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Wu S, Daston G, Rose J, Blackburn K, Fisher J, Reis A, Selman B, Naciff J. Identifying chemicals based on receptor binding/bioactivation/mechanistic explanation associated with potential to elicit hepatotoxicity and to support structure activity relationship-based read-across. Curr Res Toxicol 2023; 5:100108. [PMID: 37363741 PMCID: PMC10285556 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the most common target organ in toxicology studies. The development of chemical structural alerts for identifying hepatotoxicity will play an important role in in silico model prediction and help strengthen the identification of analogs used in structure activity relationship (SAR)- based read-across. The aim of the current study is development of an SAR-based expert-system decision tree for screening of hepatotoxicants across a wide range of chemistry space and proposed modes of action for clustering of chemicals using defined core chemical categories based on receptor-binding or bioactivation. The decision tree is based on ∼ 1180 different chemicals that were reviewed for hepatotoxicity information. Knowledge of chemical receptor binding, metabolism and mechanistic information were used to group these chemicals into 16 different categories and 102 subcategories: four categories describe binders to 9 different receptors, 11 categories are associated with possible reactive metabolites (RMs) and there is one miscellaneous category. Each chemical subcategory has been associated with possible modes of action (MOAs) or similar key structural features. This decision tree can help to screen potential liver toxicants associated with core structural alerts of receptor binding and/or RMs and be used as a component of weight of evidence decisions based on SAR read-across, and to fill data gaps.
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Parinandi NL, Liaugminas A, Oliver PJ, Varadharaj S, Yenigalla A, Elliott AC, Arutla S, Campbell SJ, Kotha SR, Sherwani SI, Kutala VK, McDaniel JC, Maddipati KR, Kuppusamy P, Hund TJ. Classic Phytochemical Antioxidant and Lipoxygenase Inhibitor, Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid, Activates Phospholipase D through Oxidant Signaling and Tyrosine Phosphorylation Leading to Cytotoxicity in Lung Vascular Endothelial Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023:10.1007/s12013-023-01128-1. [PMID: 36820994 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a dicatechol and phytochemical polyphenolic antioxidant and an established inhibitor of human arachidonic acid (AA) 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) and 15-LOX, is widely used to ascertain the role of LOXs in vascular endothelial cell (EC) function. As the modulatory effect of NDGA on phospholipase D (PLD), an important lipid signaling enzyme in ECs, thus far has not been reported, here we have investigated the modulation of PLD activity and its regulation by NDGA in the bovine pulmonary artery ECs (BPAECs). NDGA induced the activation of PLD (phosphatidic acid formation) in cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion that was significantly attenuated by iron chelator and antioxidants. NDGA induced the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner as evidenced from fluorescence microscopy and fluorimetry of ROS and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of oxygen radicals. Also, NDGA caused a dose-dependent loss of intracellular glutathione (GSH) in BPAECs. Protein tyrosine kinase (PTyK)-specific inhibitors significantly attenuated NDGA-induced PLD activation in BPAECs. NDGA also induced a dose- and time-dependent phosphorylation of tyrosine in proteins in cells. NDGA caused in situ translocation and relocalization of both PLD1 and PLD2 isoforms, in a time-dependent fashion. Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors were ineffective in attenuating NDGA-induced PLD activation in BPAECs, thus ruling out the activation of COXs by NDGA. NDGA inhibited the AA-LOX activity and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) formation in cells. On the other hand, the 5-LOX-specific inhibitors, 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid and kaempferol, were ineffective in activating PLD in BPAECs. Antioxidants and PTyK-specific inhibitors effectively attenuated NDGA cytotoxicity in BPAECs. The PLD-specific inhibitor, 5-fluoro-2-indolyl deschlorohalopemide (FIPI), significantly attenuated and protected against the NDGA-induced PLD activation and cytotoxicity in BPAECs. For the first time, these results demonstrated that NDGA, the classic phytochemical polyphenolic antioxidant and LOX inhibitor, activated PLD causing cytotoxicity in ECs through upstream oxidant signaling and protein tyrosine phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimham L Parinandi
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Alex Liaugminas
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Patrick J Oliver
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Saradhadevi Varadharaj
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Anita Yenigalla
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Austin C Elliott
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sukruthi Arutla
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Steven J Campbell
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sainath R Kotha
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shariq I Sherwani
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Vijay K Kutala
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jodi C McDaniel
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Krishna Rao Maddipati
- Department of Pathology and Lipidomics Core Facility, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Thomas J Hund
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Nisar S, Masoodi T, Prabhu KS, Kuttikrishnan S, Zarif L, Khatoon S, Ali S, Uddin S, Akil AAS, Singh M, Macha MA, Bhat AA. Natural products as chemo-radiation therapy sensitizers in cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113610. [PMID: 36030591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease and is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Surgery, chemotherapy (CT), and/or radiation therapy (RT) are the treatment of choice for most advanced tumors. Unfortunately, treatment failure due to intrinsic and acquired resistance to the current CT and RT is a significant challenge associated with poor patient prognosis. There is an urgent need to develop and identify agents that can sensitize tumor cells to chemo-radiation therapy (CRT) with minimal cytotoxicity to the healthy tissues. While many recent studies have identified the underlying molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets for CRT failure, using small molecule inhibitors to chemo/radio sensitize tumors is associated with high toxicity and increased morbidity. Natural products have long been used as chemopreventive agents in many cancers. Combining many of these compounds with the standard chemotherapeutic agents or with RT has shown synergistic effects on cancer cell death and overall improvement in patient survival. Based on the available data, there is strong evidence that natural products have a robust therapeutic potential along with CRT and their well-known chemopreventive effects in many solid tumors. This review article reports updated literature on different natural products used as CT or RT sensitizers in many solid tumors. This is the first review discussing CT and RT sensitizers together in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Nisar
- Depertment of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tariq Masoodi
- Laboratory of Cancer immunology and genetics, Sidra Medicine, Qatar
| | - Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
| | - Lubna Zarif
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
| | - Summaiya Khatoon
- Depertment of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahid Ali
- International Potato Center (CIP), Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ammira Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Depertment of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Depertment of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
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Osmakov DI, Kalinovskii AP, Belozerova OA, Andreev YA, Kozlov SA. Lignans as Pharmacological Agents in Disorders Related to Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: Chemical Synthesis Approaches and Biological Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116031. [PMID: 35682715 PMCID: PMC9181380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant lignans exhibit a wide range of biological activities, which makes them the research objects of potential use as therapeutic agents. They provide diverse naturally-occurring pharmacophores and are available for production by chemical synthesis. A large amount of accumulated data indicates that lignans of different structural groups are apt to demonstrate both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, in many cases, simultaneously. In this review, we summarize the comprehensive knowledge about lignan use as a bioactive agent in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, pharmacological effects in vitro and in vivo, molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, and chemical synthesis approaches. This article provides an up-to-date overview of the current data in this area, available in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, screened from 2000 to 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I. Osmakov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.I.O.); (A.P.K.); (O.A.B.); (Y.A.A.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandr P. Kalinovskii
