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Veríssimo NVP, Mussagy CU, Bento HBS, Pereira JFB, Santos-Ebinuma VDC. Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for the stabilization of biopharmaceuticals: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108316. [PMID: 38199490 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals have allowed the control of previously untreatable diseases. However, their low solubility and stability still hinder their application, transport, and storage. Hence, researchers have applied different compounds to preserve and enhance the delivery of biopharmaceuticals, such as ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Although the biopharmaceutical industry can employ various substances for enhancing formulations, their effect will change depending on the properties of the target biomolecule and environmental conditions. Hence, this review organized the current state-of-the-art on the application of ILs and DESs to stabilize biopharmaceuticals, considering the properties of the biomolecules, ILs, and DESs classes, concentration range, types of stability, and effect. We also provided a critical discussion regarding the potential utilization of ILs and DESs in pharmaceutical formulations, considering the restrictions in this field, as well as the advantages and drawbacks of these substances for medical applications. Overall, the most applied IL and DES classes for stabilizing biopharmaceuticals were cholinium-, imidazolium-, and ammonium-based, with cholinium ILs also employed to improve their delivery. Interestingly, dilute and concentrated ILs and DESs solutions presented similar results regarding the stabilization of biopharmaceuticals. With additional investigation, ILs and DESs have the potential to overcome current challenges in biopharmaceutical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Vieira Porphirio Veríssimo
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, CEP: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo University, CEP: 14040-020 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cassamo Usemane Mussagy
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile.
| | - Heitor Buzetti Simões Bento
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, CEP: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Valéria de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, CEP: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Wysor SK, Kenneth Marcus R. Alleviation of the necessity for supernatant prefiltering in the protein a recovery of Monoclonal antibodies from Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1230:123919. [PMID: 37950970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein A (ProA) chromatography is a mainstay in the analytical and preparative scale isolation/purification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). One area of interest is continuous processing or continuous chromatography, where ProA chromatography is used in the large-scale purification of mAbs. However, filtration is required prior to all ProA isolations to remove large particulates in cell culture supernatant, consisting of a mixture of cell debris, host cell contaminants, media components, etc. Currently, in-line filters are used to remove particles in the supernatant, requiring replacement over time due to fouling; regardless of the scale. Here we demonstrate the ProA isolation of unfiltered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell media using capillary-channel polymer (C-CP) fiber stationary phases modified with S. aureus Protein A (rSPA). The base polymer of the analytical scale C-CP columns costs ∼$5 per 30 cm column, and when modified with ProA, the base cost is ∼$25 per 30 cm column, a cost-effective option in comparison to analytical-scale commercial columns. To directly sample unfiltered media, a 5 cm gap was created at the head of the C-CP column, where the large particulates are trapped, while molecular solutes flow through the capillary channels without sacrifice in analytical performance, mAb loading capacity, or backpressure increases. The binding capacity of the gap ProA C-CP column was ∼ 2 mg mL-1 of IgG per bed volume. The same analytical column could be operated after processing a total of ∼ 56 column bed volumes of supernatant (>25 analytical cycles) without the need for caustic clean-in-place processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA.
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3
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Desai PG, Garidel P, Gbormittah FO, Kamen DE, Mills BJ, Narasimhan CN, Singh S, Stokes ESE, Walsh ER. An Intercompany Perspective on Practical Experiences of Predicting, Optimizing and Analyzing High Concentration Biologic Therapeutic Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:359-369. [PMID: 36442683 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Developing high-dose biologic drugs for subcutaneous injection often requires high-concentration formulations and optimizing viscosity, solubility, and stability while overcoming analytical, manufacturing, and administration challenges. To understand industry approaches for developing high-concentration formulations, the Formulation Workstream of the BioPhorum Development Group, an industry-wide consortium, conducted an inter-company collaborative exercise which included several surveys. This collaboration provided an industry perspective, experience, and insight into the practicalities for developing high-concentration biologics. To understand solubility and viscosity, companies desire predictive tools, but experience indicates that these are not reliable and experimental strategies are best. Similarly, most companies prefer accelerated and stress stability studies to in-silico or biophysical-based prediction methods to assess aggregation. In addition, optimization of primary container-closure and devices are pursued to mitigate challenges associated with high viscosity of the formulation. Formulation strategies including excipient selection and application of studies at low concentration to high-concentration formulations are reported. Finally, analytical approaches to high concentration formulations are presented. The survey suggests that although prediction of viscosity, solubility, and long-term stability is desirable, the outcome can be inconsistent and molecule dependent. Significant experimental studies are required to confirm robust product definition as modeling at low protein concentrations will not necessarily extrapolate to high concentration formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti G Desai
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Sterile Product Development, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH Co KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Francisca O Gbormittah
- GlaxoSmithKline, Strategic External Development, 1000 Winter Street North, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Douglas E Kamen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Formulation Development, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Brittney J Mills
- AbbVie, NBE Drug Product Development, 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | | | - Shubhadra Singh
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Elaine S E Stokes
- BioPhorum, The Gridiron Building, 1 Pancras Square, London N1C 4AG UK.
