhancement of meningeal lymphatic drainage could decrease neuroinflammation and ameliorate HE. METHODS A 4-week bile duct ligation model was used to develop cirrhosis with HE in rats. Brain inflammation in patients with HE was evaluated by using archived GSE41919. The motor function of rats was assessed by the rotarod test. Adeno-associated virus 8-vascular endothelial growth factor C (AAV8-VEGF-C) was injected into the cisterna magna of HE rats 1 day after surgery to induce meningeal lymphangiogenesis. RESULTS Cirrhotic rats with HE showed significantly increased microglia activation in the middle region of the cortex (P < .001) as well as increased neuroinflammation, as indicated by significant increases in interleukin 1β, interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) expression levels in at least 1 of the 3 regions of the cortex. Motor function was also impaired in rats with HE (P < .05). Human brains of patients with cirrhosis with HE also exhibited up-regulation of proinflammatory genes (NFKB1, IbA1, TNF-α, and IL1β) (n = 6). AAV8-VEGF-C injection significantly increased meningeal lymphangiogenesis (P = .035) and tracer dye uptake in the anterior and middle regions of the cortex (P = .006 and .003, respectively), their corresponding meninges (P = .086 and .006, respectively), and the draining lymph nodes (P = .02). Furthermore, AAV8-VEGF-C decreased microglia activation (P < .001) and neuroinflammation and ameliorated motor dysfunction (P = .024). CONCLUSIONS Promoting meningeal lymphatic drainage and enhancing waste clearance improves HE. Manipulation of meningeal lymphangiogenesis could be a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jung Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chihao Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jain Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seong-il Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew McConnell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Teruo Utsumi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Liu Y, Tang W, Ji C, Gu J, Chen Y, Huang J, Zhao X, Sun Y, Wang C, Guan W, Liu J, Jiang B. The Selective SIK2 Inhibitor ARN-3236 Produces Strong Antidepressant-Like Efficacy in Mice via the Hippocampal CRTC1-CREB-BDNF Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:624429. [PMID: 33519490 PMCID: PMC7840484 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.624429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a widespread chronic medical illness affecting thoughts, mood, and physical health. However, the limited and delayed therapeutic efficacy of monoaminergic drugs has led to intensive research efforts to develop novel antidepressants. ARN-3236 is the first potent and selective inhibitor of salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2). In this study, a multidisciplinary approach was used to explore the antidepressant-like actions of ARN-3236 in mice. Chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) models of depression, various behavioral tests, high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, stereotactic infusion, viral-mediated gene transfer, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were used together. It was found that ARN-3236 could penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Repeated ARN-3236 administration induced significant antidepressant-like effects in both the CSDS and CUMS models of depression, accompanied with fully preventing the stress-enhanced SIK2 expression and cytoplasmic translocation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) in the hippocampus. ARN-3236 treatment also completely reversed the down-regulating effects of CSDS and CUMS on the hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) system and neurogenesis. Moreover, we demonstrated that the hippocampal CRTC1-CREB-BDNF pathway mediated the antidepressant-like efficacy of ARN-3236. Collectively, ARN-3236 possesses strong protecting effects against chronic stress, and could be a novel antidepressant beyond monoaminergic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
| | - Wenqian Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
| | - Chunhui Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
| | - Jianghong Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yingfang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chengniu Wang
- Basic Medical Research Centre, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, China
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25
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Wang YJ, Liu L, Wang Y, Wang JL, Gao TT, Wang H, Chen TT, Guan W, Jiang B. Imipramine exerts antidepressant-like effects in chronic stress models of depression by promoting CRTC1 expression in the mPFC. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:257-268. [PMID: 32905805 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) plays a role in the pathophysiology of depression. Although imipramine is thought to prevent the reuptake of synaptic serotonin and norepinephrine, its antidepressant-like mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, the effects of imipramine on CRTC1 were studied in several models of depression, including the chronic restraint stress (CRS), chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) models. We examined whether repeated imipramine administration can reverse the effects of CRS, CUMS and CSDS on CRTC1 expression in both the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Furthermore, genetic knockdown of CRTC1 by CRTC1-shRNA was used to determine whether CRTC1 is necessary for the antidepressant-like effects of imipramine in mice. Our results showed that imipramine reversed the down-regulating effects of CRS, CUMS and CSDS on CRTC1 expression in the mPFC but not the hippocampus, and that CRTC1-shRNA fully abolished the antidepressant-like actions of imipramine in mice. In conclusion, CRTC1 in the mPFC is involved in the antidepressant mechanism of imipramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Liang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting-Ting Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China.
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Sun Z, Jiang Q, Li J, Guo J. The potent roles of salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) in metabolic homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:150. [PMID: 32788639 PMCID: PMC7423983 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) belong to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family, and functions mainly involve in regulating energy response-related physiological processes, such as gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism. However, compared with another well-established energy-response kinase AMPK, SIK roles in human diseases, especially in diabetes and tumorigenesis, are rarely investigated. Recently, the pilot roles of SIKs in tumorigenesis have begun to attract more attention due to the finding that the tumor suppressor role of LKB1 in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) is unexpectedly mediated by the SIK but not AMPK kinases. Thus, here we tend to comprehensively summarize the emerging upstream regulators, downstream substrates, mouse models, clinical relevance, and candidate inhibitors for SIKs, and shed light on SIKs as the potential therapeutic targets for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Sun
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.,Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Qiwei Jiang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.
| | - Jianping Guo
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.
