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Ribeiro CAS, Pupo AS. Involvement of α1B-adrenoceptors in the anti-immobility effect of imipramine in the tail suspension test. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 750:39-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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The role of the central noradrenergic system in behavioral inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 67:193-208. [PMID: 21315760 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the central noradrenergic system has been shown to be involved in a number of behavioral and neurophysiological processes, the relation of these to its role in depressive illness has been difficult to define. The present review discusses the hypothesis that one of its chief functions that may be related to affective illness is the inhibition of behavioral activation, a prominent symptom of the disorder. This hypothesis is found to be consistent with most previous neuropsychopharmacological and immunohistochemical experiments on active behavior in rodents in a variety of experimental conditions using manipulation of neurotransmission at both locus coeruleus and forebrain adrenergic receptors. The findings support a mechanism in which high rates of noradrenergic neural activity suppress the neural activity of principal neurons in forebrain regions mediating active behavior. The suppression may be mediated through postsynaptic galaninergic and adrenergic receptors, and via the release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone. The hypothesis is consistent with clinical evidence for central noradrenergic system hyperactivity in depressives and with the view that this hyperactivity is a contributing etiological factor in the disorder. A similar mechanism may underlie the ability of the noradrenergic system to suppress seizure activity suggesting that inhibition of the spread of neural activation may be a unifying function.
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Perez DM, Doze VA. Cardiac and neuroprotection regulated by α(1)-adrenergic receptor subtypes. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2011; 31:98-110. [PMID: 21338248 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.550008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic nervous system regulation by the α(1)-adrenergic receptor (AR) subtypes (α(1A), α(1B), α(1D)) is complex, whereby chronic activity can be either detrimental or protective for both heart and brain function. This review will summarize the evidence that this dual regulation can be mediated through the different α(1)-AR subtypes in the context of cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, apoptosis, ischemic preconditioning, neurogenesis, locomotion, neurodegeneration, cognition, neuroplasticity, depression, anxiety, epilepsy, and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne M Perez
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, NB50, The Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Nojimoto FD, Mueller A, Hebeler-Barbosa F, Akinaga J, Lima V, Kiguti LRDA, Pupo AS. The tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine are weak antagonists of human and rat alpha1B-adrenoceptors. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:49-57. [PMID: 20363235 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although it is long known that the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine inhibit the noradrenaline transporter and alpha(1)-adrenoceptors with similar affinities, which may lead to self-cancelling actions, the selectivity of these drugs for alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes is unknown. The present study investigates the selectivity of amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine for human recombinant and rat native alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes. The selectivity of amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine was investigated in HEK-293 cells expressing each of the human alpha(1)-subtypes and in rat native receptors from the vas deferens (alpha(1A)), spleen (alpha(1B)) and aorta (alpha(1D)) through [(3)H]prazosin binding, and noradrenaline-induced intracellular Ca(2+) increases and contraction assays. Amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine showed considerably higher affinities for alpha(1A)- (approximately 25- to 80-fold) and alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors (approximately 10- to 25-fold) than for alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors in both contraction and [(3)H]prazosin binding assays with rat native and human receptors, respectively. In addition, amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine were substantially more potent in the inhibition of noradrenaline-induced intracellular Ca(2+) increases in HEK-293 cells expressing alpha(1A)- or a truncated version of alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors which traffics more efficiently towards the cell membrane than in cells expressing alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors. Amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine are much weaker antagonists of rat and human alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors than of alpha(1A)- and alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors. The differential affinities for these receptors indicate that the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtype which activation is most increased by the augmented noradrenaline availability resultant from the blockade of neuronal reuptake is the alpha(1B)-adrenoceptor. This may be important for the behavioural effects of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Nojimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Stone EA, Lin Y, Sarfraz Y, Quartermain D. Marked behavioral activation from inhibitory stimulation of locus coeruleus alpha1-adrenoceptors by a full agonist. Brain Res 2009; 1291:21-31. [PMID: 19632210 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
alpha(1)-Adrenoceptors are concentrated in the locus coeruleus (LC) where they appear to regulate various active behaviors but have been difficult to stimulate effectively. The present study examined the behavioral, pharmacological and neural effects of possible stimulation of these receptors with 6-fluoronorepinephrine (6FNE), the only known selective alpha-agonist that has full efficacy at all brain alpha-receptors. Infusion of this compound in the mouse LC was found to produce extreme activation of diverse motivated behaviors of exploration, wheel-running and operant approach responding in different environments consistent with a global behavioral function of the dorsal noradrenergic system. Infusion of selective antagonists of alpha(1)- (terazosin) or alpha(2)- (atipamezole) receptors or of either the partial alpha(1)-agonist, phenylephrine, or full alpha(2)-agonist, dexmedetomidine, indicated that the behavioral effects of 6FNE were due largely due to activation of LC alpha(1)-receptors consistent with the known greater density of alpha(1)- than alpha(2)-adrenoreceptors in the mouse nucleus. Immunohistochemistry of fos in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive LC neurons following IV ventricular infusions indicated that 6FNE markedly depressed whereas terazosin strongly enhanced the apparent functional activity of the nucleus. The changes in fos expression following 6FNE and terazosin were significantly greater than those following dexmedetomidine and atipamezole. It is hypothesized that the alpha(1)-receptors of the mouse LC are strongly activated by 6FNE and serve to potently inhibit its tonic or stress-induced activity which in turn disinhibits prepotent motivated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Lin Y, Quartermain D, Dunn AJ, Weinshenker D, Stone EA. Possible dopaminergic stimulation of locus coeruleus alpha1-adrenoceptors involved in behavioral activation. Synapse 2008; 62:516-23. [PMID: 18435418 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
