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Hessel M van Dijk J, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. Developments in the Synthesis of Mycobacterial Phenolic Glycolipids. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3295-3312. [PMID: 34581501 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The highly lipophilic outer barrier of mycobacteria, such as M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, is key to their virulence and intrinsic antibiotic resistance. Various components of this mycomembrane interact with the host immune system but many of these interactions remain ill-understood. This review covers several chemical syntheses of one of these components, mycobacterial phenolic glycolipids (PGLs), and outlines the interaction of these PGLs with the human immune system, as established using these well-defined pure compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hessel M van Dijk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs A van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Abstract
R- and S-Glycerol mycolates derived from single synthetic α-, keto- and methoxy-mycolic acids are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar T Ali
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Mohaned M Sahb
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, LL57 2UW, UK
| | | | - Mark S Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, LL57 2UW, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | - Hanae Nakagome
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | - Shoichiro Sano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | - Tomoko Sadayuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | - Seijiro Hosokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University
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Flentie KN, Stallings CL, Turk J, Minnaard AJ, Hsu FF. Characterization of phthiocerol and phthiodiolone dimycocerosate esters of M. tuberculosis by multiple-stage linear ion-trap MS. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:142-55. [PMID: 26574042 PMCID: PMC4689332 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d063735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both phthiocerol/phthiodiolone dimycocerosate (PDIM) and phenolic glycolipids are abundant virulent lipids in the cell wall of various pathogenic mycobacteria, which can synthesize a wide range of complex high-molecular-mass lipids. In this article, we describe linear ion-trap MS(n) mass spectrometric approach for structural study of PDIMs, which were desorbed as the [M + Li](+) and [M + NH(4)](+) ions by ESI. We also applied charge-switch strategy to convert the mycocerosic acid substituents to their N-(4-aminomethylphenyl) pyridinium (AMPP) derivatives and analyzed them as M (+) ions, following alkaline hydrolysis of the PDIM to release mycocerosic acids. The structural information from MS(n) on the [M + Li](+) and [M + NH(4)](+) molecular species and on the M (+) ions of the mycocerosic acid-AMPP derivative affords realization of the complex structures of PDIMs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis biofilm, differentiation of phthiocerol and phthiodiolone lipid families and complete structure identification, including the phthiocerol and phthiodiolone backbones, and the mycocerosic acid substituents, including the locations of their multiple methyl side chains, can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly N Flentie
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John Turk
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Internal Medicine,
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Nakamura T, Kubota K, Ieki T, Hosokawa S. Stereoselective Alkylation of the Vinylketene Silyl N,O-Acetal and Its Application to the Synthesis of Mycocerosic Acid. Org Lett 2015; 18:132-5. [PMID: 26673532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective alkylation of the vinylketene silyl N,O-acetal possessing a chiral auxiliary has been achieved by using activated alkyl halides including allyl iodides, benzyl iodides, and propargyl iodide with Ag(I) ion in the presence of BF3·OEt2. The reaction proceeded to give reduced polyketides in high stereoselectivity. The synthesis of mycocerosic acid, a component of the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has been accomplished by this methodology. During the synthetic studies, 2-methylbenzimidazole was found to be a bulky proton source which worked in the presence of liquid ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kei Kubota
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Ieki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Seijiro Hosokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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Mycolic acids constitute a scaffold for mycobacterial lipid antigens stimulating CD1-restricted T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:82-92. [PMID: 19171308 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD1-restricted lipid-specific T lymphocytes are primed during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. Here we describe the antigenicity of glycerol monomycolate (GroMM), which stimulates CD1b-restricted CD4(+) T cell clones. Chemical characterization of this antigen showed that it exists as two stereoisomers, one synthetic isomer being more stimulatory than the other. The hydroxyl groups of glycerol and the mycolic acid length are critical for triggering the T cell responses. GroMM was presented by M. tuberculosis-infected dendritic cells, demonstrating that the antigen is available for presentation during natural infection. Ex vivo experiments showed that GroMM stimulated T cells from vaccinated or latently infected healthy donors but not cells from patients with active tuberculosis, suggesting that GroMM-specific T cells are primed during infection and their detection correlates with lack of clinical active disease.