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27
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Armouti M, Winston N, Hatano O, Hobeika E, Hirshfeld-Cytron J, Liebermann J, Takemori H, Stocco C. Salt-inducible Kinases Are Critical Determinants of Female Fertility. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5826400. [PMID: 32343771 PMCID: PMC7286620 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Follicle development is the most crucial step toward female fertility and is controlled mainly by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In ovarian granulosa cells (GCs), FSH activates protein kinase A by increasing 3',5'-cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (cAMP). Since cAMP signaling is impinged in part by salt-inducible kinases (SIKs), we examined the role of SIKs on the regulation of FSH actions. Here, we report that SIKs are essential for normal ovarian function and female fertility. All SIK isoforms are expressed in human and rodent GCs at different levels (SIK3>SIK2>SIK1). Pharmacological inhibition of SIK activity potentiated the stimulatory effect of FSH on markers of GC differentiation in mouse, rat, and human GCs and estradiol production in rat GCs. In humans, SIK inhibition strongly enhanced FSH actions in GCs of patients with normal or abnormal ovarian function. The knockdown of SIK2, but not SIK1 or SIK3, synergized with FSH on the induction of markers of GC differentiation. SIK inhibition boosted gonadotropin-induced GC differentiation in vivo, while the genomic knockout of SIK2 led to a significant increase in the number of ovulated oocytes. Conversely, SIK3 knockout females were infertile, FSH insensitive, and had abnormal folliculogenesis. These findings reveal novel roles for SIKs in the regulation of GC differentiation and female fertility, and contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms regulated by FSH. Furthermore, these data suggest that specific pharmacological modulation of SIK2 activity could be of benefit to treat ovulatory defects in humans and to increase the propagation of endangered species and farm mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marah Armouti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicola Winston
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine. Chicago, Illinois
| | - Osamu Hatano
- Department of Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Elie Hobeika
- Fertility Centers of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Carlos Stocco
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine. Chicago, Illinois
- Correspondence: Carlos Stocco, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612. E-mail:
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Activation of SIK1 by phanginin A inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis by increasing PDE4 activity and suppressing the cAMP signaling pathway. Mol Metab 2020; 41:101045. [PMID: 32599076 PMCID: PMC7381706 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Salt-induced kinase 1 (SIK1) acts as a key modulator in many physiological processes. However, the effects of SIK1 on gluconeogenesis and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that a natural compound phanginin A could activate SIK1 and further inhibit gluconeogenesis. The mechanisms by which phanginin A activates SIK1 and inhibits gluconeogenesis were explored in primary mouse hepatocytes, and the effects of phanginin A on glucose homeostasis were investigated in ob/ob mice. Methods The effects of phanginin A on gluconeogenesis and SIK1 phosphorylation were examined in primary mouse hepatocytes. Pan-SIK inhibitor and siRNA-mediated knockdown were used to elucidate the involvement of SIK1 activation in phanginin A-reduced gluconeogenesis. LKB1 knockdown was used to explore how phanginin A activated SIK1. SIK1 overexpression was used to evaluate its effect on gluconeogenesis, PDE4 activity, and the cAMP pathway. The acute and chronic effects of phanginin A on metabolic abnormalities were observed in ob/ob mice. Results Phanginin A significantly increased SIK1 phosphorylation through LKB1 and further suppressed gluconeogenesis by increasing PDE4 activity and inhibiting the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in primary mouse hepatocytes, and this effect was blocked by pan-SIK inhibitor HG-9-91-01 or siRNA-mediated knockdown of SIK1. Overexpression of SIK1 in hepatocytes increased PDE4 activity, reduced cAMP accumulation, and thereby inhibited gluconeogenesis. Acute treatment with phanginin A reduced gluconeogenesis in vivo, accompanied by increased SIK1 phosphorylation and PDE4 activity in the liver. Long-term treatment of phanginin A profoundly reduced blood glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia in ob/ob mice. Conclusion We discovered an unrecognized effect of phanginin A in suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis and revealed a novel mechanism that activation of SIK1 by phanginin A could inhibit gluconeogenesis by increasing PDE4 activity and suppressing the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in the liver. We also highlighted the potential value of phanginin A as a lead compound for treating type 2 diabetes. Phanginin A inhibits gluconeogenesis in primary mouse hepatocytes. Phanginin A increases hepatic SIK1 phosphorylation both in vitro and in vivo. Activation of SIK1 increases PDE4 activity and suppresses the cAMP signaling pathway. Activation of SIK1 inhibits gluconeogenesis by regulating the PDE4/cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. Phanginin A improves metabolic disorders in ob/ob mice.