alpha(1)-Adrenoceptors of the locus coeruleus (LC) have been implicated in behavioral activation in novel surroundings, but the endogenous agonist that activates these receptors has not been established. In addition to the canonical activation of alpha(1)-receptors by norepinephrine (NE), there is evidence that dopamine (DA) may also activate certain brain alpha(1)-receptors. This study examined the contribution of DA to exploratory activity in a novel cage by determining the effect of infusion of various dopaminergic and adrenergic drugs into the mouse LC. It was found that the D2/D3 agonist, quinpirole, which selectively blocks the release of CNS DA, produced a dose-dependent and virtually complete abolition of exploration and all movement in the novel cage test. The quinpirole-induced inactivity was significantly attenuated by coinfusion of DA but not by the D1 agonist, SKF38390. Furthermore, the DA attenuation of quinpirole inactivity was blocked by coinfusion of the alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor antagonist, terazosin, but not by the D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390. LC infusions of either quinpirole or terazosin also produced profound inactivity in DA-beta-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh -/-) mice that lack NE, indicating that their behavioral effects were not due to an alteration of the release or action of LC NE. Measurement of endogenous DA, NE, and 5HT and their metabolites in the LC during exposure to the novel cage indicated an increase in the turnover of DA and NE but not 5HT. These results indicate that DA is a candidate as an endogenous agonist for behaviorally activating LC alpha(1)-receptors and may play a role in the activation of this nucleus by novel surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Lobeline attenuates progressive ratio breakpoint scores for intracranial self-stimulation in rats. Physiol Behav 2007; 93:952-7. [PMID: 18272188 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The alkaloid lobeline inhibits the function of vesicular monoamine and dopamine transporters and diminishes the behavioral and neurochemical effects of nicotine and amphetamines. In the present study, we examined the interaction of systemic administration of lobeline on breakpoint scores on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Rats were run in two 30 min sessions, separated by a 10 min timeout period. At the end of the first session, each rat was injected with either 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg (i.p.) lobeline. Positive controls known to suppress and to augment ICSS responding included the adrenergic antagonist prazosin (0, 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and the psychostimulant cocaine (0, 1.25, and 5.0 mg/kg, i.p.). Analyses of changes in average PR breakpoint scores between the 2 sessions revealed that lobeline significantly suppressed PR scores at doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, as did 0.5 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg prazosin. These changes are unlikely to reflect motoric effects of these drugs inasmuch as neither lobeline nor prazosin alter locomotion at these doses. In contrast, PR breakpoint scores were significantly increased at 5.0 mg/kg cocaine, a dose that is sufficient to elevate locomotion in the rat. These results are consistent with the view that lobeline modulates brain reinforcement processes.
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Role of alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes in the effects of methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA) on body temperature in the mouse. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:591-7. [PMID: 18037913 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We have investigated the ability of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists to affect the hyperthermia produced by methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA) in conscious mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were implanted with temperature probes under ether anaesthesia and allowed 2 weeks recovery. MDMA (20 mg kg(-1)) was administered subcutaneously 30 min after vehicle or test antagonist or combination of antagonists and effects on body temperature monitored. KEY RESULTS Following vehicle, MDMA produced a hyperthermia, reaching a maximum increase of 1.8 degrees C at 140 min. Prazosin (0.1 mg kg(-1)) revealed an early significant hypothermia to MDMA of -1.94 degrees C. The alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor antagonist RS 100329 (0.1 mg kg(-1)), or the alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor antagonist BMY 7378 (0.5 mg kg(-1)) given alone, did not reveal a hypothermia to MDMA, but the combination of the two antagonists revealed a significant hypothermia to MDMA. The putative alpha(1B)-adrenoceptor antagonist cyclazosin (1 mg kg(-1)) also revealed a significant hypothermia to MDMA, but actions of cyclazosin at the other alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes cannot be excluded. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS More than one subtype of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor is involved in a component of the hyperthermic response to MDMA in mouse, probably both alpha(1A)- and alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors, and removal of this alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-mediated component reveals an initial hypothermia.
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Stone EA, Lin Y, Quartermain D. A final common pathway for depression? Progress toward a general conceptual framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 32:508-24. [PMID: 18023876 PMCID: PMC2265074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies of depressed patients have converged with functional brain mapping studies of depressed animals in showing that depression is accompanied by a hypoactivity of brain regions involved in positively motivated behavior together with a hyperactivity in regions involved in stress responses. Both sets of changes are reversed by diverse antidepressant treatments. It has been proposed that this neural pattern underlies the symptoms common to most forms of the depression, which are the loss of positively motivated behavior and increased stress. The paper discusses how this framework can organize diverse findings ranging from effects of monoamine neurotransmitters, cytokines, corticosteroids and neurotrophins on depression. The hypothesis leads to new insights concerning the relationship between the prolonged inactivity of the positive motivational network during a depressive episode and the loss of neurotrophic support, the potential antidepressant action of corticosteroid treatment, and to the key question of whether antidepressants act by inhibiting the activity of the stress network or by enhancing the activity of the positive motivational system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Clifford PS, Davis KW, Elliott AE, Wellman PJ. Effects of ICV administration of the alpha1A-adrenoceptor antagonist 5-methylurapidil on concurrent measures of eating and locomotion after cocaine in the rat. Life Sci 2007; 81:1059-65. [PMID: 17881010 PMCID: PMC2097960 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants including amphetamine and cocaine induce locomotion and stereotypy and suppress eating. Although the capacity of cocaine to alter locomotion is usually viewed as related to dopamine neurotransmission, recent studies suggest that norepinephrine, acting through alpha1-adrenergic receptors (alpha1-ARs) can facilitate cocaine-stimulated locomotion. Of the three alpha1-AR subtypes (alpha(1A), alpha(1B), and alpha(1D)) identified to date, inactivation of the alpha(1B)-AR subtype diminishes cocaine-stimulated locomotion, whereas the impact of inactivation of the alpha(1A)-AR subtype on either eating or locomotion is unknown. In the present study, we assessed the relative impact of ICV administration of the alpha(1B)-AR antagonist 5-methylurapidil (5-MU) on cocaine-stimulated hyperlocomotion and hypophagia, using a concurrent method [Wellman, P.J., Ho, D.H., Davis, K.W., 2005. Concurrent measures of feeding and locomotion in rats. Physiology of Behavior 84 (5), 769-774.]