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.I.O.); (A.P.K.); (O.A.B.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Olga A. Belozerova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.I.O.); (A.P.K.); (O.A.B.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Yaroslav A. Andreev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.I.O.); (A.P.K.); (O.A.B.); (Y.A.A.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Kozlov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.I.O.); (A.P.K.); (O.A.B.); (Y.A.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Macena JC, Renzi DF, Grigoletto DF. Chemical and biological properties of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Mala John GS, Takeuchi S, Venkatraman G, Rayala SK. Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid in Therapeutics: Beneficial to Toxicity Profiles and the Search for its Analogs. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 20:86-103. [PMID: 31642411 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666191022141547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a plant lignan obtained from creosote bush, Larrea tridentata and is known to possess antioxidant, anticancer activities and is used in traditional medicine in North America and Mexico. However, its prolonged consumption leads to liver damage and kidney dysfunction. Despite its toxicity and side effects, there is little awareness to forbid its consumption and its use in the treatment of medical ailments has continued over the years. Several reports discuss its therapeutic efficiency and its medical applications have tremendously been on the rise to date. There has been a recent surge of interest in the chemical synthesis of NDGA derivatives for therapeutic applications. NDGA derivatives have been developed as better alternatives to NDGA. Although several NDGA derivatives have been chemically synthesized as evidenced by recent literature, there is a paucity of information on their therapeutic efficacies. This review is to highlight the medicinal applications of NDGA, its toxicity evaluations and discuss the chemical derivatives of NDGA synthesized and studied so far and suggest to continue research interests in the development of NDGA analogs for therapeutic applications. We suggest that NDGA derivatives should be investigated more in terms of chemical synthesis with preferred conformational structures and exploit their biological potentials with future insights to explore in this direction to design and develop structurally modified NDGA derivatives for potential pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satoru Takeuchi
- Factory of Takeuchi Nenshi, TAKENEN, 85NE Takamatsu, Kahoku Ishikawa 929-1215, Japan
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Sri Ramachandra Center for Biomedical Nanotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai-600116, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Rayala
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras, Chennai-600036, India
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Kim JH, Lee J, Jeong H, Bang MS, Jeong JH, Chang M. Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid as a Novel Substrate and Inhibitor of Catechol O-Methyltransferase Modulates 4-Hydroxyestradiol-Induced Cyto- and Genotoxicity in MCF-7 Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072060. [PMID: 33916785 PMCID: PMC8038350 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a major lignan metabolite found in Larrea spp., which are widely used in South America to treat various diseases. In breast tissue, estradiol is metabolized to the catechol estrogens such as 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), which have been proposed to be cancer initiators potentially involved in mammary carcinogenesis. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) catalyzes the O-methylation of catechol estrogens to their less toxic methoxy derivatives, such as 4-O-methylestradiol (4-MeOE2). The present study investigated the novel biological activities of NDGA in relation to COMT and the effects of COMT inhibition by NDGA on 4-OHE2-induced cyto- and genotoxicity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Two methoxylated metabolites of NDGA, 3-O-methylNDGA (3-MNDGA) and 4-O-methyl NDGA (4-MNDGA), were identified in the reaction mixture containing human recombinant COMT, NDGA, and cofactors. Km values for the COMT-catalyzed metabolism of NDGA were 2.6 µM and 2.2 µM for 3-MNDGA and 4-MNDGA, respectively. The COMT-catalyzed methylation of 4-OHE2 was inhibited by NDGA at an IC50 of 22.4 µM in a mixed-type mode of inhibition by double reciprocal plot analysis. Molecular docking studies predicted that NDGA would adopt a stable conformation at the COMT active site, mainly owing to the hydrogen bond network. NDGA is likely both a substrate for and an inhibitor of COMT. Comet and apurinic/apyrimidinic site quantitation assays, cell death, and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells showed that NDGA decreased COMT-mediated formation of 4-MeOE2 and increased 4-OHE2-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity. Thus, NDGA has the potential to reduce COMT activity in mammary tissues and prevent the inactivation of mutagenic estradiol metabolites, thereby increasing catechol estrogen-induced genotoxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Kim
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea; (J.-H.K.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Jimin Lee
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (J.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Hyesoo Jeong
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (J.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Mi Seo Bang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea;
| | - Jin-Hyun Jeong
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea; (J.-H.K.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Minsun Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea;
- Research Institute for Asian Women, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04309, Korea
- Research Institute for Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2077-7626
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Nordihydroguaiaretic acid reduces secondary organ injury in septic rats after cecal ligation and puncture. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237613. [PMID: 32790786 PMCID: PMC7425931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a plant extract that has been shown to act as a free radical scavenger and pluripotent inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokines, two major cellular processes involved in the pathophysiology of sepsis. We investigated whether NDGA would improve markers of organ injury as well as survival in a rodent model of sepsis. METHODS Abdominal sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and double puncture (CLP) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. NDGA was administered either at the time of injury (pre-) or 6 hours later (post-treatment). A sham surgery group and a vehicle only group were also followed as controls. Blood and lung tissue were collected 24 h after CLP. Lung tissue was used for histopathologic analysis and to measure pulmonary edema. Arterial oxygenation was measured directly to generate PaO2/FiO2, and markers of renal injury (blood urea nitrogen), liver injury (alanine aminotransferase), and tissue hypoxia (lactate) were measured. In a separate set of animals consisting of the same treatment groups, animals were followed for up to 36 hours for survival. RESULTS NDGA pre-treatment resulted in improved oxygenation, less lung edema, lower lactate, lower BUN, and reduced histologic lung injury. NDGA post-treatment resulted in less lung edema, lower lactate, lower BUN, and less histologic lung injury, but did not significantly change oxygenation. None of the NDGA treatment groups statistically affected ALT or creatinine. NDGA pre-treatment showed improved survival compared with control CLP animals at 36 hours, while post-treatment did not. CONCLUSIONS NDGA represents a novel pleiotropic anti-inflammatory agent with potential clinical utility for modulation of organ injury secondary to sepsis.
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Quan NV, Dang Xuan T, Teschke R. Potential Hepatotoxins Found in Herbal Medicinal Products: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5011. [PMID: 32708570 PMCID: PMC7404040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of liver injury associated with the use of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) is well known among physicians caring for patients under a HMP therapy, as documented in case reports or case series and evidenced by using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) to verify a causal relationship. In many cases, however, the quality of HMPs has rarely been considered regarding potential culprits such as contaminants and toxins possibly incriminated as causes for the liver injury. This review aims to comprehensively assemble details of tentative hepatotoxic contaminants and toxins found in HMPs. Based on the origin, harmful agents may be divided according two main sources, namely the phyto-hepatotoxin and the nonphyto-hepatotoxin groups. More specifically, phyto-hepatotoxins are phytochemicals or their metabolites naturally produced by plants or internally in response to plant stress conditions. In contrast, nonphyto-hepatotoxic elements may include contaminants or adulterants occurring during collection, processing and production, are the result of accumulation of toxic heavy metals by the plant itself due to soil pollutions, or represent mycotoxins, herbicidal and pesticidal residues. The phyto-hepatotoxins detected in HMPs are classified into eight major groups consisting of volatile compounds, phytotoxic proteins, glycosides, terpenoid lactones, terpenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, and phenolic acids. Nonphyto-hepatotoxins including metals, mycotoxins, and pesticidal and herbicidal residues and tentative mechanisms of toxicity are discussed. In conclusion, although a variety of potential toxic substances may enter the human body through HMP use, the ability of these toxins to trigger human liver injury remains largely unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Quan
- Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan; (N.V.Q.); (T.D.X.)
| | - Tran Dang Xuan
- Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan; (N.V.Q.); (T.D.X.)
| | - Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, 63450 Hanau, Germany
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John GSM, Vuttaradhi VK, Takeuchi S, Pitani RS, Venkatraman G, Rayala SK. Facile synthesis and nanoscale features of a nanostructured nordihydroguaiaretic acid analog for therapeutic applications. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:74. [PMID: 32410712 PMCID: PMC7227240 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00628-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a plant lignan obtained from creosote bush, known to possess anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-viral activities and is being used in traditional medicine. However, toxicity studies indicated liver and kidney damage despite its immense medicinal properties. There has been a recent increase of curiosity in the chemical synthesis of NDGA derivatives for therapeutic applications. NDGA derivatives have been developed as better alternatives to NDGA and for targeted delivery to the site of tissue by chemical derivatives. In this regard, an analog of NDGA, Acetyl NDGA (Ac-NDGA), has been synthesized based on a previous procedure and formulated as a nanostructured complex with Polycaprolactone/Polyethylene glycol polymer matrices, by o/w solvent evaporation method. RESULTS The drug-incorporated polymeric nanospheres exhibited a drug load of 10.0 ± 0.5 µg drug per mg of nanospheres in acetonitrile solvent with 49.95 ± 10% encapsulation efficiency and 33-41% drug loading capacity with different batches of nanospheres preparation. The in vitro drug release characteristics indicated 82 ± 0.25% drug release at 6 h in methanol. Further, the nanospheres have been characterized extensively to evaluate their suitability for therapeutic delivery. CONCLUSIONS The present studies indicate a new and efficient formulation of the nanostructured AcNDGA with good therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veena Kumari Vuttaradhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamilanadu, 600036, India
| | - Satoru Takeuchi
- Factory of Takeuchi Nenshi, TAKENEN, 85NE Takamatsu, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 929-1215, Japan
| | - Ravi Shankar Pitani
- Department of Community Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Porur, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600116, India
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, & Sri Ramachandra Center for Biomedical Nanotechnology, Porur, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600116, India.
| | - Suresh Kumar Rayala
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamilanadu, 600036, India.
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Manda G, Rojo AI, Martínez-Klimova E, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Cuadrado A. Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid: From Herbal Medicine to Clinical Development for Cancer and Chronic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:151. [PMID: 32184727 PMCID: PMC7058590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a phenolic lignan obtained from Larrea tridentata, the creosote bush found in Mexico and USA deserts, that has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of numerous diseases such as cancer, renal, cardiovascular, immunological, and neurological disorders, and even aging. NDGA presents two catechol rings that confer a very potent antioxidant activity by scavenging oxygen free radicals and this may explain part of its therapeutic action. Additional effects include inhibition of lipoxygenases (LOXs) and activation of signaling pathways that impinge on the transcription factor Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related Factor (NRF2). On the other hand, the oxidation of the catechols to the corresponding quinones my elicit alterations in proteins and DNA that raise safety concerns. This review describes the current knowledge on NDGA, its targets and side effects, and its synthetic analogs as promising therapeutic agents, highlighting their mechanism of action and clinical projection towards therapy of neurodegenerative, liver, and kidney disease, as well as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Manda
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana I Rojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Klimova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Wen B, Gorycki P. Bioactivation of herbal constituents: mechanisms and toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:453-497. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1655570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Peter Gorycki
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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13
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Tewari D, Rawat P, Singh PK. Adverse drug reactions of anticancer drugs derived from natural sources. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:522-535. [PMID: 30471312 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, a life threatening disease adversely affects huge population worldwide. Naturally derived drug discovery has emerged as a potential pathway in search of anticancers. Natural products-based drugs are generally considered safe, compared to their synthetic counterparts. A systematic review on adverse drugs reactions (ADRs) of the anticancer natural products has not been performed till date. We reviewed anticancer drugs, derived from plants, microbes and marine sources with their mechanistic action and reported ADRs. PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus were searched through Boolean information retrieval method using keywords "natural products", "cancer", "herbal", "marine drugs" and "adverse drug reaction". We documented ADRs of natural products based anticancer agents, mechanisms of action and chemical structures. It was observed that majority of the natural products based anticancer drugs possess ample adverse effects, dominantly hematological toxicities, alopecia, neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. These findings deviate from the preconceived notion about safer nature of herbal drugs. We also came across some anti-cancer natural products with less/no reported adverse events like Cabazitaxel and Arglabin. Comprehensive pharmacovigilance studies are needed to report ADRs and thereby predicting safety of anti-cancer drugs, either originated from natural sources or chemically synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Tewari
- Value Addition Research and Development-Human Health, National Innovation Foundation-India, Autonomous Body of Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, Grambharti, Mahudi Road, Gandhinagar, 382650, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Rawat
- Value Addition Research and Development-Human Health, National Innovation Foundation-India, Autonomous Body of Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, Grambharti, Mahudi Road, Gandhinagar, 382650, Gujarat, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Value Addition Research and Development-Human Health, National Innovation Foundation-India, Autonomous Body of Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, Grambharti, Mahudi Road, Gandhinagar, 382650, Gujarat, India.
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14
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Liu Y. Incorporation of absorption and metabolism into liver toxicity prediction for phytochemicals: A tiered in silico QSAR approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:409-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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López-Gil S, Nuño-Lámbarri N, Chávez-Tapia N, Uribe M, Barbero-Becerra VJ. Liver toxicity mechanisms of herbs commonly used in Latin America. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:338-356. [PMID: 28571502 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1335750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mexico owns approximately 4500 medicinal plants species, a great diversity that position it at the second place after China. According to the Mexican health department, 90% of common population consumes them to treat various diseases. Additionally, herbal remedies in Latin America (LA) are considered a common practice, but the frequency of use and the liver damage related to its consumption is still unknown. Despite the high prevalence and indiscriminate herbal consumption, the exact mechanism of hepatotoxicity and adverse effects is not fully clarified and is still questioned. Some herb products associated with herb induced liver injury (HILI) are characterized by presenting a different chemical composition that may vary from batch to batch, also the biological activity of many medicinal plants and other natural products are directly related to their most active component and its concentration. There are two main biological components that are associated with liver damage, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which are frequent constituents of commonly used herbs. The interaction with the different cytochrome P-450 isoforms, inflammatory, and oxidative activities seem to be the main damage pathway involved in the liver. It is important to know the herbal adverse effects and mechanisms involved; therefore, this article is focused on the beneficial and deleterious effects as well as the possible toxicity mechanisms and interactions of the herbs that are frequently used in LA, since the herb-host interaction may not always be the expected or desired depending on the clinical context in which it is administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía López-Gil
- a Translational Research Unit , Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City , Mexico.,b Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla , Puebla , Mexico
| | - Natalia Nuño-Lámbarri
- a Translational Research Unit , Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Norberto Chávez-Tapia
- a Translational Research Unit , Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City , Mexico.,c Obesity and Digestive Diseases Unit , Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Misael Uribe
- c Obesity and Digestive Diseases Unit , Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City , Mexico
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16
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Vuorinen A, Engeli RT, Leugger S, Bachmann F, Akram M, Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Temml V, Stuppner H, Krenn L, Ateba SB, Njamen D, Davis RA, Odermatt A, Schuster D. Potential Antiosteoporotic Natural Product Lead Compounds That Inhibit 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:965-974. [PMID: 28319389 PMCID: PMC5411959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2) converts the active steroid hormones estradiol, testosterone, and 5α-dihydrotestosterone into their weakly active forms estrone, Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione, and 5α-androstane-3,17-dione, respectively, thereby regulating cell- and tissue-specific steroid action. As reduced levels of active steroids are associated with compromised bone health and onset of osteoporosis, 17β-HSD2 is considered a target for antiosteoporotic treatment. In this study, a pharmacophore model based on 17β-HSD2 inhibitors was applied to a virtual screening of various databases containing natural products in order to discover new lead structures from nature. In total, 36 hit molecules were selected for biological evaluation. Of these compounds, 12 inhibited 17β-HSD2 with nanomolar to low micromolar IC50 values. The most potent compounds, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (1), IC50 0.38 ± 0.04 μM, (-)-dihydroguaiaretic acid (4), IC50 0.94 ± 0.02 μM, isoliquiritigenin (6), IC50 0.36 ± 0.08 μM, and ethyl vanillate (12), IC50 1.28 ± 0.26 μM, showed 8-fold or higher selectivity over 17β-HSD1. As some of the identified compounds belong to the same structural class, structure-activity relationships were derived for these molecules. Thus, this study describes new 17β-HSD2 inhibitors from nature and provides insights into the binding pocket of 17β-HSD2, offering a promising starting point for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vuorinen
- Division
of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, University
of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger T. Engeli
- Division
of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, University
of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Leugger
- Division
of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, University
of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Bachmann
- Division
of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, University
of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Computer-Aided
Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, and Institute of
Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A Street, 05-552, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Computer-Aided
Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, and Institute of
Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Temml
- Computer-Aided
Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, and Institute of
Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Computer-Aided
Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, and Institute of
Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Liselotte Krenn
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvin B. Ateba
- Laboratory
of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology,
Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde
I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Dieudonné Njamen
- Laboratory
of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology,
Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde
I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Rohan A. Davis
- Griffith
Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division
of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, University
of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Biochemistry:
A. Odermatt, Tel: +41 (0)61 267 15 30. Fax: +41
(0)61 267 15 15.