| | - Erika R Walsh
- Merck & Co., Inc., Sterile and Specialty Products, Rahway, NJ, USA
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4
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Parker KA, Ribet S, Kimmel BR, Dos Reis R, Mrksich M, Dravid VP. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy in a Scanning Electron Microscope for the High-Throughput Imaging of Biological Assemblies. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3235-3242. [PMID: 35881504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopy of soft and biological materials, or "soft electron microscopy", is essential to the characterization of macromolecules. Soft microscopy is governed by enhancing contrast while maintaining low electron doses, and sample preparation and imaging methodologies are driven by the length scale of features of interest. While cryo-electron microscopy offers the highest resolution, larger structures can be characterized efficiently and with high contrast using low-voltage electron microscopy by performing scanning transmission electron microscopy in a scanning electron microscope (STEM-in-SEM). Here, STEM-in-SEM is demonstrated for a four-lobed protein assembly where the arrangement of the proteins in the construct must be examined. STEM image simulations show the theoretical contrast enhancement at SEM-level voltages for unstained structures, and experimental images with multiple STEM modes exhibit the resolution possible for negative-stained proteins. This technique can be extended to complex protein assemblies, larger structures such as cell sections, and hybrid materials, making STEM-in-SEM a valuable high-throughput imaging method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Parker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephanie Ribet
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Blaise R Kimmel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Roberto Dos Reis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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5
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Nupur N, Joshi S, Gulliarme D, Rathore AS. Analytical Similarity Assessment of Biosimilars: Global Regulatory Landscape, Recent Studies and Major Advancements in Orthogonal Platforms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:832059. [PMID: 35223794 PMCID: PMC8865741 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.832059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are one of the fastest-growing sectors in the biotechnology industry. Within the umbrella of biopharmaceuticals, the biosimilar segment is expanding with currently over 200 approved biosimilars, globally. The key step towards achieving a successful biosimilar approval is to establish analytical and clinical biosimilarity with the innovator. The objective of an analytical biosimilarity study is to demonstrate a highly similar profile with respect to variations in critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the biosimilar product, and these variations must lie within the range set by the innovator. This comprises a detailed comparative structural and functional characterization using appropriate, validated analytical methods to fingerprint the molecule and helps reduce the economic burden towards regulatory requirement of extensive preclinical/clinical similarity data, thus making biotechnological drugs more affordable. In the last decade, biosimilar manufacturing and associated regulations have become more established, leading to numerous approvals. Biosimilarity assessment exercises conducted towards approval are also published more frequently in the public domain. Consequently, some technical advancements in analytical sciences have also percolated to applications in analytical biosimilarity assessment. Keeping this in mind, this review aims at providing a holistic view of progresses in biosimilar analysis and approval. In this review, we have summarized the major developments in the global regulatory landscape with respect to biosimilar approvals and also catalogued biosimilarity assessment studies for recombinant DNA products available in the public domain. We have also covered recent advancements in analytical methods, orthogonal techniques, and platforms for biosimilar characterization, since 2015. The review specifically aims to serve as a comprehensive catalog for published biosimilarity assessment studies with details on analytical platform used and critical quality attributes (CQAs) covered for multiple biotherapeutic products. Through this compilation, the emergent evolution of techniques with respect to each CQA has also been charted and discussed. Lastly, the information resource of published biosimilarity assessment studies, created during literature search is anticipated to serve as a helpful reference for biopharmaceutical scientists and biosimilar developers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neh Nupur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Srishti Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Davy Gulliarme
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anurag S. Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Anurag S. Rathore,
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6
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Borman P, Campa C, Delpierre G, Hook E, Jackson P, Kelley W, Protz M, Vandeputte O. Selection of Analytical Technology and Development of Analytical Procedures Using the Analytical Target Profile. Anal Chem 2021; 94:559-570. [PMID: 34928590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A structured approach to method development can help to ensure an analytical procedure is robust across the lifecycle of its use. The analytical target profile (ATP), which describes the required quality of the reportable value to be produced by the analytical procedure, enables the analytical scientist to select the best analytical technology on which to develop their procedure(s). Once the technology has been identified, screening of potentially fit for purpose analytical procedures should take place. Analytical procedures that have been demonstrated to meet the ATP should be evaluated against business drivers (e.g., operational constraints) to determine the most suitable analytical procedure. Three case studies are covered from across small molecules, vaccines, and biotherapeutics. The case studies cover different aspects of the analytical procedure selection process, such as the use of platform method development processes and procedures, the development of multiattribute analytical procedures, and the use of analytical technologies to provide product characterization knowledge in order to define or redefine the ATP. Challenges associated with method selection are discussed such as where existing pharmacopoeial monographs link acceptance criteria to specific types of analytical technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Borman
- Product Development and Supply, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Cristiana Campa
- Technical Research & Development, Vaccines, GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Elliot Hook
- Global Pharma Analytical Science and Technology, Pharma Supply Chain, GSK, Priory Street, Ware, SG12 0DJ, U.K
| | - Patrick Jackson
- Product Development and Supply, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Wayne Kelley
- Product Development and Supply, GSK, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Michel Protz
- Analytical Research and Development, GSK, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium
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7