. Rats were infused ICV with one of 3 doses of 5-MU (0, 3, or 30 nmol) and then injected (i.p.) with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, or 20.0 mg/kg cocaine HCl on each of five tests. Rats always received the same 5-MU dose, but a different cocaine dose on each trial. Feeding and locomotion were assessed concurrently during a 45-min postinjection period. Significant suppression of eating was noted at 2.5 mg/kg cocaine, a dose that does not alter forward locomotion in the rat. Administration of 5-MU did not alter locomotion in rats treated with saline, but did significantly increase baseline food intake. Neither cocaine-induced hypophagia nor hyperlocomotion was altered by ICV administration of 5-MU. These results suggest that the capacity of alpha1-AR agonists (e.g. phenylpropanolamine) to suppress eating may be related to activation of the alpha(1A)-AR subtype, whereas cocaine does not act through the alpha(1A)-AR subtype to suppress eating nor does this subtype modulate cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shane Clifford
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA
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Abstract
Depression in humans and animal models has been found to be accompanied by a hypoactivity of brain regions involved in positively motivated behavior together with a hyperactivity in regions involved in stress responses. Both sets of changes are reversed by diverse antidepressant treatments. It has been proposed that this neural pattern underlies the symptoms common to most forms of depression, which are the loss of positively motivated behavior and the increase in stress. The present paper discusses how this framework can organize diverse findings on the multiple factors associated with this disorder. The hypothesis suggests new therapeutic strategies involving treatment with low-dose corticosteroids to suppress the stress network or with antagonists of alpha(1A)- and agonists of alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors to disinhibit or activate the positive motivational network, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Psychiatry, MHL HN510, NYU Medical Centre, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Stone EA, Quartermain D, Lin Y, Lehmann ML. Central alpha1-adrenergic system in behavioral activity and depression. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 73:1063-75. [PMID: 17097068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Central alpha(1)-adrenoceptors are activated by norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI) and possibly dopamine (DA), and function in two fundamental and opposed types of behavior: (1) positively motivated exploratory and approach activities, and (2) stress reactions and behavioral inhibition. Brain microinjection studies have revealed that the positive-linked receptors are located in eight to nine brain regions spanning the neuraxis including the secondary motor cortex, piriform cortex, nucleus accumbens, preoptic area, lateral hypothalamic area, vermis cerebellum, locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe and possibly the C1 nucleus of the ventrolateral medulla, whereas the stress-linked receptors are present in at least three areas including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, central nucleus of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Recent studies utilizing c-fos expression and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation have shown that various diverse models of depression in mice produce decreases in positive region-neural activity elicited by motivating stimuli along with increases in neural activity of stress areas. Both types of change are attenuated by various antidepressant agents. This has suggested that the balance of the two networks determines whether an animal displays depressive behavior. A central unresolved question concerns how the alpha(1)-receptors in the positive-activity and stress systems are differentially activated during the appropriate behavioral conditions and to what extent this is related to differences in endogenous ligands or receptor subtype distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, NYU Medical Center, MHL HN510, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Papay R, Gaivin R, Jha A, McCune DF, McGrath JC, Rodrigo MC, Simpson PC, Doze VA, Perez DM. Localization of the mouse alpha1A-adrenergic receptor (AR) in the brain: alpha1AAR is expressed in neurons, GABAergic interneurons, and NG2 oligodendrocyte progenitors. J Comp Neurol 2006; 497:209-22. [PMID: 16705673 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
alpha(1)-Adrenergic receptors (ARs) are not well defined in the central nervous system. The particular cell types and areas that express these receptors are uncertain because of the lack of high avidity antibodies and selective ligands. We have developed transgenic mice that either systemically overexpress the human alpha(1A)-AR subtype fused with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or express the EGFP protein alone under the control of the mouse alpha(1A)-AR promoter. We confirm our transgenic model against the alpha(1A)-AR knockout mouse, which expresses the LacZ gene in place of the coding region for the alpha(1A)-AR. By using these models, we have now determined cellular localization of the alpha(1A)-AR in the brain, at the protein level. The alpha(1A)-AR or the EGFP protein is expressed prominently in neuronal cells in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pontine olivary nuclei, trigeminal nuclei, cerebellum, and spinal cord. The types of neurons were diverse, and the alpha(1A)-AR colocalized with markers for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Recordings from alpha(1A)-AR EGFP-expressing cells in the stratum oriens of the hippocampal CA1 region confirmed that these cells were interneurons. We could not detect expression of the alpha(1A)-AR in mature astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or cerebral blood vessels, but we could detect the alpha(1A)-AR in oligodendrocyte progenitors. We conclude that the alpha(1A)-AR is abundant in the brain, expressed in various types of neurons, and may regulate the function of oligodendrocyte progenitors, interneurons, GABA, and NMDA receptor containing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Papay
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA
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Sospedra M, Zhao Y, zur Hausen H, Muraro PA, Hamashin C, de Villiers EM, Pinilla C, Martin R. Recognition of conserved amino acid motifs of common viruses and its role in autoimmunity. PLoS Pathog 2005; 1:e41. [PMID: 16362076 PMCID: PMC1315278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The triggers of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) remain elusive. Epidemiological studies suggest that common pathogens can exacerbate and also induce MS, but it has been difficult to pinpoint individual organisms. Here we demonstrate that in vivo clonally expanded CD4+ T cells isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a MS patient during disease exacerbation respond to a poly-arginine motif of the nonpathogenic and ubiquitous Torque Teno virus. These T cell clones also can be stimulated by arginine-enriched protein domains from other common viruses and recognize multiple autoantigens. Our data suggest that repeated infections with common pathogenic and even nonpathogenic viruses could expand T cells specific for conserved protein domains that are able to cross-react with tissue-derived and ubiquitous autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Sospedra
