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Lim MX, VanSaders B, Jaeger HM. Acoustic manipulation of multi-body structures and dynamics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:064601. [PMID: 38670083 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad43f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Sound can exert forces on objects of any material and shape. This has made the contactless manipulation of objects by intense ultrasound a fascinating area of research with wide-ranging applications. While much is understood for acoustic forcing of individual objects, sound-mediated interactions among multiple objects at close range gives rise to a rich set of structures and dynamics that are less explored and have been emerging as a frontier for research. We introduce the basic mechanisms giving rise to sound-mediated interactions among rigid as well as deformable particles, focusing on the regime where the particles' size and spacing are much smaller than the sound wavelength. The interplay of secondary acoustic scattering, Bjerknes forces, and micro-streaming is discussed and the role of particle shape is highlighted. Furthermore, we present recent advances in characterizing non-conservative and non-pairwise additive contributions to the particle interactions, along with instabilities and active fluctuations. These excitations emerge at sufficiently strong sound energy density and can act as an effective temperature in otherwise athermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody X Lim
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Bryan VanSaders
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Heinrich M Jaeger
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
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2
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Lassila P, Valoppi F, Tommiska O, Hyvönen J, Holmström A, Hietala S, Salmi A, Haeggström E. Practical scale modification of oleogels by ultrasonic standing waves. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 85:105970. [PMID: 35367736 PMCID: PMC8983462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-based materials, such as substitutes for saturated fats (oleogels) structurally modified with ultrasonic standing waves (USW), have been developed by our group. To enable their potential application in food products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, practical and economical production methods are needed. Here, we report scale-up of our procedure of structurally modifying oleogels via the use of USW by a factor of 200 compared to our previous microfluidic chamber. To this end, we compared three different USW chamber prototypes through finite element simulations (FEM) and experimental work. Imaging of the internal structure of USW-treated oleogels was used as feedback for successful development of chambers, i.e., the formation of band-like structures was the guiding factor in chamber development. We then studied the bulk mechanical properties by a uniaxial compression test of the sonicated oleogels obtained with the most promising USW chamber, and sampled local mechanical properties using scanning acoustic microscopy. The results were interpreted using a hyperelastic foam model. The stability of the sonicated oleogels was compared to control samples using automated image analysis oil-release tests. This work enabled the effective mechanical-structural manipulation of oleogels in volumes of 10-100 mL, thus paving the way for USW treatments of large-scale lipid-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Lassila
- Electronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2), FI-00014, Finland
| | - Fabio Valoppi
- Electronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2), FI-00014, Finland; Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66 (Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2), FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Oskari Tommiska
- Electronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2), FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jere Hyvönen
- Electronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2), FI-00014, Finland
| | - Axi Holmström
- Electronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2), FI-00014, Finland
| | - Sami Hietala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (Virtasen aukio 1), FI-00014, Finland
| | - Ari Salmi
- Electronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2), FI-00014, Finland
| | - Edward Haeggström
- Electronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2), FI-00014, Finland
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Ghosh S, Coons J, Yeager C, Halley P, Chemodanov A, Belgorodsky B, Gozin M, Chen GQ, Golberg A. Halophyte biorefinery for polyhydroxyalkanoates production from Ulva sp. Hydrolysate with Haloferax mediterranei in pneumatically agitated bioreactors and ultrasound harvesting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:125964. [PMID: 34728090 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study tested the outdoor cultivation of Haloferax mediterranei for PHA production from green macroalgae Ulva sp. in pneumatically agitated bioreactors and applied ultrasonic separation for enhanced settling of archaeal cells. Scaled-up cultivation (40 L) yielded maximum biomass productivity of 50.1 ± 0.11 mg·L-1·h-1 with a PHA productivity of 27 ± 0.01 mg·L-1·h-1 and conversion yield of 0.107 g PHA per gram UlvaDW. The maximum mass fraction of PHA achieved in biomass was calculated to be 56% w/w. Ultrasonic harvesting of Hfx. mediterranei cells approached 30% removal at energy inputs around 7.8 kWh·m-3, and indicated no significant aggregation enhancement by Ca2+ addition. Molecular weight analysis showed an increase in Polydispersity Index (PDI) when the corresponding air velocities were increased suggesting that the polymer was more homogeneous at lower mixing velocities. The current study demonstrated scalable processes for PHA production using Ulva sp. feedstock providing new technologies for halophilic biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Ghosh
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Jim Coons
- Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering Group, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS J964, Bikini Atoll Rd, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
| | - Chris Yeager
- Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering Group, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS J964, Bikini Atoll Rd, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
| | - Peter Halley
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Alexander Chemodanov
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Bogdan Belgorodsky
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michael Gozin
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Alexander Golberg
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Sarvazyan AP, Rudenko OV, Fatemi M. Acoustic Radiation Force: A Review of Four Mechanisms for Biomedical Applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2021; 68:3261-3269. [PMID: 34520353 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3112505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Radiation force is a universal phenomenon in any wave motion where the wave energy produces a static or transient force on the propagation medium. The theory of acoustic radiation force (ARF) dates back to the early 19th century. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the biomedical applications of ARF. Following a brief history of ARF, this article describes a concise theory of ARF under four physical mechanisms of radiation force generation in tissue-like media. These mechanisms are primarily based on the dissipation of acoustic energy of propagating waves, the reflection of the incident wave, gradients of the compressional wave speeds, and the spatial variations of energy density in standing acoustic waves. Examples describing some of the practical applications of ARF under each mechanism are presented. This article concludes with a discussion on selected ideas for potential future applications of ARF in biomedicine.
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Lim HG, Kim HH, Yoon C, Shung KK. A One-Sided Acoustic Trap for Cell Immobilization Using 30-MHz Array Transducer. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2020; 67:167-172. [PMID: 31514129 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2940239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological studies often involve the investigation of immobilized (or trapped) particles and cells. Various trapping methods without touching, such as optical, magnetic, and acoustic tweezers, have been developed to trap small particles. Here, we present the manipulation of a single cell or multiple cells using ultrasound-array-based single-beam acoustic tweezers (UA-SBATs). In SBATs, only a one-sided tightly focused acoustic beam produces a high acoustic gradient force-a mechanism that mirrors that of optical tweezers. As a result, targeted cells can be attracted to the beam center and immobilized within its trapping zone. Since an array transducer allows acoustic beam steering and scanning electronically instead of mechanical translation, it can manipulate cells more simply and quickly compared with single-element transducers, especially in biocompatible setup. In this experiment, a customized 30-MHz array transducer with an interdigitally bonded (IB) 2-2 piezocomposite was employed to immobilize MCF-12F cells. Cells were attracted to the center of the beam and laterally displaced with the array transducer without any damages to the cells. These findings suggest that UA-SBAT can be a promising tool for cell manipulation and may pave the way for exploring new biological applications.
