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Dean B. Muscarinic M1 and M4 receptor agonists for schizophrenia: promising candidates for the therapeutic arsenal. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:1113-1121. [PMID: 37994870 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2288074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Successful phase 3 trials of KarXT in people with schizophrenia herald a new era of treating the disorder with drugs that do not target the dopamine D2 receptor. The active component of KarXT is xanomeline, a muscarinic (CHRM) M1 and M4 agonist, making muscarinic receptors a viable target for treating schizophrenia. AREAS COVERED This review covers the process of taking drugs that activate the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors from conceptualization to the clinic and details the mechanisms by which activating the CHRM1 and 4 can affect the broad spectrum of symptoms experienced by people with schizophrenia. EXPERT OPINION Schizophrenia is a syndrome which means drugs that activate muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors, as was the case for antipsychotic drugs acting on the dopamine D2 receptor, will not give optimal outcomes in everyone within the syndrome. Thus, it would be ideal to identify people who are responsive to drugs activating the CHRM1 and 4. Given knowledge of the actions of these receptors, it is possible treatment non-response could be restricted to sub-groups within the syndrome who have deficits in cortical CHRM1 or those with one of the cognitive endophenotypes that may be identifiable by changes in the blood transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- The Synaptic Biology and Cognition Laboratory, The Florey, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Dean B, Haroutunian V, Scarr E. Lower levels of cortical [ 3H]pirenzepine binding to postmortem tissue defines a sub-group of older people with schizophrenia with less severe cognitive deficits. Schizophr Res 2023; 255:274-282. [PMID: 37079947 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence argue for lower levels of cortical muscarinic M1 receptors (CHRM1) in people with schizophrenia which is possibly due to a sub-group within the disorder who have a marked loss of CHRM1 (muscarinic receptor deficit sub-group (MRDS)). In this study we sought to determine if the lower levels of CHRM1 was apparent in older people with schizophrenia and whether the loss of CHRM1 was associated with symptom severity by measuring levels of cortical [3H]pirenzepine binding to CHRM1 from 56 people with schizophrenia and 43 controls. Compared to controls (173 ± 6.3 fmol / mg protein), there were lower levels of cortical [3H]pirenzepine binding in the people with schizophrenia (mean ± SEM: 153 ± 6.0 fmol / mg protein; p = 0.02; Cohen's d = - 0.46). [3H]pirenzepine binding in the people with schizophrenia, but not controls, was not normally distributed and best fitted a two-population solution. The nadir of binding separating the two groups of people with schizophrenia was 121 fmol / mg protein and levels of [3H]pirenzepine binding below this value had a 90.7 % specificity for the disorder. Compared to controls, the score from the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) did not differ significantly in MRDS but were significantly higher in the sub-group with normal radioligand binding. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores did not differ between the two sub-groups with schizophrenia. Our current study replicates and earlier finding showing a MRDS within schizophrenia and, for the first time, suggest this sub-group have less severe cognitive deficits others with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- The Synaptic Biology and Cognition Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers, JJ Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Scarr
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Dean B, Bakker G, Ueda HR, Tobin AB, Brown A, Kanaan RAA. A growing understanding of the role of muscarinic receptors in the molecular pathology and treatment of schizophrenia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1124333. [PMID: 36909280 PMCID: PMC9992992 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1124333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical models, postmortem and neuroimaging studies all support a role for muscarinic receptors in the molecular pathology of schizophrenia. From these data it was proposed that activation of the muscarinic M1 and/or M4 receptor would reduce the severity of the symptoms of schizophrenia. This hypothesis is now supported by results from two clinical trials which indicate that activating central muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors can reduce the severity of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of the disorder. This review will provide an update on a growing body of evidence that argues the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors have critical roles in CNS functions that are dysregulated by the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This realization has been made possible, in part, by the growing ability to visualize and quantify muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors in the human CNS using molecular neuroimaging. We will discuss how these advances have provided evidence to support the notion that there is a sub-group of patients within the syndrome of schizophrenia that have a unique molecular pathology driven by a marked loss of muscarinic M1 receptors. This review is timely, as drugs targeting muscarinic receptors approach clinical use for the treatment of schizophrenia and here we outline the background biology that supported development of such drugs to treat the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- Synaptic Biology and Cognition Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Advanced Research Centre (ARC), School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard A A Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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Correll CU, Angelov AS, Miller AC, Weiden PJ, Brannan SK. Safety and tolerability of KarXT (xanomeline-trospium) in a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:109. [PMID: 36463237 PMCID: PMC9719488 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
KarXT combines xanomeline, an M1/M4 preferring muscarinic agonist with no direct D2 receptor antagonism, with the peripherally restricted anticholinergic trospium. In EMERGENT-1 (NCT03697252), a 5-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study in inpatients with schizophrenia, KarXT met the primary efficacy endpoint, numerous secondary endpoints, and was generally well tolerated. Here, we conducted additional post hoc analyses of safety and tolerability data of KarXT from EMERGENT-1 with a particular focus on adverse events (AEs) that may be associated with muscarinic receptor agonism (nausea or vomiting) or antagonism (dry mouth or constipation). A total of 179 patients received at least one dose of either KarXT (n = 89) or placebo (n = 90) and were included in the analyses. KarXT was associated with a low overall AE burden. The majority of procholinergic and anticholinergic AEs with KarXT were mild, occurred in the first 1-2 weeks of treatment, and were transient with a median duration ranging from 1 day for vomiting to 13 days for dry mouth. No patients in either treatment group discontinued the study due to any procholinergic or anticholinergic AEs. Incidence of somnolence/sedation AEs with KarXT were low and similar to those in the placebo group. KarXT was associated with no significant or clinically relevant changes in body weight, metabolic parameters, or vital signs. KarXT was generally well tolerated with an AE profile consistent with the activity of xanomeline-trospium at muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph U Correll
- Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Inactivation of the cholinergic M4 receptor results in a disinhibited endophenotype predicting alcohol use. Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Effects of a novel M4 muscarinic positive allosteric modulator on behavior and cognitive deficits relevant to Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia in rhesus monkey. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108754. [PMID: 34389398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a profoundly debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized most notably by progressive cognitive decline, but also agitation and behavioral disturbances that are extremely disruptive to patient and caregiver. Current pharmacological treatments for these symptoms have limited efficacy and significant side effects. We have recently reported the discovery of Compound 24, an M4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) that is potent, highly selective, and devoid of cholinergic-like side effects in rats. In order to further evaluate the translatability of the effects of compound 24 in primates, here we describe the effect of Compound 24 on three behavioral and cognition assays in rhesus monkeys, the stimulant induced motor activity (SIMA) assay, the object retrieval detour task (ORD), and the visuo-spatial paired-associates learning (vsPAL) task. As far as we know, this is the first such characterization of an M4 PAM in non-human primate. Compound 24 and the clinical standard olanzapine attenuated amphetamine induced hyperactivity to a similar degree. In addition, Compound 24 demonstrated procognitive effects in scopolamine-impaired ORD and vsPAL, and these effects were of similar magnitude to donepezil. These findings suggest that M4 PAMs may be beneficial to diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, which are marked by behavioral disturbances as well as deficits in cognitive function.