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yingdong Zhao
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Computational and System Biology Group, Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harald zur Hausen
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division for the Characterization of Tumorviruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo A Muraro
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christa Hamashin
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Mixture Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ethel-Michele de Villiers
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division for the Characterization of Tumorviruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Mixture Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies and Mixture Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Roland Martin
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ,
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Stone EA, Lin Y, Ahsan MR, Quartermain D. Alpha(1)-adrenergic and alpha(2)-adrenergic balance in the dorsal pons and gross behavioral activity of mice in a novel environment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 183:127-32. [PMID: 16193333 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Central alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in a number of different brain regions are known to have opposing actions on gross behavioral activity, with the former stimulating and the latter inhibiting activity. Therefore, blockade of alpha(1)-receptors may induce inactivity by leading to unopposed alpha(2) activity. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test if central blockade of alpha(2)-receptor function restores behavioral activity in alpha(1)-receptor-blocked mice. METHODS Dose-response studies were undertaken on the effects of alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-agonists and antagonists microinjected into the dorsal pons on gross behavioral activity in a novel cage test. RESULTS The behavioral inactivity resulting from blockade of alpha(1)-receptors in the pons with the antagonist, terazosin, was reversed by either a low dose of an alpha(2)-antagonist, atipamezole, or a low dose of an alpha(2)-agonist, dexmedetomidine, but was exacerbated by a high dose of the alpha(2)-agonist. CONCLUSION The results support the hypothesis that blockade of alpha(1)-receptors in the dorsal pons of mice produces inactivity by causing unopposed activity of alpha(2)-receptors. This condition may be relevant to inactive states seen after stress or during depressive illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Abstract
Alpha1-Adrenergic receptors (AR) play an important role in the regulation of physiological responses mediated by norepinephrine and epinephrine, particularly in the cardiovascular system. The three cloned alpha1-AR subtypes (alpha1A, alpha1B, and alpha1D) are G protein-coupled receptors that signal through the Gq/11 signaling pathway, each showing distinct pharmacological properties and tissue distributions. However, due to the lack of highly subtype-selective drugs, the functional roles of individual subtypes are still not clear. Development of new subtype-specific drugs will greatly facilitate the identification of the functions of each subtype. Conopeptide rho-TIA has been found to be a new alpha1B-AR selective antagonist with different modes of inhibition at alpha1-AR subtypes. In addition, recent studies using genetically engineered mice have shed some light on alpha1-AR functions in vivo, especially in the cardiovascular system and brain. Several proteins have been shown to interact directly with particular alpha1-AR, and may be important in regulating receptor function. Receptor heterodimerization has been shown to be important for cell surface expression, signaling and internalization. These new observations are likely to help elucidate the functional roles of individual alpha1-AR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-jian Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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17
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Dekeyne A. Behavioural Models for the Characterisation of Established and Innovative Antidepressant Agents. Therapie 2005; 60:477-84. [PMID: 16433013 DOI: 10.2515/therapie:2005068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To improve the management of depressive states, it is essential to develop preclinical behavioural models for the characterisation of both conventional and new antidepressant agents. This need is illustrated in this article with two very different classes of antidepressant agents, serotonin and/or noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonists. Their effects are evaluated in rodent models of (i) the detection of potential antidepressant activity via marble-burying behaviour in mice; (ii) drug discrimination procedures in rats (mechanistic); and (iii) the evaluation of potential activity on co-morbid symptoms, such as anxiety, via the social recognition test in rats and gerbils. It is concluded that behavioural assays offer a palette of techniques for the characterisation of clinically active antidepressants as well as for innovative (acting on new targets) or improved (multi-target) antidepressants. Nevertheless, for antidepressants of the future, as for established antidepressants, feedback from clinical trials are awaited to confirm the predictive value of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dekeyne
- Départment de Psychopharmacologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
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18
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Stone EA, Lin Y, Ahsan MR, Quartermain D. Evidence of roles of central alpha1-adrenoceptors and epinephrine in orexin A-induced hyperactivity in mice. Neurosci Lett 2005; 381:325-8. [PMID: 15896493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that central alpha1-adrenoceptor activity is necessary, acutely, for gross behavioral activity in response to novel surroundings and various psychostimulants. The present experiment tested whether it is also necessary for the hyperactivity produced by the peptide, orexin A, which is present in several central monoaminergic nuclei. Mice, pretreated intraventricularly with the alpha1-antagonist, terazosin, or the alpha2-antagonist, atipamezole, were given orexin A, intraventricularly (i.v.t.), and videotaped for gross movement and locomotion in the home cage between 30 and 60 min post-infusion. The alpha1-antagonist was found to produce a significant dose-dependent decrease of orexin A-induced activity, which was first seen at the 3 nmol dose and was near total at 30 nmol. The alpha2-antagonist, at 10 nmol, had no effect on the orexin A response. Pharmacological inhibition of the synthesis of epinephrine, a potential neurotransmitter at central motoric alpha1-adrenoceptors, with 2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine also significantly attenuated orexin A-induced hyperactivity. It is concluded that central alpha1-adrenoceptor activity, presumably caused by epinephrine release, is necessary for the gross behavioral activation produced by orexin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, MHL-HN510, NYU Med Centre, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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19