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Cheng KW, Alhasan L, Rezk AR, Al-Abboodi A, Doran PM, Yeo LY, Chan PPY. Fast three-dimensional micropatterning of PC12 cells in rapidly crosslinked hydrogel scaffolds using ultrasonic standing waves. Biofabrication 2019; 12:015013. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab4cca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Dumy G, Hoyos M, Aider JL. Observation of selective optical manipulation of particles in acoustic levitation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:4557. [PMID: 31893701 DOI: 10.1121/1.5139640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic Radiation Force is commonly used to create stable large-scale aggregates of particles in levitation (so-called "acoustic levitation") in a micro-cavity. The authors show in the following work that this well-known and well-controlled aggregation process can be reversed without contact or external flow if the aggregated particles are enlightened with the proper optical wavelength. This coupled optics and acoustics effect has been observed with various kinds of particles and different optic wavelengths, showing high reproducibility. The phenomenon is studied using fluorescent micro-metric polystyrene particles without flow, and the effects of acoustic energy and illumination power have been quantitatively assessed. It is then exploited to separate a mix of particles with identical mechanical properties based on their different optic absorption. If the phenomenon is not well understood, some possible mechanisms are proposed and discussed that could be responsible for the rapid ejection of the objects in levitation from the illuminated area. Since it is a tag free phenomenon that does not need high energies to happen and since it works with biological objects such as algae, red blood cells, and bacteria, it may open the way to a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Dumy
- Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mauricio Hoyos
- Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Aider
- Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
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8
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Abstract
Acoustic cytometry uses radiation pressure forces instead of or in addition to hydrodynamic focusing to position cells or particles in a flowing stream for analysis. Commercial implementations to date combine both hydrodynamic and acoustic focusing together to enable high precision analysis of a broad dynamic range of volumetric sample input rates up to an order of magnitude higher than is practical with hydrodynamic focus alone. This capability allows great flexibility in reducing assay time or modifying or eliminating concentration requirements or concentration steps in sample preparation protocols. It also provides a practical method for processing sub-microliter volumes using sample dilution. In order to take full advantage of this dynamic range, it is necessary to understand the fundamental benefits and limitations of acoustic focusing as applied to flow cytometry. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Gordeev AA, Chetverin AB. Methods for Screening Live Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:S81-S102. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918140080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Sivaramakrishnan R, Incharoensakdi A. Microalgae as feedstock for biodiesel production under ultrasound treatment - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 250:877-887. [PMID: 29221914 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of ultrasound in biodiesel production has recently emerged as a novel technology. Ultrasound treatment enhances the mass transfer characteristics leading to the increased reaction rate with short reaction time and potentially reduces the production cost. In this review, application of ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production using acid, base and enzyme catalysts is presented. A critical assessment of the current status of ultrasound in biodiesel production was discussed with the emphasis on using ultrasound for efficient microalgae biodiesel production. The ultrasound in the biodiesel production enhances the emulsification of immiscible liquid reactant by microturbulence generated by cavitation bubbles. The major benefit of the ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production is a reduction in reaction time. Several different methods have been discussed to improve the biodiesel production. Overall, this review focuses on the current understanding of the application of ultrasound in biodiesel production from microalgae and to provide insights into future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Sivaramakrishnan
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Aran Incharoensakdi
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Bystryak S, Ossina N. A rapid ultrasound particle agglutination method for HIV antibody detection: Comparison with conventional rapid HIV tests. J Virol Methods 2017; 249:38-47. [PMID: 28843787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of the feasibility and preliminary studies on analytical performance of a rapid test for detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies in human serum or plasma that is an important advance in detecting HIV infection. Current methods for rapid testing of antibodies against HIV are qualitative and exhibit poor sensitivity (limit of detection). In this paper, we describe an ultrasound particle agglutination (UPA) method that leads to a significant increase of the sensitivity of conventional latex agglutination tests for HIV antibody detection in human serum or plasma. The UPA method is based on the use of: 1) a dual mode ultrasound, wherein a first single-frequency mode is used to accelerate the latex agglutination process, and then a second swept-frequency mode of sonication is used to disintegrate non-specifically bound aggregates; and 2) a numerical assessment of results of the agglutination process. The numerical assessment is carried out by optical detection and analysis of moving patterns in the resonator cell during the swept-frequency mode. The single-step UPA method is rapid and more sensitive than the three commercial rapid HIV test kits analyzed in the study: analytical sensitivity of the new UPA method was found to be 510-, 115-, and 80-fold higher than that for Capillus™, Multispot™ and Uni-Gold™ Recombigen HIV antibody rapid test kits, respectively. The newly developed UPA method opens up additional possibilities for detection of a number of clinically significant markers in point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bystryak
- Allied Innovative Systems, 13 Watchung Ave., ste 102, Chatham, NJ 07928, USA.
| | - Natalya Ossina
- Allied Innovative Systems, 13 Watchung Ave., ste 102, Chatham, NJ 07928, USA
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Xu Z, Chen H, Yan X, Qian M, Cheng Q. Quantitative calibration of sound pressure in ultrasonic standing waves using the Schlieren method. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:20401-20409. [PMID: 29041721 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the use of the Schlieren method to calibrate the sound pressure in an ultrasonic standing-wave field. Specifically, we derived an equation to calculate the light intensity of the diffraction fringe induced by the standing-wave field. The results indicated that the sound pressure in the standing-wave field relates to the light intensity of the diffraction fringe. Simulations and experiments were conducted to verify the theoretical calculation. We demonstrated that the ratio of the light intensity of different diffraction orders relates to the sound pressure amplitude, allowing the pressure amplitude to be calibrated with the Schlieren method. Therefore, this work presents a non-intrusive calibration method that is particularly suitable for calibrating high-frequency ultrasonic standing-wave fields.