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29
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Msheik H, El Hayek S, Bari MF, Azar J, Abou-Kheir W, Kobeissy F, Vatish M, Daoud G. Transcriptomic profiling of trophoblast fusion using BeWo and JEG-3 cell lines. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 25:811-824. [PMID: 31778538 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In human placenta, alteration in trophoblast differentiation has a major impact on placental maintenance and integrity. However, little is known about the mechanisms that control cytotrophoblast fusion. The BeWo cell line is used to study placental function, since it forms syncytium and secretes hormones after treatment with cAMP or forskolin. In contrast, the JEG-3 cell line fails to undergo substantial fusion. Therefore, BeWo and JEG-3 cells were used to identify a set of genes responsible for trophoblast fusion. Cells were treated with forskolin for 48 h to induce fusion. RNA was extracted, hybridised to Affymetrix HuGene ST1.0 arrays and analysed using system biology. Trophoblast differentiation was evaluated by real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry analysis. Moreover, some of the identified genes were validated by real-time PCR and their functional capacity was demonstrated by western blot using phospho-specific antibodies and CRISPR/cas9 knockdown experiments. Our results identified a list of 32 altered genes in fused BeWo cells compared to JEG-3 cells after forskolin treatment. Among these genes, four were validated by RT-PCR, including salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) gene which is specifically upregulated in BeWo cells upon fusion and activated after 2 min with forskolin. Moreover, silencing of SIK1 completely abolished the fusion. Finally, SIK1 was shown to be at the center of many biological and functional processes, suggesting that it might play a role in trophoblast differentiation. In conclusion, this study identified new target genes implicated in trophoblast fusion. More studies are required to investigate the role of these genes in some placental pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Msheik
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - S El Hayek
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - M Furqan Bari
- Department of Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - J Azar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - W Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - F Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - M Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - G Daoud
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
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Park M, Miyoshi C, Fujiyama T, Kakizaki M, Ikkyu A, Honda T, Choi J, Asano F, Mizuno S, Takahashi S, Yanagisawa M, Funato H. Loss of the conserved PKA sites of SIK1 and SIK2 increases sleep need. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8676. [PMID: 32457359 PMCID: PMC7250853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sleep is one of the most conserved behaviors, the intracellular mechanism regulating sleep/wakefulness remains unknown. We recently identified a protein kinase, SIK3, as a sleep-regulating molecule. Mice that lack a well-conserved protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation site, S551, showed longer non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and increased NREMS delta density. S551 of SIK3 is conserved in other members of the SIK family, such as SIK1 (S577) and SIK2 (S587). Here, we examined whether the PKA phosphorylation sites of SIK1 and SIK2 are involved in sleep regulation by generating Sik1S577A and Sik2S587A mice. The homozygous Sik1S577A mice showed a shorter wake time, longer NREMS time, and higher NREMS delta density than the wild-type mice. The heterozygous and homozygous Sik2S587A mice showed increased NREMS delta density. Both the Sik1S577A and Sik2S587A mice exhibited proper homeostatic regulation of sleep need after sleep deprivation. Despite abundant expression of Sik1 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the Sik1S577A mice showed normal circadian behavior. Although Sik2 is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue, the male and female Sik2S587A mice that were fed either a chow or high-fat diet showed similar weight gain as the wild-type littermates. These results suggest that PKA-SIK signaling is involved in the regulation of sleep need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Park
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chika Miyoshi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujiyama
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Miyo Kakizaki
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Aya Ikkyu
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takato Honda
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Jinhwan Choi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Asano
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. .,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan. .,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan.
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Khan R, Raza SHA, Schreurs N, Xiaoyu W, Hongbao W, Ullah I, Rahman A, Suhail SM, Khan S, Linsen Z. Bioinformatics analysis and transcriptional regulation of TORC1 gene through transcription factors NRF1 and Smad3 in bovine preadipocytes. Genomics 2020; 112:1575-1587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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The derived allele of a novel intergenic variant at chromosome 11 associates with lower body mass index and a favorable metabolic phenotype in Greenlanders. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008544. [PMID: 31978080 PMCID: PMC7001991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic architecture of the small and isolated Greenlandic population is advantageous for identification of novel genetic variants associated with cardio-metabolic traits. We aimed to identify genetic loci associated with body mass index (BMI), to expand the knowledge of the genetic and biological mechanisms underlying obesity. Stage 1 BMI-association analyses were performed in 4,626 Greenlanders. Stage 2 replication and meta-analysis were performed in additional cohorts comprising 1,058 Yup'ik Alaska Native people, and 1,529 Greenlanders. Obesity-related traits were assessed in the stage 1 study population. We identified a common variant on chromosome 11, rs4936356, where the derived G-allele had a frequency of 24% in the stage 1 study population. The derived allele was genome-wide significantly associated with lower BMI (beta (SE), -0.14 SD (0.03), p = 3.2x10-8), corresponding to 0.64 kg/m2 lower BMI per G allele in the stage 1 study population. We observed a similar effect in the Yup'ik cohort (-0.09 SD, p = 0.038), and a non-significant effect in the same direction in the independent Greenlandic stage 2 cohort (-0.03 SD, p = 0.514). The association remained genome-wide significant in meta-analysis of the Arctic cohorts (-0.10 SD (0.02), p = 4.7x10-8). Moreover, the variant was associated with a leaner body type (weight, -1.68 (0.37) kg; waist circumference, -1.52 (0.33) cm; hip circumference, -0.85 (0.24) cm; lean mass, -0.84 (0.19) kg; fat mass and percent, -1.66 (0.33) kg and -1.39 (0.27) %; visceral adipose tissue, -0.30 (0.07) cm; subcutaneous adipose tissue, -0.16 (0.05) cm, all p<0.0002), lower insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, -0.12 (0.04), p = 0.00021), and favorable lipid levels (triglyceride, -0.05 (0.02) mmol/l, p = 0.025; HDL-cholesterol, 0.04 (0.01) mmol/l, p = 0.0015). In conclusion, we identified a novel variant, where the derived G-allele possibly associated with lower BMI in Arctic populations, and as a consequence also leaner body type, lower insulin resistance, and a favorable lipid profile.