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van der Westhuizen ET, Choy KHC, Valant C, McKenzie-Nickson S, Bradley SJ, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Fine Tuning Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling Through Allostery and Bias. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:606656. [PMID: 33584282 PMCID: PMC7878563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.606656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are highly pursued drug targets for neurological diseases, in particular for Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Due to high sequence homology, selective targeting of any of the M1-M5 mAChRs through the endogenous ligand binding site has been notoriously difficult to achieve. With the discovery of highly subtype selective mAChR positive allosteric modulators in the new millennium, selectivity through targeting an allosteric binding site has opened new avenues for drug discovery programs. However, some hurdles remain to be overcome for these promising new drug candidates to progress into the clinic. One challenge is the potential for on-target side effects, such as for the M1 mAChR where over-activation of the receptor by orthosteric or allosteric ligands can be detrimental. Therefore, in addition to receptor subtype selectivity, a drug candidate may need to exhibit a biased signaling profile to avoid such on-target adverse effects. Indeed, recent studies in mice suggest that allosteric modulators for the M1 mAChR that bias signaling toward specific pathways may be therapeutically important. This review brings together details on the signaling pathways activated by the M1 and M4 mAChRs, evidence of biased agonism at these receptors, and highlights pathways that may be important for developing new subtype selective allosteric ligands to achieve therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. van der Westhuizen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - K. H. Christopher Choy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon McKenzie-Nickson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie J. Bradley
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Stępnicki P, Kondej M, Koszła O, Żuk J, Kaczor AA. Multi-targeted drug design strategies for the treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:101-114. [PMID: 32915109 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1816962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disease (or a conglomeration of disorders) manifesting with positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. The pathophysiology of schizophrenia is not completely known; however, it involves many neurotransmitters and their receptors. In order to treat schizophrenia, drugs need to be multi-target drugs. Indeed, the action of second and third generation antipsychotics involves interactions with many receptors, belonging mainly to aminergic GPCRs. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors summarize current concepts of schizophrenia with the emphasis on the modern dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and glutamatergic hypotheses. Next, they discuss treatments of the disease, stressing multi-target antipsychotics. They cover different aspects of design of multi-target ligands, including the application of molecular modeling approaches for the design and benefits and limitations of multifunctional compounds. Finally, they present successful case studies of multi-target drug design against schizophrenia. EXPERT OPINION Treatment of schizophrenia requires the application of multi-target drugs. While designing single target drugs is relatively easy, designing multifunctional compounds is a challenge due to the necessity to balance the affinity to many targets, while avoiding promiscuity and the problems with drug-likeness. Multi-target drugs bring many benefits: better efficiency, fewer adverse effects, and drug-drug interactions and better patient compliance to drug regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Stępnicki
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
| | - Magda Kondej
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
| | - Oliwia Koszła
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Żuk
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka A Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio, Finland
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Dean B, Pavey G, Scarr E. Higher levels of α7 nicotinic receptors, but not choline acetyltransferase, in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from a sub-group of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:283-290. [PMID: 32507381 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested the study of sub-groups within the syndrome of schizophrenia will assist in elucidating the complex pathophysiology of the syndrome. Hence, we have studied a number of cholinergic markers in the cortex from a sub-group of subjects with schizophrenia that have a marked decrease in levels of muscarinic M1 receptors (MRDS). The displacement of [3H]NMS by cortical extracts was used to measure tissue anticholinergic load, [125I]α bungarotoxin binding was used to measure levels of the α7 nicotinic receptor (CHRNA7) and western blotting was used to measure levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) 68 and 82 as well as synaptosome nerve-associated protein 25 (SNAP25). In comparing schizophrenia, MRDS and non-MRDS to controls, there were no differences in levels of ChAT 68 or 82, SNAP 25 or cholinergic load in BA 9. However, levels of CHRNA7 were higher in BA 9, but not BA 6 or 44, from subjects with MRDS. These data argue that there is no change in cholinergic innovation (measured using ChAT), presynaptic neurons (measured using SNAP25) or cholinergic load in schizophrenia, MRDS or non-MRDS. However, increased levels of CHRNA7 may be contributing to a breakdown in cholinergic homeostasis in BA 9, but not BA 6 or 44, in subjects with MRDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Victoria, Australia; The Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey Pavey
- The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Scarr
- The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Caton M, Ochoa ELM, Barrantes FJ. The role of nicotinic cholinergic neurotransmission in delusional thinking. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2020; 6:16. [PMID: 32532978 PMCID: PMC7293341 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-020-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Delusions are a difficult-to-treat and intellectually fascinating aspect of many psychiatric illnesses. Although scientific progress on this complex topic has been challenging, some recent advances focus on dysfunction in neural circuits, specifically in those involving dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Here we review the role of cholinergic neurotransmission in delusions, with a focus on nicotinic receptors, which are known to play a part in some illnesses where these symptoms appear, including delirium, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, Parkinson, Huntington, and Alzheimer diseases. Beginning with what we know about the emergence of delusions in these illnesses, we advance a hypothesis of cholinergic disturbance in the dorsal striatum where nicotinic receptors are operative. Striosomes are proposed to play a central role in the formation of delusions. This hypothesis is consistent with our current knowledge about the mechanism of action of cholinergic drugs and with our abstract models of basic cognitive mechanisms at the molecular and circuit levels. We conclude by pointing out the need for further research both at the clinical and translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Caton
- The Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Santa Rosa Department of Psychiatry, 2235 Mercury Way, Santa Rosa, CA, 95047, USA
- Heritage Oaks Hospital, 4250 Auburn Boulevard, Sacramento, CA, 95841, USA
| | - Enrique L M Ochoa
- Heritage Oaks Hospital, 4250 Auburn Boulevard, Sacramento, CA, 95841, USA
- Volunteer Clinical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis, 2230 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Faculty of Medical Sciences, UCA-CONICET, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, C1107AFF, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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11
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Muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors: Hypothesis driven drug development for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288:112989. [PMID: 32315882 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The finding that the drug KarXT, a formulation of xanomeline and tropsium which targets muscarinic receptors, has given a positive result in reducing the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia in a phase II trial suggests targeting muscarinic receptors is a new approach to treating the disorder. This review will detail the synergistic interplay between studies to understand the role of muscarinic receptors in the aetiology of schizophrenia and drug development and how this has supported the hypothesis that activating the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors is critical to the efficacy of KarXT, in schizophrenia. The discovery of an intermediate phenotype within schizophrenia which is characterised by the presence of a marked loss of cortical muscarinic M1 receptors will be reviewed. Highlighted will be progress in understanding the biochemistry of that intermediate phenotype and evidence to suggest that those with the intermediate phenotype may resist treatment with agonist to the orthosteric site on the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptor. Finally, the possibility of using drugs targeting the allosteric binding sites on muscarinic receptors to treat schizophrenia will be discussed. This timely review will therefore highlight how research can influence hypothesis driven drug discovery that should produce new treatments for schizophrenia.
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12
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Pozhidaev IV, Boiko AS, Loonen AJM, Paderina DZ, Fedorenko OY, Tenin G, Kornetova EG, Semke AV, Bokhan NA, Wilffert B, Ivanova SA. Association of Cholinergic Muscarinic M4 Receptor Gene Polymorphism with Schizophrenia. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2020; 13:97-105. [PMID: 32368127 PMCID: PMC7183770 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s247174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies have linked muscarinic M4 receptors (CHRM4) to schizophrenia. Specifically, the rs2067482 polymorphism was found to be highly associated with this disease. Purpose To test whether rs2067482 and rs72910092 are potential risk factors for schizophrenia and/or pharmacogenetic markers for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Patients and Methods We genotyped DNA of 449 patients with schizophrenia and 134 healthy controls for rs2067482 and rs72910092 polymorphisms of the CHRM4 gene with the use of the MassARRAY® System by Agena Bioscience. Mann–Whitney test was used to compare qualitative traits and χ2 test was used for categorical traits. Results The frequency of genotypes and alleles of rs72910092 did not differ between patients with schizophrenia and control subjects. We did not reveal any statistical differences for both rs2067482 and rs72910092 between schizophrenia patients with and without tardive dyskinesia. The frequency of the C allele of the polymorphic variant rs2067482 was significantly higher in healthy persons compared to patients with schizophrenia (OR=0.51, 95% CI [0.33–0.80]; p=0.003). Accordingly, the CC genotype was found significantly more often in healthy persons compared to patients with schizophrenia (OR=0.49, 95% CI [0.31–0.80]; p=0.010). Conclusion Our study found the presence of the minor allele (T) of rs2067482 variant being associated with schizophrenia. We argue that the association of rs2067482 with schizophrenia may be via its regulatory effect on some other gene with protein kinase C and casein Kknase substrate in neurons 3 (PACSIN3) as a possible candidate. Neither rs2067482 nor rs72910092 is associated with tardive dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Pozhidaev
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasiia S Boiko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anton J M Loonen
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Diana Z Paderina
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Yu Fedorenko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Gennadiy Tenin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Elena G Kornetova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Arkadiy V Semke
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Bob Wilffert
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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13