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13
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Using resonant ultrasound field-incorporated dynamic photobioreactor system to enhance medium replacement process for concentrated microalgae cultivation in continuous mode. Chem Eng Res Des 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Drinkwater BW. Dynamic-field devices for the ultrasonic manipulation of microparticles. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2360-75. [PMID: 27256513 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00502k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of acoustic radiation forces in lab-on-a-chip environments has seen a rapid development in recent years. Operations such as particle sieving, sorting and characterisation are becoming increasingly common with a range of applications in the biomedical sciences. Traditionally, these applications rely on static patterns of ultrasonic pressure and are often collectively referred to as ultrasonic standing wave devices. Recent years have also seen the emergence of devices which capitalise on dynamic and reconfigurable ultrasonic fields and these are the subject of this review. Dynamic ultrasonic fields lead to acoustic radiation forces that change with time. They have opened up the possibility of performing a wide range of manipulations such as the transport and rotation of individual particles or agglomerates. In addition, they have led to device reconfigurability, i.e. the ability of a single lab-on-a-chip device to perform multiple functions. This opens up the possibility of channel-less microfluidic devices which would have many applications, for example in biosensing and microscale assembly. This paper reviews the current state of the field of dynamic and reconfigurable ultrasonic particle manipulation devices and then discusses the open problems and future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce W Drinkwater
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK.
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15
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Castro A, Hoyos M. Study of the onset of the acoustic streaming in parallel plate resonators with pulse ultrasound. ULTRASONICS 2016; 66:166-171. [PMID: 26705604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we introduced pulse mode ultrasound as a new method for reducing and controlling the acoustic streaming in parallel plate resonators (Hoyos and Castro, 2013). Here, by modifying other parameters such as the resonator geometry and the particle size, we have found a threshold for particle manipulation with ultrasonic standing waves in confined resonators without the influence of the acoustic streaming. We demonstrate that pulse mode ultrasound open the possibility of manipulating particles smaller than 1 μm size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Castro
- PMMH-ESPCI (ParisTech) UMR 7636 CNRS-ESPCI, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Universitié Pierre et Marie Curie (Universitié Paris 6), France; Universitié Denis Diderot (Universitié Paris 7), France
| | - Mauricio Hoyos
- PMMH-ESPCI (ParisTech) UMR 7636 CNRS-ESPCI, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Universitié Pierre et Marie Curie (Universitié Paris 6), France; Universitié Denis Diderot (Universitié Paris 7), France.
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16
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Kashima R, Koyama D, Matsukawa M. Two-dimensional noncontact transportation of small objects in air using flexural vibration of a plate. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2015; 62:2161-2168. [PMID: 26670855 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2015.006998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates a two-dimensional ultrasonic manipulation technique for small objects in air. The ultrasonic levitation system consists of a rectangular vibrating plate with four ultrasonic transducers and a reflector. The configuration of the vibrator, the resonant frequency, and the positions of the four transducers with step horns were determined from finite element analysis such that an intense acoustic standing-wave field could be generated between the plates. A lattice flexural vibration mode with a wavelength of 28.3 mm was excited on the prototype plate at 24.6 kHz. Small objects could get trapped in air along the horizontal nodal plane of the standing wave. By controlling the driving phase difference between the transducers, trapped objects could be transported without contact in a two-dimensional plane. When the phase difference was changed from 0° to 720°, the distance moved by a small particle in the orthogonal direction was approximately 29 mm, which corresponds with the wavelength of the flexural vibration on the vibrating plate.
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17
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Dalecki D, Hocking DC. Ultrasound technologies for biomaterials fabrication and imaging. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:747-61. [PMID: 25326439 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound is emerging as a powerful tool for developing biomaterials for regenerative medicine. Ultrasound technologies are finding wide-ranging, innovative applications for controlling the fabrication of bioengineered scaffolds, as well as for imaging and quantitatively monitoring the properties of engineered constructs both during fabrication processes and post-implantation. This review provides an overview of the biomedical applications of ultrasound for imaging and therapy, a tutorial of the physical mechanisms through which ultrasound can interact with biomaterials, and examples of how ultrasound technologies are being developed and applied for biomaterials fabrication processes, non-invasive imaging, and quantitative characterization of bioengineered scaffolds in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Dalecki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 310 Goergen Hall, P.O. Box 270168, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA,
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Kashima R, Murakami S, Koyama D, Nakamura K, Matsukawa M. Design of a junction for a noncontact ultrasonic transportation system. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2014; 61:1024-1032. [PMID: 24859666 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2014.2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A junction for noncontact ultrasonic transportation paths in which small objects can be manipulated is proposed. The junction consists of a vibrating disc and a reflector. The reflector is installed parallel to the vibrator to generate an acoustic standing wave in the cavity between the vibrating disc and the reflector. The resonance modes of the acoustic field in the disc cavity between the two plates are calculated theoretically. The distributions of the sound pressure amplitude and the acoustic radiation force in air are calculated using finite element analysis. The flexural vibration modes with one nodal circle and four nodal lines at 45.4 kHz and two nodal circles and three nodal lines at 58.1 kHz are used to trap and eject small objects, respectively. The transportation velocity and the thrust force in the radial direction for a polystyrene particle with a diameter of 2 mm and a weight of 0.3 mg are 812 mm/s and 24 μN, respectively. The ejection direction of the trapped object can be controlled by the driving condition of the vibrating disc.