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Khan R, Raza SHA, Junjvlieke Z, Wang H, Cheng G, Smith SB, Jiang Z, Li A, Zan L. RNA-seq reveal role of bovine TORC2 in the regulation of adipogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 680:108236. [PMID: 31893525 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Low intramuscular adipose tissue (marbling) continues to be challenge for improving beef quality in Chinese cattle. Highly marbled meat is very desirable; hence, methods to increase IMF content have become a key aspect of improving meat quality. Therefore, research on the mechanism of adipogenesis provides invaluable information for the improvement of meat quality. This study investigated the effect of TORC2 and its underlying mechanism on lipid metabolism in bovine adipocytes. The TORC2 gene was downregulated in bovine adipocytes by siRNA, and RNA sequencing was performed. Downregulation of TORC2 negatively affected bovine adipocyte differentiation. In addition, a total of 577 DEGs were found, containing 146 up-regulated and 376 down-regulated genes. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were linked with neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, calcium signaling pathway, cAMP pathway, chemokine signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway. Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis of the DEGs showed that down-regulation of TORC2 gene significantly suppressed the genes regulating important GO terms of adipogenesis-related processes in bovine adipocytes, especially regulation of biological activity, regulation of primary metabolic process, regulation of multicellular organismal process, cell adhesion, lipid metabolic process, secretion, chemical homeostasis, regulation of transport, cell-cell signaling, cAMP metabolic process, cellular calcium ion homeostasis, fat cell differentiation, and cell maturation. In conclusion, our results suggest that TORC2 at least in part regulates lipid metabolism in bovine adipocytes. The results of this study provide a basis for studying the function and molecular mechanism of the TORC2 gene in regulating adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajwali Khan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Zainaguli Junjvlieke
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hongbao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Anning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Gradek F, Lopez-Charcas O, Chadet S, Poisson L, Ouldamer L, Goupille C, Jourdan ML, Chevalier S, Moussata D, Besson P, Roger S. Sodium Channel Na v1.5 Controls Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Invasiveness in Breast Cancer Cells Through its Regulation by the Salt-Inducible Kinase-1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18652. [PMID: 31819138 PMCID: PMC6901527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of epithelial polarity and gain in invasiveness by carcinoma cells are critical events in the aggressive progression of cancers and depend on phenotypic transition programs such as the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Many studies have reported the aberrant expression of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) in carcinomas and specifically the NaV1.5 isoform, encoded by the SCN5A gene, in breast cancer. NaV1.5 activity, through an entry of sodium ions, in breast cancer cells is associated with increased invasiveness, but its participation to the EMT has to be clarified. In this study, we show that reducing the expression of NaV1.5 in highly aggressive human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells reverted the mesenchymal phenotype, reduced cancer cell invasiveness and the expression of the EMT-promoting transcription factor SNAI1. The heterologous expression of NaV1.5 in weakly invasive MCF-7 breast cancer cells induced their expression of both SNAI1 and ZEB1 and increased their invasive capacities. In MCF-7 cells the stimulation with the EMT-activator signal TGF-β1 increased the expression of SCN5A. Moreover, the reduction of the salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) expression promoted NaV1.5-dependent invasiveness and expression of EMT-associated transcription factor SNAI1. Altogether, these results indicated a prominent role of SIK1 in regulating NaV1.5-dependent EMT and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Gradek
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie, Inflammation; Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Osbaldo Lopez-Charcas
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie, Inflammation; Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Stéphanie Chadet
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie, Inflammation; Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lucile Poisson
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie, Inflammation; Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer; Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lobna Ouldamer
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer; Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Caroline Goupille
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer; Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Marie-Lise Jourdan
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer; Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Stéphan Chevalier
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer; Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Driffa Moussata
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie, Inflammation; Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Pierre Besson
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer; Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Roger
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie, Inflammation; Université de Tours, Tours, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
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35
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Nishimori S, O’Meara MJ, Castro CD, Noda H, Cetinbas M, da Silva Martins J, Ayturk U, Brooks DJ, Bruce M, Nagata M, Ono W, Janton CJ, Bouxsein ML, Foretz M, Berdeaux R, Sadreyev RI, Gardella TJ, Jüppner H, Kronenberg HM, Wein MN. Salt-inducible kinases dictate parathyroid hormone 1 receptor action in bone development and remodeling. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:5187-5203. [PMID: 31430259 PMCID: PMC6877304 DOI: 10.1172/jci130126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) mediates the biologic actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). Here, we showed that salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) are key kinases that control the skeletal actions downstream of PTH1R and that this GPCR, when activated, inhibited cellular SIK activity. Sik gene deletion led to phenotypic changes that were remarkably similar to models of increased PTH1R signaling. In growth plate chondrocytes, PTHrP inhibited SIK3, and ablation of this kinase in proliferating chondrocytes rescued perinatal lethality of PTHrP-null mice. Combined deletion of Sik2 and Sik3 in osteoblasts and osteocytes led to a dramatic increase in bone mass that closely resembled the skeletal and molecular phenotypes observed when these bone cells express a constitutively active PTH1R that causes Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. Finally, genetic evidence demonstrated that class IIa histone deacetylases were key PTH1R-regulated SIK substrates in both chondrocytes and osteocytes. Taken together, our findings establish that SIK inhibition is central to PTH1R action in bone development and remodeling. Furthermore, this work highlights the key role of cAMP-regulated SIKs downstream of GPCR action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Nishimori
