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Eghbaljoo H, Rezvani Ghalhari M, Shariatifar N, Jahed Khaniki G, Molaee Aghaee E, Alizadeh Sani M, Mansouri E, Arabameri M. Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in edible oils using the QuEChERS/GC-MS method: A health risk assessment study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21317. [PMID: 37954364 PMCID: PMC10632704 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Population growth has made it difficult to provide safe food; because various toxic substances such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can contaminate food products such as edible oils which have very high-rate consumption worldwide. Aims of study are to determine the concentration of PCBs in edible oil samples and to evaluate the carcinogenic risk of PCBs in them among Iranian people by Monte Calo Simulation (MCS). After finding the location of high customer hyper market in Tehran, 42 samples of 7 various types of edible oils were collected; then PCBs content of them measured using the modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) extraction method and GC/MS technique. According to the findings the mean level of NDL-PCB in oil samples were ranged from 1.88 to 25.62 ng/g fat. Results of uncertainty analysis showed that among children the 95th percentile of Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) were 7.80E-3, 5.37E-4, 5.37E-4, 2.00E-3, 1.59E-3, 13.9E-3 and 7.04E-4 for animal oil, corn oil, frying oil, olive oil, bran oil, sesame oil and sunflower oil, respectively. Also, the 95th percentile of ILCR among adults were 4.12E-2, 3.04E-3, 3.09E-3, 1.06E-2, 8.43E-3, 7.38E-3 and 3.74E-3 for animal oil, corn oil, frying oil, olive oil, bran oil, sesame oil and sunflower oil, respectively. The risk evaluation showed that in all edible oils the 95th percentile of simulated ILCR were more than 10-5, so it can be threatening health among both aging groups, although, the producers don't deliberately subject the users' lives to such danger, but high consumption rate and accumulation of PCBs in body tissues are contribute to increasing carcinogenic risk. Also, the 95th percentile of ILCR among adults were more than children, because the edible oil ingestion rate among adults was more than children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Eghbaljoo
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezvani Ghalhari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Jahed Khaniki
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Molaee Aghaee
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Mansouri
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Arabameri
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Domingo JL. Dioxins and furans in cow milk and dairy products: A review of the scientific literature. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Domingo
- School of Medicine, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health Universitat Rovira i Virgili San Llorenç 21 Reus Catalonia 43201 Spain
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3
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Yuan TH, Eguchi A, Tai CJ, Tsai CH, Chien JW, Chan CC, Mori C. Comparison of the PCB serum levels among mother-child pairs in areas of Eastern Japan and Central Taiwan. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150272. [PMID: 34852429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been prohibited for two decades in Japan and Taiwan. The aim of this study was to compare the PCB congeners in maternal and cord serum between two countries. Our study subjects were 248 and 100 mother-child pairs in Japan and Taiwan. The measured levels of 23 serum PCB congeners between two countries were analyzed using gas chromatography-electron capture negative ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-NICI-qMS). The statistical comparisons were conducted by Student's t-test and principal component analysis with further stratification by maternal age and parity. The maternal total PCBs levels in Japan (426 ± 244 pg/g wet wt) were significantly higher than those in Taiwan (254 ± 155 pg/g wet wt), and the similar results were found in cord total PCBs levels (97 ± 76 and 58 ± 87 pg/g wet wt). It showed different distributions of PCB congeners between two countries. Whether in maternal or cord serum, the CB138, CB153 and CB180 were the highest detectable congeners whether in Japan or Taiwan. And, the CB66, CB99, CB206 and CB209 were only detected in maternal serum of Taiwan. The women of advanced maternal age had higher levels of PCB congeners, especially in Taiwan, and the primiparous women had higher levels of PCB congeners in two countries. In summary, the PCB congeners in Japan's mother-child pairs were with higher levels and different distributions when compared to those in Taiwan, and the maternal age and parity were important factors associated with the PCB levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsuen Yuan
- Department of Health and Welfare, College of City Management, University of Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Akifumi Eguchi
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Chun-Ju Tai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment (Population Health Research Center, PHRC), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment (Population Health Research Center, PHRC), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Chisato Mori
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan.
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Wang G, Jiang T, Li S, Hou H, Xiao K, Hu J, Liang S, Liu B, Yang J. Occurrence and exposure risk evaluation of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in drinking water. Sci Total Environ 2021; 750:141615. [PMID: 32858294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) can be generated and detected in drinking water, their occurrence and potential health risks to humans via drinking water ingestion are not well known. In this study, 11 PHCZs were screened in drinking water samples from Wuhan, the most populous city in central China. The total concentration of PHCZs could be up to 53.48 ng/L with a median level of 8.19 ng/L, which was comparable to polychlorinated biphenyls and poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances reported in the literatures for drinking water. Composition profiles revealed that 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3-bromocarbazole and 3,6-dibromocarbazole were the predominant PHCZ congeners in the tested samples. Regional differences in the levels and patterns of PHCZs suggested that anthropogenic releases should be the dominant source compared to natural generation. Boiling of the water samples caused no significant change in PHCZs concentrations after correcting the volume change due to evaporation. Potential health risks associated to the levels of PHCZs in drinking water were assessed using the toxic equivalent (TEQs) method. The estimated daily intake of PHCZs via drinking water ingestion is up to 0.38 pg-TEQ/kg body weight/day for infants, nearly 4.5 times higher than that for adults, and appears to reach the maximum permissible concentration set by certain authority agencies. Overall, drinking water ingestion represents an important exposure pathway for PHCZs. This is the first comprehensive study on the abundance and health risks of PHCZs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Timing Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Nawab J, Wang X, Khan S, Tang YT, Rahman Z, Ali A, Dotel J, Li G. New insights into the bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in remote alpine lakes located in Himalayas, Pakistan. Environ Pollut 2020:114952. [PMID: 32933786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study assesses the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in water and their bioaccumulation in Brown Trout (BT) and Rainbow Trout (RT) present in the remote alpine lakes (RALs) of Himalayas, Pakistan. Hence, these environments might receive POPs by long range atmospheric transport (LRAT) with little interferences from local anthropogenic activities. The potential transportation pathways for such accumulation can be atmospheric precipitation, melting ice and glacial runoff. The results indicated that the sum of mean concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs (DDTs + HCHs)) in water of Glacial-fed lakes, Ice melting-fed lake and Rain-fed lake ranged from 0.21 to 317, 0.14-293, 0.16-235 pg L-1, respectively, while those of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are 0.275-16.02, 0-15.88, 0.234-14.46 pg L-1, respectively. Similarly, the sum of mean concentrations of all investigated PCBs and OCPs in BT ranged from 0.008 to 0.715 ng g-1 and 0.003-3.835 ng g-1 based on wet weight (ww), while for RT these concentrations were 0.002-0.557 ng g-1 and 0.001-1.402 ng g-1 (ww), respectively in the selected RALs. The PCBs and OCPs levels in both water and fish tissues were observed in order of Glacial-fed lakes > Ice melting-fed lake > Rain-fed lake. The results proposed that melting of ice and glacial water are more significant sources of the contaminants (PCBs and OCPs) in the freshwaters of RALs of Himalayas as compared to rainfall water. The positive correlation between water contamination and the selected fish species confirmed that these can be used as a bio-indicator for future research studies. However, the impact of POPs as they cascade through downstream ecosystems remains largely unexplored. The additional study of contaminant dynamics should be extended to a wide range of mountain environments of Himalayas, where melt-water used for drinking and irrigation purposes by billions of people reside alone the waterways that originated from these remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Department of Environmental Sciences Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Yu-Ting Tang
- School of Geographical Sciences, Research Group of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Ziaur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Jagdish Dotel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observatory and Monitoring Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315830, China
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Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Ahmed MK, Islam MS, Hossain A, Tokumura M, Masunaga S. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in commonly consumed seafood from the coastal area of Bangladesh: occurrence, distribution, and human health implications. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:1355-1369. [PMID: 30426367 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intake is the most important route of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exposure and seafood is the major dietary component for the coastal populations. It is, therefore, an urgent need to assess the levels of PCBs in seafood. A comprehensive congener-specific evaluation of PCBs was carried out for the first time in Bangladesh. All 209 congeners of PCBs in 48 seafood samples (5 finfish and 2 shellfish species) collected in winter and summer of 2015 were measured by GC-MS/MS. Regardless of season and site, the ∑PCBs (ng/g wet weight) in finfish and shellfish were in the range of 6.4-86.2 and 3.8-37.7, respectively. The results were comparable to or higher than those observed in other studies worldwide, particularly from Spain, China, Korea, Thailand, and Hong Kong. No significant seasonal variation was observed in the levels of ∑PCBs in the examined seafood (p > 0.05); however, interspecies differences were significant (p < 0.05). Nonetheless, spatial distribution revealed seafood collected from the areas with recent urbanization and industrialization (Chittagong, Cox's Bazar, and Sundarbans) were more contaminated with PCBs than the area unaffected by industries (Meghna Estuary). Moderately chlorinated (4-6 Cl) homologs dominated the PCB profiles. The congener profile and homolog composition revealed that the source origin of PCBs in the Bangladeshi seafood was related to mixtures of technical PCBs formulations. The dietary exposure assessment revealed that the coastal residents are sufficiently exposed to the dietary PCBs through seafood consumption which may cause severe health risk including dioxin-like toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Habibullah-Al-Mamun
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Kawser Ahmed
- Department of Oceanography, Earth & Environmental Science Faculty, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Anwar Hossain
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9, Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeki Masunaga
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9, Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
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Moon H, Kim DH, Oh JE. Dietary exposure to PCBs by seafood cooking method: A Korean study. Chemosphere 2019; 215:775-782. [PMID: 30352374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The levels of 82 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in 86 different types of seafood (n = 237) were analyzed and the PCBs changes in seafood by seven cooking methods were verified from 51 different species of seafood (total 127 pairs) to confirm the effect of cooking on dietary PCB levels in the human body. Total PCB levels in raw seafood ranged from 0.01 to 20.6 ng/g ww, while those for DL PCBs ranged from 0.001 to 1.67 pg TEQ/g ww. There was no statistically significant difference between PCB levels in raw and each different cooked seafood. However, Raw seafood samples with PCB concentrations under 1 ng/g showed a markedly increase in PCBs after cooking. When comparing mean and median value for total PCBs, the high-fat fish group exhibited a slightly decreasing PCB concentrations trend after cooking. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of cooked seafood was 1.07 ng/kg BW/day, while the EDI for raw seafood was 1.26 ng/kg BW/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeran Moon
- Division of Civil Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Division of Civil Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Division of Civil Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Tsutsumi T, Matsuda R, Yanagi T, Iizuka S, Isagawa S, Takatsuki S, Watanabe T, Teshima R, Akiyama H. Dietary intake of dioxins in Japan in 2016 with time trends since 1998. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1553-1564. [PMID: 29843576 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1469052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Total diet samples collected from seven regions throughout Japan in 2016 were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), known collectively as dioxins. This led to estimates of the latest dietary intake of these contaminants for the general Japanese population (≥1 year old). The average daily intake of dioxins for a person weighing 50 kg, calculated at non-detected congener concentrations assumed to be equal to zero, was estimated to be 0.54 pg TEQ (toxic equivalents) kg-1 body weight (bw) day-1. This value is well below the tolerable daily intake of 4 pg TEQ kg-1 bw day-1 for dioxins in Japan. The average intake was highest from fish and shellfish, followed by meat and eggs. The TEQ contribution of the fish and shellfish group to the total dietary TEQs was significant (89%). The DL-PCBs accounted for about 67% of the dioxin intake. The latest dioxin intake level was compared with previous estimates from total diet study results obtained annually since 1998 to determine the time trends in the dietary intake of dioxins in Japan. Overall, the average dioxin intake appeared to be decreasing gradually during the period of study. The previous average intakes of dioxins ranged from 0.58 to 1.9 pg TEQ kg-1 bw day-1. The latest average intake was the lowest since 1998 and was about one-third of the average intake in 1998. This decreasing trend in the dietary intake of dioxins was mainly influenced by the decreased dioxin intakes from two food groups, fish and shellfish, and meat and eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Tsutsumi