E-mail:
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Computer-Aided
Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, and Institute of
Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Molecular modeling: D. Schuster,
Tel: +43-512-507-58253. Fax: +43-512-507-58299. E-mail:
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Nusrat S, Zaidi N, Zaman M, Islam S, Ajmal MR, Siddiqi MK, Santra MK, Khan RH. Repositioning nordihydroguaiaretic acid as a potent inhibitor of systemic amyloidosis and associated cellular toxicity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 612:78-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Jeong H, Kim S, Lee J, Park JY, Zhou W, Liu X, Kim SD, Song YS, Jang CY, Oh SR, Choi S, Chang M. Characterization of Phase I and Phase II Hepatic Metabolism and Reactive Intermediates of Larrea nitida Cav. and Its Lignan Compounds. Phytother Res 2016; 31:140-151. [PMID: 28058783 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Larrea nitida Cav. (LNC), which belongs to the family Zygophyllaceae, is widely indigenous and used in South America to treat various pathological conditions. It contains the antioxidant and antiinflammatory but toxic nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) as well as O-methylated metabolite of NDGA (MNDGA) as bioactive compounds. The hepatic metabolism-based toxicological potential of extracts of LNC (LNE), NDGA, and MNDGA has not previously been reported. The present study aimed to characterize the phase I and phase II hepatic metabolism and reactive intermediates of LNE, NDGA, and MNDGA and their effects on the major drug-metabolizing enzymes in vitro and ex vivo. A methanol extract of LNC collected from Chile as well as NDGA and MNDGA isolated from LNE were subjected to metabolic stability assays in liver microsomes in the presence of the cofactors reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and/or uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA). Cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition assays were performed using CYP isozyme-specific model substrates to examine the inhibitory activities of LNE, NDGA, and MNDGA, which were expressed as % inhibition and IC50 values. Ex vivo CYP induction potential was investigated in the liver microsomes prepared from the rats intraperitoneally administered with LNE. Glutathione (GSH) adduct formation was monitored by LC-MS3 analysis of the microsomal incubation samples with either NDGA or MNDGA and an excess of GSH to determine the formation of electrophilic reactive intermediates. Both NDGA and MNDGA were stable to NADPH-dependent phase I metabolism, but labile to glucuronide conjugation. LNE, NDGA, and MNDGA showed significant inhibitory effects on CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and/or 3A4, with IC50 values in the micromolar range. LNE was found to be a CYP1A2 inducer in ex vivo rat experiments, and mono- and di-GSH adducts of both NDGA and MNDGA were identified by LC-MS3 analysis. Our study suggests that hepatic clearance is the major elimination route for the lignans NDGA and MNDGA present in LNE. These lignans may possess the ability to modify biomacromolecules via producing reactive intermediates. In addition, LNE, NDGA, and MNDGA are found to be inhibitors for various CYP isozymes such as CYP2C9 and 3A4. Thus, the consumption of LNC as an herbal preparation or NDGA may cause metabolism-driven herb-drug interactions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesoo Jeong
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Chungparo 47-gil, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - Soolin Kim
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Chungparo 47-gil, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - Jimin Lee
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Chungparo 47-gil, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - Jin Young Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Chungparo 47-gil, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - Wenmei Zhou
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Chungparo 47-gil, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - Xiyuan Liu
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Chungparo 47-gil, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - So Dam Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Chungparo 47-gil, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - Yun Seon Song
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Chungparo 47-gil, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - Chang-Young Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Chungparo 47-gil, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, 363-883, Korea
| | - Sangho Choi
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, 363-883, Korea
| | - Minsun Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Chungparo 47-gil, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
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Bergren DR, Valentine JL. Anti-anaphylactic action of nordihydroguaiaretic acid in antigen sensitized guinea pigs. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 234:26-31. [PMID: 27595978 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic natural products and medicinal herbs has gained popularity. The anti-antigenic action of the plant alkaloid nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) was studied in ovalbumin (OA)-sensitized guinea pigs. In one series of experiments conscious, non-sedated guinea pigs were challenged with OA aerosol. Specific airway resistance (SRAW) was monitored using a two-chambered whole-body plethysmograph. OA aerosol increased SRAW above that produced by vehicle administration. Prior NDGA administration by a 1min 0.9% aerosol (w/vol) attenuated the increase in SRAW resulting from OA challenge. In the anesthetized guinea pig pretreated with indomethacin, pyrilamine and propranolol, intravenous OA injection increased intra-tracheal pressure above vehicle injection. Intravenous NDGA administration (5mg/kg) reduced the intra-tracheal pressure increases. In a third series of experiments plasma leukotriene C4 was measured by radio-immunoassay in 3 groups challenged with OA aerosol: vehicle-treated OA-sensitized, OA-sensitized receiving NDGA and vehicle treated guinea pigs. NDGA pretreatment reduced plasma LTC4 in response to OA challenge in OA sensitized guinea pigs. This study demonstrates that NDGA is an effective antigenic agent when given by aerosol or intravenous injection in either conscious or anesthetized guinea pigs, respectively. The mechanism of action of NDGA is presumed primarily be due to the blockage of 5-lipoxygenase and therefore the synthesis of leukotrienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Bergren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Jimmie L Valentine
- Section of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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Cunningham-Oakes E, Soren O, Moussa C, Rathor G, Liu Y, Coates A, Hu Y. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid enhances the activities of aminoglycosides against methicillin- sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1195. [PMID: 26579101 PMCID: PMC4621280 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are prevalent. MRSA infections are difficult to treat and there are no new classes of antibiotics produced to the market to treat infections caused by the resistant bacteria. Therefore, using antibiotic enhancers to rescue existing classes of antibiotics is an attractive strategy. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is an antioxidant compound found in extracts from plant Larrea Tridentata. It exhibits antimicrobial activity and may target bacterial cell membrane. Combination efficacies of NDGA with many classes of antibiotics were examined by chequerboard method against 200 clinical isolates of MRSA and MSSA. NDGA in combination with gentamicin, neomycin, and tobramycin was examined by time-kill assays. The synergistic combinations of NDGA and aminoglycosides were tested in vivo using a murine skin infection model. Calculations of the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) showed that NDGA when combined with gentamicin, neomycin, or tobramycin displayed synergistic activities in more than 97% of MSSA and MRSA, respectively. Time kill analysis demonstrated that NDGA significantly augmented the activities of these aminoglycosides against MRSA and MSSA in vitro and in murine skin infection model. The enhanced activity of NDGA resides on its ability to damage bacterial cell membrane leading to accumulation of the antibiotics inside bacterial cells. We demonstrated that NDGA strongly revived the therapeutic potencies of aminoglycosides in vitro and in vivo. This combinational strategy could contribute major clinical implications to treat antibiotic resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Odel Soren
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London London, UK ; Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton, UK
| | - Caroline Moussa
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London London, UK
| | - Getika Rathor
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London London, UK
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London London, UK
| | - Anthony Coates
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London London, UK
| | - Yanmin Hu
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London London, UK
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21
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Abstract
Herbal products have gained popularity over the past few decades. The reasons attributed to the rise in popularity are cheaper costs, easy availability, patient compliance and fewer side effects. However, liver toxicity following consumption of herbal remedies is on the increase. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanism of action of the herbal supplements on the liver. Occasionally, herbal supplements may also interact with conventional drugs. The present review focusses on a few herbs such as Aloe barbadensis, Atractylis gummifera, Centella asiatica, Mitragyna speciosa, Morinda citrifolia, Larea tridentata, Symphytum officinale, Teucrium chamaedrys and Xanthium strumarium, which are reported to cause hepatotoxicity in humans and animals. Prior knowledge on hepatotoxicity caused by herbs may be beneficial for clinicians and medical practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haszianaliza Haslan
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Man Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Anatomy Discipline, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farihah Haji Suhaimi
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Man Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Man Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Asiamah I, Hodgson HL, Maloney K, Allen KJH, Krol ES. Ring substitution influences oxidative cyclisation and reactive metabolite formation of nordihydroguaiaretic acid analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7007-14. [PMID: 26439661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a natural polyphenol with a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties. However, its usefulness is hindered by the lack of understanding of its pharmacological and toxicological pathways. Previously we showed that oxidative cyclisation of NDGA at physiological pH forms a dibenzocyclooctadiene that may have therapeutic benefits whilst oxidation to an ortho-quinone likely mediates toxicological properties. NDGA analogues with higher propensity to cyclise under physiologically relevant conditions might have pharmacological implications, which motivated this study. We synthesized a series of NDGA analogues which were designed to investigate the structural features which influence the intramolecular cyclisation process and help to understand the mechanism of NDGA's autoxidative conversion to a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan. We determined the ability of the NDGA analogues investigated to form dibenzocyclooctadienes and evaluated the oxidative stability at pH 7.4 of the analogues and the stability of any dibenzocyclooctadienes formed from the NDGA analogues. We found among our group of analogues the catechols were less stable than phenols, a single catechol-substituted ring is insufficient to form a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan, and only compounds possessing a di-catechol could form dibenzocyclooctadienes. This suggests that quinone formation may not be necessary for cyclisation to occur and the intramolecular cyclisation likely involves a radical-mediated rather than an electrophilic substitution process. We also determined that the catechol dibenzocyclooctadienes autoxidised at comparable rates to the parent catechol. This suggests that assigning in vitro biological activity to the NDGA dibenzocyclooctadiene is premature and requires additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Asiamah
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Heather L Hodgson
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Katherine Maloney
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Kevin J H Allen
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Ed S Krol
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
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Liu Y, Flynn TJ, Xia M, Wiesenfeld PL, Ferguson MS. Evaluation of CYP3A4 inhibition and hepatotoxicity using DMSO-treated human hepatoma HuH-7 cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2015; 31:221-30. [PMID: 26377104 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-015-9306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A human hepatoma cell line (HuH-7) was evaluated as a metabolically competent cell model to investigate cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition, induction, and hepatotoxicity. First, CYP3A4 gene expression and activity were determined in HuH-7 cells under three culture conditions: 1-week culture, 3-week culture, or 1 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment. HuH-7 cells treated with DMSO for 2 weeks after confluence expressed the highest CYP3A4 gene expression and activity compared to the other two culture conditions. Furthermore, CYP3A4 activity in DMSO-treated HuH-7 cells was compared to that in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2/C3A) and human bipotent progenitor cell line (HepaRG), which yielded the following ranking: HepaRG > DMSO-treated HuH-7 >> HepG2/C3A cells. The effects of three known CYP3A4 inhibitors were evaluated using DMSO-treated HuH-7 cells. CYP3A4 enzyme inhibition in HuH-7 cells was further compared to human recombinant CYP3A4, indicating similar potency for reversible inhibitors (IC 50 within 2.5-fold), but different potency for the irreversible inhibitor. Next, induction of CYP3A4 activity was compared between DMSO-treated HuH-7 and HepaRG cells using two known inducers. DMSO-treated HuH-7 cells yielded minimal CYP3A4 induction compared to that in the HepaRG cells after 48-h treatments. Finally, the cytotoxicity of five known hepatotoxicants was evaluated in DMSO-treated HuH-7, HepG2/C3A, and HepaRG cells, and significant differences in cytotoxic sensitivity were observed. Overall, DMSO-treated HuH-7 cells are a valuable model for medium- or high-throughput screening of chemicals for CYP3A4 inhibition and hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Liu
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA.
| | - Thomas J Flynn
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paddy L Wiesenfeld
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Martine S Ferguson
- Division of Public Health Informatics & Analytics, Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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Yip LY, Chan ECY. Investigation of Host-Gut Microbiota Modulation of Therapeutic Outcome. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1619-31. [PMID: 25979259 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A broader understanding of factors underlying interindividual variation in pharmacotherapy is important for our pursuit of "personalized medicine." Based on knowledge gleaned from the investigation of human genetics, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and transporters, clinicians and pharmacists are able to tailor pharmacotherapies according to the genotype of patients. However, human host factors only form part of the equation that accounts for heterogeneity in therapeutic outcome. Notably, the gut microbiota possesses wide-ranging metabolic activities that expand the metabolic functions of the human host beyond that encoded by the human genome. In this review, we first illustrate the mechanisms in which gut microbes modulate pharmacokinetics and therapeutic outcome. Second, we discuss the application of metabonomics in deciphering the complex host-gut microbiota interaction in pharmacotherapy. Third, we highlight an integrative approach with particular mention of the investigation of gut microbiota using culture-based and culture-independent techniques to complement the investigation of the host-gut microbiota axes in pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Yee Yip
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.Y.Y., E.C.Y.C.); and Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (L.Y.Y.)
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.Y.Y., E.C.Y.C.); and Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (L.Y.Y.)
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Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid Disrupts the Antioxidant Ability of Helicobacter pylori through the Repression of SodB Activity In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:734548. [PMID: 25945343 PMCID: PMC4402480 DOI: 10.1155/2015/734548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron-cofactored superoxide dismutase (SodB) of Helicobacter pylori plays an indispensable role in the bacterium's colonization of the stomach. Previously, we demonstrated that FecA1, a Fe3+-dicitrate transporter homolog, contributes to SodB activation by supplying ferrous iron (Fe2+) to SodB, and fecA1-deletion mutant strains have reduced gastric mucosal-colonization ability in Mongolian gerbils, suggesting that FecA1 is a possible target for the development of a novel eradication therapy. This study aimed to identify novel FecA1-binding compounds in silico and then examined the effect of a predicted FecA1-binding compound on H. pylori SodB activity in vitro. Specifically, we demonstrated that nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a predicted FecA1-binding compound. NDGA reduced intracellular Fe2+ levels in H. pylori and reduced SodB activity. Additionally, NDGA increased H2O2 sensitivity of H. pylori and increased the metronidazole (Mtz) sensitivity. The present study demonstrated that NDGA repressed SodB activity associated with the gastric mucosal-colonization via inhibition of intracellular Fe2+ uptake by FecA1, suggesting that NDGA might be effective for the development of a novel eradication therapy.