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maureen J. O’Meara
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian D. Castro
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hiroshi Noda
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Murat Cetinbas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janaina da Silva Martins
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ugur Ayturk
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel J. Brooks
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Bruce
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mizuki Nagata
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wanida Ono
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher J. Janton
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Rebecca Berdeaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ruslan I. Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas J. Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Henry M. Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc N. Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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36
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Chien J, Wolf FW, Grosche S, Yosef N, Garriga G, Mörck C. The Enigmatic Canal-Associated Neurons Regulate Caenorhabditis elegans Larval Development Through a cAMP Signaling Pathway. Genetics 2019; 213:1465-1478. [PMID: 31619445 PMCID: PMC6893374 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans larval development requires the function of the two Canal-Associated Neurons (CANs): killing the CANs by laser microsurgery or disrupting their development by mutating the gene ceh-10 results in early larval arrest. How these cells promote larval development, however, remains a mystery. In screens for mutations that bypass CAN function, we identified the gene kin-29, which encodes a member of the Salt-Inducible Kinase (SIK) family and a component of a conserved pathway that regulates various C. elegans phenotypes. Like kin-29 loss, gain-of-function mutations in genes that may act upstream of kin-29 or growth in cyclic-AMP analogs bypassed ceh-10 larval arrest, suggesting that a conserved adenylyl cyclase/PKA pathway inhibits KIN-29 to promote larval development, and that loss of CAN function results in dysregulation of KIN-29 and larval arrest. The adenylyl cyclase ACY-2 mediates CAN-dependent larval development: acy-2 mutant larvae arrested development with a similar phenotype to ceh-10 mutants, and the arrest phenotype was suppressed by mutations in kin-29 ACY-2 is expressed predominantly in the CANs, and we provide evidence that the acy-2 functions in the CANs to promote larval development. By contrast, cell-specific expression experiments suggest that kin-29 acts in both the hypodermis and neurons, but not in the CANs. Based on our findings, we propose two models for how ACY-2 activity in the CANs regulates KIN-29 in target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Chien
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden 405 30
| | - Fred W Wolf
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343
| | - Sarah Grosche
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden 405 30
| | - Nebeyu Yosef
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden 405 30
| | - Gian Garriga
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3204
| | - Catarina Mörck
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden 405 30
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Function and Transcriptional Regulation of Bovine TORC2 Gene in Adipocytes: Roles of C/EBP, XBP1, INSM1 and ZNF263. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184338. [PMID: 31487963 PMCID: PMC6769628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The TORC2 gene is a member of the transducer of the regulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein gene family, which plays a key role in metabolism and adipogenesis. In the present study, we confirmed the role of TORC2 in bovine preadipocyte proliferation through cell cycle staining flow cytometry, cell counting assay, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine staining (EdU), and mRNA and protein expression analysis of proliferation-related marker genes. In addition, Oil red O staining analysis, immunofluorescence of adiponectin, mRNA and protein level expression of lipid related marker genes confirmed the role of TORC2 in the regulation of bovine adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, the transcription start site and sub-cellular localization of the TORC2 gene was identified in bovine adipocytes. To investigate the underlying regulatory mechanism of the bovine TORC2, we cloned a 1990 bp of the 5’ untranslated region (5′UTR) promoter region into a luciferase reporter vector and seven vector fragments were constructed through serial deletion of the 5′UTR flanking region. The core promoter region of the TORC2 gene was identified at location −314 to −69 bp upstream of the transcription start site. Based on the results of the transcriptional activities of the promoter vector fragments, luciferase activities of mutated fragments and siRNAs interference, four transcription factors (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein C/BEPγ, X-box binding protein 1 XBP1, Insulinoma-associated 1 INSM1, and Zinc finger protein 263 ZNF263) were identified as the transcriptional regulators of TORC2 gene. These findings were further confirmed through Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) within nuclear extracts of bovine adipocytes. Furthermore, we also identified that C/EBPγ, XBP1, INSM1 and ZNF263 regulate TORC2 gene as activators in the promoter region. We can conclude that TORC2 gene is potentially a positive regulator of adipogenesis. These findings will not only provide an insight for the improvement of intramuscular fat in cattle, but will enhance our understanding regarding therapeutic intervention of metabolic syndrome and obesity in public health as well.
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38
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Sirtuin 3-mediated pyruvate dehydrogenase activity determines brown adipocytes phenotype under high-salt conditions. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:614. [PMID: 31409767 PMCID: PMC6692335 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previous study indicated that Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is a central regulator of adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Here we investigate the role of SIRT3 in the modulation of cellular phenotype in BAT under high salt intake (HS). HS downregulated SIRT3 level in BAT, accompanied by decreased oxygen consumption rate, and caused a severe loss of BAT characteristics. Mechanically, SIRT3 interacted with pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α (PDHA1) and deacetylated Lys-83 both in vitro and in vivo under HS. In parallel, HS suppressed salt-induced kinase (Sik) 2 phosphorylation. Silencing Sik2 further diminished SIRT3 activity and enhanced acetylation of PDHA1 K83 level. Reconstruction of SIRT3 restored PDH activity and thermogenic markers expression in differentiated brown adipocytes from SIRT3 knockout (KO) mice. In addition, loss of SIRT3 induced selective remodelling of phospholipids and glycerolipids in BAT exposure to HS. These data indicate that SIRT3 is an essential enzymatic switch that controls brown adipose cell phenotype.