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Miura S, Fukuda K, Masada S, Usutani H, Kanematsu M, Cork DG, Kawamoto T. Rapid and efficient synthesis of a novel cholinergic muscarinic M 1 receptor positive allosteric modulator using flash chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8166-8174. [PMID: 31464336 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01718f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow-flash synthesis of a 2-bromobenzaldehyde derivative 18 as a key intermediate of a novel cholinergic muscarinic M1 positive allosteric modulator 1 bearing an isoindolin-1-one ring system as a pharmacophore has been achieved using flow microreactors through selective I/Li exchange of 1-bromo-2-iodobenzene derivative 17 with BuLi and subsequent formylation at -40 °C of the highly reactive 2-bromophenyllithium intermediate using DMF, which is difficult to achieve by a conventional batch process due to the conversion of the highly reactive 2-bromophenyllithium intermediate into benzyne even at -78 °C. Late-stage cyclization to give the isoindolin-1-one ring system, through reductive amination of 18 followed by palladium-catalyzed carbonylation with carbon monoxide and intramolecular cyclization, efficiently afforded 1 for its further research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Miura
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Fukuda
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Masada
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Hirotsugu Usutani
- Process Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Kanematsu
- Process Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - David G Cork
- Process Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Kawamoto
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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14
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Hopper S, Pavey GM, Gogos A, Dean B. Widespread Changes in Positive Allosteric Modulation of the Muscarinic M1 Receptor in Some Participants With Schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:640-650. [PMID: 31428788 PMCID: PMC6822142 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and some human data suggest allosteric modulation of the muscarinic M1 receptor (CHRM1) is a promising approach for the treatment of schizophrenia. However, it is suggested there is a subgroup of participants with schizophrenia who have profound loss of cortical CHRM1 (MRDS). This raises the possibility that some participants with schizophrenia may not respond optimally to CHRM1 allosteric modulation. Here we describe a novel methodology to measure positive allosteric modulation of CHRM1 in human CNS and the measurement of that response in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum from participants with MRDS, non-MRDS and controls. METHODS The cortex (Brodmann's area 6), hippocampus, and striatum from 40 participants with schizophrenia (20 MRDS and 20 non-MRDS) and 20 controls were used to measure benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid-mediated shift in acetylcholine displacement of [3H]N-methylscopolamine using a novel in situ radioligand binding with autoradiography methodology. RESULTS Compared with controls, participants with schizophrenia had lower levels of specific [3H]N-methylscopolamine binding in all CNS regions, whilst benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid-modulated binding was less in the striatum, Brodmann's area 6, dentate gyrus, and subiculum. When divided by subgroup, only in MRDS was there lower specific [3H]N-methylscopolamine binding and less benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid-modulated binding in all cortical and subcortical regions studied. CONCLUSIONS In a subgroup of participants with schizophrenia, there is a widespread decreased responsiveness to a positive allosteric modulator at the CHRM1. This finding may have ramifications it positive allosteric modulators of the CHRM1 are used in clinical trials to treat schizophrenia as some participants may not have an optimal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Hopper
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Mark Pavey
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Gogos
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian Dean
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,The Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia,Correspondence: Professor Brian Dean, Head, The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia ()
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15
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Teal LB, Gould RW, Felts AS, Jones CK. Selective allosteric modulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance use disorders. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2019; 86:153-196. [PMID: 31378251 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChRs) subtypes represent exciting new targets for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance use disorder (SUD). Recent advances in the development of subtype-selective allosteric modulators have revealed promising effects in preclinical models targeting the different symptoms observed in schizophrenia and SUD. M1 PAMs display potential for addressing the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, while M4 PAMs exhibit promise in treating preclinical models predictive of antipsychotic-like activity. In SUD, there is increasing support for modulation of mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic circuitry involved in SUD with selective M4 mAChR PAMs or M5 mAChR NAMs. Allosteric modulators of these mAChR subtypes have demonstrated efficacy in rodent models of cocaine and ethanol seeking, with indications that these ligand may also be useful for other substances of abuse, as well as in various stages in the cycle of addiction. Importantly, allosteric modulators of the different mAChR subtypes may provide viable treatment options, while conferring greater subtype specificity and corresponding enhanced therapeutic index than orthosteric muscarinic ligands and maintaining endogenous temporo-spatial ACh signaling. Overall, subtype specific mAChR allosteric modulators represent important novel therapeutic mechanisms for schizophrenia and SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Teal
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Robert W Gould
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrew S Felts
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
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16
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Rook JM, Bertron JL, Cho HP, Garcia-Barrantes PM, Moran SP, Maksymetz JT, Nance KD, Dickerson JW, Remke DH, Chang S, Harp JM, Blobaum AL, Niswender CM, Jones CK, Stauffer SR, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. A Novel M 1 PAM VU0486846 Exerts Efficacy in Cognition Models without Displaying Agonist Activity or Cholinergic Toxicity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2274-2285. [PMID: 29701957 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective activation of the M1 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, via positive allosteric modulation (PAM), is an exciting strategy to improve cognition in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease patients. However, highly potent M1 ago-PAMs, such as MK-7622, PF-06764427, and PF-06827443, can engender excessive activation of M1, leading to agonist actions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that impair cognitive function, induce behavioral convulsions, and result in other classic cholinergic adverse events (AEs). Here, we report a fundamentally new and highly selective M1 PAM, VU0486846. VU0486846 possesses only weak agonist activity in M1-expressing cell lines with high receptor reserve and is devoid of agonist actions in the PFC, unlike previously reported ago-PAMs MK-7622, PF-06764427, and PF-06827443. Moreover, VU0486846 shows no interaction with antagonist binding at the orthosteric acetylcholine (ACh) site (e.g., neither bitopic nor displaying negative cooperativity with [3H]-NMS binding at the orthosteric site), no seizure liability at high brain exposures, and no cholinergic AEs. However, as opposed to ago-PAMs, VU0486846 produces robust efficacy in the novel object recognition model of cognitive function. Importantly, we show for the first time that an M1 PAM can reverse the cognitive deficits induced by atypical antipsychotics, such as risperidone. These findings further strengthen the argument that compounds with modest in vitro M1 PAM activity (EC50 > 100 nM) and pure-PAM activity in native tissues display robust procognitive efficacy without AEs mediated by excessive activation of M1. Overall, the combination of compound assessment with recombinant in vitro assays (mindful of receptor reserve), native tissue systems (PFC), and phenotypic screens (behavioral convulsions) is essential to fully understand and evaluate lead compounds and enhance success in clinical development.
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17
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Engers JL, Childress ES, Long MF, Capstick RA, Luscombe VB, Cho HP, Dickerson JW, Rook JM, Blobaum AL, Niswender CM, Engers DW, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. VU6007477, a Novel M 1 PAM Based on a Pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridine Carboxamide Core Devoid of Cholinergic Adverse Events. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:917-922. [PMID: 30258541 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the chemical optimization of a new series of M1 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) based on a novel pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine core, developed via scaffold hopping and iterative parallel synthesis. The vast majority of analogs in this series proved to display robust cholinergic seizure activity. However, by removal of the secondary hydroxyl group, VU6007477 resulted with good rat M1 PAM potency (EC50 = 230 nM, 93% ACh max), minimal M1 agonist activity (agonist EC50 > 10 μM), good CNS penetration (rat brain/plasma K p = 0.28, K p,uu = 0.32; mouse K p = 0.16, K p,uu = 0.18), and no cholinergic adverse events (AEs, e.g., seizures). This work demonstrates that within a chemical series prone to robust M1 ago-PAM activity, SAR can result, which affords pure M1 PAMs, devoid of cholinergic toxicity/seizure liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Engers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Childress
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Madeline F. Long
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Rory A. Capstick
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Vincent B. Luscombe
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Hekyung P. Cho
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Dickerson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jerri M. Rook
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Darren W. Engers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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18
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Sabbir MG, Calcutt NA, Fernyhough P. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Type 1 Receptor Activity Constrains Neurite Outgrowth by Inhibiting Microtubule Polymerization and Mitochondrial Trafficking in Adult Sensory Neurons. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:402. [PMID: 29997469 PMCID: PMC6029366 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The muscarinic acetylcholine type 1 receptor (M1R) is a metabotropic G protein-coupled receptor. Knockout of M1R or exposure to selective or specific receptor antagonists elevates neurite outgrowth in adult sensory neurons and is therapeutic in diverse models of peripheral neuropathy. We tested the hypothesis that endogenous M1R activation constrained neurite outgrowth via a negative impact on the cytoskeleton and subsequent mitochondrial trafficking. We overexpressed M1R in primary cultures of adult rat sensory neurons and cell lines and studied the physiological and molecular consequences related to regulation of cytoskeletal/mitochondrial dynamics and neurite outgrowth. In adult primary neurons, overexpression of M1R caused disruption of the tubulin, but not actin, cytoskeleton and significantly reduced neurite outgrowth. Over-expression of a M1R-DREADD mutant comparatively increased neurite outgrowth suggesting that acetylcholine released from cultured neurons interacts with M1R to suppress neurite outgrowth. M1R-dependent constraint on neurite outgrowth was removed by selective (pirenzepine) or specific (muscarinic toxin 7) M1R antagonists. M1R-dependent disruption of the cytoskeleton also diminished mitochondrial abundance and trafficking in distal neurites, a disorder that was also rescued by pirenzepine or muscarinic toxin 7. M1R activation modulated cytoskeletal dynamics through activation of the G protein (Gα13) that inhibited tubulin polymerization and thus reduced neurite outgrowth. Our study provides a novel mechanism of M1R control of Gα13 protein-dependent modulation of the tubulin cytoskeleton, mitochondrial trafficking and neurite outgrowth in axons of adult sensory neurons. This novel pathway could be harnessed to treat dying-back neuropathies since anti-muscarinic drugs are currently utilized for other clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad G Sabbir
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nigel A Calcutt
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Paul Fernyhough
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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19