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ADDINK AD, VERVERGAERT PH. Biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids in a snail,Helix pomatiaL., After administration of 1-14C-Acetate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 71:797-801. [PMID: 14097314 DOI: 10.3109/13813456309092200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Onwueme KC, Vos CJ, Zurita J, Ferreras JA, Quadri LEN. The dimycocerosate ester polyketide virulence factors of mycobacteria. Prog Lipid Res 2005; 44:259-302. [PMID: 16115688 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the study of mycobacterial lipids indicate that the class of outer membrane lipids known as dimycocerosate esters (DIMs) are major virulence factors of clinically relevant mycobacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. DIMs are a structurally intriguing class of polyketide synthase-derived wax esters discovered over seventy years ago, yet, little was known until recently about their biosynthesis. Availability of several mycobacterial genomes has accelerated progress toward clarifying steps in the DIM biosynthetic pathway and it is our belief that reviewing the bases of our current knowledge will clarify outstanding issues and help direct future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenolisa C Onwueme
- Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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SMITH DW, RANDALL HM, MACLENNAN AP, PUTNEY RK, RAO SV. Detection of specific lipids in mycobacteria by infrared spectroscopy. J Bacteriol 1998; 79:217-29. [PMID: 13831940 PMCID: PMC278666 DOI: 10.1128/jb.79.2.217-229.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Colorimeters and non-recording spectrophotometers for visible and ultra-violet light have been used for many years and are to be found in most microbiological laboratories. With the need for greater speed of operation, recording instruments are now coming into more general use. During the last two decades recording infra-red spectrophotometers have been developed and these have enabled the absorption measurements on micro-organisms to be extended into the infra-red region of the spectrum. Two factors have tended to retard the use of infra-red spectrophotometry. One is the high initial cost of the equipment and the other is the large absorption of infra-red radiation by water. Despite these difficulties, a considerable amount of work has now been done and it seems profitable to review the varied applications to which infra-red spectroscopy has already been put and to indicate the results which have been obtained by its use.
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Puzo G. The carbohydrate- and lipid-containing cell wall of mycobacteria, phenolic glycolipids: structure and immunological properties. Crit Rev Microbiol 1990; 17:305-27. [PMID: 2206395 DOI: 10.3109/10408419009105730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic glycolipids were first discovered as cell-wall constituents of M. bovis, M. bovis BCG, M. marinum, and M. kansasii. Recently, such compounds were also isolated from M. leprae and have been shown to be specific-species serological markers. Moreover, they seem to be involved, in the case of lepromatous leprosy, in the stimulation of the suppressor T-cells. The functional activities of these phenolic glycolipids over the immune cells stimulation emphasized the role played by these molecules in the mycobacteria pathogenicity. Phenolic glycolipids have also been found in M. gastri and M. tuberculosis strain Canetti. From a structural point of view, these glycolipids contain the same aglycon moiety mainly assigned to phenolphthiocerol diester while the sugar part structure confers to some of these glycolipids their antigenic specificity. The search of immunoreactive glycolipids and their function analysis remain a challenge for chemists and immunologists for the understanding of the mycobacteria pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Puzo
- Center of Biochemical and Genetic Research, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
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Sakamoto Y, Goren MB, Kirkpatrick CH. Phenotypes of infiltrating cells in trehalose dimycolate-induced interstitial pneumonitis. Infect Immun 1989; 57:2098-106. [PMID: 2731985 PMCID: PMC313847 DOI: 10.1128/iai.57.7.2098-2106.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose dimycolate is a glycolipid component of the cell walls of mycobacteria, nocardia, and corynebacteria. When trehalose dimycolate is injected into certain strains of mice, they develop interstitial pneumonitis that is characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration of the alveolar walls, intra-alveolar hemorrhages, and in some animals, granuloma formation. The disorder is seldom fatal, and in approximately 4 weeks, the lungs are normal. There is strong evidence that T lymphocytes are essential for production of interstitial pneumonitis by trehalose dimycolate, but little is known about the mechanisms of lung injury in this model. The experiments described in this report were conducted to identify the roles of the various cells that accumulate in the lungs of mice with this form of interstitial pneumonitis. We found that Mac3+ macrophages were the first cells to appear in the alveolar