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Gnabre J, Bates R, Huang RC. Creosote bush lignans for human disease treatment and prevention: Perspectives on combination therapy. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 5:119-26. [PMID: 26151022 PMCID: PMC4488564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal properties of the most successful plant in the deserts of the western hemisphere, the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), are evidenced by the long traditional usage of the plants by the Native Americans Indian tribes in Southwestern North America and the Amerindians from South America. The plant is rich in simple bisphenyl lignans and tricyclic lignans known as cyclolignans. These compounds are responsible for many of the pharmacological activities of extracts of the plants. Some of these activities, namely antiherpes, antioxidant, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory, were known a century ago. Only recently have further studies revealed other crucial activities of the same plant molecules as powerful agents against human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and symptoms of aging. Molecular mechanisms underlying the antiviral and anticancer activities have been elucidated and involve the inhibition of SP1 dependent gene transcription. This review summarizes the recent findings on creosote bush lignans. We introduce the concept of a cocktail of safe well-characterized natural products from the creosote bush that would represent a bridge between oriental herbal medicines and Western drug-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gnabre
- Mal-4 Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ru Chih Huang
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Cyclooxygenase product inhibition with acetylsalicylic acid slows disease progression in the Han:SPRD-Cy rat model of polycystic kidney disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 116-117:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hernández-Damián J, Andérica-Romero AC, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Paradoxical Cellular Effects and Biological Role of the Multifaceted Compound Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2014; 347:685-97. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Hernández-Damián
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biology; National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM); University City D.F. Mexico
| | - Ana Cristina Andérica-Romero
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biology; National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM); University City D.F. Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biology; National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM); University City D.F. Mexico
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Kohl KD, Weiss RB, Cox J, Dale C, Denise Dearing M. Gut microbes of mammalian herbivores facilitate intake of plant toxins. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:1238-46. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Kohl
- Department of Biology University of Utah 257 S. 1400 East Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Robert B. Weiss
- Department of Human Genetics University of Utah 15 North 2030 East Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - James Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and the Metabolomics Core Research Facility University of Utah School of Medicine 20 South 2030 East Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Colin Dale
- Department of Biology University of Utah 257 S. 1400 East Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - M. Denise Dearing
- Department of Biology University of Utah 257 S. 1400 East Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
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Skopec MM, Malenke JR, Halpert JR, Denise Dearing M. An in vivo assay for elucidating the importance of cytochromes P450 for the ability of a wild mammalian herbivore (Neotoma lepida) to consume toxic plants. Physiol Biochem Zool 2013; 86:593-601. [PMID: 23995490 DOI: 10.1086/672212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An in vivo assay using the cytochrome P450 (P450) suicide inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) and 24-h food intake was developed to determine the relative importance of P450s in two populations of Neotoma lepida with respect to biotransformation of plant secondary compounds in the animals' natural diets. The efficacy of ABT as a P450 inhibitor was first validated using hypnotic-state assays with and without pretreatment with ABT. Pretreatment with 100 mg/kg ABT by gavage increased hexobarbital sleep times 3-4-fold in both populations, showing effective inhibition of P450s in woodrats. Next, the Great Basin population was fed a terpene-rich juniper diet, and the Mojave population was fed a phenolic-rich creosote diet, with rabbit chow serving as the control diet in each group. Treatment with ABT inhibited food intake in the Great Basin population fed the juniper diet to a greater extent (35%) than the Great Basin population fed the control diet (19%) or the Mojave population fed the creosote diet (16%). The food intake of the Mojave population fed the control diet was not significantly inhibited by ABT. The findings suggest that the biotransformation of terpenes in juniper relies more heavily on P450s than that of phenolics in creosote. This assay provides an inexpensive and noninvasive method to explore the relative importance of P450s in the biotransformation strategies of wild mammalian herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Skopec
- Department of Zoology, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah 84408, USA.
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Martino RF, Davicino RC, Mattar MA, Sasso CV, Casali YA, Alonso R, Anesini C, Correa SG, Micalizzi B. Macrophages activation by a purified fraction, free of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), fromLarrea divaricataCav. as a potential novel therapy againstCandida albicans. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:975-82. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.682225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Liu Y, Wang H, Zhu Y, Chen L, Qu Y, Zhu Y. The protective effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by the JNK pathway. Brain Res 2012; 1445:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rahman S, Ansari RA, Rehman H, Parvez S, Raisuddin S. Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid from Creosote Bush (Larrea tridentata) Mitigates 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate-Induced Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Responses of Tumor Promotion Cascade in Mouse Skin. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:734785. [PMID: 19861506 PMCID: PMC3138708 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a phenolic antioxidant found in the leaves and twigs of the evergreen desert shrub, Larrea tridentata (Sesse and Moc. ex DC) Coville (creosote bush). It has a long history of traditional medicinal use by the Native Americans and Mexicans. The modulatory effects of topically applied NDGA was studied on acute inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in mouse skin induced by stage I tumor promoting agent, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Double TPA treatment adversely altered many of the marker responses of stage I skin tumor promotion cascade. Pretreatment of NDGA in TPA-treated mice mitigated cutaneous lipid peroxidation and inhibited production of hydrogen peroxide. NDGA treatment also restored reduced glutathione level and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Elevated activities of myeloperoxidase, xanthine oxidase and skin edema formation in TPA-treated mice were also lowered by NDGA indicating a restrained inflammatory response. Furthermore, results of histological study demonstrated inhibitory effect of NDGA on cellular inflammatory responses. This study provides a direct evidence of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of NDGA against TPA-induced cutaneous inflammation and oxidative stress corroborating its chemopreventive potential against skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
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Martino RF, Davicino RC, Mattar MA, Casali YA, Correa SG, Micalizzi B. In vivo effect of three fractions of Larrea divaricata Cav. (jarilla) on the innate immune system: macrophage response against Candida albicans. Mycoses 2011; 54:e718-25. [PMID: 21615533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.02006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Larrea divaricata Cav. (jarilla) is a plant with well-documented applications in folk medicine in Argentina. In this study, we aimed to evaluate functional parameters of peritoneal macrophages isolated from mice injected with three fractions (F1, F2 and F3) of L. divaricata. The response of macrophages against Candida albicans was evaluated. Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, apoptosis was evaluated using Giemsa, acridine orange/ethidium bromide and ladder assay, oxidative burst was assayed using nitroblue tetrazolium test and nitrite production using Griess assay. Cell stimulation and their ability to kill C. albicans in vitro were measured. The number and cell viability were similar to controls. However, we found that F1 induces pre-activation of macrophages, and this pre-activation is enhanced by C. albicans. The effects exerted by F1 make it more important than F2 and F3 for the treatment of disseminated candidiasis in patients with immunodeficiency diseases such as AIDS and chronic granulomatous disease, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo F Martino