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39
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Jiang B, Wang H, Wang JL, Wang YJ, Zhu Q, Wang CN, Song L, Gao TT, Wang Y, Meng GL, Wu F, Ling Y, Zhang W, Li JX. Hippocampal Salt-Inducible Kinase 2 Plays a Role in Depression via the CREB-Regulated Transcription Coactivator 1-cAMP Response Element Binding-Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Pathway. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:650-666. [PMID: 30503507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing novel pharmacological targets beyond monoaminergic systems is now a popular strategy for finding new ways to treat depression. Salt-inducible kinase (SIK) is a kinase that regulates the nuclear translocation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator (CRTC) by phosphorylation. Here, we hypothesize that dysfunction of the central SIK-CRTC system may contribute to the pathogenesis of depression. METHODS Chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) models of depression, various behavioral tests, viral-mediated gene transfer, Western blotting, coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry were used in this study (for in vivo studies, n = 10; for in vitro studies, n = 5). RESULTS Both CSDS and CUMS markedly increased the expression of hippocampal SIK2, which reduced CRTC1 nuclear translocation and binding of CRTC1 and CREB in the hippocampus. Genetic overexpression of hippocampal SIK2 in naïve mice simulated chronic stress, inducing depressive-like behaviors in the forced swim test, tail suspension test, sucrose preference test, and social interaction test, as well as decreasing the brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling cascade and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In contrast, genetic knockdown and knockout of hippocampal SIK2 protected against CSDS and CUMS, exerting significant antidepressant-like effects that were mediated via the downstream CRTC1-CREB-brain-derived neurotrophic factor pathway. Moreover, fluoxetine, venlafaxine, and mirtazapine all significantly restored the effects of CSDS and CUMS on the hippocampal SIK2-CRTC1 pathway, which was necessary for their antidepressant actions. CONCLUSIONS The hippocampal SIK2-CRTC1 pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of depression, and hippocampal SIK2 could be a novel target for the development of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Liang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying-Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng-Niu Wang
- Basic Medical Research Centre, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting-Ting Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Liang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Ling
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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Hong M, Jiang A, Li N, Li W, Shi H, Storey KB, Ding L. Comparative analysis of the liver transcriptome in the red-eared slider Trachemys scripta elegans under chronic salinity stress. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6538. [PMID: 30923649 PMCID: PMC6431541 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), identified as one of the 100 most invasive species in the world, is a freshwater turtle originally from the eastern United States and northeastern Mexico. Field investigations have shown that T. s. elegans can survive and lay eggs in saline habitats. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of salinity adaptation, high-throughput RNA-Seq was utilized to identify the changes in gene expression profiles in the liver of T. s. elegans in response to elevated salinity. We exposed individuals to 0, 5, or 15 psu (practical salinity units) for 30 days. A total of 157.21 million reads were obtained and assembled into 205138 unigenes with an average length of 620 bp and N50 of 964 bp. Of these, 1019 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were found in the comparison of 0 vs. 5 psu, 1194 DEGs in 0 vs. 15 psu and 1180 DEGs in 5 vs. 15 psu, which are mainly related to macromolecule metabolic process, ion transport, oxidoreductase activity and generation of precursor metabolites and energy by GO (Gene Ontology) enrichment analyses. T. s. elegans can adapt itself into salinity by balancing the entry of sodium and chloride ions via the up-regulation expression genes of ion transport (potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 5, KCNH5; erine/threonine-protein kinase 32, STK32; salt-inducible kinase 1, SIK1; adiponectin, ACDC), and by accumulating plasma urea and free amino acid via the up-regulation expression genes of amino acid metabolism (ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 3, OAZ3; glutamine synthetase, GLUL; asparaginase-like protein 1b, ASRGL; L-amino-acid oxidase-like, LAAO; sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B, SLC6A15s; amino acid permease, SLC7A9) in response to osmotic regulation. An investment of energy to maintain their homeostatic balance is required to salinity adaptation, therefore, the genes related to energy production and conversion (F-ATPase protein 6, ATP6; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COX1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit III, COX3; cytochrome b, CYTb; cytochrome P450 17A1, CYP17A1) were up-regulated with the increase of gene expression associated with lipid metabolism (apolipoprotein E precursor, APoE; coenzyme Q-binding protein, CoQ10; high-density lipoprotein particle, SAA) and carbohydrate metabolism (HK, MIP). These findings improve our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in salinity adaptation and provide general guidance to illuminate the invasion potential of T. s. elegans into saline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Hong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Aiping Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Na Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Weihao Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Li Ding
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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41
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Pires NM, Igreja B, Serrão MP, Matias EF, Moura E, António T, Campos FL, Brion L, Bertorello A, Soares-da-Silva P. Acute salt loading induces sympathetic nervous system overdrive in mice lacking salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1). Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1114-1124. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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Chen F, Chen L, Qin Q, Sun X. Salt-Inducible Kinase 2: An Oncogenic Signal Transmitter and Potential Target for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:18. [PMID: 30723708 PMCID: PMC6349817 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinase (SIK), which belongs to the sucrose non-fermenting 1/AMP-activated protein kinase family, was first discovered in the adrenal cortex of a rat on a high-salt diet. As an isoform of the SIK family, SIK2 modulates various biological functions and acts as a signal transmitter in various pathways. Compared with that in adjacent normal tissues, the expression of SIK2 is significantly higher in multiple types of tumors, which indicates its pivotal effect in oncogenesis. Studies on SIK2 have recently underlined its role in several signaling pathways, including the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, the Hippo-YAP pathway, the LKB1-HDAC axis, and the cAMP-PKA axis. Moreover, a few small-molecule SIK2 inhibitors have been found to be able to rescue the oncogenicity of SIK2 during tumor development and reverse its abnormal activation of downstream pathways. In this mini-review, we discuss the results of in vivo and in vitro studies regarding the SIK2 mechanism in different signaling pathways, particularly their regulation of cancer cells. This work may provide new ideas for targeting SIK2 as a novel therapeutic strategy in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liuwei Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinchen Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Sakamoto K, Bultot L, Göransson O. The Salt-Inducible Kinases: Emerging Metabolic Regulators. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:827-840. [PMID: 30385008 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) as an upstream kinase for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) led to the identification of several related kinases that also rely on LKB1 for their catalytic activity. Among these, the salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) have emerged as key regulators of metabolism. Unlike AMPK, SIKs do not respond to nucleotides, but their function is regulated by extracellular signals, such as hormones, through complex LKB1-independent mechanisms. While AMPK acts on multiple targets, including metabolic enzymes, to maintain cellular ATP levels, SIKs primarily regulate gene expression, by acting on transcriptional regulators, such as the cAMP response element-binding protein-regulated transcription coactivators and class IIa histone deacetylases. This review describes the development of research on SIKs, from their discovery to the most recent findings on metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Sakamoto
- Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Bâtiment G, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Laurent Bultot
- Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Bâtiment G, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Current address: Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olga Göransson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC C11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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Maejima S, Abe Y, Yamaguchi S, Musatov S, Ogawa S, Kondo Y, Tsukahara S. VGF in the Medial Preoptic Nucleus Increases Sexual Activity Following Sexual Arousal Induction in Male Rats. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3993-4005. [PMID: 30371765 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The central part of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPNc) is associated with sexual arousal induction in male rats. However, it is largely unclear how males are sexually aroused and achieve their first copulation. We previously reported that more MPNc neurons activate during the first copulation than the second copulation. In this study, to explore the molecules responsible for sexual arousal induction, we performed DNA microarray of the MPNc in sexually naive males and males after they copulated for their first and second times. We then performed quantitative PCR analyses to validate the results of the DNA microarray. Six genes were identified. Their expression increased following copulation and was higher in males after they copulated for the first time than after the second time. The genes encode transcription factors (Fos, Nfil3, and Nr4a3), a serine/threonine kinase (Sik1), an antioxidant protein (Srxn1), and a neuropeptide precursor VGF (Vgf), which may be the candidate genes responsible for sexual arousal induction. We examined the effects of Vgf knockdown in the MPNc on sexual partner preference and sexual behavior in sexually inexperienced and experienced males to determine the role of VGF in sexual arousal induction. A preference for estrous female rats was reinforced, and the latency of mount and intromission became short after sexually inexperienced males copulated for the first time. However, Vgf knockdown disrupted these phenomena. Vgf knockdown did not have any significant effect in sexually experienced males. VGF-derived neuropeptides presumably serve as an effector molecule to increase sexual activity following sexual arousal induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Maejima
- Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuta Abe
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamaguchi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sergei Musatov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Sonoko Ogawa
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kondo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Uenohara, Japan
| | - Shinji Tsukahara
- Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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45
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Wein MN, Foretz M, Fisher DE, Xavier RJ, Kronenberg HM. Salt-Inducible Kinases: Physiology, Regulation by cAMP, and Therapeutic Potential. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:723-735. [PMID: 30150136 PMCID: PMC6151151 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) represent a subfamily of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family kinases. Initially named because SIK1 (the founding member of this kinase family) expression is regulated by dietary salt intake in the adrenal gland, it is now apparent that a major biological role of these kinases is to control gene expression in response to extracellular cues that increase intracellular levels of cAMP. Here, we review four physiologically relevant examples of how cAMP signaling impinges upon SIK cellular function. By focusing on examples of cAMP-mediated SIK regulation in gut myeloid cells, bone, liver, and skin, we highlight recent advances in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signal transduction. New knowledge regarding the role of SIKs in GPCR signaling has led to therapeutic applications of novel small molecule SIK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Paulo E, Wu D, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Swaney DL, Soucheray M, Jimenez-Morales D, Chawla A, Krogan NJ, Wang B. Sympathetic inputs regulate adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue through cAMP-Salt inducible kinase axis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11001. [PMID: 30030465 PMCID: PMC6054673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various physiological stimuli, such as cold environment, diet, and hormones, trigger brown adipose tissue (BAT) to produce heat through sympathetic nervous system (SNS)- and β-adrenergic receptors (βARs). The βAR stimulation increases intracellular cAMP levels through heterotrimeric G proteins and adenylate cyclases, but the processes by which cAMP modulates brown adipocyte function are not fully understood. Here we described that specific ablation of cAMP production in brown adipocytes led to reduced lipolysis, mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) expression, and consequently defective adaptive thermogenesis. Elevated cAMP signaling by sympathetic activation inhibited Salt-inducible kinase 2 (Sik2) through protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation in brown adipose tissue. Inhibition of SIKs enhanced Ucp1 expression in differentiated brown adipocytes and Sik2 knockout mice exhibited enhanced adaptive thermogenesis at thermoneutrality in an Ucp1-dependent manner. Taken together, our data indicate that suppressing Sik2 by PKA-mediated phosphorylation is a requisite for SNS-induced Ucp1 expression and adaptive thermogenesis in BAT, and targeting Sik2 may present a novel therapeutic strategy to ramp up BAT thermogenic activity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Paulo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 52 Haidian Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yangmeng Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Yixuan Wu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QBI, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Margaret Soucheray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QBI, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - David Jimenez-Morales
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QBI, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QBI, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Biao Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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47