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Hwang JY, Lee C, Lam KH, Kim HH, Lee J, Shung KK. Cell membrane deformation induced by a fibronectin-coated polystyrene microbead in a 200-MHz acoustic trap. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2014; 61:399-406. [PMID: 24569245 PMCID: PMC4030728 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2014.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of cell mechanics is crucial for a better understanding of cellular responses during the progression of certain diseases and for the identification of the cell's nature. Many techniques using optical tweezers, atomic force microscopy, and micro-pipettes have been developed to probe and manipulate cells in the spatial domain. In particular, we recently proposed a two-dimensional acoustic trapping method as an alternative technique for small particle manipulation. Although the proposed method may have advantages over optical tweezers, its applications to cellular mechanics have not yet been vigorously investigated. This study represents an initial attempt to use acoustic tweezers as a tool in the field of cellular mechanics in which cancer cell membrane deformability is studied. A press-focused 193-MHz single-element lithium niobate (LiNbO3) transducer was designed and fabricated to trap a 5-μm polystyrene microbead near the ultrasound beam focus. The microbeads were coated with fibronectin, and trapped before being attached to the surface of a human breast cancer cell (MCF-7). The cell membrane was then stretched by remotely pulling a cell-attached microbead with the acoustic trap. The maximum cell membrane stretched lengths were measured to be 0.15, 0.54, and 1.41 μm at input voltages to the transducer of 6.3, 9.5, and 12.6 Vpp, respectively. The stretched length was found to increase nonlinearly as a function of the voltage input. No significant cytotoxicity was observed to result from the bead or the trapping force on the cell during or after the deformation procedure. Hence, the results convincingly demonstrated the possible application of the acoustic trapping technique as a tool for cell manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Youn Hwang
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyang Lee
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) Resource Center for Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kwok Ho Lam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, China
| | - Hyung Ham Kim
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) Resource Center for Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jungwoo Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ()
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) Resource Center for Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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20
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Leong T, Johansson L, Juliano P, McArthur SL, Manasseh R. Ultrasonic Separation of Particulate Fluids in Small and Large Scale Systems: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie402295r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pablo Juliano
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 671 Sneydes Rd, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
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21
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Dron O, Aider JL. Varying the agglomeration position of particles in a micro-channel using Acoustic Radiation Force beyond the resonance condition. ULTRASONICS 2013; 53:1280-1287. [PMID: 23628114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that particles can be focused at mid-height of a micro-channel using Acoustic Radiation Force (ARF) tuned at the resonance frequency (h=λ/2). The resonance condition is a strong limitation to the use of acoustophoresis (particles manipulation using acoustic force) in many applications. In this study we show that it is possible to focus the particles anywhere along the height of a micro-channel just by varying the acoustic frequency, in contradiction with the resonance condition. This result has been thoroughly checked experimentally. The different physical properties as well as wall materials have been changed. The wall materials is finally the only critical parameters. One of the specificity of the micro-channel is the thickness of the carrier and reflector layer. A preliminary analysis of the experimental results suggests that the acoustic focusing beyond the classic resonance condition can be explained in the framework of the multilayered resonator proposed by Hill [1]. Nevertheless, further numerical studies are needed in order to confirm and fully understand how the acoustic pressure node can be moved over the entire height of the micro channel by varying the acoustic frequency. Despite some uncertainties about the origin of the phenomenon, it is robust and can be used for improved acoustic sorting or manipulation of particles or biological cells in confined set-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dron
- Laboratoire PMMH, CNRS UMR7636/ESPCI/UPMC/UPD, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI), 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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22
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Hoyos M, Castro A. Controlling the acoustic streaming by pulsed ultrasounds. ULTRASONICS 2013; 53:70-6. [PMID: 22560802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose a technique based on pulsed ultrasounds for controlling, reducing to a minimum observable value the acoustic streaming in closed ultrasonic standing wave fluidic resonators. By modifying the number of pulses and the repetition time it is possible to reduce the velocity of the acoustic streaming with respect to the velocity generated by the continuous ultrasound mode of operation. The acoustic streaming is observed at the nodal plane where a suspension of 800nm latex particles was focused by primary radiation force. A mixture of 800nm and 15μm latex particles has been also used for showing that the acoustic streaming is hardly reduced while primary and secondary forces continue to operate. The parameter we call "pulse mode factor" i.e. the time of applied ultrasound divided by the duty cycle, is found to be the adequate parameter that controls the acoustic streaming. We demonstrate that pulsed ultrasound is more efficient for controlling the acoustic streaming than the variation of the amplitude of the standing waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Hoyos
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, UMR7636 CNRS, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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23
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Grinenko A, Wilcox PD, Courtney CRP, Drinkwater BW. Proof of principle study of ultrasonic particle manipulation by a circular array device. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2012; 468:3571-3586. [PMID: 23197936 PMCID: PMC3509957 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2012.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A feasibility study of a circular ultrasonic array device for acoustic particle manipulation is presented. A general approach based on Green's function is developed to analyse the underlying properties of a circular acoustic array. It allows the size of a controllable device area as a function of the number of array elements to be established and the array excitation required to produce a desired field distribution to be determined. A set of quantitative parameters characterizing the complexity of the pressure landscape is suggested, and relation to the number of array elements is found. Next, a finite-element model of a physically realizable circular piezo-acoustic array device is employed to demonstrate that the trapping capability can be achieved in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Grinenko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
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24
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Zhang S, Cheng J, Qin YX. Mechanobiological modulation of cytoskeleton and calcium influx in osteoblastic cells by short-term focused acoustic radiation force. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38343. [PMID: 22701628 PMCID: PMC3368843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction has demonstrated potential for regulating tissue adaptation in vivo and cellular activities in vitro. It is well documented that ultrasound can produce a wide variety of biological effects in biological systems. For example, pulsed ultrasound can be used to noninvasively accelerate the rate of bone fracture healing. Although a wide range of studies has been performed, mechanism for this therapeutic effect on bone healing is currently unknown. To elucidate the mechanism of cellular response to mechanical stimuli induced by pulsed ultrasound radiation, we developed a method to apply focused acoustic radiation force (ARF) (duration, one minute) on osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and observed cellular responses to ARF using a spinning disk confocal microscope. This study demonstrates that the focused ARF induced F-actin cytoskeletal rearrangement in MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, these cells showed an increase in intracellular calcium concentration following the application of focused ARF. Furthermore, passive bending movement was noted in primary cilium that were treated with focused ARF. Cell viability was not affected. Application of pulsed ultrasound radiation generated only a minimal temperature rise of 0.1°C, and induced a streaming resulting fluid shear stress of 0.186 dyne/cm(2), suggesting that hyperthermia and acoustic streaming might not be the main causes of the observed cell responses. In conclusion, these data provide more insight in the interactions between acoustic mechanical stress and osteoblastic cells. This experimental system could serve as basis for further exploration of the mechanosensing mechanism of osteoblasts triggered by ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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25
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Liu Y, Hartono D, Lim KM. Cell separation and transportation between two miscible fluid streams using ultrasound. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:12802-1280214. [PMID: 22662070 PMCID: PMC3365322 DOI: 10.1063/1.3671062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a two-stream microfluidic system for transporting cells or micro-sized particles from one fluid stream to another by acoustophoresis. The two fluid streams, one being the original suspension and the other being the destination fluid, flow parallel to each other in a microchannel. Using a half-wave acoustic standing wave across the channel width, cells or particles with positive acoustic contrast factors are moved to the destination fluid where the pressure nodal line lies. By controlling the relative flow rate of the two fluid streams, the pressure nodal line can be maintained at a specific offset from the fluid interface within the destination fluid. Using this transportation method, particles or cells of different sizes and mechanical properties can be separated. The cells experiencing a larger acoustic radiation force are separated and transported from the original suspension to the destination fluid stream. The other particles or cells experiencing a smaller acoustic radiation force continue flowing in the original solution. Experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effective separation of polystyrene microbeads of different sizes (3 μm and 10 μm) and waterborne parasites (Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum). Diffusion occurs between the two miscible fluids, but it was found to have little effects on the transport and separation process, even when the two fluids have different density and speed of sound.