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Romeo G, Materia L, Salerno L, Russo F, Minneman KP. Novel antagonists for α1-adrenoceptor subtypes. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.14.5.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Papay R, Gaivin R, McCune DF, Rorabaugh BR, Macklin WB, McGrath JC, Perez DM. Mouse alpha1B-adrenergic receptor is expressed in neurons and NG2 oligodendrocytes. J Comp Neurol 2004; 478:1-10. [PMID: 15334645 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
alpha1-Adrenergic receptors (ARs) are well-known mediators of the sympathetic nervous system, are highly abundant in the brain, but are the least understood in the central nervous system. The particular cell types in the brain that contain these receptors or their functions are not known because of the lack of high avidity antibodies and selective ligands. We developed transgenic mice that endogenously overexpress the alpha1B-AR subtype fused with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Endogenous expression was obtained by using a 3.4 kb fragment of the mouse alpha1B-AR promoter. Using this model, we determined cellular localization of the alpha1B-AR throughout the brain. The alpha1B-AR-EGFP fusion protein is expressed in neurons throughout the brain and in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. The alpha1B-AR is also expressed in NG2 oligodendrocyte precursor cells in both neonatal cell cultures and in the adult cerebral cortex, but is weakly expressed in mature oligodendrocytes. The alpha1B-AR was not observed in astrocytes or in cerebral vascular smooth muscle, cell types previously suggested to contain alpha1-ARs. We conclude that the alpha1B-AR is highly abundant throughout the brain, predominately in neurons, and may be involved in the development of the oligodendrocyte. In adult NG2 cells, implicated in stem cell-like functions, the alpha1B-AR may also play a role. This is the first report of a transgenic tagged-GPCR approach to determine in vivo localization of a receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Papay
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, The Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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21
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Stone EA, Lin Y, Ahsan R, Quartermain D. Gross mapping of α1-adrenoceptors that regulate behavioral activation in the mouse brain. Behav Brain Res 2004; 152:167-75. [PMID: 15196784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Revised: 09/30/2003] [Accepted: 10/01/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain alpha1-adrenoceptors that participate in behavioral activation were mapped in the mouse brain by determining where microinjection of the alpha1-antagonist, terazosin, inhibited behavioral activity in a novel cage test. A total of 5 out of 23 tested regions were shown to be involved including the dorsal pons/locus coeruleus region (DP/LC), the dorsal raphe/periaqueductal gray area (DR/PAG), the vermis cerebellum (CER), the nucleus accumbens (ACC) and the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Injection in the 4th ventricle was also effective perhaps by acting on several of these regions simultaneously. A partial inhibition was obtained from the motor cortex. Coinjection of the alpha1/2-agonist, 6-fluoronorepinephrine (6FNE) but not the alpha2-agonist, dexmedetomidine (DMT) reversed the behavioral inhibition in all regions. It is hypothesized that brain motoric alpha1-receptors elicit behavioral activation by coordinately exciting several monoaminergic, motor and motivational systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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22
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Sun X, Young LT, Wang JF, Grof P, Turecki G, Rouleau GA, Alda M. Identification of lithium-regulated genes in cultured lymphoblasts of lithium responsive subjects with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29:799-804. [PMID: 14735134 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lithium, a common drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD), requires chronic administration to prevent recurrences of the illness. The necessity for long-term treatment suggests that changes in genes expression are involved in the mechanism of its action. We studied effects of lithium on gene expression in lymphoblasts from BD patients, all excellent responders to lithium prophylaxis. Gene expression was analyzed using cDNA arrays that included a total of 2400 cDNAs. We found that chronic lithium treatment at a therapeutically relevant concentration decreased the expression of seven genes in lymphoblasts from lithium responders. Five of these candidate lithium-regulated genes, including alpha1B-adrenoceptor (alpha1B-AR), acetylcholine receptor protein alpha chain precursor (ACHR), cAMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D), substance-P receptor (SPR), and ras-related protein RAB7, were verified by Northern blotting analysis in lithium responders. None of these genes were regulated by lithium in healthy control subjects. When we compared the expression of these five genes between bipolar subjects and healthy control subjects at baseline, prior to lithium administration, we found that alpha1B-AR gene expression was higher in bipolar subjects than in healthy control subjects. Our findings indicate that alpha1B-AR may play an important role in the mechanism of action of lithium treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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23
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Hague C, Chen Z, Uberti M, Minneman KP. α1-Adrenergic receptor subtypes: non-identical triplets with different dancing partners? Life Sci 2003; 74:411-8. [PMID: 14609720 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors are one of the three subfamilies of G protein coupled receptors activated by epinephrine and norepinephrine to control important functions in many target organs. Three human subtypes (alpha(1A), alpha(1B), alpha(1D)) are derived from separate genes and are highly homologous in their transmembrane domains but not in their amino or carboxyl termini. Recent advances in our understanding of these "non-identical triplets" include development of knockout mice lacking single or multiple subtypes, new insights into subcellular localization and trafficking, identification of allosteric modulators, and increasing evidence for an important role in brain function. Although all three subtypes activate the same G(q/11) signaling pathway, they also appear to interact with different protein binding partners. Recent evidence suggests they may also form dimers, and may initiate independent signals through pathways yet to be clearly elucidated. Thus, this subfamily represents a common phenomenon of a group of similar but non-identical receptor subtypes activated by the same neurotransmitter, whose individual functional roles remain to be clearly established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hague
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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24
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Stone EA, Lin Y, Rosengarten H, Kramer HK, Quartermain D. Emerging evidence for a central epinephrine-innervated alpha 1-adrenergic system that regulates behavioral activation and is impaired in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:1387-99. [PMID: 12813473 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Currently, most basic and clinical research on depression is focused on either central serotonergic, noradrenergic, or dopaminergic neurotransmission as affected by various etiological and predisposing factors. Recent evidence suggests that there is another system that consists of a subset of brain alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors innervated primarily by brain epinephrine (EPI) that potentially modulates the above three monoamine systems in parallel and plays a critical role in depression. The present review covers the evidence for this system and includes findings that brain alpha(1)-adrenoceptors are instrumental in behavioral activation, are located near the major monoamine cell groups or target areas, receive EPI as their neurotransmitter, are impaired or inhibited in depressed patients or after stress in animal models, and are restored by a number of antidepressants. This "EPI-alpha(1) system" may therefore represent a new target system for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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25