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Biological Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
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Liu Y, Flynn TJ, Ferguson MS, Hoagland EM, Yu LL. Effects of dietary phenolics and botanical extracts on hepatotoxicity-related endpoints in human and rat hepatoma cells and statistical models for prediction of hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1820-7. [PMID: 21569817 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity assessment of botanical materials is difficult because they are typically complex mixtures of phytochemicals. In the present study, 16 phenolics were tested in both human (HepG2/C3A) and rat (MH1C1) hepatoma cells using a battery of eight toxicity endpoints. Cluster analysis was used to group the phenolics into four clusters for each cell type. Comparison of overall and individual liver activity of phenolics on both human and rat hepatoma cell lines showed significant differences for some endpoints. However, the cluster membership was similar across both cell types with the majority of phenolics clustering with the solvent control group (cluster 1). Each cell type produced a cluster of compounds with reported in vivo liver toxicity (cluster 2). Five herbal extracts were prepared and then tested as above. Using the cluster model developed with the phenolics, in the HepG2/C3A cells green tea was assigned to cluster 2 and the remaining four extracts to cluster 1. In the MH1C1 cells, green tea and thyme were assigned to cluster 2, cinnamon to cluster 4, and juniper berry and peppermint to cluster 1. The data suggest that this in vitro model may be useful for identifying hepatotoxic phenolics and botanical preparations rich in phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-7640, USA
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36
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Micucci P, Alonso MR, Turner S, Davicino R, Anesini C. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Larrea Divaricata Cav. Aqueous Extract on Vitamin C from Natural Orange Juice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2011.21005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Martino RF, Davicino RC, Mattar MA, Casali YA, Correa SG, Anesini C, Micalizzi B. In vitro immunomodulatory effects of fractions obtained from aqueous extracts of Larrea divaricata Cav (Jarilla) on mouse peritoneal macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:125-32. [PMID: 19831499 DOI: 10.3109/08923970903201748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Larrea divaricata Cav. (Zygophyllaceae) is a plant widely used in Argentina. MATERIAL AND METHODS We isolated different fractions of L. divaricata aqueous extract containing minor amounts of NDGA, and we analyzed these fractions on mouse macrophages. RESULTS We showed that a fraction without NDGA was capableof activating macrophages, principally through the production of mitochondrial anion superoxide and H(2)O(2). This could be important in the defense of infections. Moreover, this fraction decreased NO level suggesting an anti-inflammatory action. CONCLUSION These results indicate that NDGA was not the compound responsible for the immunomodulatory action exerted by the aqueous extract from L. divaricata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo F Martino
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Biological Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
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Shipley LA, Forbey JS, Moore BD. Revisiting the dietary niche: When is a mammalian herbivore a specialist? Integr Comp Biol 2009; 49:274-90. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icp051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Meyers RO, Lambert JD, Hajicek N, Pourpak A, Kalaitzis JA, Dorr RT. Synthesis, characterization, and anti-melanoma activity of tetra-O-substituted analogs of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4752-5. [PMID: 19615898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of seven semi-synthetic analogs of NDGA is described. An approach to NDGA derivatization is described in which the ortho-phenolic groups are tethered together by one atom, forming a 5-membered heterocyclic ring. The analogs were evaluated for cytotoxicity in four cancer cell lines and compared to NDGA and tetra-O-methyl-NDGA (M4N) (1a). NDGA bis-cyclic sulfate (2a), NDGA bis-cyclic carbonate (2b), and methylenedioxyphenyl-NDGA (2d) and NDGA tetra acetate (1b) showed anti-cancer activity in vitro. Two compounds, (1b) and (2b), were evaluated for anticancer activity in a mouse xenograft model of human melanoma and showed dose-dependent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross O Meyers
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Davicino R, Martinez C, Mattar MA, Casali Y, Correa SG, Aragon L, Saidman EA, Messina G, Micalizzi B. Larrea divaricata Cav (Jarilla): production of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and expression of zymosan receptors. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 30:489-501. [PMID: 18668394 DOI: 10.1080/08923970802135211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Larrea divaricata is a plant widely used in folk medicine in Argentina. This work aimed to study the mechanisms of decoction activity on the release of oxygen reactive species. Decoction increased the binding of zymosan-FITC and superoxide production. Cadmium decreased the superoxide production as well as malonate and barbital. Decoction decreased the release of hydrogen peroxide. Decoction increased the reduction of MTT but not when malonate and barbital were included. Together, decoction increased the expression of dectin-1 leading to increased superoxide production. It is possible that decoction increases the activity of peroxidase, and decreases the Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Davicino
- Department of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Microbiology Area, Faculty Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, Chacabuco and Pedernera, San Luis, Argentine
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Oliver SR, Wright VP, Parinandi N, Clanton TL. Thermal tolerance of contractile function in oxidative skeletal muscle: no protection by antioxidants and reduced tolerance with eicosanoid enzyme inhibition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R1695-705. [PMID: 18768765 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90429.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms for the loss of muscle contractile function in hyperthermia are poorly understood. This study identified the critical temperature, resulting in a loss of contractile function in isolated diaphragm (thermal tolerance), and then tested the hypotheses 1) that increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production contributes to the loss of contractile function at this temperature, and 2) eicosanoid metabolism plays an important role in preservation of contractile function in hyperthermia. Contractile function and passive force were measured in rat diaphragm bundles during and after 30 min of exposure to 40, 41, 42 or 43 degrees C. Between 40 and 42 degrees C, there were no effects of hyperthermia, but at 43 degrees C, a significant loss of active force and an increase in passive force were observed. Inhibition of ROS with the antioxidants, Tiron or Trolox, did not inhibit the loss of contractile force at 43 degrees C. Furthermore, treatment with dithiothreitol, a thiol (-SH) reducing agent, did not reverse the effects of hyperthermia. A variety of global lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors further depressed force during 43 degrees C and caused a significant loss of thermal tolerance at 42 degrees C. Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors also caused a loss of thermal tolerance at 42 degrees C. Blockage of phospholipase with phospholipase A(2) inhibitors, bromoenol lactone or arachidonyltrifluoromethyl ketone failed to significantly prevent the loss of force at 43 degrees C. Overall, these data suggest that ROS do not play an apparent role in the loss of contractile function during severe hyperthermia in diaphragm. However, functional LOX and COX enzyme activities appear to be necessary for maintaining normal force production in hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ryan Oliver
- University of Florida, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Billinsky JL, Krol ES. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid autoxidation produces a schisandrin-like dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:1612-1615. [PMID: 18672930 DOI: 10.1021/np8001354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The lignan meso-nordihydroguaiaretic acid is known to undergo spontaneous oxidation in alkaline solution. In the presence of the trapping agent glutathione, the major oxidation products are consistent with the formation of a meso-nordihydroguaiaretic acid ortho-quinone. In the absence of a trapping agent however, the major oxidation product of meso-nordihydroguaiaretic acid in aqueous solution is a unique, stable schisandrin-like dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan that may be responsible for some of the biological effects of nordihydroguaiaretic acid.