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26
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Abstract
Ultrasonic manipulation has emerged as a simple and powerful tool for trapping, aggregation, and separation of cells. During the last decade, an increasing amount of applications in the microscale format has been demonstrated, of which the most important is acoustophoresis (continuous acoustic cell or particle separation). Traditionally, the technology has proven to be suitable for treatment of high-density cell and particle suspensions, where large cell and particle numbers are handled simultaneously. In this chapter, we describe how ultrasound can be combined with microfluidics and microplates for particle and cell manipulation approaching the single-cell level. We demonstrate different cell handling methods with the purpose to select, trap, aggregate, and position individual cells in microdevices based on multifrequency ultrasonic actuation, and we discuss applications of the technology involving immune cell interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiklund
- Department of Biomedical and X-Ray Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Silva GT. An expression for the radiation force exerted by an acoustic beam with arbitrary wavefront (L). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 130:3541-4. [PMID: 22225007 DOI: 10.1121/1.3652894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Most studies investigating the acoustic radiation force upon a target are based on symmetry considerations between the object and the incident beam. Even so, this symmetry condition is not always fulfilled in several cases. An expression for the radiation force is obtained as a function of the beam-shape and the scattering coefficients of an incident wave and the object, respectively. The expression for the radiation force caused by a plane wave on a rigid sphere is used to validate the formula. This method represents a theoretical advance permitting different interpretations and predictions concerned to the acoustic radiation force phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauber T Silva
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil, 57072-970.
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28
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Kocúrová L, Balogh IS, Nagy L, Billes F, Simon A, Andruch V. Application of a bisindocarbocyanine reagent for dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of silver with subsequent spectrophotometric determination. Microchem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Courtney CRP, Ong CK, Drinkwater BW, Bernassau AL, Wilcox PD, Cumming DRS. Manipulation of particles in two dimensions using phase controllable ultrasonic standing waves. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2011.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to manipulate dense micrometre-scale objects in fluids is of interest to biosciences with a view to improving analysis techniques and enabling tissue engineering. A method of trapping micrometre-scale particles and manipulating them on a two-dimensional plane is proposed and demonstrated. Phase-controlled counter-propagating waves are used to generate ultrasonic standing waves with arbitrary nodal positions. The acoustic radiation force drives dense particles to pressure nodes. It is shown analytically that a series of point-like traps can be produced in a two-dimensional plane using two orthogonal pairs of counter-propagating waves. These traps can be manipulated by appropriate adjustment of the relative phases. Four 5 MHz transducers (designed to minimize reflection) are used as sources of counter-propagating waves in a water-filled cavity. Polystyrene beads of 10 μm diameter are trapped and manipulated. The relationship between trapped particle positions and the relative phases of the four transducers is measured and shown to agree with analytically derived expressions. The force available is measured by determining the response to a sudden change in field and found to be 30 pN, for a 30 V
pp
input, which is in agreement with the predictions of models of the system. A scalable fabrication approach to producing devices is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. P. Courtney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - C.-K. Ong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - B. W. Drinkwater
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - A. L. Bernassau
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Rankine Building, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - P. D. Wilcox
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - D. R. S. Cumming
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Rankine Building, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
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30
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Ruban SW, Sharada R, Banday TG. Physical Methods of Separation and Concentration of Microbes in Food: An Aid for Rapid Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/jftech.2011.106.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Lee J, Lee C, Kim HH, Jakob A, Lemor R, Teh SY, Lee A, Shung KK. Targeted cell immobilization by ultrasound microbeam. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1643-50. [PMID: 21328319 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Various techniques exerting mechanical stress on cells have been developed to investigate cellular responses to externally controlled stimuli. Fundamental mechanotransduction processes about how applied physical forces are converted into biochemical signals have often been examined by transmitting such forces through cells and probing its pathway at cellular levels. In fact, many cellular biomechanics studies have been performed by trapping (or immobilizing) individual cells, either attached to solid substrates or suspended in liquid media. In that context, we demonstrated two-dimensional acoustic trapping, where a lipid droplet of 125 µm in diameter was directed transversely toward the focus (or the trap center) similar to that of optical tweezers. Under the influence of restoring forces created by a 30 MHz focused ultrasound beam, the trapped droplet behaved as if tethered to the focus by a linear spring. In order to apply this method to cellular manipulation in the Mie regime (cell diameter > wavelength), the availability of sound beams with its beamwidth approaching cell size is crucial. This can only be achieved at a frequency higher than 100 MHz. We define ultrasound beams in the frequency range from 100 MHz to a few GHz as ultrasound microbeams because the lateral beamwidth at the focus would be in the micron range. Hence a zinc oxide (ZnO) transducer that was designed and fabricated to transmit a 200 MHz focused sound beam was employed to immobilize a 10 µm human leukemia cell (K-562) within the trap. The cell was laterally displaced with respect to the trap center by mechanically translating the transducer over the focal plane. Both lateral displacement and position trajectory of the trapped cell were probed in a two-dimensional space, indicating that the retracting motion of these cells was similar to that of the lipid droplets at 30 MHz. The potential of this tool for studying cellular adhesion between white blood cells and endothelial cells was discussed, suggesting its capability as a single cell manipulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwoo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NIH Resource Center for Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