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Valtonen S, Vuorinen E, Eskonen V, Malakoutikhah M, Kopra K, Härmä H. Sensitive, homogeneous, and label-free protein-probe assay for antibody aggregation and thermal stability studies. MAbs 2021; 13:1955810. [PMID: 34455913 PMCID: PMC8409793 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1955810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a spontaneous process affected by multiple external and internal properties, such as buffer composition and storage temperature. Aggregation of protein-based drugs can endanger patient safety due, for example, to increased immunogenicity. Aggregation can also inactivate protein drugs and prevent target engagement, and thus regulatory requirements are strict regarding drug stability monitoring during manufacturing and storage. Many of the current technologies for aggregation monitoring are time- and material-consuming and require specific instruments and expertise. These types of assays are not only expensive, but also unsuitable for larger sample panels. Here we report a label-free time-resolved luminescence-based method using an external Eu3+-conjugated probe for the simple and fast detection of protein stability and aggregation. We focused on monitoring the properties of IgG, which is a common format for biological drugs. The Protein-Probe assay enables IgG aggregation detection with a simple single-well mix-and-measure assay performed at room temperature. Further information can be obtained in a thermal ramping, where IgG thermal stability is monitored. We showed that with the Protein-Probe, trastuzumab aggregation was detected already after 18 hours of storage at 60°C, 4 to 8 days earlier compared to SYPRO Orange- and UV250-based assays, respectively. The ultra-high sensitivity of less than 0.1% IgG aggregates enables the Protein-Probe to reduce assay time and material consumption compared to existing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Valtonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Ville Eskonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Kari Kopra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Härmä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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8
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Baird G, Farrell C, Cheung J, Semple A, Blue J, Ahl PL. FTIR Spectroscopy Detects Intermolecular β-Sheet Formation Above the High Temperature T m for Two Monoclonal Antibodies. Protein J 2021; 39:318-327. [PMID: 32656609 PMCID: PMC7387379 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-020-09907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The temperature-dependent secondary structure of two monoclonal IgG antibodies, anti-IGF1R and anti-TSLP, were examined by transmission mode Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Anti-IGF1R and anti-TSLP are IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against human Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor for anti-tumor activity and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin cytokine for anti-asthma activity, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) clearly indicates both antibodies in their base formulations have a lower temperature protein conformational change near 70 °C (Tm1) and a higher temperature protein conformational change near 85 °C (Tm2). Thermal scanning dynamic light scatting (TS-DLS) indicates a significant particle size increase for both antibodies near Tm2 suggesting a high level of protein aggregation. The nature of these protein conformational changes associated with increasing the formulation temperature and decreasing sucrose concentration were identified by transmission mode FTIR and second derivative FTIR spectroscopy of temperature controlled aqueous solutions of both monoclonal antibodies. The transition from intra-molecular β sheets to inter-molecular β sheets was clearly captured for both monoclonal antibodies using FTIR spectroscopy. Finally, FTIR Spectroscopy was able to show the impact of a common excipient such as sucrose on the stability of each monoclonal antibody, further demonstrating the usefulness of FTIR spectroscopy for studying protein aggregation and formulation effects.
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9
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Chauhan VM, Zhang H, Dalby PA, Aylott JW. Advancements in the co-formulation of biologic therapeutics. J Control Release 2020; 327:397-405. [PMID: 32798639 PMCID: PMC7426274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biologic therapeutics are the medicines of the future and are destined to transform the approaches by which the causes and symptoms of diseases are cured and alleviated. These approaches will be accelerated through the development of novel strategies that target multiple pharmacologically active sites using a combination of different biologics, or mixtures of biologics and small molecule therapeutics. However, for this potential to be realised, advancements in co-formulation strategies for biologic therapeutics must be established. This review describes the current and emerging developments within this field and highlights the challenges and potential solutions, that will pave-the-way towards their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeren M. Chauhan
- Advanced Materials & Healthcare Technologies Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Science Building, Science Road, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK,Corresponding author
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Future Targeted Healthcare Manufacturing Hub, Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Paul A. Dalby
- Future Targeted Healthcare Manufacturing Hub, Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Jonathan W. Aylott
- Advanced Materials & Healthcare Technologies Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Science Building, Science Road, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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10
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Sats A, Kaart T, Poikalainen V, Aare A, Lepasalu L, Andreson H, Jõudu I. Bovine colostrum whey: Postpartum changes of particle size distribution and immunoglobulin G concentration at different filtration pore sizes. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6810-6819. [PMID: 32534920 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine colostrum, as vital as it is for calves, is also a valuable source of functional components with rich health benefits for humans. Bovine colostrum whey consists of a large number of bioactive proteins and peptides. The most abundant of these is IgG. Particle size distribution (PSD) is an important feature of many of the processes in the dairy food industries. Despite this, scientific literature on PSD of colostrum whey is scarce. The goal of this research was to describe bovine colostrum whey PSD with an emphasis on postpartum milking time, filtration (pore size 450, 100, and 20 nm), IgG concentration, and lactation number. For this purpose, 4 postpartum milking colostrum samples were sequentially milked from 46 Holstein cows at 12 ± 1 h intervals. Colostrum whey was prepared by renneting and diluted (1:200) for PSD analyses by a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Malvern, UK). Immunoglobulin G concentration of these diluted colostrum whey samples were analyzed by an Octet K2 (Molecular Devices LLC, San Jose, CA) system. Linear mixed model analysis revealed significant effects of filter pore size, postpartum milking, and lactation on colostrum whey IgG concentrations. The percentage of particles in the size interval 5 to 15 nm (the hydrodynamic diameter of IgG is around 10 nm) had an intermediate positive correlation (r = 0.50) with IgG concentration. Furthermore, we showed that PSD was associated with IgG concentration, postpartum milking time, and lactation number. The PSD measurement results showed the mean hydrodynamic diameter of 100 nm pore size filtered colostrum whey to be around 10 nm. This, with the IgG concentration results, suggests that even though the size of IgG is around 10 nm, a 100 nm pore size is adequate for membrane-involved IgG separations. In terms of energy efficiency of the filtration process, the use of a larger filter pore size can make a remarkable difference, for example, in pressurizing and cooling costs. Our work contributes to the development of sustainable and widely available colostrum-derived food and feed supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sats
- Chair of Food Science and Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1 Tartu, Estonia 51006.