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Oda S, Tsuneoka Y, Yoshida S, Adachi-Akahane S, Ito M, Kuroda M, Funato H. Immunolocalization of muscarinic M1 receptor in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1329-1350. [PMID: 29424434 PMCID: PMC5900831 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been considered to participate in many higher cognitive functions, such as memory formation and spatial navigation. These cognitive functions are modulated by cholinergic afferents via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Previous pharmacological studies have strongly suggested that the M1 receptor (M1R) is the most important subtype among muscarinic receptors to perform these cognitive functions. Actually, M1R is abundant in mPFC. However, the proportion of somata containing M1R among cortical cellular types, and the precise intracellular localization of M1R remain unclear. In this study, to clarify the precise immunolocalization of M1R in rat mPFC, we examined three major cellular types, pyramidal neurons, inhibitory neurons, and astrocytes. M1R immunopositivity signals were found in the majority of the somata of both pyramidal neurons and inhibitory neurons. In pyramidal neurons, strong M1R immunopositivity signals were usually found throughout their somata and dendrites including spines. On the other hand, the signal strength of M1R immunopositivity in the somata of inhibitory neurons significantly varied. Some neurons showed strong signals. Whereas about 40% of GAD67‐immunopositive neurons and 30% of parvalbumin‐immunopositive neurons (PV neurons) showed only weak signals. In PV neurons, M1R immunopositivity signals were preferentially distributed in somata. Furthermore, we found that many astrocytes showed substantial M1R immunopositivity signals. These signals were also mainly distributed in their somata. Thus, the distribution pattern of M1R markedly differs between cellular types. This difference might underlie the cholinergic modulation of higher cognitive functions subserved by mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Oda
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Yousuke Tsuneoka
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Sachine Yoshida
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Satomi Adachi-Akahane
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Masanori Ito
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Masaru Kuroda
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan.,International institute for integrative sleep medicine (IIIS), Tsukuba University, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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20
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Thomsen M, Sørensen G, Dencker D. Physiological roles of CNS muscarinic receptors gained from knockout mice. Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:411-420. [PMID: 28911965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Because the five muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes have overlapping distributions in many CNS tissues, and because ligands with a high degree of selectivity for a given subtype long remained elusive, it has been difficult to determine the physiological functions of each receptor. Genetically engineered knockout mice, in which one or more muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype has been inactivated, have been instrumental in identifying muscarinic receptor functions in the CNS, at the neuronal, circuit, and behavioral level. These studies revealed important functions of muscarinic receptors modulating neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release in many brain regions, shaping neuronal plasticity, and affecting functions ranging from motor and sensory function to cognitive processes. As gene targeting technology evolves including the use of conditional, cell type specific strains, knockout mice are likely to continue to provide valuable insights into brain physiology and pathophysiology, and advance the development of new medications for a range of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addictions, as well as non-opioid analgesics. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neuropharmacology on Muscarinic Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Thomsen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Gunnar Sørensen
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ditte Dencker
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen and University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Rook JM, Abe M, Cho HP, Nance KD, Luscombe VB, Adams JJ, Dickerson JW, Remke DH, Garcia-Barrantes PM, Engers DW, Engers JL, Chang S, Foster JJ, Blobaum AL, Niswender CM, Jones CK, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Diverse Effects on M 1 Signaling and Adverse Effect Liability within a Series of M 1 Ago-PAMs. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:866-883. [PMID: 28001356 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both historical clinical and recent preclinical data suggest that the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is an exciting target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and the cognitive and negative symptom clusters in schizophrenia; however, early drug discovery efforts targeting the orthosteric binding site have failed to afford selective M1 activation. Efforts then shifted to focus on selective activation of M1 via either allosteric agonists or positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). While M1 PAMs have robust efficacy in rodent models, some chemotypes can induce cholinergic adverse effects (AEs) that could limit their clinical utility. Here, we report studies aimed at understanding the subtle structural and pharmacological nuances that differentiate efficacy from adverse effect liability within an indole-based series of M1 ago-PAMs. Our data demonstrate that closely related M1 PAMs can display striking differences in their in vivo activities, especially their propensities to induce adverse effects. We report the discovery of a novel PAM in this series that is devoid of observable adverse effect liability. Interestingly, the molecular pharmacology profile of this novel PAM is similar to that of a representative M1 PAM that induces severe AEs. For instance, both compounds are potent ago-PAMs that demonstrate significant interaction with the orthosteric site (either bitopic or negative cooperativity). However, there are subtle differences in efficacies of the compounds at potentiating M1 responses, agonist potencies, and abilities to induce receptor internalization. While these differences may contribute to the differential in vivo profiles of these compounds, the in vitro differences are relatively subtle and highlight the complexities of allosteric modulators and the need to focus on in vivo phenotypic screening to identify safe and effective M1 PAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerri M. Rook
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Masahito Abe
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Hyekyung P. Cho
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Kellie D. Nance
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Vincent B. Luscombe
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Adams
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Dickerson
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Daniel H. Remke
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Pedro M. Garcia-Barrantes
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Darren W. Engers
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Julie L. Engers
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Jarrett J. Foster
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
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22
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Panarese JD, Cho HP, Adams JJ, Nance KD, Garcia-Barrantes PM, Chang S, Morrison RD, Blobaum AL, Niswender CM, Stauffer SR, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Further optimization of the M1 PAM VU0453595: Discovery of novel heterobicyclic core motifs with improved CNS penetration. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3822-5. [PMID: 27173801 PMCID: PMC5082649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This Letter describes the continued chemical optimization of the VU0453595 series of M1 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). By surveying alternative 5,6- and 6,6-heterobicylic cores for the 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-one core of VU453595, we found new cores that engendered not only comparable or improved M1 PAM potency, but significantly improved CNS distribution (Kps 0.3-3.1). Moreover, this campaign provided fundamentally distinct M1 PAM chemotypes, greatly expanding the available structural diversity for this valuable CNS target, devoid of hydrogen-bond donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Panarese
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hykeyung P Cho
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Adams
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kellie D Nance
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pedro M Garcia-Barrantes
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sichen Chang
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryan D Morrison
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anna L Blobaum
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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23
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The distribution of muscarinic M1 receptors in the human hippocampus. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 77:187-192. [PMID: 27435807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The muscarinic M1 receptor plays a significant role in cognition, probably by modulating information processing in key regions such as the hippocampus. To understand how the muscarinic M1 receptor achieves these functions in the hippocampus, it is critical to know the distribution of the receptor within this complex brain region. To date, there are limited data on the distribution of muscarinic M1 receptors in the human hippocampus which may also be confounded because some anti-muscarinic receptor antibodies have been shown to lack specificity. Initially, using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, we showed the anti-muscarinic M1 receptor antibody to be used in our study bound to a single 62kDa protein that was absent in mice lacking the muscarinic M1 receptor gene. Then, using immunohistochemistry, we determined the distribution of muscarinic M1 receptors in human hippocampus from 10 subjects with no discernible history of a neurological or psychiatric disorder. Our data shows the muscarinic M1 receptor to be predominantly on pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. Muscarinic M1 receptor positive cells were most apparent in the deep polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus, the pyramidal cell layer of cornu ammonis region 3, the cellular layers of the subiculum, layer II of the presubiculum and layer III and V of the parahippocampal gyrus. Positive cells were less numerous and less intensely stained in the pyramidal layer of cornu ammonis region 2 and were sparse in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus as well as cornu ammonis region 1. Although immunoreactivity was present in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus, it was difficult to identity individual immunopositive cells, possibly due to the density of cells. This distribution of the muscarinic M1 receptors in human hippocampus, and its localisation on glutamatergic cells, would suggest the receptor has a significant role in modulating excitatory hippocampal neurotransmission.
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24
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Mishina YM, Wilson CJ, Bruett L, Smith JJ, Stoop-Myer C, Jong S, Amaral LP, Pedersen R, Lyman SK, Myer VE, Kreider BL, Thompson CM. Multiplex GPCR Assay in Reverse Transfection Cell Microarrays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:196-207. [PMID: 15140381 DOI: 10.1177/1087057103261880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a superfamily of proteins that include some of the most important drug targets in the pharmaceutical industry. Despite the success of this group of drugs, there remains a need to identify GPCR-targeted drugs with greater selectivity, to develop screening assays for validated targets, and to identify ligands for orphan receptors. To address these challenges, the authors have created a multiplexed GPCR assay that measures greater than 3000 receptor: ligand interactions in a single microplate. The multiplexed assay is generated by combining reverse transfection in a 96-well plate format with a calcium flux readout. This assay quantitatively measures receptor activation and inhibition and permits the determination of compound potency and selectivity for entire families of GPCRs in parallel. To expand the number of GPCR targets that may be screened in this system, receptors are cotransfected with plasmids encoding a promiscuous G protein, permitting the analysis of receptors that do not normally mobilize intracellular calcium upon activation. The authors demonstrate the utility of reverse transfection cell microarrays to GPCR-targeted drug discovery with examples of ligand selectivity screening against a panel of GPCRs as well as dose-dependent titrations of selected agonists and antagonists.