- a Division of Foods , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Rieko Matsuda
- a Division of Foods , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yanagi
- b Japan Food Research Laboratories , Tama Laboratory , Tama-shi , Japan
| | - Seiichiro Iizuka
- b Japan Food Research Laboratories , Tama Laboratory , Tama-shi , Japan
| | - Satoshi Isagawa
- b Japan Food Research Laboratories , Tama Laboratory , Tama-shi , Japan
| | - Satoshi Takatsuki
- a Division of Foods , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- a Division of Foods , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Reiko Teshima
- a Division of Foods , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akiyama
- a Division of Foods , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki , Japan.,c Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
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Kojima H, Takeuchi S, Iida M, Nakayama SF, Shiozaki T. A sensitive, rapid, and simple DR-EcoScreen bioassay for the determination of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in environmental and food samples. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:7101-7112. [PMID: 26087926 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In developing countries in Asia, such as China, Vietnam, and Thailand, there is a strong need for the development of relatively rapid and low-cost bioassays for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in environmental and food samples. These compounds are known to induce a variety of toxic and biological effects through their ligand-specific binding of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Indeed, several AhR-mediated reporter gene assays are widely used as prescreening tools for high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS) analysis, which individually measures 17 PCDD/Fs and 12 DL-PCBs. In 2008, we have developed a new sensitive and rapid reporter gene assay using a genetically engineered stable cell line, designated DR-EcoScreen cells. The DR-EcoScreen assay using these cells has a number of great advantages of its sensitivity to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and its simple procedure, which shows little variance in the data (within CV 10 %) compared to other reporter gene assays. In this review, we summarize the application of the DR-EcoScreen assay to the determination of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in ambient air samples, in fish and shellfish samples, and in flue gas samples from incinerators and provide potential usefulness of this bioassay for the determination of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in various matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kojima
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Kita-19, Nishi-12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Shinji Takeuchi
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Kita-19, Nishi-12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Iida
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 224-18 Ebisuno Hiraishi, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0195, Japan
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takuya Shiozaki
- Environmental Sanitation Center, 10-6 Yotsuyakami-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0828, Japan
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Wu WL, Deng XL, Zhou SJ, Liang H, Yang XF, Wen J, Li XM, Zhang CZ, Zhang YH, Zou F. Levels, congener profiles, and dietary intake assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in beef, freshwater fish, and pork marketed in Guangdong Province, China. Sci Total Environ 2018; 615:412-421. [PMID: 28988077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) consisting of non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs are suggested to be very hazardous and have adverse effects on human health. However, their levels and congener profiles in retail foods marketed in Guangdong Province of China have not been elucidated thus far. Thus, in this study, 226 individual samples of beef, freshwater fish, and pork marketed across four regions of Guangdong Province were randomly collected during 2013-2015 to determine their levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs. The results showed that the total toxic equivalency quantities (TEQs) of most samples were below the maximum limits except for the 26 samples collected from the vicinities of pollution areas. The median total TEQs of these three categories were 0.174, 0.488, and 0.113pgTEQ/g fw, respectively, which indicated that the contamination status of the studied foods was not serious. For congener profiles, significantly different patterns were observed in three food groups, but with the same major TEQ contributors being 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF in beef, freshwater fish, and pork. Regional differences of congener profiles in each food group were also found in this study, which might be attributed to the regionally different distributions of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in environment media. The dietary exposures of four population subgroups (girls, boys, male adults, and female adults) to PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs via three food groups were estimated to assessed the potential risks. They were all lower than the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI, 70pgTEQ/kgbw/month) established by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive. In these food categories, the exposure to PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs via freshwater fish was the highest one, which accounted for about 20% of PTMI, indicating that it was the major route to expose dioxin compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Wu
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, PR China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangzhou Punuo Environmental Testing and Technology Service Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ling Deng
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, PR China
| | - Shao-Jun Zhou
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, PR China
| | - Hui Liang
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, PR China
| | - Xing-Fen Yang
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, PR China
| | - Jian Wen
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Guangzhou Punuo Environmental Testing and Technology Service Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, PR China; National Testing Center for Food Quality Supervision (Guangdong), Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision, Foshan 528300, PR China
| | - Chao-Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, PR China
| | - Yong-Hui Zhang
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, PR China.