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32
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Garvin KA, Hocking DC, Dalecki D. Controlling the spatial organization of cells and extracellular matrix proteins in engineered tissues using ultrasound standing wave fields. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2010; 36:1919-32. [PMID: 20870341 PMCID: PMC3043642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering holds great potential for saving the lives of thousands of organ transplant patients who die each year while waiting for donor organs. However, to successfully fabricate tissues and organs in vitro, methodologies that recreate appropriate extracellular microenvironments to promote tissue regeneration are needed. In this study, we have developed an application of ultrasound standing wave field (USWF) technology to the field of tissue engineering. Acoustic radiation forces associated with USWF were used to noninvasively control the spatial distribution of mammalian cells and cell-bound extracellular matrix proteins within three-dimensional (3-D) collagen-based engineered tissues. Cells were suspended in unpolymerized collagen solutions and were exposed to a continuous wave USWF, generated using a 1 MHz source, for 15 min at room temperature. Collagen polymerization occurred during USWF exposure resulting in the formation of 3-D collagen gels with distinct bands of aggregated cells. The density of cell bands was dependent on both the initial cell concentration and the pressure amplitude of the USWF. Importantly, USWF exposure did not decrease cell viability but rather enhanced cell function. Alignment of cells into loosely clustered, planar cell bands significantly increased levels of cell-mediated collagen gel contraction and collagen fiber reorganization compared with sham-exposed samples with a homogeneous cell distribution. Additionally, the extracellular matrix protein, fibronectin, was localized to cell banded areas by binding the protein to the cell surface prior to USWF exposure. By controlling cell and extracellular organization, this application of USWF technology is a promising approach for engineering tissues in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley A. Garvin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627
- Rochester Center for Biomedical Ultrasound, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627
| | - Denise C. Hocking
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627
- Rochester Center for Biomedical Ultrasound, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627
| | - Diane Dalecki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627
- Rochester Center for Biomedical Ultrasound, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627
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33
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HUANG HB, ZHUANG ZX, ZHANG WH, HU J, YANG CY, WANG XR. Application of Electrical Driven and Cationic Exchange Membrane to Capture and Enrich Deoxyribonucleic Acid. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2010.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Sarvazyan AP, Rudenko OV, Nyborg WL. Biomedical applications of radiation force of ultrasound: historical roots and physical basis. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2010; 36:1379-94. [PMID: 20800165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Radiation force is a universal phenomenon in any wave motion, electromagnetic or acoustic. Although acoustic and electromagnetic waves are both characterized by time variation of basic quantities, they are also both capable of exerting a steady force called radiation force. In 1902, Lord Rayleigh published his classic work on the radiation force of sound, introducing the concept of acoustic radiation pressure, and some years later, further fundamental contributions to the radiation force phenomenon were made by L. Brillouin and P. Langevin. Many of the studies discussing radiation force published before 1990 were related to techniques for measuring acoustic power of therapeutic devices; also, radiation force was one of the factors considered in the search for noncavitational, nonthermal mechanisms of ultrasonic bioeffects. A major surge in various biomedical applications of acoustic radiation force started in the 1990s and continues today. Numerous new applications emerged including manipulation of cells in suspension, increasing the sensitivity of biosensors and immunochemical tests, assessing viscoelastic properties of fluids and biological tissues, elasticity imaging, monitoring ablation of lesions during ablation therapy, targeted drug and gene delivery, molecular imaging and acoustical tweezers. We briefly present in this review the major milestones in the history of radiation force and its biomedical applications. In discussing the physical basis of radiation force and its applications, we present basic equations describing the relationship of radiation stress with parameters of acoustical fields and with the induced motion in the biological media. Momentum and force associated with a plane-traveling wave, equations for nonlinear and nonsteady-state acoustic streams, radiation stress tensor for solids and biological tissues and radiation force acting on particles and microbubbles are considered.
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35
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Sarvazyan A. Diversity of biomedical applications of acoustic radiation force. ULTRASONICS 2010; 50:230-4. [PMID: 19880152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript is a summary of the paper presented at the ICU'2009 on biomedical applications of acoustic radiation force with emphasis on emerging applications in microfluidics, biotechnology, biosensors and assessment of the skeletal system. In this brief overview of current and projected applications of radiation force, no detailed description of the experiments illustrating particular applications are given as this would result in a far different and longer paper. Various mechanisms of acoustic radiation force generations and their biomedical applications are considered. These mechanisms include: (a) change in the density of energy of the propagating wave due to absorption and scattering; (b) spatial variations of energy density in standing acoustic waves; (c) reflection from inclusions, walls or other interfaces; and (d) spatial variations in propagation velocity. The widest area of biomedical applications of radiation force is related to medical diagnostics, to assessing viscoelastic properties of biological tissues and fluids, and specifically to elasticity imaging. Another actively explored area is related to manipulation of biological cells and particles in standing ultrasonic wave fields. There are several poorly explored areas of potential biomedical applications of ultrasound radiation force. A promising area of biomedical application of ultrasound radiation force is stirring and mixing of microvolumes of liquids in microfluidics and in various biotechnological application where diffusion rate is the main factor limiting the efficiency of the process of interest. A new technique, called "swept frequency method", based on the use of radiation force in the standing acoustic wave for microstirring of liquids is described. The potential applications of the ultrasound radiation force for assessment of skeletal system, where conventional bone ultrasonometry are inapplicable are considered.