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25
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O'Connor WT, O'Shea SD. Clozapine and GABA transmission in schizophrenia disease models. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:47-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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de la Cour C, Sørensen G, Wortwein G, Weikop P, Dencker D, Fink-Jensen A, Molander A. Enhanced self-administration of alcohol in muscarinic acetylcholine M4 receptor knockout mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 746:1-5. [PMID: 25445043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is known to alter alcohol-drinking behavior. It is not known if muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes have similar effects. The muscarinic M4 receptor is highly expressed in the brain reinforcement system and involved in regulation of cholinergic and dopaminergic transmission. Here we investigate, for the first time, the role of the M4 receptor in alcohol consumption using M4 knockout (M4(-/-)) and wild-type (M4(+/+)) mice. Experimentally naïve M4(-/-) and M4(+/+) mice were trained to orally self-administer 5%, 8% and 10% alcohol in 60min sessions, 6 days/week, after having undergone a standard sucrose fading training procedure on a fixed ratio schedule. The mice were further subjected to an extinction period followed by a 1 day reinstatement trial. M4(-/-) mice consumed more alcohol at 5% and 8% compared to their M4(+/+) littermates. The highest alcohol concentration used (10%) did not immediately result in divergent drinking patterns, but after 4 weeks of 10% alcohol self-administration, baseline levels as well as a pattern of M4(-/-) mice consuming more alcohol than their M4(+/+) controls were re-established. Moreover, the M4(-/-) mice displayed a reduced capacity to extinguish their alcohol-seeking behavior. Taken together, alcohol consumption is elevated in M4(-/-) mice, indicating that the M4 receptor is involved in mediating the reinforcing effects of alcohol. The M4 receptor should be further explored as a potential target for pharmacological (positive allosteric modulators or future agonists) treatment of alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie de la Cour
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Sørensen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Gitta Wortwein
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Pia Weikop
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Ditte Dencker
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Anders Fink-Jensen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Anna Molander
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
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27
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Bubser M, Bridges TM, Dencker D, Gould RW, Grannan M, Noetzel MJ, Lamsal A, Niswender CM, Daniels JS, Poslusney MS, Melancon BJ, Tarr JC, Byers FW, Wess J, Duggan ME, Dunlop J, Wood MW, Brandon NJ, Wood MR, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Jones CK. Selective activation of M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors reverses MK-801-induced behavioral impairments and enhances associative learning in rodents. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:920-42. [PMID: 25137629 PMCID: PMC4324418 DOI: 10.1021/cn500128b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) represent a novel approach for the treatment of psychotic symptoms associated with schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. We recently reported that the selective M4 PAM VU0152100 produced an antipsychotic drug-like profile in rodents after amphetamine challenge. Previous studies suggest that enhanced cholinergic activity may also improve cognitive function and reverse deficits observed with reduced signaling through the N-methyl-d-aspartate subtype of the glutamate receptor (NMDAR) in the central nervous system. Prior to this study, the M1 mAChR subtype was viewed as the primary candidate for these actions relative to the other mAChR subtypes. Here we describe the discovery of a novel M4 PAM, VU0467154, with enhanced in vitro potency and improved pharmacokinetic properties relative to other M4 PAMs, enabling a more extensive characterization of M4 actions in rodent models. We used VU0467154 to test the hypothesis that selective potentiation of M4 receptor signaling could ameliorate the behavioral, cognitive, and neurochemical impairments induced by the noncompetitive NMDAR antagonist MK-801. VU0467154 produced a robust dose-dependent reversal of MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion and deficits in preclinical models of associative learning and memory functions, including the touchscreen pairwise visual discrimination task in wild-type mice, but failed to reverse these stimulant-induced deficits in M4 KO mice. VU0467154 also enhanced the acquisition of both contextual and cue-mediated fear conditioning when administered alone in wild-type mice. These novel findings suggest that M4 PAMs may provide a strategy for addressing the more complex affective and cognitive disruptions associated with schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bubser
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ditte Dencker
- Laboratory
of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert W. Gould
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Michael Grannan
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Meredith J. Noetzel
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Atin Lamsal
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - J. Scott Daniels
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Michael S. Poslusney
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Bruce J. Melancon
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - James C. Tarr
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Frank W. Byers
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jürgen Wess
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Mark E. Duggan
- Neuroscience
Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, 141 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John Dunlop
- Neuroscience
Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, 141 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael W. Wood
- Neuroscience
Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, 141 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Brandon
- Neuroscience
Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, 141 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael R. Wood
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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28
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Šantrůčková E, Doležal V, El-Fakahany EE, Jakubík J. Long-term activation upon brief exposure to xanomleline is unique to M1 and M4 subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88910. [PMID: 24558448 PMCID: PMC3928307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanomeline is an agonist endowed with functional preference for M1/M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It also exhibits both reversible and wash-resistant binding to and activation of these receptors. So far the mechanisms of xanomeline selectivity remain unknown. To address this question we employed microfluorometric measurements of intracellular calcium levels and radioligand binding to investigate differences in the short- and long-term effects of xanomeline among muscarinic receptors expressed individually in Chinese hamster ovary cells. 1/One-min exposure of cells to xanomeline markedly increased intracellular calcium at hM1 and hM4, and to a lesser extent at hM2 and hM3 muscarinic receptors for more than 1 hour. 2/Unlike the classic agonists carbachol, oxotremorine, and pilocarpine 10-min exposure to xanomeline did not cause internalization of any receptor subtype. 3/Wash-resistant xanomeline selectively prevented further increase in intracellular calcium by carbachol at hM1 and hM4 receptors. 4/After transient activation xanomeline behaved as a long-term antagonist at hM5 receptors. 5/The antagonist N-methylscopolamine (NMS) reversibly blocked activation of hM1 through hM4 receptors by xanomeline. 6/NMS prevented formation of xanomeline wash-resistant binding and activation at hM2 and hM4 receptors and slowed them at hM1, hM3 and hM5 receptors. Our results show commonalities of xanomeline reversible and wash-resistant binding and short-time activation among the five muscarinic receptor subtypes. However long-term receptor activation takes place in full only at hM1 and hM4 receptors. Moreover xanomeline displays higher efficacy at hM1 and hM4 receptors in primary phasic intracellular calcium release. These findings suggest the existence of particular activation mechanisms specific to these two receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Šantrůčková
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Vladimír Doležal
- Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Esam E El-Fakahany
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Jan Jakubík
- Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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29
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Widespread decreases in cortical muscarinic receptors in a subset of people with schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:37-46. [PMID: 22338582 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145712000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
These studies were undertaken to investigate the selectivity of cortical muscarinic receptor radioligand binding in muscarinic M(1) and M(4) receptor knockout mice and to determine whether a marked decrease in [(3)H]pirenzepine binding in Brodmann's area (BA) 9 from a subset of people with schizophrenia was predictive of decreased muscarinic receptors in other central nervous system (CNS) regions. Our data show that, under the conditions used, [(3)H]pirenzepine binding was highly selective for the muscarinic M(1) receptor whereas both [(3)H]AF-DX 386 and [(3)H]4DAMP had less discriminatory power. In addition, the data suggest that a marked decrease in [(3)H]pirenzepine binding in BA 9 from a subset of people with schizophrenia is predictive of decreases in muscarinic receptors in other CNS regions. However, there were some region-specific decreases in muscarinic receptors in tissue from people with schizophrenia who were outside this subset. These data add to a growing body of evidence suggesting there are widespread decreases in muscarinic receptors in the CNS of some subjects with schizophrenia, as demonstrated by neuroimaging. Our data have implications for understanding the potential clinical utility of drugs directed at the orthosteric and allosteric sites of muscarinic receptors to treat schizophrenia.
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30
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Tarr JC, Turlington ML, Reid PR, Utley TJ, Sheffler DJ, Cho HP, Klar R, Pancani T, Klein M, Bridges T, Morrison R, Blobaum A, Xiang Z, Daniels JS, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Wood MR, Lindsley CW. Targeting selective activation of M(1) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: further chemical optimization and pharmacological characterization of the M(1) positive allosteric modulator ML169. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:884-95. [PMID: 23173069 PMCID: PMC3503349 DOI: 10.1021/cn300068s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is thought to play an important role in memory and cognition, making it a potential target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. Moreover, M(1) interacts with BACE1 and regulates its proteosomal degradation, suggesting selective M(1) activation could afford both palliative cognitive benefit as well as disease modification in AD. A key challenge in targeting the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors is achieving mAChR subtype selectivity. Our lab has previously reported the M(1) selective positive allosteric modulator ML169. Herein we describe our efforts to further optimize this lead compound by preparing analogue libraries and probing novel scaffolds. We were able to identify several analogues that possessed submicromolar potency, with our best example displaying an EC(50) of 310 nM. The new compounds maintained complete selectivity for the M(1) receptor over the other subtypes (M(2)-M(5)), displayed improved DMPK profiles, and potentiated the carbachol (CCh)-induced excitation in striatal MSNs. Selected analogues were able to potentiate CCh-mediated nonamyloidogenic APPsα release, further strengthening the concept that M(1) PAMs may afford a disease-modifying role in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Tarr
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Mark L. Turlington
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Paul R. Reid
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Thomas J. Utley
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Douglas J. Sheffler
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Hyekyung P. Cho
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Rebecca Klar
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Tristano Pancani
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Michael
T. Klein
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Thomas
M. Bridges
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Ryan
D. Morrison
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Anna
L. Blobaum
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Zixui Xiang
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - J. Scott Daniels
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Michael R. Wood
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt Specialized
Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical
Biology/Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,
United States
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Dencker D, Weikop P, Sørensen G, Woldbye DPD, Wörtwein G, Wess J, Fink-Jensen A. An allosteric enhancer of M₄ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function inhibits behavioral and neurochemical effects of cocaine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 224:277-87. [PMID: 22648127 PMCID: PMC3914671 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The mesostriatal dopamine system plays a key role in mediating the reinforcing effects of psychostimulant drugs like cocaine. The muscarinic M₄ acetylcholine receptor subtype is centrally involved in the regulation of dopamine release in striatal areas. Consequently, striatal M₄ receptors could be a novel target for modulating psychostimulant effects of cocaine. OBJECTIVES For the first time, we here addressed this issue by investigating the effects of a novel selective positive allosteric modulator of M₄ receptors, VU0152100, on cocaine-induced behavioral and neurochemical effects in mice. METHODS To investigate the effect of VU0152100 on the acute reinforcing effects of cocaine, we use an acute cocaine self-administration model. We used in vivo microdialysis to investigate whether the effects of VU0152100 in the behavioral studies were mediated via effects on dopaminergic neurotransmission. In addition, the effect of VU0152100 on cocaine-induced hyperactivity and rotarod performance was evaluated. RESULTS We found that VU0152100 caused a prominent reduction in cocaine self-administration, cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion, and cocaine-induced striatal dopamine increase, without affecting motor performance. Consistent with these effects of VU0152100 being mediated via M₄ receptors, its inhibitory effects on cocaine-induced increases in striatal dopamine were abolished in M₄ receptor knockout mice. Furthermore, selective deletion of the M₄ receptor gene in dopamine D₁ receptor-expressing neurons resulted in a partial reduction of the VU0152100 effect, indicating that VU0152100 partly regulates dopaminergic neurotransmission via M₄ receptors co-localized with D₁ receptors. CONCLUSIONS These results show that positive allosteric modulators of the M₄ receptor deserve attention as agents in the future treatment of cocaine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Dencker
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Weikop
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Sørensen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P. D. Woldbye
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitta Wörtwein
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Anders Fink-Jensen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (mAChRs; M₁-M₅) regulate the activity of an extraordinarily large number of important physiological processes. During the past 10-15 years, studies with whole-body M₁-M₅ mAChR knockout mice have provided many new insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the individual mAChR subtypes. This review will focus on the characterization of a novel generation of mAChR mutant mice, including mice in which distinct mAChR genes have been excised in a tissue- or cell type-specific fashion, various transgenic mouse lines that overexpress wild-type or different mutant M₃ mAChRs in certain tissues or cells only, as well as a novel M₃ mAChR knockin mouse strain deficient in agonist-induced M₃ mAChR phosphorylation. Phenotypic analysis of these new animal models has greatly advanced our understanding of the physiological roles of the various mAChR subtypes and has identified potential targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, drug addiction, cognitive disorders, and several other pathophysiological conditions.