| | - Fei Zou
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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11
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Ae R, Nakamura Y, Tada H, Kono Y, Matsui E, Itabashi K, Ogawa M, Sasahara T, Matsubara Y, Kojo T, Kotani K, Makino N, Aoyama Y, Sano T, Kosami K, Yamashita M, Oka A. An 18-Year Follow-up Survey of Dioxin Levels in Human Milk in Japan. J Epidemiol 2018; 28:300-306. [PMID: 29353865 PMCID: PMC5976874 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20170032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, few published studies have tracked the temporal trend of dioxin levels in the human body since 2000. This study describes the annual trend of dioxin levels in human breast milk in Japanese mothers from 1998 through 2015. Methods An observational study was conducted from 1998 through 2015. Participants were 1,194 healthy mothers following their first delivery who were recruited annually in Japan. Breast milk samples obtained from participants were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for dioxins, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Results Mean age was 29.5 years, and 53% of participants were 20–25 years old. A declining trend in total dioxin levels was found, from a peak of 20.8 pg toxic equivalence (TEQ)/g fat in 1998 to 7.2 pg TEQ/g fat in 2014. Data from the last 5 years of the study indicated a plateau at minimal levels. In contrast, an increasing trend was found in the mean age of participants during the last 5 years. Although significantly higher dioxin levels were observed in samples from older participants, an upward trend in dioxin levels was not observed, indicating that dietary and environmental exposure to dioxins had greatly diminished in recent years. Conclusions Dioxin levels in human breast milk may be approaching a minimum in recent years in Japan. The findings may contribute to global reference levels for environmental pollution of dioxins, which remains a problem for many developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Ae
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University.,Health Service Center, Jichi Medical University
| | - Yosikazu Nakamura
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Hiroshi Tada
- Department of Neonatology, Toho University School of Medicine
| | - Yumi Kono
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University
| | - Eiko Matsui
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University
| | | | | | | | - Yuri Matsubara
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Takao Kojo
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Nobuko Makino
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Yasuko Aoyama
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Takashi Sano
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Koki Kosami
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Maho Yamashita
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Akira Oka
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo University
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12
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Nakatani T, Yamano T. Polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxin-like coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in mackerel obtained from the Japanese market, 1999–2003. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1562-1572. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1336285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakatani
- Food Chemistry Section 2, Division of Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Testuo Yamano
- Food Chemistry Section 2, Division of Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Uekusa Y, Takatsuki S, Tsutsumi T, Akiyama H, Matsuda R, Teshima R, Hachisuka A, Watanabe T. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in marine fish obtained from tsunami-stricken areas of Japan. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174961. [PMID: 28376117 PMCID: PMC5380342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in 101 marine fish obtained from tsunami-stricken areas following the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. In particular, to determine the degree of PCB contamination in the fish, we investigated the concentration of total PCB (∑PCB) and the proportions of 209 individual PCB congeners by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. The ∑PCB concentration was 1.7–33 ng/g in fat greenling (n = 29), 0.44–25 ng/g in flounder (n = 36), and 1.6–86 ng/g in mackerel (n = 36), all values being much lower than the provisional regulatory limit in Japan. In the congener analysis, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and hepta-chlorinated PCB congeners dominated in all samples (comprising over 86% of the ∑PCB). The proportions of the chlorinated PCB congeners were similar to the contamination patterns derived from Kanechlor in the environment, implying that the marine fish were not contaminated with fresh PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Uekusa
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: ,
| | | | - Tomoaki Tsutsumi
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akiyama
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Matsuda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Teshima
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Hachisuka
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Wang L, Ding G, Zhou Z, Liu X, Wang Y, Xie HQ, Xu T, Wang P, Zhao B. Patterns and dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in food products in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 51:165-172. [PMID: 28115127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The health risk of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) to human being should be assessed regularly. To evaluate the contamination levels in various food products in the Chinese market and to assess the dietary exposure of the Chinese population, 11 varieties of food groups totaling 634 samples including beef and mutton, chicken and duck, pork, fish and seafood, milk and dairy products were evaluated. The average concentrations of PCDD/Fs in all groups ranged from 0.291 to 8.468pg/g whole weight (w.w.). The average toxic equivalency concentrations were from 0.012pg TEQ/g w.w. for cereal to 0.367pg TEQ/g fat for marine oil. OCDD and 2,3,7,8-TCDF were the dominant congeners in foodstuffs. The dietary estimated mean intake for the Chinese rural and urban populations were 0.656 and 0.514pg TEQ/kg body weight/day, respectively, however, the cereal group exposure were higher to the estimate daily intake and contributed 81% for rural and 48% for urban population, followed by fish and seafood which contributed 4% and 16% to the estimate daily intake. The estimated dietary intakes were compared with the toxicological reference values and showed that both rural and urban populations were well below those values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Gangdou Ding
- Dioxin Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Comprehensive Test Center, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Dioxin Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Comprehensive Test Center, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Yixiao Wang
- Dioxin Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Comprehensive Test Center, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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15
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Kobayashi S, Sata F, Miyashita C, Sasaki S, Ban S, Araki A, Goudarzi H, Kajiwara J, Todaka T, Kishi R. Dioxin-metabolizing genes in relation to effects of prenatal dioxin levels and reduced birth size: The Hokkaido study. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 67:111-116. [PMID: 27939992 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of maternal polymorphisms in 3 genes encoding dioxin-metabolizing enzymes in relation to prenatal dioxin levels on infant birth size in Japan. METHODS We examined the relationship between dioxin exposure and birth size in relation to the polymorphisms in the genes encoding aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR [G>A, Arg554Lys]), cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 (T6235C), and glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1; Non-null/null) in 421 participants using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS In mothers carrying the GSTM1 null genotype, a ten-fold increase in total dioxin toxic equivalency was correlated with a decrease in birth weight of -345g (95% confidence interval: -584, -105). CONCLUSIONS We observed adverse effects of maternal GSTM1 null genotype on birth weight in the presence of dioxins exposure during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sata
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Health Center, Chuo University, 42-8, Ichigaya-Hommura-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8473, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Susumu Ban
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3, Minami-Tamagaki-cho, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Houman Goudarzi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Jumboku Kajiwara
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Mukaizano 39, Dazaifu 818-0135, Japan
| | - Takashi Todaka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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16
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Miranda DA, Yogui GT. Polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in king mackerel caught off the coast of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil: Occurrence, contaminant profile, biological parameters and human intake. Sci Total Environ 2016; 569-570:1510-1516. [PMID: 27392580 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants such as PCBs and DDTs are ubiquitous worldwide. Their lipophilic nature facilitates accumulation in fish tissues. This study investigated 182 PCB congeners and 14 organochlorine pesticides (DDTs, HCHs, chlordanes, heptachlor and mirex) in muscle and liver of king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) caught off the northeastern coast of Brazil. Concentration of PCBs, DDTs and chlordanes in muscle averaged 31.5, 4.70 and 0.15ngg(-1) dry weight (dw), respectively. Mean levels of the same contaminants in liver were 145, 18.7 and 1.11ngg(-1) dw, respectively. HCHs, heptachlor and mirex were not detected in the samples. The metabolite p,p'-DDE dominated the composition of DDTs in both muscle and liver. However, a clear shift was observed in the proportions of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDD when comparing both tissues, suggesting metabolism in the liver. The PCBs profile revealed a depletion in mono- through tetra-CBs and an enrichment in penta- through deca-CBs. Biological parameters such as sex, maturity stage, age, body weight and total length did not influence contaminant levels in tissues. Dietary risk assessment indicated that S. cavalla from the northeastern coast of Brazil does not pose a health risk for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele A Miranda
- Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura s/n, Recife, PE CEP: 50740-550, Brazil.