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Stone EA, Grunewald GL, Lin Y, Ahsan R, Rosengarten H, Kramer HK, Quartermain D. Role of epinephrine stimulation of CNS alpha1-adrenoceptors in motor activity in mice. Synapse 2003; 49:67-76. [PMID: 12710017 DOI: 10.1002/syn.10212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of brain epinephrine (EPI) in the regulation of motor activity and movement in mice was examined. Blockade of EPI synthesis with i.p. 2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine (DCMB) or LY134046 was found to produce marked behavioral inactivity which could be significantly reversed by intraventricular injection of EPI and by three other alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonists, norepinephrine (NE), 6-fluoronorepinephrine (6FNE), and phenylephrine (PE), as well as by serotonin (5HT). EPI had the largest effect of these agonists and also was the only one that reversed nondrug-induced inactivity of mice in their home cages during the light phase. The effects of EPI were blocked by coinfusion of an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist (terazosin) but not of an alpha(2)-(atipamezole) or beta(1) (betaxolol)-blocker. The rank order of maximal behavioral responses to EPI, 6FNE, and PE in DCMB-treated mice was the same as the rank order of their maximal stimulation of hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol at cloned alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors in cell culture. On the basis of the above findings and of the central distributions of adrenergic neurons and alpha(1)-adrenoceptors, the existence of a central EPI-innervated alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor system is postulated which serves to coexcite or enhance signaling in several monoaminergic brain regions involved in movement and motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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26
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Sadalge A, Coughlin L, Fu H, Wang B, Valladares O, Valentino R, Blendy JA. alpha 1d Adrenoceptor signaling is required for stimulus induced locomotor activity. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:664-72. [PMID: 12874602 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
alpha 1 Adrenergic receptors mediate a variety of physiological responses and have been well studied in the cardiovascular and peripheral nervous system. However, their role in the central nervous system remains ill defined because of the lack of highly specific ligands to the alpha1 receptor subtypes. Here, we have employed gene targeting to elucidate the role of alpha 1d receptors in vivo. In addition to disrupting function, the insertion of the lacZ gene into the alpha 1d receptor locus enabled the specific identification of cells expressing the alpha 1d gene. These cells are localized in the cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, dorsal geniculate and ventral posterolateral nuclei of the thalamus. Behaviorally, the alpha 1d(-/-) mice show normal locomotor activity during the subjective day, or resting phase of their cycle. However, during subjective night, or active phase, wheel-running activity is significantly reduced in mutant mice. Furthermore, these mice show a reduction in exploratory rearing behavior in a novel cage environment. Lastly, alpha 1d(-/-) mice show reduced hyperlocomotion after acute amphetamine administration. Together, these data reveal the functional importance of alpha 1d adrenoceptors in mediating a variety of stimulus-induced changes in locomotor behaviors. While the sensitivity of noradrenergic neurons to environmental stimuli has been well documented, our data demonstrate that at least some of these post-synaptic responses are mediated by alpha 1d adrenergic receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Avoidance Learning/drug effects
- Brain/physiology
- Brain Mapping
- Chimera/genetics
- Circadian Rhythm
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Dextroamphetamine/pharmacology
- Environment
- Exploratory Behavior/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Targeting
- Lac Operon
- Locomotion
- Male
- Maze Learning/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/genetics
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Reaction Time/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/physiology
- Rotation
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sadalge
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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27
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Abstract
Fear is an adaptive component of the acute "stress" response to potentially-dangerous (external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when disproportional in intensity, chronic and/or irreversible, or not associated with any genuine risk, it may be symptomatic of a debilitating anxious state: for example, social phobia, panic attacks or generalized anxiety disorder. In view of the importance of guaranteeing an appropriate emotional response to aversive events, it is not surprising that a diversity of mechanisms are involved in the induction and inhibition of anxious states. Apart from conventional neurotransmitters, such as monoamines, gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, many other modulators have been implicated, including: adenosine, cannabinoids, numerous neuropeptides, hormones, neurotrophins, cytokines and several cellular mediators. Accordingly, though benzodiazepines (which reinforce transmission at GABA(A) receptors), serotonin (5-HT)(1A) receptor agonists and 5-HT reuptake inhibitors are currently the principle drugs employed in the management of anxiety disorders, there is considerable scope for the development of alternative therapies. In addition to cellular, anatomical and neurochemical strategies, behavioral models are indispensable for the characterization of anxious states and their modulation. Amongst diverse paradigms, conflict procedures--in which subjects experience opposing impulses of desire and fear--are of especial conceptual and therapeutic pertinence. For example, in the Vogel Conflict Test (VCT), the ability of drugs to release punishment-suppressed drinking behavior is evaluated. In reviewing the neurobiology of anxious states, the present article focuses in particular upon: the multifarious and complex roles of individual modulators, often as a function of the specific receptor type and neuronal substrate involved in their actions; novel targets for the management of anxiety disorders; the influence of neurotransmitters and other agents upon performance in the VCT; data acquired from complementary pharmacological and genetic strategies and, finally, several open questions likely to orientate future experimental- and clinical-research. In view of the recent proliferation of mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis, modulation and, potentially, treatment of anxiety disorders, this is an opportune moment to survey their functional and pathophysiological significance, and to assess their influence upon performance in the VCT and other models of potential anxiolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Psychopharmacology Department, Centre de Rescherches de Croissy, Institut de Recherches (IDR) Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, Paris, France.