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Koshimizu H, Leiter LM, Miyakawa T. M4 muscarinic receptor knockout mice display abnormal social behavior and decreased prepulse inhibition. Mol Brain 2012; 5:10. [PMID: 22463818 PMCID: PMC3361477 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-5-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system (CNS), the muscarinic system plays key roles in learning and memory, as well as in the regulation of many sensory, motor, and autonomic processes, and is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of several major diseases of the CNS, such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, and schizophrenia. Previous studies reveal that M4 muscarinic receptor knockout (M4R KO) mice displayed an increase in basal locomotor activity, an increase in sensitivity to the prepulse inhibition (PPI)-disrupting effect of psychotomimetics, and normal basal PPI. However, other behaviorally significant roles of M4R remain unclear. RESULTS In this study, to further investigate precise functional roles of M4R in the CNS, M4R KO mice were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests. M4R KO mice showed no significant impairments in nociception, neuromuscular strength, or motor coordination/learning. In open field, light/dark transition, and social interaction tests, consistent with previous studies, M4R KO mice displayed enhanced locomotor activity compared to their wild-type littermates. In the open field test, M4R KO mice exhibited novelty-induced locomotor hyperactivity. In the social interaction test, contacts between pairs of M4R KO mice lasted shorter than those of wild-type mice. In the sensorimotor gating test, M4R KO mice showed a decrease in PPI, whereas in the startle response test, in contrast to a previous study, M4R KO mice demonstrated normal startle response. M4R KO mice also displayed normal performance in the Morris water maze test. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that M4R is involved in regulation of locomotor activity, social behavior, and sensorimotor gating in mice. Together with decreased PPI, abnormal social behavior, which was newly identified in the present study, may represent a behavioral abnormality related to psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatsugu Koshimizu
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Lorene M Leiter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Picower Center for Learning and Memory and RIKEN/Massachusetts Institute of Technology Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Biology and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Picower Center for Learning and Memory and RIKEN/Massachusetts Institute of Technology Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Biology and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Dencker D, Thomsen M, Wörtwein G, Weikop P, Cui Y, Jeon J, Wess J, Fink-Jensen A. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtypes as Potential Drug Targets for the Treatment of Schizophrenia, Drug Abuse and Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 3:80-89. [PMID: 22389751 DOI: 10.1021/cn200110q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine plays important roles in modulating cognitive, affective, and motor functions. Dysregulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of several psychiatric and neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and drug abuse. Dopaminergic systems are regulated by cholinergic, especially muscarinic, input. Not surprisingly, increasing evidence implicates muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated pathways as potential targets for the treatment of these disorders classically viewed as "dopamine based". There are five known muscarinic receptor subtypes (M(1) to M(5)). Due to their overlapping expression patterns and the lack of receptor subtype-specific ligands, the roles of the individual muscarinic receptors have long remained elusive. During the past decade, studies with knock-out mice lacking specific muscarinic receptor subtypes have greatly advanced our knowledge of the physiological roles of the M(1)-M(5) receptors. Recently, new ligands have been developed that can interact with allosteric sites on different muscarinic receptor subtypes, rather than the conventional (orthosteric) acetylcholine binding site. Such agents may lead to the development of novel classes of drugs useful for the treatment of psychosis, drug abuse and Parkinson's disease. The present review highlights recent studies carried out using muscarinic receptor knock-out mice and new subtype-selective allosteric ligands to assess the roles of M(1), M(4), and M(5) receptors in various central processes that are under strong dopaminergic control. The outcome of these studies opens new perspectives for the use of novel muscarinic drugs for several severe disorders of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Dencker
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry,
Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morgane Thomsen
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research
Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | - Gitta Wörtwein
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry,
Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Weikop
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry,
Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yinghong Cui
- Molecular Signaling Section,
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jongrye Jeon
- Molecular Signaling Section,
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section,
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Anders Fink-Jensen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry,
Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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The M₁/M₄ preferring agonist xanomeline reverses amphetamine-, MK801- and scopolamine-induced abnormalities of latent inhibition: putative efficacy against positive, negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 14:1233-46. [PMID: 21211109 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145710001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in developing schizophrenia pharmacotherapy is treating the different symptoms of this disorder, typically divided into positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. M₁/M₄ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonists have emerged as a promising therapeutic target, particularly for positive and cognitive symptoms. Here, we examined the activity of the M₁/M₄ mAChR-preferring agonist xanomeline in four pharmacological latent inhibition (LI) models. LI is the poorer conditioning to a stimulus previously experienced as irrelevant during repeated non-reinforced pre-exposure to that stimulus. No-drug controls displayed LI if non-reinforced pre-exposure to a tone was followed by weak, but not strong, conditioning (2 vs. 5 tone-shock pairings). Amphetamine (1 mg/kg)- or scopolamine (0.15 mg/kg)-treated rats failed to show LI with weak conditioning, whereas MK801 (0.05 mg/kg)- or scopolamine (1.5 mg/kg)-treated rats persisted in displaying LI with strong conditioning. Xanomeline (5 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg) reversed amphetamine- and scopolamine-induced LI disruption, effects considered predictive of activity against positive symptoms of schizophrenia. In addition, xanomeline alleviated MK801-induced abnormally persistent LI. Activity of xanomeline on NMDA antagonist-induced behaviour was demonstrated here for the first time and suggests that the drug is effective against negative/cognitive symptoms. Finally, xanomeline alleviated abnormally persistent LI induced by scopolamine, which was suggested to model antipsychotic drug-resistant cognitive impairments, providing further evidence for the cognition-enhancing capacity of xanomeline. Although the use of xanomeline in schizophrenia was discontinued due to cholinergic-related side-effects, our findings suggest that M₁/M₄ mAChR agonism should be an important target in drug development in schizophrenia, potentially beneficial for treatment of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms.
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Ena S, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Schiffmann SN. Unraveling the differential functions and regulation of striatal neuron sub-populations in motor control, reward, and motivational processes. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:47. [PMID: 21847377 PMCID: PMC3148764 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum, the major input structure of the basal ganglia, is critically involved in motor control and learning of habits and skills, and is also involved in motivational and reward processes. The dorsal striatum, caudate–putamen, is primarily implicated in motor functions whereas the ventral striatum, the nucleus accumbens, is essential for motivation and drug reinforcement. Severe basal ganglia dysfunction occurs in movement disorders as Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, and in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and drug addiction. The striatum is essentially composed of GABAergic medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) that are output neurons giving rise to the so-called direct and indirect pathways and are targets of the cerebral cortex and mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Although the involvement of striatal sub-areas in motor control and motivation has been thoroughly characterized, major issues remained concerning the specific and respective functions of the two MSNs sub-populations, D2R-striatopallidal (dopamine D2 receptor-positive) and D1R-striatonigral (dopamine D1 receptor-positive) neurons, as well as their specific regulation. Here, we review recent advances that gave new insight in the understanding of the differential roles of striatopallidal and striatonigral neurons in the basal ganglia circuit. We discuss innovative techniques developed in the last decade which allowed a much precise evaluation of molecular pathways implicated in motivational processes and functional roles of striatopallidal and striatonigral neurons in motor control and in the establishment of reward-associated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ena
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
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Involvement of a subpopulation of neuronal M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the antipsychotic-like effects of the M1/M4 preferring muscarinic receptor agonist xanomeline. J Neurosci 2011; 31:5905-8. [PMID: 21508215 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0370-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in central dopaminergic neurotransmission are believed to be centrally involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Central dopaminergic and cholinergic systems interact and the cholinergic muscarinic agonist xanomeline has shown antipsychotic effects in clinical studies. Preclinical studies indicate that the M(4) muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtype (mAChR) modulates the activity of the dopaminergic system and that this specific mAChR subtype is involved in mediating the antipsychotic-like effects of xanomeline. A specific neuronal subpopulation that expresses M(4) mAChRs together with D(1) dopamine receptors seems to be especially important in modulating dopamine-dependent behaviors. Using mutant mice that lack the M(4) mAChR only in D(1) dopamine receptor-expressing cells (D1-M4-KO), we investigated the role of this neuronal population in the antipsychotic-like effects of xanomeline in amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and apomorphine-induced climbing. Interestingly, the antipsychotic-like effects of xanomeline in the two models were almost completely abolished in D1-M4-KO mice, suggesting that M(4) mAChRs colocalized with D(1) dopamine receptors are centrally involved in mediating the antipsychotic-like effects of xanomeline. This is consistent with the hypothesis that activation of the M(4) mAChR represents a potential target for the future medical treatment of psychosis.