| | - T Kaart
- Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1 Tartu, Estonia 51006
| | - V Poikalainen
- Teadus ja Tegu OÜ, Aretuse 2 Märja Tartumaa 61406, Estonia
| | - A Aare
- Chair of Food Science and Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1 Tartu, Estonia 51006
| | - L Lepasalu
- Teadus ja Tegu OÜ, Aretuse 2 Märja Tartumaa 61406, Estonia
| | - H Andreson
- Chair of Food Science and Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1 Tartu, Estonia 51006
| | - I Jõudu
- Chair of Food Science and Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1 Tartu, Estonia 51006; Food (By-)Products Valorisation Technologies of the Estonian University of Life Sciences (VALORTECH), Kreutzwaldi 1 Tartu, Estonia 51006
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11
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Multi-attribute PAT for UF/DF of Proteins-Monitoring Concentration, particle sizes, and Buffer Exchange. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2123-2136. [PMID: 32072210 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration/diafiltration (UF/DF) plays an important role in the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. Monitoring critical process parameters and quality attributes by process analytical technology (PAT) during those steps can facilitate process development and assure consistent quality in production processes. In this study, a lab-scale cross-flow filtration (CFF) device was equipped with a variable pathlength (VP) ultraviolet and visible (UV/Vis) spectrometer, a light scattering photometer, and a liquid density sensor (microLDS). Based on the measured signals, the protein concentration, buffer exchange, apparent molecular weight, and hydrodynamic radius were monitored. The setup was tested in three case studies. First, lysozyme was used in an UF/DF run to show the comparability of on-line and off-line measurements. The corresponding correlation coefficients exceeded 0.97. Next, urea-induced changes in protein size of glucose oxidase (GOx) were monitored during two DF steps. Here, correlation coefficients were ≥ 0.92 for static light scattering (SLS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The correlation coefficient for the protein concentration was 0.82, possibly due to time-dependent protein precipitation. Finally, a case study was conducted with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to show the full potential of this setup. Again, off-line and on-line measurements were in good agreement with all correlation coefficients exceeding 0.92. The protein concentration could be monitored in-line in a large range from 3 to 120 g L- 1. A buffer-dependent increase in apparent molecular weight of the mAb was observed during DF, providing interesting supplemental information for process development and stability assessment. In summary, the developed setup provides a powerful testing system for evaluating different UF/DF processes and may be a good starting point to develop process control strategies. Graphical Abstract Piping and instrumentation diagram of the experimental setup and data generated by the different sensors. A VP UV/Vis spectrometer (FlowVPE, yellow) measures the protein concentration. From the data of the light scattering photometer (Zetasizer, green) in the on-line measurement loop, the apparant molecular weight and z-average are calculated. The density sensor (microLDS) measures density and viscosity of the fluid in the on-line loop.
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12
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Wang L, Trang HK, Desai J, Dunn ZD, Richardson DD, Marcus RK. Fiber-based HIC capture loop for coupling of protein A and size exclusion chromatography in a two-dimensional separation of monoclonal antibodies. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1098:190-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Caruso A, Füth M, Alvarez-Sánchez R, Belli S, Diack C, Maass KF, Schwab D, Kettenberger H, Mazer NA. Ocular Half-Life of Intravitreal Biologics in Humans and Other Species: Meta-Analysis and Model-Based Prediction. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:695-709. [PMID: 31876425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies administered intravitreally are the current standard of care to treat retinal diseases. The ocular half-life (t1/2) is a key determinant of the duration of target suppression. To support the development of novel, longer-acting drugs, a reliable determination of t1/2 is needed together with an improved understanding of the factors that influence it. A model-based meta-analysis was conducted in humans and nonclinical species (rat, rabbit, monkey, and pig) to determine consensus values for the ocular t1/2 of IgG antibodies and Fab fragments. Results from multiple literature and in-house pharmacokinetic studies are presented within a mechanistic framework that assumes diffusion-controlled drug elimination from the vitreous. Our analysis shows, both theoretically and experimentally, that the ocular t1/2 increases in direct proportion to the product of the hydrodynamic radius of the macromolecule (3.0 nm for Fab and 5.0 nm for IgG) and the square of the radius of the vitreous globe, which varies approximately 24-fold from the rat to the human. Interspecies differences in the proportionality factors are observed and discussed in mechanistic terms. In addition, mathematical formulae are presented that allow prediction of the ocular t1/2 for molecules of interest. The utility of these formulae is successfully demonstrated in case studies of aflibercept, brolucizumab, and PEGylated Fabs, where the predicted ocular t1/2 values are found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental data available for these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Caruso
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Basel 4070 , Switzerland
| | - Matthias Füth
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Basel 4070 , Switzerland
| | - Ruben Alvarez-Sánchez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Basel 4070 , Switzerland
| | - Sara Belli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Basel 4070 , Switzerland
| | - Cheikh Diack
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Basel 4070 , Switzerland
| | - Katie F Maass
- Clinical Pharmacology , Genentech , South San Francisco 94080 , California , United States
| | - Dietmar Schwab
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Basel 4070 , Switzerland
| | - Hubert Kettenberger
- Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Penzberg 82377 , Germany
| | - Norman A Mazer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Basel 4070 , Switzerland
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14
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Analytical Platform for Monitoring Aggregation of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics. Pharm Res 2019; 36:152. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Abstract
In this book chapter, a practical approach for conducting small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments is given. Our aim is to guide SAXS users through a three-step process of planning, preparing and performing a basic SAXS measurement. The minimal requirements necessary to prepare samples are described specifically for protein and other macromolecular samples in solution. We address the very important aspects in terms of sample characterization using additional techniques as well as the essential role of accurately subtracting background scattering contributions. At the end of the chapter some advice is given for trouble-shooting problems that may occur during the course of the SAXS measurements. Automated pipelines for data processing are described which are useful in allowing users to evaluate the quality of the data 'on the spot' and consequently react to events such as radiation damage, the presence of unwanted sample aggregates or miss-matched buffers.