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28
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Koshimizu TA, Tanoue A, Hirasawa A, Yamauchi J, Tsujimoto G. Recent advances in alpha1-adrenoceptor pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther 2003; 98:235-44. [PMID: 12725871 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
alpha(1)-Adrenergic receptors (ARs) mediate some of the main actions of the natural catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline. They participate in many essential physiological processes, such as sympathetic neurotransmission, modulation of hepatic metabolism, control of vascular tone, cardiac contraction, and the regulation of smooth muscle activity in the genitourinary system. Here, we review recent progress on subtype-specific subcellular localization, participation in signaling cascades, and the pivotal function of alpha(1)-ARs, as delineated through studies on genetically engineered animals. Together, these findings will provide new insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the alpha(1)-ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taka-aki Koshimizu
- Department of Molecular Cell Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 3-35-31, Taishi-do, Setagaya-ku, 154, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Stone EA, Cotecchia S, Lin Y, Quartermain D. Role of brain alpha 1B-adrenoceptors in modafinil-induced behavioral activity. Synapse 2002; 46:269-70. [PMID: 12373742 DOI: 10.1002/syn.10127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
These studies show that either central pharmacological blockade or genetic ablation of alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors markedly attenuates the behavioral activation caused by modafinil, implicating these receptors in the drug's action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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30
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Wellman P, Ho D, Cepeda-Benito A, Bellinger L, Nation J. Cocaine-induced hypophagia and hyperlocomotion in rats are attenuated by prazosin. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 455:117-26. [PMID: 12445577 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02616-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present studies examined the effects of antagonizing alpha(1)-adrenoceptors via systemic administration of prazosin on the behavioral actions of cocaine in rats, including induction of locomotion and suppression of eating. In Experiment 1, locomotor activity was monitored in automated chambers for 80 min in adult male rats pretreated with the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (0, 0.5, or 2 mg/kg, i.p.) and then treated (i.p.) with either 0, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride. Cocaine dose-dependently increased total distance traveled and the number of stereotypy counts, and significantly decreased rest time. Each dose of prazosin produced a significant attenuation of the locomotor effects of a limited range of cocaine doses (i.e. 10 and/or 20 mg/kg cocaine, but not 40 mg/kg cocaine). Prazosin alone did not alter any measure of locomotion. In Experiment 2, eating and drinking were monitored for 60 min in male rats pretreated with prazosin (0, 1, and 2 mg/kg, i.p.) and then treated with 0, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg (i.p.) cocaine. Rats pretreated with vehicle exhibited a dose-dependent suppression of eating, but not drinking, to cocaine. The impact of prazosin on cocaine-induced hypophagia paralleled that noted for locomotion in that administration of prazosin significantly attenuated the hypophagic action of 20 mg/kg cocaine, but not that of 40 mg/kg cocaine. These findings confirm earlier studies noting a partial role for alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in the locomotor stimulant actions of cocaine and extend those findings to the feeding-inhibitory actions of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wellman
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA.
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31
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Stone EA, Lin Y, Suckow RF, Quartermain D. Stress-induced subsensitivity to modafinil and its prevention by corticosteroids. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002; 73:971-8. [PMID: 12213544 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain alpha(1)-adrenoceptors are known to be necessary for motor activity in rodents and have been shown to be altered by stress and corticosteroids but only in biochemical experiments. To determine if the behaviorally coupled receptors are also affected by stress, the present study examined the effect of stress and corticosteroids treatment on the motor activity response to modafinil, a putative alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist, which is unique in that it elicits extremely high levels of activity via these receptors. Mice were subjected to various schedules of restraint stress for 1-6 days and were subsequently tested for either modafinil-induced or dopaminergically induced behavioral activity in the home cage using videotape recording. In experiments on corticosteroid treatment, mice received exogenous corticosterone or dexamethasone in the drinking water before and during the stress and were tested for modafinil-induced activity as above. It was found that the stress significantly reduced the response to the drug by the third daily session. Motor responses to dopaminergic agents including apomorphine, amphetamine, dihydrexidine and quinpirole were either not altered or were increased at this time. Treatment of animals with corticosterone or dexamethasone prior to and during stress prevented the behavioral subsensitivity to modafinil. Corticosterone pretreatment markedly suppressed the plasma corticosterone response to the stress. The present results provide further support for the hypothesis that stress produces a selective desensitization or inhibition of motor-related brain alpha(1)-adrenoceptors and that this effect can be prevented by corticosteroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, TH HN510, School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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32
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Papay R, Zuscik MJ, Ross SA, Yun J, McCune DF, Gonzalez-Cabrera P, Gaivin R, Drazba J, Perez DM. Mice expressing the alpha(1B)-adrenergic receptor induces a synucleinopathy with excessive tyrosine nitration but decreased phosphorylation. J Neurochem 2002; 83:623-34. [PMID: 12390524 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We had previously reported that systemic overexpression of the alpha(1B)-adrenergic receptor (AR) in a transgenic mouse induced a neurodegenerative disease that resembled the parkinsonian-like syndrome called multiple system atrophy (MSA). We now report that our mouse model has cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that colocalize with oligodendrocytes and neurons, are positive for alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin, and therefore may be classified as a synucleinopathy. Alpha-synuclein monomers as well as multimers were present in brain extracts from both normal and transgenic mice. However, similar to human MSA and other synucleinopathies, transgenic mice showed an increase in abnormal aggregated forms of alpha-synuclein, which also increased its nitrated content with age. However, the same extracts displayed decreased phosphorylation of alpha-synuclein. Other traits particular to MSA such as Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellum and degeneration of the intermediolateral cell columns of the spinal cord also exist in our mouse model but differences still exist between them. Interestingly, long-term therapy with the alpha(1)-AR antagonist, terazosin, resulted in protection against the symptomatic as well as the neurodegeneration and alpha-synuclein inclusion body formation, suggesting that signaling of the alpha(1B)-AR is the cause of the pathology. We conclude that overexpression of the alpha(1B)-AR can cause a synucleinopathy similar to other parkinsonian syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Papay