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Watt ML, Schober DA, Hitchcock S, Liu B, Chesterfield AK, McKinzie D, Felder CC. Pharmacological Characterization of LY593093, an M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Selective Partial Orthosteric Agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:622-32. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.182063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Suratman S, Leach K, Sexton P, Felder C, Loiacono R, Christopoulos A. Impact of species variability and 'probe-dependence' on the detection and in vivo validation of allosteric modulation at the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1659-70. [PMID: 21198541 PMCID: PMC3057301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We recently characterized LY2033298 as a novel allosteric modulator and agonist at M(4) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Evidence also suggested a difference in the potency of LY2033298 at rodent relative to human M(4) mAChRs. The current study investigated the basis for the species difference of this modulator and used this knowledge to rationalize its in vivo actions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH LY2033298 was investigated in vitro in CHO cells stably expressing human or mouse M(4) mAChRs, using assays of agonist-induced ERK1/2 or GSK-3α phosphorylation, [(35) S]-GTPγS binding, or effects on equilibrium binding of [(3) H]-NMS and ACh. The in vivo actions of LY2033298 were investigated in a mouse model of amphetamine-induced locomotor activity. The function of LY2033298 was examined in combination with ACh, oxotremorine or xanomeline. KEY RESULTS LY2033298 had similar affinities for the human and mouse M(4) mAChRs. However, LY2033298 had a lower positive co-operativity with ACh at the mouse relative to the human M(4) mAChR. At the mouse M(4) mAChR, LY2033298 showed higher co-operativity with oxotremorine than with ACh or xanomeline. The different degrees of co-operativity between LY2033298 and each agonist at the mouse relative to the human M(4) mAChR necessitated the co-administration of LY2033298 with oxotremorine in order to show in vivo efficacy of LY2033298. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results provide evidence for species variability when comparing the allosteric interaction between LY2033298 and ACh at the M(4) mAChR, and also highlight how the interaction between LY2033298 and different orthosteric ligands is subject to 'probe dependence'. This has implications for the validation of allosteric modulator actions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suratman
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Schmid S, Azzopardi E, De Jaeger X, Prado MAM, Prado VF. VAChT knock-down mice show normal prepulse inhibition but disrupted long-term habituation. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 10:457-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dasari S, Gulledge AT. M1 and M4 receptors modulate hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J Neurophysiol 2010; 105:779-92. [PMID: 21160001 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00686.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh), acting at muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs), modulates the excitability and synaptic connectivity of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. CA1 pyramidal neurons respond to transient ("phasic") mAChR activation with biphasic responses in which inhibition is followed by excitation, whereas prolonged ("tonic") mAChR activation increases CA1 neuron excitability. Both phasic and tonic mAChR activation excites pyramidal neurons in the CA3 region, yet ACh suppresses glutamate release at the CA3-to-CA1 synapse (the Schaffer-collateral pathway). Using mice genetically lacking specific mAChRs (mAChR knockout mice), we identified the mAChR subtypes responsible for cholinergic modulation of hippocampal pyramidal neuron excitability and synaptic transmission. Knockout of M1 receptors significantly reduced, or eliminated, most phasic and tonic cholinergic responses in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons. On the other hand, in the absence of other G(q)-linked mAChRs (M3 and M5), M1 receptors proved sufficient for all postsynaptic cholinergic effects on CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neuron excitability. M3 receptors were able to participate in tonic depolarization of CA1 neurons, but otherwise contributed little to cholinergic responses. At the Schaffer-collateral synapse, bath application of the cholinergic agonist carbachol suppressed stratum radiatum-evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in wild-type CA1 neurons and in CA1 neurons from mice lacking M1 or M2 receptors. However, Schaffer-collateral EPSPs were not significantly suppressed by carbachol in neurons lacking M4 receptors. We therefore conclude that M1 and M4 receptors are the major mAChR subtypes responsible for direct cholinergic modulation of the excitatory hippocampal circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Dasari
- Dartmouth Medical School, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756-0001, USA
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Jakubík J, El-Fakahany EE. Allosteric Modulation of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:2838-2860. [PMID: 27713379 PMCID: PMC4034100 DOI: 10.3390/ph3092838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An allosteric modulator is a ligand that binds to an allosteric site on the receptor and changes receptor conformation to produce increase (positive cooperativity) or decrease (negative cooperativity) in the binding or action of an orthosteric agonist (e.g., acetylcholine). Since the identification of gallamine as the first allosteric modulator of muscarinic receptors in 1976, this unique mode of receptor modulation has been intensively studied by many groups. This review summarizes over 30 years of research on the molecular mechanisms of allosteric interactions of drugs with the receptor and for new allosteric modulators of muscarinic receptors with potential therapeutic use. Identification of positive modulators of acetylcholine binding and function that enhance neurotransmission and the discovery of highly selective allosteric modulators are mile-stones on the way to novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders involving impaired cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jakubík
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00 Praha, Czech Republic.
| | - Esam E El-Fakahany
- Division of Neuroscience Research in Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Bridges TM, LeBois EP, Hopkins CR, Wood MR, Jones CK, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. The antipsychotic potential of muscarinic allosteric modulation. DRUG NEWS & PERSPECTIVES 2010; 23:229-40. [PMID: 20520852 PMCID: PMC4780339 DOI: 10.1358/dnp.2010.23.4.1416977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic hypothesis of schizophrenia emerged over 50 years ago based on clinical observations with both anticholinergics and pan-muscarinic agonists. Not until the 1990s did the cholinergic hypothesis of schizophrenia receive renewed enthusiasm based on clinical data with xanomeline, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M(1)/M(4)-preferring orthosteric agonist. In a clinical trial with Alzheimer's patients, xanomeline not only improved cognitive performance, but also reduced psychotic behaviors. This encouraging data spurred a second clinical trial in schizophrenic patients, wherein xanomeline significantly improved the positive, negative and cognitive symptom clusters. However, the question remained: Was the antipsychotic efficacy due to activation of M(1), M(4) or both M(1)/M(4)? Classical orthosteric ligands lacked the muscarinic receptor subtype selectivity required to address this key question. More recently, functional assays have allowed for the discovery of ligands that bind at allosteric sites, binding sites distinct from the orthosteric (acetylcholine) site, which are structurally less conserved and thereby afford high levels of receptor subtype selectivity. Recently, allosteric ligands, with unprecedented selectivity for either M(1) or M(4), have been discovered and have demonstrated comparable efficacy to xanomeline in preclinical antipsychotic and cognition models. These data suggest that selective allosteric activation of either M(1) or M(4) has antipsychotic potential through distinct, yet complimentary mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Bridges
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Evan P. LeBois
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Corey R. Hopkins
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery and Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center (MLPCN), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael R. Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery and Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center (MLPCN), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery and Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center (MLPCN), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (TVHS), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery and Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center (MLPCN), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery and Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center (MLPCN), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Bridges TM, Phillip Kennedy J, Noetzel MJ, Breininger ML, Gentry PR, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Chemical lead optimization of a pan Gq mAChR M1, M3, M5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) lead. Part II: development of a potent and highly selective M1 PAM. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1972-5. [PMID: 20156687 PMCID: PMC2834874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This Letter describes a chemical lead optimization campaign directed at VU0119498, a pan G(q) mAChR M(1), M(3), M(5) positive allosteric modulator (PAM) with the goal of developing a selective M(1) PAM. An iterative library synthesis approach delivered a potent (M(1) EC(50)=830 nM) and highly selective M(1) PAM (>30 microM vs M(2)-M(5)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bridges
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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45
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A subpopulation of neuronal M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors plays a critical role in modulating dopamine-dependent behaviors. J Neurosci 2010; 30:2396-405. [PMID: 20147565 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3843-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) regulates many key functions of the CNS by activating cell surface receptors referred to as muscarinic ACh receptors (M(1)-M(5) mAChRs). Like other mAChR subtypes, the M(4) mAChR is widely expressed in different regions of the forebrain. Interestingly, M(4) mAChRs are coexpressed with D(1) dopamine receptors in a specific subset of striatal projection neurons. To investigate the physiological relevance of this M(4) mAChR subpopulation in modulating dopamine-dependent behaviors, we used Cre/loxP technology to generate mutant mice that lack M(4) mAChRs only in D(1) dopamine receptor-expressing cells. The newly generated mutant mice displayed several striking behavioral phenotypes, including enhanced hyperlocomotor activity and increased behavioral sensitization following treatment with psychostimulants. These behavioral changes were accompanied by a lack of muscarinic inhibition of D(1) dopamine receptor-mediated cAMP stimulation in the striatum and an increase in dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens. These novel findings demonstrate that a distinct subpopulation of neuronal M(4) mAChRs plays a critical role in modulating several important dopamine-dependent behaviors. Since enhanced central dopaminergic neurotransmission is a hallmark of several severe disorders of the CNS, including schizophrenia and drug addiction, our findings have substantial clinical relevance.