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36
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Ratier C, Hoyos M. Acoustic Programming in Step-Split-Flow Lateral-Transport Thin Fractionation. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1318-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902357b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Ratier
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogenes, UMR7636 CNRS, ESPCI, 10, Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Mauricio Hoyos
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogenes, UMR7636 CNRS, ESPCI, 10, Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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37
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Çetin B, Li D. Continuous particle separation based on electrical properties using alternating current dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3124-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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38
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc DeJohn
- Santa Fe Technical Services Santa Fe New Mexico
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39
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Sarvazyan A, Ostrovsky L. Stirring and mixing of liquids using acoustic radiation force. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2009; 125:3548-3554. [PMID: 19507936 DOI: 10.1121/1.3124769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of using acoustic radiation force in standing waves for stirring and mixing small volumes of liquids is theoretically analyzed. The principle of stirring considered in this paper is based on moving the microparticles suspended in a standing acoustic wave by changing the frequency so that one standing wave mode is replaced by the other, with differently positioned minima of potential energy. The period-average transient dynamics of solid microparticles and gas microbubbles is considered, and simple analytical solutions are obtained for the case of standing waves of variable amplitude. It is shown that bubbles can be moved from one equilibrium position to another two to three orders of magnitude faster than solid particles. For example, radiation force in a standing acoustic wave field may induce movement of microbubbles with a speed of the order of a few m/s at a frequency of 1 MHz and ultrasound pressure amplitude of 100 kPa, whereas the speed of rigid particles does not exceed 1 cms under the same conditions. The stirring effect can be additionally enhanced due to the fact that the bubbles that are larger and smaller than the resonant bubbles move in opposite directions. Possible applications of the analyzed stirring mechanism, such as in microarrays, are discussed.
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40
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Stevens KA, Jaykus LA. Bacterial Separation and Concentration from Complex Sample Matrices: A Review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 30:7-24. [PMID: 15116760 DOI: 10.1080/10408410490266410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of many rapid detection technologies could be expanded if the bacteria were separated, concentrated, and purified from the sample matrix before detection. Specific advantages of bacterial concentration might include facilitating the detection of multiple bacterial strains; removal of matrix-associated assay inhibitors; and provision of adequate sample size reduction to allow for the use of representative food sample sizes and/or small media volumes. Furthermore, bacterial concentration could aid in improving sampling techniques needed to detect low levels of pathogens or sporadic contamination, which may perhaps reduce or even eliminate the need for cultural enrichment prior to detection. Although bacterial concentration methods such as centrifugation, filtration, and immunomagnetic separation have been reported for food systems, none of these is ideal and in many cases a technique optimized for one food system or microorganism is not readily adaptable to others. Indeed, the separation and subsequent concentration of bacterial cells from a food sample during sample preparation continues to be a stumbling block in the advancement of molecular methods for the detection of foodborne pathogens. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed understanding of the science, possibilities, and limitations of separating and concentrating bacterial cells from the food matrix in an effort to further improve our ability to harness molecular methods for the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Stevens
- Department of Food Science, College of Life Science and Agriculture, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624, USA
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41
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Neild A, Oberti S, Radziwill G, Dual J. Simultaneous positioning of cells into two-dimensional arrays using ultrasound. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 97:1335-9. [PMID: 17187440 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Contactless simultaneous positioning of micrometer-sized particles in suspension (e.g., copolymer beads, living cells, silicon microparts) can be performed using ultrasound. Current devices are capable of collecting particles into planes or lines by exciting a resonance in the fluid by means of a piezoelectric transducer located beneath the fluidic cavity and are designed such that a one-dimensional pressure field is created. The focus of this work is to collect cells in distinct point locations for potential drug screening array applications. A device to create two-dimensional arrays of cells within a micromachined chamber is described. The chamber is etched into a silicon wafer and sealed with glass; on the underside of the silicon layer a piezoelectric actuator is attached. A signal is applied to each of two orthogonally aligned strips electrodes defined on the surface of the piezoelectric plate. These two strip electrodes create independently addressable approximately one-dimensional pressure fields. It is shown that by applying the same signal to each electrode a diagonally aligned grid of cells can be produced. However, the independence of the two electrodes allows the application of two signals with slightly different frequencies to be applied which creates a grid of circular cell clumps highly suitable for the identified application. (c)
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Neild
- Center of Mechanics, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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42
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Wiklund M, Hertz HM. Ultrasonic enhancement of bead-based bioaffinity assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2006; 6:1279-92. [PMID: 17102841 DOI: 10.1039/b609184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic radiation forces can be used for non-intrusive manipulation and concentration of suspended micrometer-sized particles. For bioanalytical purposes, standing-wave ultrasound has long been used for rapid immuno-agglutination of functionalized latex beads. More recently, detection methods based on laser-scanning fluorometry and single-step homogeneous bead-based assays show promise for fast, easy and sensitive biochemical analysis. If such methods are combined with ultrasonic enhancement, detection limits in the femtomolar region are feasible. In this paper, we review the development of standing-wave ultrasonic manipulation for bioanalysis, with special emphasis on miniaturization and ultrasensitive bead-based immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wiklund
- Biomedical and X-Ray Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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43
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Sun Y, Kwok YC. Polymeric microfluidic system for DNA analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 556:80-96. [PMID: 17723333 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of micro total analysis system (microTAS) has grown exponentially in the past decade. DNA analysis is one of the primary applications of microTAS technology. This review mainly focuses on the recent development of the polymeric microfluidic devices for DNA analysis. After a brief introduction of material characteristics of polymers, the various microfabrication methods are presented. The most recent developments and trends in the area of DNA analysis are then explored. We focus on the rapidly developing fields of cell sorting, cell lysis, DNA extraction and purification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA separation and detection. Lastly, commercially available polymer-based microdevices are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore
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44
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Haake A, Neild A, Radziwill G, Dual J. Positioning, displacement, and localization of cells using ultrasonic forces. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 92:8-14. [PMID: 16094668 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a method and a device to position and displace cells. The cells are suspended in a fluid layer trapped between the device and an arbitrary surface such as an object slide or a wafer. The device vibrates at ultrasonic frequencies causing a pressure field in the fluid layer. This pressure field results in a force-field capable of positioning cells. Depending on the way in which the device is excited a 2-D or 3-D force-field can be generated, positioning the cells in lines or points respectively. Furthermore, it is possible to subsequently displace the cells with micrometer accuracy. This has been demonstrated using HL60 and MCF10A cells, and can be achieved without causing damage to the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Haake