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Taub M. Gene Level Regulation of Na,K-ATPase in the Renal Proximal Tubule Is Controlled by Two Independent but Interacting Regulatory Mechanisms Involving Salt Inducible Kinase 1 and CREB-Regulated Transcriptional Coactivators. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2086. [PMID: 30021947 PMCID: PMC6073390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, studies concerning the regulation of Na,K-ATPase were restricted to acute regulatory mechanisms, which affected the phosphorylation of Na,K-ATPase, and thus its retention on the plasma membrane. However, in recent years, this focus has changed. Na,K-ATPase has been established as a signal transducer, which becomes part of a signaling complex as a consequence of ouabain binding. Na,K-ATPase within this signaling complex is localized in caveolae, where Na,K-ATPase has also been observed to regulate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor (IP3R)-mediated calcium release. This latter association has been implicated as playing a role in signaling by G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). Here, the consequences of signaling by renal effectors that act via such GPCRs are reviewed, including their regulatory effects on Na,K-ATPase gene expression in the renal proximal tubule (RPT). Two major types of gene regulation entail signaling by Salt Inducible Kinase 1 (SIK1). On one hand, SIK1 acts so as to block signaling via cAMP Response Element (CRE) Binding Protein (CREB) Regulated Transcriptional Coactivators (CRTCs) and on the other hand, SIK1 acts so as to stimulate signaling via the Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 (MEF2)/nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) regulated genes. Ultimate consequences of these pathways include regulatory effects which alter the rate of transcription of the Na,K-ATPase β1 subunit gene atp1b1 by CREB, as well as by MEF2/NFAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Taub
- Biochemistry Dept., Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Suite 4902, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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48
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Selvaraj V, Stocco DM, Clark BJ. Current knowledge on the acute regulation of steroidogenesis. Biol Reprod 2018; 99:13-26. [PMID: 29718098 PMCID: PMC6044331 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
How rapid induction of steroid hormone biosynthesis occurs in response to trophic hormone stimulation of steroidogenic cells has been a subject of intensive investigation for approximately six decades. A key observation made very early was that acute regulation of steroid biosynthesis required swift and timely synthesis of a new protein whose role appeared to be involved in the delivery of the substrate for all steroid hormones, cholesterol, from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane where the process of steroidogenesis begins. It was quickly learned that this transfer of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane was the regulated and rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis. Following this observation, the quest for this putative regulator protein(s) began in earnest in the late 1950s. This review provides a history of this quest, the candidate proteins that arose over the years and facts surrounding their rise or decline. Only two have persisted-translocator protein (TSPO) and the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). We present a detailed summary of the work that has been published for each of these two proteins, the specific data that has appeared in support of their role in cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis, and the ensuing observations that have arisen in recent years that have refuted the role of TSPO in this process. We believe that the only viable candidate that has been shown to be indispensable is the StAR protein. Lastly, we provide our view on what may be the most important questions concerning the acute regulation of steroidogenesis that need to be asked in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Douglas M Stocco
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Barbara J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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49
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Berger RCM, Benetti A, Girardi ACC, Forechi L, de Oliveira RM, Vassallo PF, Mill JG. Influence of Long-Term Salt Diets on Cardiac Ca2+ Handling and Contractility Proteins in Hypertensive Rats. Am J Hypertens 2018. [PMID: 29518186 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpy023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High sodium intake contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension and adversely affects cardiac function. Conversely, sodium reduction is associated with a blood pressure decrease and improved cardiovascular function. However, the mechanisms that underlie the cardiac effects induced by salt intake in hypertension have not been fully elucidated. Ca2+ handling is critical for efficient myocardial function; thus, we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of diets with different salt contents on cardiac function and Ca2+ handling proteins in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS Cardiac function was evaluated by catheterization. Ca2+ handling and contractile proteins were evaluated by immunoblotting in hearts from SHRs fed for 6 months with diets containing high (HS, 3%), low (LS, 0.03%), or normal salt content (NS, 0.3%). Diets were introduced immediately after weaning. Tail cuff pletismography was assessed at the 3rd and 7th months of follow-up. RESULTS Compared to the NS group, the HS group exhibited worsened hypertension, increased cardiac expression of β-myosin heavy chain (MHC), a decreased α/β-MHC ratio and reduced expression of both phospholamban (PLB) and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX). LS intake attenuated the blood pressure increase and left ventricle hypertrophy, slightly decreased the cardiac contractility and relaxation index, and increased the α/β-MHC ratio. These effects were accompanied by increased cardiac PLB expression and decreased Ca2+ L-type channel and NCX expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the modulation of Ca2+ handling may be one of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of salt intake on myocardial function in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Acaris Benetti
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ludimila Forechi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Frizera Vassallo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - José Geraldo Mill
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
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50
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Gao WW, Tang HMV, Cheng Y, Chan CP, Chan CP, Jin DY. Suppression of gluconeogenic gene transcription by SIK1-induced ubiquitination and degradation of CRTC1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:211-223. [PMID: 29408765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CRTCs are a group of three transcriptional coactivators required for CREB-dependent transcription. CREB and CRTCs are critically involved in the regulation of various biological processes such as cell proliferation, metabolism, learning and memory. However, whether CRTC1 efficiently induces gluconeogenic gene expression and how CRTC1 is regulated by upstream kinase SIK1 remain to be understood. In this work, we demonstrated SIK1-induced phosphorylation, ubiquitination and degradation of CRTC1 in the context of the regulation of gluconeogenesis. CRTC1 protein was destabilized by SIK1 but not SIK2 or SIK3. This effect was likely mediated by phosphorylation at S155, S167, S188 and S346 residues of CRTC1 followed by K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Expression of gluconeogenic genes such as that coding for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was stimulated by CRTC1, but suppressed by SIK1. Depletion of CRTC1 protein also blocked forskolin-induced gluconeogenic gene expression, knockdown or pharmaceutical inhibition of SIK1 had the opposite effect. Finally, SIK1-induced ubiquitination of CRTC1 was mediated by RFWD2 ubiquitin ligase at a site not equivalent to K628 in CRTC2. Taken together, our work reveals a regulatory circuit in which SIK1 suppresses gluconeogenic gene transcription by inducing ubiquitination and degradation of CRTC1. Our findings have implications in the development of new antihyperglycemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hei-Man Vincent Tang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yun Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ching-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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