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van den Buuse M. Modeling the positive symptoms of schizophrenia in genetically modified mice: pharmacology and methodology aspects. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36:246-70. [PMID: 19900963 PMCID: PMC2833124 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbp132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been huge advances in the use of genetically modified mice to study pathophysiological mechanisms involved in schizophrenia. This has allowed rapid progress in our understanding of the role of several proposed gene mechanisms in schizophrenia, and yet this research has also revealed how much still remains unresolved. Behavioral studies in genetically modified mice are reviewed with special emphasis on modeling psychotic-like behavior. I will particularly focus on observations on locomotor hyperactivity and disruptions of prepulse inhibition (PPI). Recommendations are included to address pharmacological and methodological aspects in future studies. Mouse models of dopaminergic and glutamatergic dysfunction are then discussed, reflecting the most important and widely studied neurotransmitter systems in schizophrenia. Subsequently, psychosis-like behavior in mice with modifications in the most widely studied schizophrenia susceptibility genes is reviewed. Taken together, the available studies reveal a wealth of available data which have already provided crucial new insight and mechanistic clues which could lead to new treatments or even prevention strategies for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten van den Buuse
- Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Modulation of prepulse inhibition through both M(1) and M (4) muscarinic receptors in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 208:401-16. [PMID: 20013114 PMCID: PMC3895331 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Muscarinic cholinergic M(1) and M(4) receptors may participate in schizophrenia's etiology and have been proposed as targets for antipsychotic medications. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the involvement of these receptors in behavioral measures pertinent to schizophrenia using knockout mice lacking M(1) receptors (M(1)-/-), M(4) receptors (M(4)-/-), or both (M(1)-/-M(4)-/-). METHODS We measured prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle without drugs and after treatment with scopolamine (0.32-1.8 mg/kg), xanomeline (3.2 mg/kg), oxotremorine (0.032-0.1 mg/kg), clozapine (1.0-5.6 mg/kg), or haloperidol (0.32-3.2 mg/kg). RESULTS In female (but not male) mice, combined deletion of both M(1) and M(4) receptors decreased PPI relative to wild-type mice, while knockout of either receptor alone had no significant effect. Scopolamine disrupted PPI in wild-type and M(4)-/- mice, but not in female M(1)-/-M(4)-/- or female M(1)-/- mice. When administered before scopolamine, xanomeline restored PPI in wild-type mice and M(1)-/- mice, but not in M(4)-/- mice. In contrast, pretreatment with oxotremorine increased PPI regardless of genotype. Effects of clozapine and haloperidol on PPI were not hindered by either mutation. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of both M(1) and M(4) receptors can disrupt PPI, suggesting that (at least partially redundant) M(1) and M(4) receptor-dependent functions are involved in sensorimotor gating mechanisms. PPI-disrupting effects of muscarinic antagonists appeared dependent upon M(1) receptor blockade. Our data also suggest that xanomeline exerts antipsychotic-like effects mainly through M(4) receptor stimulation, while stimulation of non-M(1)/M(4) subtypes may also have antipsychotic potential. Finally, our results do not support a role of M(1)/M(4) receptors in mediating antipsychotic-like effects of clozapine.
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Shirey JK, Brady AE, Jones PJ, Davis AA, Bridges TM, Kennedy JP, Jadhav SB, Menon UN, Xiang Z, Watson ML, Christian EP, Doherty JJ, Quirk MC, Snyder DH, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Nicolle MM, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ. A selective allosteric potentiator of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor increases activity of medial prefrontal cortical neurons and restores impairments in reversal learning. J Neurosci 2009; 29:14271-86. [PMID: 19906975 PMCID: PMC2811323 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3930-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) may represent a viable target for treatment of disorders involving impaired cognitive function. However, a major limitation to testing this hypothesis has been a lack of highly selective ligands for individual mAChR subtypes. We now report the rigorous molecular characterization of a novel compound, benzylquinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA), which acts as a potent, highly selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the rat M(1) receptor. This compound does not directly activate the receptor, but acts at an allosteric site to increase functional responses to orthosteric agonists. Radioligand binding studies revealed that BQCA increases M(1) receptor affinity for acetylcholine. We found that activation of the M(1) receptor by BQCA induces a robust inward current and increases spontaneous EPSCs in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) pyramidal cells, effects which are absent in acute slices from M(1) receptor knock-out mice. Furthermore, to determine the effect of BQCA on intact and functioning brain circuits, multiple single-unit recordings were obtained from the mPFC of rats that showed BQCA increases firing of mPFC pyramidal cells in vivo. BQCA also restored discrimination reversal learning in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease and was found to regulate non-amyloidogenic APP processing in vitro, suggesting that M(1) receptor PAMs have the potential to provide both symptomatic and disease modifying effects in Alzheimer's disease patients. Together, these studies provide compelling evidence that M(1) receptor activation induces a dramatic excitation of PFC neurons and suggest that selectively activating the M(1) mAChR subtype may ameliorate impairments in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Albert A. Davis
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mona L. Watson
- Departments of Internal Medicine/Gerontology and
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Edward P. Christian
- Department of Neuroscience, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, Delaware, 19850-5437, and
| | - James J. Doherty
- Department of Neuroscience, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, Delaware, 19850-5437, and
| | - Michael C. Quirk
- Department of Neuroscience, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, Delaware, 19850-5437, and
| | - Dean H. Snyder
- Department of Neuroscience, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, Delaware, 19850-5437, and
| | - James J. Lah
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Allan I. Levey
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Michelle M. Nicolle
- Departments of Internal Medicine/Gerontology and
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Departments of Pharmacology and
- Chemistry
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Departments of Pharmacology and
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600
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Lebois EP, Bridges TM, Lewis LM, Dawson ES, Kane AS, Xiang Z, Jadhav SB, Yin H, Kennedy JP, Meiler J, Niswender CM, Jones CK, Conn PJ, Weaver CD, Lindsley CW. Discovery and characterization of novel subtype-selective allosteric agonists for the investigation of M(1) receptor function in the central nervous system. ACS Chem Neurosci 2009; 1:104-121. [PMID: 21961051 DOI: 10.1021/cn900003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic transmission in the forebrain is mediated primarily by five subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), termed M(1)-M(5). Of the mAChR subtypes, M(1) is among the most heavily expressed in regions that are critical for learning and memory, and has been viewed as the most critical mAChR subtype for memory and attention mechanisms. Unfortunately, it has been difficult to develop selective activators of M(1) and other individual mAChR subtypes, which has prevented detailed studies of the functional roles of selective activation of M(1). Using a functional HTS screen and subsequent diversity-oriented synthesis approach we have discovered a novel series of highly selective M(1) allosteric agonists. These compounds activate M(1) with EC(50) values in the 150 nM to 500 nM range and have unprecedented, clean ancillary pharmacology (no substantial activity at 10μM across a large panel of targets). Targeted mutagenesis revealed a potentially novel allosteric binding site in the third extracellular loop of the M(1) receptor for these allosteric agonists. Optimized compounds, such as VU0357017, provide excellent brain exposure after systemic dosing and have robust in vivo efficacy in reversing scopolamine-induced deficits in a rodent model of contextual fear conditioning. This series of selective M(1) allosteric agonists provides critical research tools to allow dissection of M(1)-mediated effects in the CNS and potential leads for novel treatments for Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L. Michelle Lewis
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)
| | - Eric S Dawson
- Department of Chemistry
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
- Vanderbilt Center for Structural Biology
| | | | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
| | | | - Huiyong Yin
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)
| | | | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
- Vanderbilt Center for Structural Biology
| | | | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
| | - C David Weaver
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology
- Department of Chemistry
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
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Zhang Z, Wang D, Zhao Y, Gao H, Hu YH, Hu JF. Fructose-derived carbohydrates from Alisma orientalis. Nat Prod Res 2009; 23:1013-20. [PMID: 19521916 DOI: 10.1080/14786410802391120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nine fructose-derived carbohydrates were obtained from the methanol extract from the rhizome of Alisma orientalis. On the basis of spectroscopic analysis, their structures were determined to be alpha-D-fructofuranose (1), beta-D-fructofuranose (2), ethyl alpha-D-fructofuranoside (3), ethyl beta-D-fructofuranoside (4), 5-hydroxymethyl-furaldehyde (5), sucrose (6), raffinose (7), stachyose (8) and verbascose (9), along with two oligosaccharides of manninotriose (10) and verbascotetraose (11). Compounds 3, 4 and 7-11 were isolated from this plant for the first time. A hypothetical biosynthesis pathway among these isolated carbohydrates (1-11) was briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Natural Products for Chemical Genetic Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & SBFG), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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