| | - Gilvan T Yogui
- Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura s/n, Recife, PE CEP: 50740-550, Brazil
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17
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Mumtaz M, Mehmood A, Qadir A, Mahmood A, Malik RN, Sabir AM, Li J, Zhang G. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in rice grains and straw; risk surveillance, congener specific analysis, distribution and source apportionment from selected districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 2016; 543:620-627. [PMID: 26613515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents health risk surveillance by investigating the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains and rice straw. Samples were collected from four districts (Okara, Sahiwal, Lahore and Sheikhpura) of Punjab Province, Pakistan for congener specific analysis of PCBs, and to observe the spatial distribution pattern and point sources. Level of Σ30 PCB (ng g(-1)) in rice grains and rice straw ranged from 4.31 to 29.68 and 6.11-25.35, respectively. Tetra-CBs were found predominant in rice straw (49%) and grains (38%) over other PCB homologs. No significant variation (P>0.005) was observed for most of the screened PCBs congeners except, PCB-66, -77, -60, -101, -74, -138, -153 and -105 in rice grains and PCB-66 in rice straw. Reported toxicity equivalency (TEQ) values for dioxin like PCBs in rice grains were found lower than the previously published reports from Asian countries, however higher TEQ values are reported for rice straw in this study. Health was found at risk of cancer among one in million by consumption of the study area food stuffs, though no considerable carcinogenic risks to human health was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Andleeb Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJ&K, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad PO: 45550, Pakistan; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environment Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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18
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Robinson T, Ali U, Mahmood A, Chaudhry MJI, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC, Malik RN. Concentrations and patterns of organochlorines (OCs) in various fish species from the Indus River, Pakistan: A human health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2016; 541:1232-1242. [PMID: 26476063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to reveal the concentrations and patterns of organochlorines [i.e., organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] in freshwater fish species collected from four ecologically important sites of the Indus River i.e., Taunsa (TAU), Rahim Yar Khan (RYK), Guddu (GUD) and Sukkur (SUK). In the fish muscle tissues, concentrations of 15 OCPs (∑15OCPs) and 29 PCBs (∑29PCBs) varied between 1.93-61.9 and 0.81-44.2 ng/g wet weight (ww), respectively. Overall, the rank order of OCs was DDTs>PCBs>hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs)>chlordanes (CHLs). The patterns of PCBs showed maximum contribution of tri-CBs (59%). Ratios of individual HCH and DDT analytes contributing to the summed values indicated both recent and past use of these chemicals in the region, depending upon fish species. To assess the associated health risks, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were calculated through hazard ratios (HRs). For carcinogenic risk, HR was >1 at both 50th and 95th percentile concentrations, suggesting that the daily exposure to OCPs and PCBs yields a lifetime cancer risk of 1 in a million. HR for non-cancerous risk was <1 at both the percentiles, signifying no adverse effect by OCs exposure in native population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timmer Robinson
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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19
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Pizarro-Aránguiz N, Galbán-Malagón CJ, Ruiz-Rudolph P, Araya-Jordan C, Maddaleno A, San Martin B. Occurrence, variability and human exposure to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in dairy products from Chile during the 2011-2013 survey. Chemosphere 2015; 126:78-87. [PMID: 25592463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Levels, congener profiles of PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs and human exposure for these xenobiotics never have been reported in Chile. For that purpose 102 raw cow milk samples were collected from seven different regions of Chile during 2011 until 2013. The highest mean level for PCDD/Fs, corresponds to 0.32 pg WHO-TEQ2005 g(-1) fat (2012) and for DL-PCBs 0.17 pg WHO-TEQ2005 g(-1) fat (2011), using the upper bound approach. Penta and tetra chlorinated congeners dominated PCDD/Fs profiles in a WHO-TEQ2005 basis during the survey. In the case of DL-PCBs, PCB 126 dominated the profiles with 89%. Statistical analysis showed significant difference among years only in DL-PCBs residues. Also dietary intake was estimated, and the highest level for total sum of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs for adult was 0.16 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1) b.w d(-1) (2011) and for children correspond to 0.65 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1) b.wd(-1) (2011). Concentrations and dietary intake for the studied compounds in milk and butter samples were below international and national regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pizarro-Aránguiz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - C J Galbán-Malagón
- Sustainability Research Centre, Ecology and Natural Resources Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Ruiz-Rudolph
- School of Public Health, Medicine Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Araya-Jordan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - A Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - B San Martin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile
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Chitrala KN, Yeguvapalli S. Computational prediction and analysis of breast cancer targets for 6-methyl-1, 3, 8-trichlorodibenzofuran. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109185. [PMID: 25365309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most known cancer types caused to the women around the world. Dioxins on the other hand are a wide range of chemical compounds known to cause the effects on human health. Among them, 6-Methyl-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran (MCDF) is a relatively non toxic prototypical alkyl polychlorinated dibenzofuran known to act as a highly effective agent for inhibiting hormone-responsive breast cancer growth in animal models. In this study, we have developed a multi-level computational approach to identify possible new breast cancer targets for MCDF. We used PharmMapper Server to predict breast cancer target proteins for MCDF. Search results showed crystal Structure of the Antagonist Form of Glucocorticoid Receptor with highest fit score and AutoLigand analysis showed two potential binding sites, site-A and site-B for MCDF. A molecular docking was performed on these two sites and based on binding energy site-B was selected. MD simulation studies on Glucocorticoid receptor-MCDF complex revealed that MCDF conformation was stable at site-B and the intermolecular interactions were maintained during the course of simulation. In conclusion, our approach couples reverse pharmacophore analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to identify possible new breast cancer targets for MCDF.