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16
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Measurement of impurities to support process development and manufacture of biopharmaceuticals. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Madadkar P, Sadavarte R, Butler M, Durocher Y, Ghosh R. Preparative separation of monoclonal antibody aggregates by cation-exchange laterally-fed membrane chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1055-1056:158-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Zhang S, Iskra T, Daniels W, Salm J, Gallo C, Godavarti R, Carta G. Structural and performance characteristics of representative anion exchange resins used for weak partitioning chromatography. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:425-434. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Zhang
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Virginia; Charlottesville VA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Giorgio Carta
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Virginia; Charlottesville VA
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19
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Hetmańska M, Maciejewski A. The application of a UHPLC system to study the formation of various chemical species by compounds undergoing efficient self-aggregation and to determine the homodimerization constants (K DM) with values in the high range of 10 6–10 10 M −1. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates a new concept for the use of UHPLC method for identification of the species formed by a self-aggregating compound depending on its concentration and solvent used and to determine homodimerization constants, KDM = 106–1010 M−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hetmańska
- Photochemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Andrzej Maciejewski
- Photochemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
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20
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Baek Y, Singh N, Arunkumar A, Zydney AL. Effects of Histidine and Sucrose on the Biophysical Properties of a Monoclonal Antibody. Pharm Res 2016; 34:629-639. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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22
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Barahona Afonso AF, João CMP. The Production Processes and Biological Effects of Intravenous Immunoglobulin. Biomolecules 2016; 6:15. [PMID: 27005671 PMCID: PMC4808809 DOI: 10.3390/biom6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin is a highly diverse autologous molecule able to influence immunity in different physiological and diseased situations. Its effect may be visible both in terms of development and function of B and T lymphocytes. Polyclonal immunoglobulin may be used as therapy in many diseases in different circumstances such as primary and secondary hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections, polyneuropathies, cancer, after allogeneic transplantation in the presence of infections and/or GVHD. However, recent studies have broadened the possible uses of polyclonal immunoglobulin showing that it can stimulate certain sub-populations of T cells with effects on T cell proliferation, survival and function in situations of lymphopenia. These results present a novel and considerable impact of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment in situations of severe lymphopenia, a situation that can occur in cancer patients after chemo and radiotherapy treatments. In this review paper the established and experimental role of polyclonal immunoglobulin will be presented and discussed as well as the manufacturing processes involved in their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Barahona Afonso
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade de Évora, Colégio Luís António Verney, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Maria Pires João
- Hematology Department, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal.
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23
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Gagnon P, Nian R. Conformational plasticity of IgG during protein A affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1433:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Michels DA, Ip AY, Dillon TM, Brorson K, Lute S, Chavez B, Prentice KM, Brady LJ, Miller KJ. Separation Methods and Orthogonal Techniques. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1201.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Michels
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Anna Y. Ip
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Thomas M. Dillon
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Kurt Brorson
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Scott Lute
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Brittany Chavez
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Ken M. Prentice
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Lowell J. Brady
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Karen J. Miller
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91361, United States
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Global Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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25
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Gjoka X, Schofield M, Cvetkovic A, Gantier R. Combined Protein A and size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography for the single-step measurement of mAb, aggregates and host cell proteins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 972:48-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Molloy S, Fesinmeyer RM, Fesinmeyer RM, Martinez T, Piedmonte DM, Murphy PD, Pelletier MEH, Pelletier ME, Treuheit MJ, Kleemann GR. Optimized UV detection of high-concentration antibody formulations using high-throughput SE-HPLC. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:508-14. [PMID: 25392911 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High-concentration antibody solutions (>100 mg/mL) present significant challenges for formulation and process development, including formulation attributes such as increased solution viscosity, and the propensity for self-association. An additional challenge comes from the adaptation of analytical methods designed for low-concentration formulations to the high-concentration regime. The oligomeric state is a good example: it is a quality attribute monitored during pharmaceutical development and is one that can be affected by dilution; a typical first step in the analysis of high-concentration solutions. The objective of this work was to develop a size-exclusion HPLC (SE-HPLC) method that would allow the injection of high-concentration antibody formulations without the need for dilution prior to injection and their analysis in a high-throughput manner that does not create a bottleneck for the execution of complex formulation development studies. It was found that changing the UV detection wavelength from 215 to 235 nm simplified sample preparation by allowing for an approximately fivefold increase in injection load while maintaining the signal within the linear range of detection. In addition, the chromatographic peak properties (i.e., peak symmetry, resolution, and sensitivity) were determined to be consistent when compared with analytical methods developed for formulations with lower antibody concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Molloy
- Drug Product Formulation Technologies, Process Development, Amgen. Inc., Seattle, Washington
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27
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Unfolding and aggregation of a glycosylated monoclonal antibody on a cation exchange column. Part I. Chromatographic elution and batch adsorption behavior. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:117-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Lassner P, Adler M, Lee G. Formation of Insoluble Particulates in a Spray-Dried F(ab’)2 Fragment. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1021-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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29
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Khan JM, Abdulrehman SA, Zaidi FK, Gourinath S, Khan RH. Hydrophobicity alone can not trigger aggregation in protonated mammalian serum albumins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:5150-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54941k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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30