- Center of Mechanics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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45
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Goddard G, Kaduchak G. Ultrasonic particle concentration in a line-driven cylindrical tube. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2005; 117:3440-7. [PMID: 16018448 DOI: 10.1121/1.1904405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic particle manipulation has many potential uses in flow cytometry and microfluidic array applications. Currently, most ultrasonic particle positioning devices utilize a quasi-one-dimensional geometry to set up the positioning field. A transducer fit with a quarter-wave matching layer, locally drives a cavity of width one-half wavelength. Particles within the cavity experience a time-averaged drift force that transports them to a nodal position. Present research investigates an acoustic particle-positioning device where the acoustic excitation is generated by the entire structure, as opposed to a localized transducer. The lowest-order structural modes of a long cylindrical glass tube driven by a piezoceramic with a line contact are tuned, via material properties and aspect ratio, to match resonant modes of the fluid-filled cavity. The cylindrical geometry eliminates the need for accurate alignment of a transducer/reflector system, in contrast to the case of planar or confocal fields. Experiments show that the lower energy density in the cavity, brought about through excitation of the whole cylindrical tube, results in reduced cavitation, convection, and thermal gradients. The effects of excitation and material parameters on concentration quality are theoretically evaluated, using two-dimensional elastodynamic equations describing the fluid-filled cylindrical shell with a line excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Goddard
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Electronic and Electrochemical Materials and Devices Group, Mail Stop D-429, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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46
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Gherardini L, Cousins CM, Hawkes JJ, Spengler J, Radel S, Lawler H, Devcic-Kuhar B, Gröschl M, Coakley WT, McLoughlin AJ. A new immobilisation method to arrange particles in a gel matrix by ultrasound standing waves. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2005; 31:261-72. [PMID: 15708466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic forces may be used to manipulate particles in suspension. For example, a standing wave ultrasound (US) field applied to a suspension moves the particles toward areas of minimal acoustic pressure, where they are orderly retained creating a predictable heterogeneous distribution. This principle of ultrasonic retention of particles or cells has been applied in numerous biotechnological applications, such as mammalian cell filtering and red blood cell sedimentation. Here, a new US-based cell immobilisation technique is described that allows manipulation and positioning of cells/particles within various nontoxic gel matrices before polymerisation. Specifically, gel immobilisation was used to directly demonstrate that the viability of yeast cells arranged by an US standing wave is maintained up to 4 days after treatment. The versatility of this immobilisation method was validated using a wide range of acoustic devices. Finally, the potential biotechnological advantages of this US-controlled particle positioning method combined with gel immobilisation/encapsulation technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gherardini
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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47
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Townsend RJ, Hill M, Harris NR, White NM. Modelling of particle paths passing through an ultrasonic standing wave. ULTRASONICS 2004; 42:319-24. [PMID: 15047305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2004.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Within an ultrasonic standing wave particles experience acoustic radiation forces causing agglomeration at the nodal planes of the wave. The technique can be used to agglomerate, suspend, or manipulate particles within a flow. To control agglomeration rate it is important to balance forces on the particles and, in the case where a fluid/particle mix flows across the applied acoustic field, it is also necessary to optimise fluid flow rate. To investigate the acoustic and fluid forces in such a system a particle model has been developed, extending an earlier model used to characterise the 1-dimensional field in a layered resonator. In order to simulate fluid drag forces, CFD software has been used to determine the velocity profile of the fluid/particle mix passing through the acoustic device. The profile is then incorporated into a MATLAB model. Based on particle force components, a numerical approach has been used to determine particle paths. Using particle coordinates, both particle concentration across the fluid channel and concentration through multiple outlets are calculated. Such an approach has been used to analyse the operation of a microfluidic flow-through separator, which uses a half wavelength standing wave across the main channel of the device. This causes particles to converge near the axial plane of the channel, delivering high and low particle concentrated flow through two outlets, respectively. By extending the model to analyse particle separation over a frequency range, it is possible to identify the resonant frequencies of the device and associated separation performance. This approach will also be used to improve the geometric design of the microengineered fluid channels, where the particle model can determine the limiting fluid flow rate for separation to occur, the value of which is then applied to a CFD model of the device geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Townsend
- School of Engineering Sciences, Electromechanical Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Hill M. The selection of layer thicknesses to control acoustic radiation force profiles in layered resonators. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2003; 114:2654-61. [PMID: 14650002 DOI: 10.1121/1.1616581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic standing waves can be used to generate radiation forces on particles within a fluid. A number of authors have derived detailed representations of these forces but these are most commonly applied using an approximation to the energy distribution based upon an idealized standing wave within a mode based upon rigid boundaries. An electro-acoustic model of the acoustic energy distribution within a standing wave with arbitrary thickness boundaries has been expanded to model the radiation force on an example particle within the acoustic field. This is used to examine the force profile on a particle at resonances other than those predicted with rigid boundaries, and with pressure nodes at different positions. A simple analytical method for predicting modal conditions for combinations of frequencies and layer thickness characteristics is presented, which predicts that resonances can exist that will produce a pressure node at arbitrary positions in the fluid layer of such a system. This can be used to design resonators that will drive particles to positions other than the center of the fluid layer, including the fluid/solid boundary of the layer, with significant potential applications in sensing systems. Further, the model also predicts conditions for multiple subwavelength resonances within the fluid layer of a single resonator, each resonance having different nodal planes for particle concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Hill
- School of Engineering Sciences, Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
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49
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Benoit PW, Donahue DW. Methods for rapid separation and concentration of bacteria in food that bypass time-consuming cultural enrichment. J Food Prot 2003; 66:1935-48. [PMID: 14572237 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-66.10.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The rapid detection of pathogenic organisms that cause foodborne illnesses is needed to insure food safety. Conventional methods for the detection of pathogens in foods are time-consuming and labor-intensive. New advanced rapid methods (i.e., polymerase chain reaction, DNA probes) are more sensitive and selective than conventional techniques, but many of these tests are inhibited by food components, rendering them dependent on slow cultural enrichment. The need for alternative methods that will rapidly separate and concentrate bacteria directly from food samples, thereby reducing the time required for these new rapid detection techniques, is evident. Separation and concentration methods extract target bacteria from interfering food components and/or concentrate bacteria to detectable levels. This review describes several methods used to separate and/or concentrate bacteria in food samples. Several methods discussed here, including centrifugation and immunomagnetic separation, have been successfully used, individually and in combination, to rapidly separate and/or concentrate bacteria from food samples in less time than is required for cultural enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Benoit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, 5737 Jenness Hall, Room 309, Orono, Maine 04469-5737, USA
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50
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Effects of surface characteristics on non-specific agglutination in latex immunoagglutination antibody assay. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7765(01)00211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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