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Matsumoto R, Tu NPC, Haruta S, Kawano M, Takeuchi I. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations and congener composition in masu salmon from Japan: a study of all 209 PCB congeners by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Mar Pollut Bull 2014; 85:549-557. [PMID: 24820644 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We collected two subspecies of masu salmon: Oncorhynchus masou masou from four localities (southern Sea of Japan northward to Hokkaido) and O. masou ishikawae from upstream from Ise Bay close to a heavy industrial area. All 209 PCB congeners were analyzed using HRGC/HRMS. PCA ordination of congener concentrations divided data into three groups: (i) ssp. masou from Hokkaido, (ii) ssp. masou from the other regions and (iii) ssp. ishikawae. The highest ∑ PCB concentration (40.39 ng/wet wt) was in ssp. ishikawae followed by ssp. masou from southern waters; however the TEQdioxin-like PCBs was highest in ssp. masou from southern water (1.96 pg-TEQdioxin-like PCBs/g wet wt.) due to the high proportion of congener #126 in its complement (#126 has the highest toxic equivalency factor among congeners). There is likely a contamination source offshore in the southern Sea of Japan and/or along the migratory route of ssp. masou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Matsumoto
- Department of Life Environment Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nguyen Phuc Cam Tu
- Department of Life Environment Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Department of Fishery Biology and Resource Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Nong Lam University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Shinsuke Haruta
- Department of Rural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Masahide Kawano
- Department of Life Environment Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Life Environment Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan.
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Kim J, Son MH, Kim J, Suh J, Kang Y, Chang YS. Assessment of Dechlorane compounds in foodstuffs obtained from retail markets and estimates of dietary intake in Korean population. J Hazard Mater 2014; 275:19-25. [PMID: 24835686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 175 samples, composed of 35 different foodstuffs, were obtained from retail markets in Korea and analyzed to investigate the contamination status and dietary intake of Dechlorane compounds. The concentrations of Dechlorane Plus (DP), mirex, Dechlorane (Dec) 602 and 603 ranged from ND to 169.85 pg/g wet weight (ww), 107.30 pg/g ww, 20.81 pg/g ww, 0.41 pg/g ww, respectively, while Dechlorane (Dec) 604 was not detected in any samples. Strong correlations between anti- and syn-DP and between mirex and Dec 602 were observed. The average anti-isomer fractional abundance (fanti) was 0.78±0.11 which was larger than the technical DP value (fanti=0.75). The estimated dietary daily intake of DP, 11.2×10(3) pg/day, was one to three orders of magnitude higher than other Dechloranes. Grain was the most contributed food group to dietary daily intake of DP for Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongchul Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hui Son
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Juntae Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyuck Suh
- Food Contaminants Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwoon Kang
- Food Contaminants Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Zhao Z, Zhang L, Cai Y, Chen Y. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues in several tissues of edible fishes from the largest freshwater lake in China, Poyang Lake, and associated human health risk assessment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2014; 104:323-31. [PMID: 24732028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The residual levels, tissue distribution and human health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible fishes, bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), from the largest freshwater lake in China, Poyang Lake, were studied. PAH concentrations ranged from 105 to 513ng g(-1)ww and from 53.9 to 401ng g(-1)ww in different tissues of bighead carp and silver carp, respectively. Low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were the predominant compounds, suggesting the gill-water transfer might be the major exposure route for PAHs in the studied fish species. Tissue distribution indicated that the hepatobiliary system accumulated higher concentrations of PAHs than the extrahepatic tissues with bile being the most predominant tissue for both species. Composition analysis demonstrated that PAHs were from the combined petrogenic and pyrogenic origin, and the gasoline combustion might be the main source. A preliminary evaluation of human health risk using benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) potency equivalent concentration (PEC) as well as the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) indicated that PAHs in fish would induce potential carcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Research, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Research, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Yongjiu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Research, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Research, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Mahmood A, Malik RN, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC. PCNs (polychlorinated napthalenes): dietary exposure via cereal crops, distribution and screening-level risk assessment in wheat, rice, soil and air along two tributaries of the River Chenab, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 2014; 481:409-417. [PMID: 24607633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of scientific literature regarding the bioaccumulation, dietary and toxicity exposure of PCN via food crops. The current study presents the information of dietary intake, distribution pattern and screening level risk assessment of PCN in wheat, rice, soil and air along upstream feeding tributaries of the River Chenab, Punjab Province, Pakistan. A total six air and twenty eight of soil, wheat and rice samples were collected during Jan, 2013 to June, 2013 to analyze the thirty nine PCN congeners. ∑39PCN concentrations were ranged between 0.02 and 0.21 ng g(-1) dw, 0.02-1.21 ng g(-1) dw, 24.6-233 ng g(-1) dw and 1,222-5,052 pg m(-3) in wheat, rice, soil and air samples, respectively. In this study soil exhibited higher TEQ values while in case of air, wheat and rice TEQ concentrations were in accordance with the previously reported pattern from other parts of the world. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of ∑39PCN through consumption of wheat and rice was estimated as 0.21 ng kg(-1) (body weight)day(-1) and 0.03 ng kg(-1) (body weight)day(-1), respectively. This is the first report of PCN dietary intake and screening-level risk assessment by consumption of cereal crops from Pakistan. The results of dietary and toxicity exposure of PCN warrant auxiliary devotion in future, to this group of contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Mahmood
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Fernández-González R, Yebra-Pimentel I, Martínez-Carballo E, Simal-Gándara J. A Critical Review about Human Exposure to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs), Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) through Foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 55:1590-617. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.710279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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26