walls. Increases in the number of L3T4+ T lymphocytes, Lyt2+ T lymphocytes, and surface-immunoglobulin-positive lymphocytes followed, but significant increases in the number of lymphoid cells were not observed until day 7, when the pulmonary lesions were well developed. Treatment of the mice with cyclophosphamide or anti-T-cell sera significantly reduced the number of lymphoid cells in the alveolar walls but did not affect the number of Mac3+ cells and did not affect development of intra-alveolar hemorrhages. Treatment with poly(I.C) significantly decreased the number of Mac3+ cells in the lungs, and these mice did not develop pulmonary hemorrhages. We conclude that although development of pulmonary lesions in trehalose dimycolate-treated mice is a T-cell-dependent process, macrophages are also essential and are more directly involved in production of the lung injury. We postulate that the lung lesions are the direct effect of macrophage-produced cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sakamoto
- Conrad D. Stephenson Laboratory, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206
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15
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Chatterjee D, Bozic CM, Knisley C, Cho SN, Brennan PJ. Phenolic glycolipids of Mycobacterium bovis: new structures and synthesis of a corresponding seroreactive neoglycoprotein. Infect Immun 1989; 57:322-30. [PMID: 2643563 PMCID: PMC313100 DOI: 10.1128/iai.57.2.322-330.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycolipid that characterizes the majority of isolates of Mycobacterium bovis and that has come to be known as M. bovis-identifying lipid is the phenolic glycolipid mycoside B described in the literature by others. However, when mycoside B obtained from M. bovis BCG, field isolates, and infected tissues was examined in detail, it was shown to be different from that described in the literature in some important respects. In particular, the glycosyl substituent is 2-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranose rather than 2-O-methyl-beta-D-rhamnopyranose. With this information, a seroreactive neoglycoprotein (neoantigen) containing the 2-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl substituent suitable for the serodiagnosis of bovine tuberculosis was synthesized. M. bovis also contains other minor seroreactive phenolic glycolipids, one of which is a deacylated form of mycoside B and another of which contains an alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl unit rather than 2-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranose.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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16
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Goren MB, Dhariwal KR, Jenkins ID. Concerning hydrolysis of mycolate esters, of phthiocerol dimycocerosates and of related mycobacterial lipids: an anecdotal account. J Chromatogr A 1988; 440:487-98. [PMID: 3042800 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We review the experimental difficulties that have been encountered in hydrolyzing mycolic acid esters, their beta-O-substituted analogues, permethylated cord factor, phthiocerol dimycocerosates and similar mycobacterial lipids. Hydrolysis of the beta-O-substituted methyl mycolates is invariably sluggish and is accompanied by considerable beta-elimination to generate mycolenoic acids. Historical evidence for this often undesirable side reaction is presented. Improvements in methodology are described in which hydrolysis is promoted and beta-elimination is minimized. The reaction systems developed were found applicable to hydrolysis of the quite inert phthiocerol dimycocerosates. Permethylation of the recovered phthiocerol provides an excellent derivative for mass spectrometric analysis to define its complete structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Goren
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
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17
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Daffé M, Lacave C, Lanéelle MA, Gillois M, Lanéelle G. Polyphthienoyl trehalose, glycolipids specific for virulent strains of the tubercle bacillus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 172:579-84. [PMID: 3127210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phthienoic acids constitute a family of dextro-rotary odd-numbered unsaturated fatty acids isolated exclusively from virulent strains of human and bovine tubercle bacilli. In the bacterial cell they are not free and a search for their linked form in complex wall lipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain Canetti) showed that they esterified trehalose. Structural elucidation of the major phthienoyl trehalose showed the occurrence of five acyl residues located at 2, 2', 3', 4 and 6' positions of trehalose. The acyl substituents were mainly 2,4,6-trimethyl tetracos-2-enoic acid (C27 phthienoic acid) accompanied by its homologs. In addition to these branched fatty acids, straight-chain C16 and C18 acyls composed about 20% of the substituents. The proposed structure is a new one, both for the mycobacterial-specific glycolipid and for the substituted positions on trehalose. Other minor acyl trehaloses were detected in M. tuberculosis (strain Canetti), differing from the major component by the occurrence of an additional hydroxy fatty acid (3-hydroxy-2,4,6-trimethyl tetracosanoic acid) or by the number of acyl substituents. The major glycolipid presented a weak activity in vitro on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. These glycolipids and phthienoic acids could serve as virulence indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daffé