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Chaudhuri R, Cheng Y, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. High-throughput biophysical analysis of protein therapeutics to examine interrelationships between aggregate formation and conformational stability. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 16:48-64. [PMID: 24174400 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stabilization and formulation of therapeutic proteins against physical instability, both structural alterations and aggregation, is particularly challenging not only due to each protein's unique physicochemical characteristics but also their susceptibility to the surrounding milieu (pH, ionic strength, excipients, etc.) as well as various environmental stresses (temperature, agitation, lyophilization, etc.). The use of high-throughput techniques can significantly aid in the evaluation of stabilizing solution conditions by permitting a more rapid evaluation of a large matrix of possible combinations. In this mini-review, we discuss both key physical degradation pathways observed for protein-based drugs and the utility of various high-throughput biophysical techniques to aid in protein formulation development to minimize their occurrence. We then focus on four illustrative case studies with therapeutic protein candidates of varying sizes, shapes and physicochemical properties to explore different analytical challenges in monitoring protein physical instability. These include an IgG2 monoclonal antibody, an albumin-fusion protein, a recombinant pentameric plasma glycoprotein, and an antibody fragment (Fab). Future challenges and opportunities to improve and apply high-throughput approaches to protein formulation development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajoshi Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
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31
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Gattás-Asfura KM, Stabler CL. Bioorthogonal layer-by-layer encapsulation of pancreatic islets via hyperbranched polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:9964-74. [PMID: 24063764 PMCID: PMC3856945 DOI: 10.1021/am401981g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of viable tissues via layer-by-layer polymer assembly provides a versatile platform for cell surface engineering, with nanoscale control over the capsule properties. Herein, we report the development of a hyperbranched polymer-based, ultrathin capsule architecture expressing bioorthogonal functionality and tailored physiochemical properties. Random carbodiimide-based condensation of 3,5-dicarboxyphenyl glycineamide on alginate yielded a highly branched polysaccharide with multiple, spatially restricted, and readily functionalizable terminal carboxylate moieties. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was utilized to link azido end groups to the structured alginate. Together with a phosphine-functionalized poly(amidoamine) dendrimer, nanoscale layer-by-layer coatings, covalently stabilized via Staudinger ligation, were assembled onto solid surfaces and pancreatic islets. The effects of electrostatic and/or bioorthogonal covalent interlayer interactions on the resulting coating efficiency and stability, as well as pancreatic islet viability and function, were studied. These hyperbranched polymers provide a flexible platform for the formation of covalently stabilized, ultrathin coatings on viable cells and tissues. In addition, the hyperbranched nature of the polymers presents a highly functionalized surface capable of bioorthogonal conjugation of additional bioactive or labeling motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerim M Gattás-Asfura
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami , Miami, Florida 33136 United States
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32
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Seifner A, Beck G, Bayer P, Eichmeir S, Lackner F, Rögelsperger O, Weber K, Wollein G. Assessment of immunoglobulin concentrates on thrombogenic activity by thrombin generation assay, prekallikrein activator assay, and size-exclusion chromatography. Transfusion 2013; 54:376-83. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Seifner
- Austrian Medicines and Medical Devices Agency; AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety; Vienna; Austria
| | - Gerhard Beck
- Austrian Medicines and Medical Devices Agency; AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety; Vienna; Austria
| | - Patrick Bayer
- Austrian Medicines and Medical Devices Agency; AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety; Vienna; Austria
| | - Stephanie Eichmeir
- Austrian Medicines and Medical Devices Agency; AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety; Vienna; Austria
| | - Friedrich Lackner
- Austrian Medicines and Medical Devices Agency; AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety; Vienna; Austria
| | - Olga Rögelsperger
- Austrian Medicines and Medical Devices Agency; AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety; Vienna; Austria
| | - Katharina Weber
- Austrian Medicines and Medical Devices Agency; AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety; Vienna; Austria
| | - Gabriele Wollein
- Austrian Medicines and Medical Devices Agency; AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety; Vienna; Austria
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33
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Second Osmotic Virial Coefficients and Aggregation of Monoclonal Antibodies by Static Laser Light Scattering. Z PHYS CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2013.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The second osmotic virial coefficient and the apparent molar mass of two human and one mouse monoclonal antibodies were measured in different aequeous buffer solutions which also contained sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate, respectively, by static laser light scattering in batch mode. The apparent molar mass indicates aggregation. At a constant pH value of 6.5 the sodium chloride concentration was varied from 0 to 2 M and the ammonium sulfate concentration from 0 to 0.8 M, respectively. A 20 mM sodium-phosphate buffer was used for all experiments. Furthermore the pH value was varied without adding additional salt from 4.5 to 10. The results of the salt dependency are in line with the Hofmeister-series. The results of the pH dependency correspond to the net charge of the molecules.
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34
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Hong P, Koza S, Bouvier ESP. Size-Exclusion Chromatography for the Analysis of Protein Biotherapeutics and their Aggregates. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012; 35:2923-2950. [PMID: 23378719 PMCID: PMC3556795 DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.743724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use and number of biotherapeutics has increased significantly. For these largely protein-based therapies, the quantitation of aggregates is of particular concern given their potential effect on efficacy and immunogenicity. This need has renewed interest in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). In the following review we will outline the history and background of SEC for the analysis of proteins. We will also discuss the instrumentation for these analyses, including the use of different types of detectors. Method development for protein analysis by SEC will also be outlined, including the effect of mobile phase and column parameters (column length, pore size). We will also review some of the applications of this mode of separation that are of particular importance to protein biopharmaceutical development and highlight some considerations in their implementation.
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35
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Samra HS, He F. Advancements in high throughput biophysical technologies: applications for characterization and screening during early formulation development of monoclonal antibodies. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:696-707. [PMID: 22263524 DOI: 10.1021/mp200404c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The formulation development of monoclonal antibodies is extremely challenging, due to the diversity and complexity contained within this class of molecules. The physical and chemical properties of a monoclonal antibody dictate the behavior of the protein drug during manufacturing, storage and clinical administration. In the past few years, the use of high throughput technologies has been widely adapted to delineate unique properties of individual immunoglobulin G's (IgG's) important for their development. Numerous screening techniques have been designed to reveal physical and chemical characteristics of a protein relevant to stability under production, formulation and delivery conditions. In addition, protein stability under accelerated stresses has been utilized to predict long-term storage behavior for monoclonal antibodies in the formulation. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in the field of biophysical technology, with a specific focus on the techniques that can be directly applied to the formulation development of monoclonal antibodies. Several case studies are also presented here to provide examples of combining existing biophysical methods with high throughput screening technology in the formulation development of monoclonal antibody drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep S Samra
- Department of Formulation Sciences, MedImmune , One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA.