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Man YB, Chan JKY, Wu SC, Wong CKC, Wong MH. Dietary exposure to DDTs in two coastal cities and an inland city in China. Sci Total Environ 2013; 463-464:264-273. [PMID: 23820007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intakes of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs) of residents from two coastal cities: Guiyu (GY) and Taizhou (TZ) and one inland city: Lin'an (HZ) were investigated by collecting 73 food items (divided into 9 food groups). The oriental weatherfish and white crab (both from TZ) contained higher DDTs (112±1.81 and 70.1±1.81 ng/g wet wt, respectively) than the maximum admissible concentration (50 ng/g wet wt) set by the European Union for human consumption. Furthermore, 40% of TZ seafood, 56% of GY and 30% of HZ freshwater fish exceeded the guideline for subsistence fish eaters for DDTs (14.4 ng/g wet wt) defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The estimated daily intakes of DDTs for TZ (52.1 ng/kg bw/day) and GZ (31.5 ng/kg bw/day) were significantly higher than for HZ (13.0 ng/g wet wt, p<0.05), these values were below the US EPA oral reference dose (500 ng/kg bw/day) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization provisional tolerable daily intake (10,000 ng/kg bw/day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bon Man
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution - Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, PR China
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Rauscher-Gabernig E, Mischek D, Moche W, Prean M. Dietary intake of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in Austria. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1770-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.814169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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28
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Chan JKY, Wong MH. A review of environmental fate, body burdens, and human health risk assessment of PCDD/Fs at two typical electronic waste recycling sites in China. Sci Total Environ 2013; 463-464:1111-23. [PMID: 22925483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in different environmental media, human body burdens and health risk assessment results at e-waste recycling sites in China. To provide an indication of the seriousness of the pollution levels in the e-waste recycling sites in China, the data are compared with guidelines and available existing data for other areas. The comparison clearly shows that PCDD/Fs derived from the recycling processes lead to serious pollution in different environmental compartments (such as air, soil, sediment, dust and biota) and heavy body burdens. Of all kinds of e-waste recycling operations, open burning of e-waste and acid leaching activities are identified as the major sources of PCDD/Fs. Deriving from the published data, the estimated total exposure doses via dietary intake, inhalation, soil/dust ingestion and dermal contact are calculated for adults, children and breast-fed infants living in two major e-waste processing locations in China. The values ranged from 5.59 to 105.16 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw/day, exceeding the tolerable daily intakes recommended by the WHO (1-4 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw/day). Dietary intake is the most important exposure route for infants, children and adults living in these sites, contributing 60-99% of the total intakes. Inhalation is the second major exposure route, accounted for 12-30% of the total exposure doses of children and adults. In order to protect the environment and human health, there is an urgent need to control and monitor the informal e-waste recycling operations. Knowledge gaps, such as comprehensive dietary exposure data, epidemiological and clinical studies, body burdens of infants and children, and kinetics about PCDD/Fs partitions among different human tissues should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Kit Yan Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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Chan JKY, Man YB, Xing GH, Wu SC, Murphy MB, Xu Y, Wong MH. Dietary exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans via fish consumption and dioxin-like activity in fish determined by H4IIE-luc bioassay. Sci Total Environ 2013; 463-464:1192-1200. [PMID: 22959899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) via fish consumption in two major electronic (e) waste sites: Guiyu (GY), Guangdong Province and Taizhou (TZ), Zhejiang Province, and dioxin-like activity in fish determined by H4IIE-luc bioassay. In the present study, all fish were below EU's maximum allowable concentration in muscle of fish (4 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet wt), except crucian (4.28 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet wt) and silver carps (7.49 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet wt) collected from GY rivers. Moreover, the residual concentration in bighead carp collected from GY (2.15 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet wt) was close to the EU's action level (3 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet wt) which gives "early warning" to the competent authorities and operators to take measures to eliminate contamination. In addition, results indicated that the maximum human intake of PCDD/Fs via freshwater fish consumption in GY was 4.31 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw/day, which exceeds the higher end of the tolerable daily intake recommended by the WHO, EC-SCF and JECFA (1-4, 2 and 2.3 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw/day respectively). Furthermore, H4IIE-luc cell bioassay provides a very sensitive and cost-efficient screening tool for assessing the overall dioxin-like toxicity in the study, and is therefore valuable for high-throughput environmental monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Kit Yan Chan
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, PR China
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30
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Wang WX, Zhang Q. Dioxin and phthalate uptake and assimilation by the green mussel Perna viridis. Environ Pollut 2013; 178:455-462. [PMID: 23628239 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the aqueous uptake and dietary assimilation (trophic transfer) of two endocrine disrupting compounds (dioxin and phathalic acid) in the green mussel Perna viridis were quantified. During short-term exposure period, dioxin rapidly sorbed onto phytoplankton and its accumulation was much higher than that of phthalate. The uptake of these two compounds by the mussels increased with increasing temperature and salinity (for dioxin only). The dietary assimilation of the two contaminants was rather modest (10-64% for dioxin and 20-47% for phthalate), and was greatly dependent on the food species and concentration. Interestingly, dietary assimilation increased with increasing diatom food concentration. Gut passage time was partially responsible for the variable dietary assimilation. Given the high dissolved uptake rate and the modest dietary assimilation, aqueous exposure was predicted to be the dominant bioaccumulation source for both dioxin and phthalate in the green mussels under most conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiong Wang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Watanabe MX, Kunisue T, Ueda N, Nose M, Tanabe S, Iwata H. Toxicokinetics of dioxins and other organochlorine compounds in Japanese people: association with hepatic CYP1A2 expression levels. Environ Int 2013; 53:53-61. [PMID: 23333656 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of persistent organochlorine compounds (OCs) including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the liver and adipose tissue of Japanese cadavers were measured, and their toxicokinetics were examined in association with hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A protein expression levels. Total 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQs) were 66±74 and 65±57 pg/g lipid weight (mean±S.D.) in the liver and adipose tissue, respectively. Total PCBs (sum of 62 congeners