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Haley S, Lamb J, Franklin M, Constance J, Dearing M. “Pharm‐Ecology” of Diet Shifting: Biotransformation of Plant Secondary Compounds in Creosote (Larrea tridentata) by a Woodrat Herbivore,Neotoma lepida. Physiol Biochem Zool 2008; 81:584-93. [DOI: 10.1086/589951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Davicino R, Mattar A, Casali Y, Porporatto C, Correa SG, Micalizzi B. Early effects triggered by Larrea divaricata Cav. on murine macrophages at apoptotic concentrations. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2007; 29:611-24. [PMID: 18075869 DOI: 10.1080/08923970701513377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Decoction and infusion of Larrea divaricata were tested at apoptotic concentrations (1 and 4 mg/ml) on peritoneal murine macrophages. Consistent changes were observed after incubation with 4 mg/ml decoction. Phagocytosis of zymosan, lysosomal enzyme activity, nitric oxide production, TNF-alpha release, and expression of CD14, TLR4, and CR3 increased significantly. Decoction at 1 and 4 mg/ml increased the binding of LPS-FITC. Apoptosis triggered by L. divaricata decoction is consequence of cell activation. The effects are independent of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. This "activation and death" could be the mechanism of L. divaricata to exert the antituberculosis effect known in folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Davicino
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Chacabuco y Pedernera, San Luis, Argentina
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Toyoda T, Tsukamoto T, Mizoshita T, Nishibe S, Deyama T, Takenaka Y, Hirano N, Tanaka H, Takasu S, Ban H, Kumagai T, Inada KI, Utsunomiya H, Tatematsu M. Inhibitory effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a plant lignan, on Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis in Mongolian gerbils. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1689-95. [PMID: 17894552 PMCID: PMC11158766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that consumption of certain natural products can lower cancer risk in humans. For example, plant-derived lignans have been shown to exert chemopreventive effects against cancer in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, the effects of three such lignans, termed arctiin, arctigenin, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), on the proliferation of Helicobacter pylori and the prevention of H. pylori-associated gastric cancer were investigated in Mongolian gerbils. To examine the effects of arctigenin and NDGA on stomach carcinogenesis, specific pathogen-free male, 5-week-old gerbils were infected with H. pylori, administered 10 p.p.m. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in their drinking water and fed diets containing various concentrations of lignans until they were killed after 52 weeks. At a dietary level of 0.25%, NDGA significantly decreased the incidence of gastric adenocarcinomas. Arctigenin, in contrast, failed to attenuate neoplasia at a level of 0.1%. Both NDGA and arctigenin significantly reduced serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels at doses of 0.25 and 0.05% (NDGA), and 0.1% (arctigenin). Administration of 0.25% NDGA significantly suppressed the formation of intestinal metaplasia both in the antrum and the corpus. Although all three lignans dose-dependently inhibited the in vitro proliferation of H. pylori, there were no differences in the titers of anti-H. pylori antibodies or the amount of the H. pylori-specific urease A gene among all H. pylori-infected groups. These results suggest that NDGA might be effective for prevention of gastric carcinogenesis. The possible mechanisms appear to be related to inhibitory effects on progression of gastritis and antioxidative activity rather than direct antimicrobial influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
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Hammamieh R, Anderson M, Carr K, Tran CN, Yourick DL, Jett M. Students investigating the antiproliferative effects of synthesized drugs on mouse mammary tumor cells. CELL BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2006; 4:221-34. [PMID: 16220143 PMCID: PMC1200777 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.04-10-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The potential for personalized cancer management has long intrigued experienced researchers as well as the naïve student intern. Personalized cancer treatments based on a tumor's genetic profile are now feasible and can reveal both the cells' susceptibility and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. In a weeklong laboratory investigation that mirrors current cancer research, undergraduate and advanced high school students determine the efficacy of common pharmacological agents through in vitro testing. Using mouse mammary tumor cell cultures treated with "unknown" drugs historically recommended for breast cancer treatment, students are introduced to common molecular biology techniques from in vitro cell culture to fluorescence microscopy. Student understanding is assessed through laboratory reports and the successful identification of the unknown drug. The sequence of doing the experiment, applying logic, and constructing a hypothesis gives the students time to discover the rationale behind the cellular drug resistance assay. The breast cancer experiment has been field tested during the past 5 yr with more than 200 precollege/undergraduate interns through the Gains in the Education of Mathematics and Science program hosted by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Hammamieh
- Division of Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Galati G, Lin A, Sultan AM, O'Brien PJ. Cellular and in vivo hepatotoxicity caused by green tea phenolic acids and catechins. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:570-80. [PMID: 16458187 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tea phenolic acids and catechins containing gallic acid moieties are most abundant in green tea, and various medical benefits have been proposed from their consumption. In the following, the cytotoxicities of these major tea phenolics toward isolated rat hepatocytes have been ranked and the mechanisms of cytotoxicity evaluated. The order of cytotoxic effectiveness found was epigallocatechin-3-gallate>propyl gallate>epicatechin-3-gallate>gallic acid, epigallocatechin>epicatechin. Using gallic acid as a model tea phenolic and comparing it with the tea catechins and gallic acid-derivative food supplements, the major cytotoxic mechanism found with hepatocytes was mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and ROS formation. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate was also the most effective at collapsing the mitochondrial membrane potential and inducing ROS formation. Liver injury was also observed in vivo when these tea phenolics were administered ip to mice, as plasma alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly increased. In contrast, GSH conjugation, methylation, metabolism by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, and formation of an iron complex were important in detoxifying the gallic acid. In addition, for the first time, the GSH conjugates of gallic acid and epigallocatechin-3-gallate have been identified using mass spectrometry. These results add insight into the cytotoxic and cytoprotective mechanisms of the simple tea phenolic acids and the more complex tea catechins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Galati
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Sorensen JS, Heward E, Dearing MD. Plant secondary metabolites alter the feeding patterns of a mammalian herbivore (Neotoma lepida). Oecologia 2005; 146:415-22. [PMID: 16163555 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian herbivores are predicted to regulate concentrations of ingested plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) in the blood by modifying the size and frequency of feeding bouts. It is theorized that meal size is limited by a maximum tolerable concentration of PSMs in the blood, such that meal size is predicted to decrease as PSM concentration increases. We investigated the relationship between PSM concentration in the diet and feeding patterns in the herbivorous desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida) fed diets containing phenolic resin extracted from creosote bush (Larrea tridentata). Total daily intake, meal size and feeding frequency were quantified by observing the foraging behavior of woodrats on diets containing increasing concentrations of creosote resin. Desert woodrats reduced meal size as resin concentration in the diet increased, resulting in an overall reduction in daily intake and regulation of resin intake. Moreover, desert woodrats were able to detect resin concentrations in the diet and regulate the intake of resin very rapidly. We suggest that the immediate and sustained ability to detect and regulate the intake of resin concentrations during each foraging bout provides a behavioral mechanism to regulate blood concentrations of resin and allows desert woodrats to make "wise" foraging decisions.
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Uchide N, Ohyama K, Bessho T, Toyoda H. Inhibition of Influenza-Virus-Induced Apoptosis in Chorion Cells of Human Fetal Membranes by Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid. Intervirology 2005; 48:336-40. [PMID: 15956802 DOI: 10.1159/000085103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 12/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been postulated that the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection involves not only the virus-proliferation-mediated apoptotic cell death in infected cells, but also a direct reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced cellular injury in the infected organs. We examined effects of an antioxidant, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), on apoptosis induction and viral proliferation. Subsequently, the results were compared with those of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), another antioxidant. METHODS The levels of ROS production were measured with 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate; apoptosis induction and viral proliferation were analyzed by DNA fragmentation and plaque-forming assays, respectively. RESULTS The treatment of infected cells with NDGA inhibited ROS overproduction, apoptotic DNA fragmentation and virus proliferation. The maximum inhibition against DNA fragmentation (76%) was observed with 500 microM NDGA. The antiviral activity of NDGA against influenza virus was more potent than that of PDTC. CONCLUSIONS The present study, therefore, suggests for the first time that NDGA, a known antioxidant reagent, inhibits the induction of apoptosis in human fetal membrane chorion cells infected with influenza virus through the more potent antiviral activity than that of PDTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Uchide
- Department of Clinical Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, and Yoneyama Maternity Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Arteaga S, Andrade-Cetto A, Cárdenas R. Larrea tridentata (Creosote bush), an abundant plant of Mexican and US-American deserts and its metabolite nordihydroguaiaretic acid. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 98:231-239. [PMID: 15814253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although controversial, Creosote bush, Larrea tridentata (Sesse and Moc. ex DC) Coville, is used to treat a variety of illnesses including infertility, rheumatism, arthritis, diabetes, gallbladder and kidney stones, pain and inflammation. Recently, it has been used as a nutritional supplement. The primary product extracted from this common plant of the arid regions of northern Mexico and Southwestern United States is the potent antioxidant nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA). It was widely used during the 1950s as a food preservative and to preserve naturals fibers. Later it was banned after reports of toxicity during the early 1960s. Renal and hepatotoxicity are also reported for chronic use of creosote bush and NDGA. This article reviews traditional and contemporary uses and pharmacology, including toxicology of this plant widely used in Mexican traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Arteaga
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, DF, México
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