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36
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Patois E, Capelle M, Palais C, Gurny R, Arvinte T. Evaluation of nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) in the characterization of therapeutic antibodies and seasonal influenza vaccines: pros and cons. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(12)50069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Zölls S, Tantipolphan R, Wiggenhorn M, Winter G, Jiskoot W, Friess W, Hawe A. Particles in therapeutic protein formulations, Part 1: overview of analytical methods. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:914-35. [PMID: 22161573 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of particles is a major issue during therapeutic protein formulation development. Both proteinaceous and nonproteinaceous particles need to be analyzed not only due to the requirements of the Pharmacopeias but also to monitor the stability of the protein formulation. Increasing concerns about the immunogenic potential together with new developments in particle analysis make a comparative description of established and novel analytical methods useful. Our review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on analytical methods for the detection and characterization of visible and subvisible particles in therapeutic protein formulations. We describe the underlying theory, benefits, shortcomings, and illustrative examples for quantification techniques, as well as characterization techniques for particle shape, morphology, structure, and identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zölls
- Coriolis Pharma, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152 Martinsried-Munich, Germany
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38
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Guhr T, Derksen N, Aalberse R, Rispens T. Use of a human recombinant immunoglobulin G1 CH3 domain as a probe for detecting alternatively folded human IgG in intravenous Ig products. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:978-86. [PMID: 22102504 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously reported that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) contains alternatively folded (aggregation-prone) monomeric immunoglobulin (Ig) G molecules. These alternatively folded IgG molecules may act as precursors for Fc-Fc-mediated dimerization and/or aggregation in IVIg. To study this phenomenon, we set up a fluid-phase binding assay using an acid-shocked (pH 2.5) recombinant human IgG1 CH3 domain as a probe in combination with size-exclusion chromatography. Three IVIg products and a recombinant IgG1 antibody were analyzed. Besides CH3 probe binding to monomeric IgG derived from all IVIg products, the CH3 probe also bound to IgG4 half-molecules. This IgG4 binding could be distinguished from binding to IgG molecules on the basis of molecular weight. In contrast, no CH3 probe binding to IgG from the recombinant IgG1 antibody was observed. After acid-induced aggregation of either IVIg or a recombinant IgG1 antibody, CH3 probe binding to oligomeric complexes was observed, but no longer to monomeric IgG, demonstrating that the alternatively folded monomeric IgG molecules had oligomerized. Our results indicate that the tested IVIg products contain traces of alternatively folded IgG molecules within the "normal" monomeric IgG fraction. Furthermore, we conclude that the fluid-phase binding assay is sensitive to detect these alternatively folded IgG molecules in IVIg.
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Kowalczyk C, Dunkel N, Willen L, Casal ML, Mauldin EA, Gaide O, Tardivel A, Badic G, Etter AL, Favre M, Jefferson DM, Headon DJ, Demotz S, Schneider P. Molecular and therapeutic characterization of anti-ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR) agonist monoclonal antibodies. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30769-30779. [PMID: 21730053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.267997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The TNF family ligand ectodysplasin A (EDA) and its receptor EDAR are required for proper development of skin appendages such as hair, teeth, and eccrine sweat glands. Loss of function mutations in the Eda gene cause X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED), a condition that can be ameliorated in mice and dogs by timely administration of recombinant EDA. In this study, several agonist anti-EDAR monoclonal antibodies were generated that cross-react with the extracellular domains of human, dog, rat, mouse, and chicken EDAR. Their half-life in adult mice was about 11 days. They induced tail hair and sweat gland formation when administered to newborn EDA-deficient Tabby mice, with an EC(50) of 0.1 to 0.7 mg/kg. Divalency was necessary and sufficient for this therapeutic activity. Only some antibodies were also agonists in an in vitro surrogate activity assay based on the activation of the apoptotic Fas pathway. Activity in this assay correlated with small dissociation constants. When administered in utero in mice or at birth in dogs, agonist antibodies reverted several ectodermal dysplasia features, including tooth morphology. These antibodies are therefore predicted to efficiently trigger EDAR signaling in many vertebrate species and will be particularly suited for long term treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kowalczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Dunkel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laure Willen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Margret L Casal
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6010
| | - Elizabeth A Mauldin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6010
| | - Olivier Gaide
- Department of Dermatology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aubry Tardivel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Badic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Douglas M Jefferson
- Cell Essential, Boston, Massachusetts 02116; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Denis J Headon
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9PS, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Demotz
- Apoxis SA, CH-1004 Lausanne, Switzerland; Edimer Biotech, Ch de l'Eglise 7, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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Lee H, Kirchmeier M, Mach H. Monoclonal Antibody Aggregation Intermediates Visualized by Atomic Force Microscopy. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:416-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Kayser V, Chennamsetty N, Voynov V, Helk B, Forrer K, Trout BL. Evaluation of a non-Arrhenius model for therapeutic monoclonal antibody aggregation. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2526-42. [PMID: 21268027 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding antibody aggregation is of great significance for the pharmaceutical industry. We studied the aggregation of five different therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with size-exclusion chromatography-high-performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC), fluorescence spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and light scattering methods at various temperatures with the aim of gaining insight into the aggregation process and developing models of it. In particular, we find that the kinetics can be described by a second-order model and are non-Arrhenius. Thus, we develop a non-Arrhenius model to connect accelerated aggregation experiments at high temperature to long-term storage experiments at low temperature. We evaluate our model by predicting mAb aggregation and comparing it with long-term behavior. Our results suggest that the number of monomers and mAb conformations within aggregates vary with the size and age of the aggregates, and that only certain sizes of aggregates are populated in the solution. We also propose a kinetic model based on conformational changes of proteins and monomer peak loss kinetics from SEC-HPLC. This model could be employed for a detail analysis of mAb aggregation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veysel Kayser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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42