- Centre de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
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Seggev JS, Goren MB, Carr RI, Rubenstein E, Kirkpatrick CH. Pathogenesis of trehalose dimycolate-induced interstitial pneumonitis. IV. Evidence against roles for immunoglobulins and the complement system. Exp Lung Res 1988; 14:431-44. [PMID: 3061788 DOI: 10.3109/01902148809087819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We showed previously that trehalose dimycolate (TDM) in oil administered intraperitoneally into susceptible mice produced interstitial and hemorrhagic pneumonitis by the seventh day after injection and that mature T cells are necessary for the production of these lesions. TDM has been reported to activate complement and to be chemotactic for macrophages in vitro. Accordingly, we looked for involvement of humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of TDM-induced pneumonitis. Genetically C5-deficient B10D2/oSn mice developed pulmonary lesions just as well as C5-sufficient mice. No activation of C3 occurred in the plasma of TDM-treated mice as determined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Some splitting of C3 occurred in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, but this was similar in control and experimental mice. By immunofluorescence microscopy, there was no deposition of C3 or immunoglobulins (Ig) along the alveolar membranes. These findings and our published data provide additional evidence that TDM-induced interstitial inflammation in mice is exclusively a T-lymphocyte-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Seggev
- Conrad D. Stephenson Laboratory for Research in Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Co 80206
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Lacave C, Lanéelle MA, Daffé M, Montrozier H, Rols MP, Asselineau C. [Structural and metabolic study of the mycolic acids of Mycobacterium fortuitum]. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 163:369-78. [PMID: 3816811 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb10809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of mycolic acids was studied in whole cells of Mycobacterium fortuitum. At first the structures of the main mycolates produced by the used strain were established as diunsaturated and epoxymycolates. By using [1-14C]acetate as a radiotracer of the lipid synthesis, it was observed that the turnover of the mycolates during the exponential phase of growth of M. fortuitum is fast enough to make very difficult the identification of their precursors. If the growth of the bacterial cells is stopped or highly diminished, by the removal of a large part of their nutritional medium, mycolate synthesis, in contrast to the synthesis of other fatty acids, is stopped as shown by incubation of the concentrated bacterial culture with [1-14C]acetate. After removal of aliquots of the sedimented bacteria at intervals, during several hours, mycolate synthesis resumes when the cell concentration becomes lighter. In these conditions the sequence of radiolabeling of mycolates and of their potential precursors (tetracosanoate and meromycolates) can be observed. In spite of their low accumulation, tetracosanoate and meromycolates were isolated and purified and their specific radioactivity, after different incubation times, could be measured. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that meromycolates are condensed with tetracosanoate to produce mycolates. However, because of the large differences of isotopic dilution of these two precursors inside the mycolate molecule, this hypothesis, generally taken as evidence, has to be modified. A hypothetical pathway of the mycolate synthesis is proposed, taking into account all these observations.
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Seggev JS, Goren MB, Kirkpatrick CH. The pathogenesis of trehalose dimycolate-induced interstitial pneumonitis. III. Evidence for a role for T lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 1984; 85:428-35. [PMID: 6609001 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(84)90256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose dimycolate, a glycolipid component of the cell walls of mycobacteria, induces interstitial pneumonitis and alveolar hemorrhages in C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice. Homozygous nude (nu/nu) mice of these backgrounds are not susceptible to this form of pulmonary injury. However, after administration of T-lymphocyte-enriched spleen cell preparations from syngeneic donors, homozygous nude mice become susceptible to trehalose dimycolate. The observations suggest that production of pulmonary lesions by this mycobacterial component is dependent on T lymphocytes. While the mechanisms are still under study, we propose that trehalose dimycolate can function as an activator of T lymphocytes and that products of activated T cells are responsible for production of the pulmonary lesions.