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, The Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Newman-Tancredi A, Cussac D, Audinot V, Nicolas JP, De Ceuninck F, Boutin JA, Millan MJ. Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. II. Agonist and antagonist properties at subtypes of dopamine D(2)-like receptor and alpha(1)/alpha(2)-adrenoceptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 303:805-14. [PMID: 12388667 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.039875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The accompanying multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of antiparkinson agents revealed contrasting patterns of affinities at diverse classes of monoaminergic receptor. Herein, we characterized efficacies at human (h)D(2SHORT(S)), hD(2LONG(L)), hD(3), and hD(4.4) receptors and at halpha(2A)-, halpha(2B)-, halpha(2C)-, and halpha(1A)-adrenoceptors (ARs). As determined by guanosine 5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) binding, no ligand displayed "full" efficacy relative to dopamine (100%) at all "D(2)-like" sites. However, at hD(2S) receptors quinpirole, pramipexole, ropinirole, quinerolane, pergolide, and cabergoline were as efficacious as dopamine (E(max)100%); TL99, talipexole, and apomorphine were highly efficacious (79-92%); piribedil, lisuride, bromocriptine, and terguride showed intermediate efficacy (40-55%); and roxindole displayed low efficacy (11%). For all drugs, efficacies were lower at hD(2L) receptors, with terguride and roxindole acting as antagonists. At hD(3) receptors, efficacies ranged from 33% (roxindole) to 94% (TL99), whereas, for hD(4) receptors, highest efficacies (approximately 70%) were seen for quinerolane, quinpirole, and TL99, whereas piribedil and terguride behaved as antagonists and bromocriptine was inactive. Although efficacies at hD(2S) versus hD(2L) sites were highly correlated (r = 0.79), they correlated only modestly to hD(3)/hD(4) sites (r = 0.44-0.59). In [(35)S]GTPgammaS studies of halpha(2A)-ARs, TL99 (108%), pramipexole (52%), talipexole (51%), pergolide (31%), apomorphine (16%), and quinerolane (11%) were agonists and ropinirole and roxindole were inactive, whereas piribedil and other agents were antagonists. Similar findings were obtained at halpha(2B)- and halpha(2C)-ARs. Using [(3)H]phosphatidylinositol depletion, roxindole, bromocriptine, lisuride, and terguride displayed potent antagonist properties at halpha(1A)-ARs. In conclusion, antiparkinson agents display diverse agonist and antagonist properties at multiple subtypes of D(2)-like receptor and alpha(1)/alpha(2)-AR, actions, which likely contribute to their contrasting functional profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Newman-Tancredi
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, 125 chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy/Seine, Paris, France
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Tanoue A, Koshimizu TA, Tsujimoto G. Transgenic studies of alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor subtype function. Life Sci 2002; 71:2207-15. [PMID: 12215368 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mice with altered alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor (AR) genes have become important tools in elucidating the subtype-specific functions of the three alpha(1)-AR subtypes because of the lack of sufficiently subtype-selective pharmacological agents. Mice with a deletion (knockout, KO) or an overexpression (transgenic, TG) of the alpha(1A)-, alpha(1B)-, or alpha(1D)-AR subtypes have been generated. The alpha(1)-ARs are the principal mediators of the hypertensive response to alpha(1)-agonists in the cardiovascular system. Studies with these mice indicate that alpha(1A)-AR and alpha(1B)-AR subtypes play an important role in cardiac development and/or function as well as in blood pressure (BP) response to alpha(1)-agonists via vasoconstriction. The alpha(1B)- and alpha(1D)-subtypes also appear to be involved in central nervous system (CNS) processes such as nociceptive responses, modulation of memory consolidation and working memory. The ability to study subtype-specific functions in different mouse strains by altering the same alpha(1)-AR in different ways strengthens the conclusions drawn from these studies. Although these genetic approaches have limitations, they have significantly increased our understanding of the functions of alpha(1)-AR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Tanoue
- Department of Molecular, Cell Pharmacology, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Koshimizu TA, Yamauchi J, Hirasawa A, Tanoue A, Tsujimoto G. Recent progress in alpha 1-adrenoceptor pharmacology. Biol Pharm Bull 2002; 25:401-8. [PMID: 11995914 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.25.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adrenoceptors (ARs) play a key role in the modulation of sympathetic nervous system activity and are a site of action for many clinically important therapeutic agents. The alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes (alpha1A-, alpha1B-, and alpha1D-AR) play a prominent role in regulating vascular tone and hypertrophic growth of smooth muscle and cardiac cells. Their functional characteristics with respect to ligand binding and second messenger utilization have been well described. Here, we review recent progress on subtype-specific subcellular localization, participation in signaling cascades, and the pivotal function of alpha1-ARs, as delineated through studies on genetically engineered animals. Together, these findings will provide new insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the alpha1-ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taka-aki Koshimizu
- Department of Molecular, Cell Pharmacology, National Children's Medical Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are involved in the control of several important functions of the central nervous system (CNS), including sleep, arousal, mood, appetite, and autonomic outflow. Catecholamines control these functions through activation of a family of adrenergic receptors (ARs). The ARs are divided into three subfamilies (alpha1, alpha2, and beta) based on their pharmacologic properties, signaling mechanisms, and structure. ARs in the CNS are targets for several therapeutic agents used in the treatment of depression, obesity, hypertension, and other diseases. Not much is known, however, about the role of specific AR subtypes in the actions of these drugs. In this paper, we provide an overview of adrenergic pharmacology in the CNS, focusing on the pharmacologic properties of subtype-selective AR agonists and antagonists, the accessibility of these drugs to the CNS, and the distribution of ARs in different areas of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Pupo
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Estadual Paulista in Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Stone EA, Rosengarten H, Lin Y, Quartermain D. Pharmacological blockade of brain alpha1-adrenoceptors as measured by ex vivo [3H]prazosin binding is correlated with behavioral immobility. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 420:97-102. [PMID: 11408030 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present studies examined the relationship between the blockade of central alpha1-adrenoceptors, as measured by ex vivo binding of [3H]prazosin in the cerebral cortex and the inhibition of behavioral activation to a mildly novel environment (cage change). It was found that intraventricular (i.v.t.) terazosin, a saline-soluble alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist, dose dependently inhibited both ex vivo cortical binding and behavioral activation and that there was a highly significant positive correlation between the two with a slope near unity. Prazosin, a nonsaline soluble antagonist which had to be given intraperitoneally (i.p.), was much less potent at blocking both behavioral activity and cortical ex vivo binding, although it blocked ex vivo binding in the lung, indicating that it was effective peripherally but did not readily enter the brain. Despite this, however, the inhibition of cortical binding and behavioral activation that i.p. prazosin did produce were highly correlated with each other and had a slope near unity as with terazosin, whereas the more potent inhibition of lung binding was less well correlated with behavioral inhibition and had a slope significantly less than one. These results confirm our earlier studies, which have shown that alpha1-adrenoceptor activity is essential for gross and fine motor behavior in the mouse and that prazosin, which is used extensively in behavioral research, has difficulty entering the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry TH-HN510, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Med Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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