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Horak J, Hofer S, Lindner W. Optimization of a ligand immobilization and azide group endcapping concept via “Click-Chemistry” for the preparation of adsorbents for antibody purification. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:3382-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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43
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Quantification of immunoglobulin G and characterization of process related impurities using coupled Protein A and size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5092-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Carpenter JF, Randolph TW, Jiskoot W, Crommelin DJ, Middaugh C, Winter G. Potential inaccurate quantitation and sizing of protein aggregates by size exclusion chromatography: Essential need to use orthogonal methods to assure the quality of therapeutic protein products. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:2200-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Buchacher A, Schluga P, Müllner J, Schreiner M, Kannicht C, Weinberger J. Anticomplementary activity of IVIG concentrates - important assay parameters and impact of IgG polymers. Vox Sang 2010; 98:e209-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2009.01271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Yumioka R, Sato H, Tomizawa H, Yamasaki Y, Ejima D. Mobile phase containing arginine provides more reliable SEC condition for aggregation analysis. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:618-20. [PMID: 19569199 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Loss of protein aggregates due to matrix protein interaction during SEC often causes underestimation of aggregate content in the quality control of pharmaceutical proteins. Since new columns especially show stronger tendency to bind proteins, an effort should be made to suppress protein adsorption. We examined the effects of arginine on protein binding to SEC columns and found that loss of aggregates was reduced in the presence of arginine, leading to a reliable estimate of aggregate content even with newly used column and small protein load. This is not due to increased ionic strength, as NaCl resulted in increased protein loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yumioka
- AminoScience Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
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47
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Li G, Kasha PC, Late S, Banga AK. Application of hanging drop technique to optimize human IgG formulations. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:125-31. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.01.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The purpose of this work is to assess the hanging drop technique in screening excipients to develop optimal formulations for human immunoglobulin G (IgG).
Methods
A microdrop of human IgG and test solution hanging from a cover slide and undergoing vapour diffusion was monitored by a stereomicroscope. Aqueous solutions of IgG in the presence of different pH, salt concentrations and excipients were prepared and characterized.
Key findings
Low concentration of either sodium/potassium phosphate or McIlvaine buffer favoured the solubility of IgG. Addition of sucrose favoured the stability of this antibody while addition of NaCl caused more aggregation. Antimicrobial preservatives were also screened and a complex effect at different buffer conditions was observed. Dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and size exclusion chromatography studies were performed to further validate the results.
Conclusions
In conclusion, hanging drop is a very easy and effective approach to screen protein formulations in the early stage of formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Purna C Kasha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sameer Late
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ajay K Banga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Labib M, Hedström M, Amin M, Mattiasson B. A multipurpose capacitive biosensor for assay and quality control of human immunoglobulin G. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 104:312-20. [PMID: 19562733 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a flow-injection biosensor system with a capacitive transducer for assay and quality control of human immunoglobulin G (hIgG). The sensing platform is based on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of carboxylic acid terminated alkyl-thiols with covalently attached concanavalin A. The electrochemical characteristics of the sensor surface were assessed by cyclic voltammetry using a permeable redox couple (potassium ferricyanide). The developed biosensor proved capable of performing a sensitive label-free assay of hIgG with a detection limit of 1.0 microg mL(-1). The capacitance response depended linearly on hIgG concentration over the range from 5.0 to 100 microg mL(-1), in a logarithmic plot. Typical measurements were performed in 15 min and up to 18 successive assays were achieved without significant loss of sensitivity using a single electrode. In addition, the biosensor can detect hIgG aggregates with concentrations as low as 0.01% of the total hIgG content (5.0 microg mL(-1)). Hence, it represents a potential post-size-exclusion chromatography-UV (post-SEC-UV) binding assay for in-process quality control of hIgG, which cannot be detected by SEC-UV singly at concentrations below 0.3% of the total hIgG content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Labib
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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Mahler HC, Friess W, Grauschopf U, Kiese S. Protein aggregation: pathways, induction factors and analysis. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2909-34. [PMID: 18823031 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Control and analysis of protein aggregation is an increasing challenge to pharmaceutical research and development. Due to the nature of protein interactions, protein aggregation may occur at various points throughout the lifetime of a protein and may be of different quantity and quality such as size, shape, morphology. It is therefore important to understand the interactions, causes and analyses of such aggregates in order to control protein aggregation to enable successful products. This review gives a short outline of currently discussed pathways and induction methods for protein aggregation and describes currently employed set of analytical techniques and emerging technologies for aggregate detection, characterization and quantification. A major challenge for the analysis of protein aggregates is that no single analytical method exists to cover the entire size range or type of aggregates which may appear. Each analytical method not only shows its specific advantages but also has its limitations. The limits of detection and the possibility of creating artifacts through sample preparation by inducing or destroying aggregates need to be considered with each method used. Therefore, it may also be advisable to carefully compare analytical results of orthogonal methods for similar size ranges to evaluate method performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns-Christian Mahler
- Formulation R&D Biologics, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
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50
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Rosenberg E, Hepbildikler S, Kuhne W, Winter G. Ultrafiltration concentration of monoclonal antibody solutions: Development of an optimized method minimizing aggregation. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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