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Mallet AI, Minnikin DE, Dobson G. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry of tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers of phthiocerols and mycocerosic alcohols from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1984; 11:79-86. [PMID: 6426541 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200110207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria synthesize a variety of unusual long-chain fatty acid esters and the systematic analysis of these is of great potential in the classification and identification of these bacteria. This paper describes the extraction, reductive fission and derivatization to tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers of beta-diesters, the phthiocerol dimycocerosates. The mass spectra of these ethers are characteristic of the parent alcohols and selected ion monitoring techniques have been applied to mixtures extracted from strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Minnikin D, Dobson G, Hutchinson IG. Characterization of phthiocerol dimycocerosates from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(83)90069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Further specific extracellular phenolic glycolipid antigens and a related diacylphthiocerol from Mycobacterium leprae. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Larsson L, Mårdh P, Odham G, Westerdahl G. Use of selected ion monitoring for detection of tuberculostearic and C32 mycocerosic acid in mycobacteria and in five-day-old cultures of sputum specimens from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B, MICROBIOLOGY 1981; 89:245-51. [PMID: 6797240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1981.tb00184_89b.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring (SIM), employing both electron (EI) and chemical ionization (CI), was used to detect 10-methyloctadecanoic (tuberculostearic) and 2, 4, 8, 8-tetramethyloctacosanoic (C32 mycocerosic) acids in bacteria of 14 species of Mycobacterium and 3 species of Nocardia. Tuberculostearic acid was found in all species studied, while C32 mycocerosic acid was demonstrated only in M. africanum, M bovis, M. bovis strain BCG, M. kansasii and M. tuberculosis. The relative amounts of these acids in the organisms of these five species varied, thereby constituting a presumptive diagnostic technique. The lowest detectable amount of C32 mycocerosic acid was approximately 5 pg when using EI-SIM, monitoring at m/zz 88 and m/z 101. When using CI, employing isobutane as reactant gas, and focusing at m/z 495, 2 pg could be detected, and when ammonia was the reactant gas, the corresponding figure was 1 pg, monitoring at m/z 512. Tuberculostearic acid was demonstrated in 5-day incubated sputum specimens from 6 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, including 5 patients infected with M tuberculosis and 1 patient infected with M. avium. C32 mycocerosic acid was detected in 4 of the 5 patients with M. tuberculosis infection. None of the acids was found in a further 8 patients who had viral or bacterial (non-mycobacterial) pneumonia. Tuberculostearic acid could be demonstrated in 10 of another 12 sputum specimens from patients with tuberculosis, when the samples were analyzed directly, viz prior to culturing. The possibility of using SIM for the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is thus worth consideration.
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Ioneda T, Silva CL. Purification of 1-monoacylglycerols containing alpha-branched-beta-hydroxylated fatty acids from lipids of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Chem Phys Lipids 1979; 25:85-91. [PMID: 498380 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(79)90055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A complex mixture of monoacylglycerols, identified as (C30--C36) corynomycoloylglycerols was isolated from the diethyl ether/acetone-soluble lipids of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.
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Silva CL, Ioneda T. Purification and characterization of mononocardomycoloylglycerol from Nocardia rhodochrous. Chem Phys Lipids 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(77)90037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gastambide-Odier M. Variantes de mycosides caracterisees par des residus glycosidiques substitues par des chaines acyles-I: Spectres de masse des mycosides G′ et A′ peracetyles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210070709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Thiele OW, Kehr W. [The "free" lipids of Brucella abortus Bang. Concerning the neutral lipids]. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1969; 9:167-75. [PMID: 4979663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Fractionation and characterization of wax D, a macromolecular peptidoglycolipid of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1965. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(65)90022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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CHAPUT M, MICHEL G, LEDERER E. Structure du mycoside Cm, peptido-glycolipide de Mycobacterium marianum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1962; 63:310-26. [PMID: 14020205 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(62)90685-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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SMITH DW, RANDALL HM, MACLENNAN AP, LEDERER E. Mycosides: a new class of type-specific glycolipids of Mycobacteria. Nature 1960; 186:887-8. [PMID: 13831939 DOI: 10.1038/186887a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lederer E. Lipoide der Mycobakterien. Chemische Struktur und biologische Wirkung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1960. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19600721103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Noll H, Jackim E. THE CHEMISTRY OF THE NATIVE CONSTITUENTS OF THE ACETONE-SOLUBLE FAT OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS (BREVANNES). J Biol Chem 1958. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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SMITH DW, RANDALL HM, GASTAMBIDE-ODIER MM, KOEVOET AL. The characterization of mycobacterial strains by the composition of their lipide extracts. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1957; 69:145-57. [PMID: 13478997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1957.tb49655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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