targeted), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) were detected at concentrations over 1 μg/g lipid in both tissues of some specimens. For most of the dioxin-like congeners, total PCBs, p,p'-DDE, oxychlordane, α- and β-HCH, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (TCPMe), age-dependent increases in concentrations were found in the adipose tissue of males. No such age-dependent trend was observed in the liver, suggesting that there are different mechanisms underlying the hepatic concentrations of OCs. Immunoblot analyses indicated detectable expression of hepatic CYP1A2 protein, whereas no CYP1A1 protein was detected. The CYP1A2 expression levels were positively correlated with concentrations (on wet weight basis) of 2,3,4,7,8-P₅CDF, the dominant TEQ-contributed congeners in the liver, indicating the induction of this CYP. Hepatic CYP1A2 protein levels were strongly correlated with the liver to adipose concentration (L/A) ratios of PCDD/F congeners with more than 5 chlorine atoms. Together with higher concentrations of the congeners in the liver than in the adipose tissue, the observation on L/A ratios of highly chlorinated PCDD/Fs suggests that induced hepatic CYP1A2 protein is involved in their sequestration in this human population, as observed in model animals (rodents). Nonetheless, the magnitude of hepatic sequestration (L/A ratio) of PCDD/Fs in this human population was lower than in other mammals and birds, reported previously. This study emphasizes the fact that toxicokinetics of some OCs can be affected at least partly by CYP1A2 protein levels in humans. For the extrapolation of their toxicokinetics from model animals to humans, knowledge on the induction and sequestration potencies of CYP1A is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio X Watanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies-CMES, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Abstract
Marine debris, especially plastic debris, is widely recognized as a global environmental problem. There has been substantial research on the impacts of plastic marine debris, such as entanglement and ingestion. These impacts are largely due to the physical presence of plastic debris. In recent years there has been an increasing focus on the impacts of toxic chemicals as they relate to plastic debris. Some plastic debris acts as a source of toxic chemicals: substances that were added to the plastic during manufacturing leach from plastic debris. Plastic debris also acts as a sink for toxic chemicals. Plastic sorbs persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances (PBTs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, from the water or sediment. These PBTs may desorb when the plastic is ingested by any of a variety of marine species. This broad look at the current research suggests that while there is significant uncertainty and complexity in the kinetics and thermodynamics of the interaction, plastic debris appears to act as a vector transferring PBTs from the water to the food web, increasing risk throughout the marine food web, including humans. Because of the extremely long lifetime of plastic and PBTs in the ocean, prevention strategies are vital to minimizing these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Engler
- Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
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33
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Nakamoto M, Arisawa K, Uemura H, Katsuura S, Takami H, Sawachika F, Yamaguchi M, Juta T, Sakai T, Toda E, Mori K, Hasegawa M, Tanto M, Shima M, Sumiyoshi Y, Morinaga K, Kodama K, Suzuki T, Nagai M, Satoh H. Association between blood levels of PCDDs/PCDFs/dioxin-like PCBs and history of allergic and other diseases in the Japanese population. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012; 86:849-59. [PMID: 23014754 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-012-0819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies reported that exposure to dioxins was associated with an increased risk of various diseases in general populations. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the association between levels of dioxins in blood and allergic and other diseases. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study on 1,063 men and 1,201 women (aged 15-76 years), who were living throughout Japan and not occupationally exposed to dioxins, during 2002-2010. In fasting blood samples, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) were analyzed by isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We obtained information on life style and self-reported history of diseases using a questionnaire. Blood pressure, blood levels of hemoglobin A1c, and serum lipids were also measured. Multiple logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between dioxin levels in blood and various diseases. RESULTS Toxic equivalents of PCDDs/PCDFs and total dioxins showed significant inverse dose-response relationships with atopic dermatitis, after adjustments for potential confounders. The highest quartile for total dioxins had an adjusted odds ratio of 0.26 (95 % confidence interval 0.08-0.70) compared to the reference group (first quartile). The odds ratios for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, gout in men, and gynecologic diseases in women significantly increased with increasing toxic equivalents of PCDDs/PCDFs, DL-PCBs, and total dioxins in blood. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that background exposure to dioxins was associated with reduced risk of atopic dermatitis. The results also support the idea that low-level exposure to dioxins is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nakamoto
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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Kohda N, Inoue S, Noda T, Saito T. Effects of a chitosan intake on the fecal excretion of dioxins and fat in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1544-8. [PMID: 22878204 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of the intake of various dietary fibers on the fecal excretion of dioxins in rats. The rats were fed five types of dietary fiber diets, including a chitosan diet and control diet, for 20 d and then dioxins (120 ng/rat) were orally administered on day 15. The excretion of fecal dioxins was significantly higher in the chitosan group than in the control group, and dioxin excretion was positively correlated with fecal fat excretion. A comparison of the different types of chitosan showed that the efficacy of chitosan for fecal fat excretion was partly related to its viscosity. The chitosan intake promoted fecal dioxin excretion when the rats were exposed to highly toxic dioxins, and this excretion of fecal dioxins was related to the fecal fat excretion, suggesting that chitosan might be useful for reducing the adverse effects caused by lipophilic xenobiotics.
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Su G, Liu X, Gao Z, Xian Q, Feng J, Zhang X, Giesy JP, Wei S, Liu H, Yu H. Dietary intake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from fish and meat by residents of Nanjing, China. Environ Int 2012; 42:138-143. [PMID: 21764134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 14 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) and 28 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congers were measured in 137 samples of fish and meat from Nanjing, a city in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Total concentrations of PBDEs were less in fish (mean of 180 pg/g ww; range 8.0-1100 pg/g ww), but more in non fish foods (mean of 180 pg/g ww; range 15-950 pg/g ww) than those reported from other countries. The total dietary intake of PBDEs and PCBs by humans were 9.9 ng PBDE/d and 870 ng PCB/d, respectively. The daily intake by a 60 kg adult of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQ(WHO)) from PCBs was estimated to be 49 pg (PCB)TEQ(WHO)/d (0.82 pg (PCB)TEQ(WHO)/kg bw), which is less than the tolerable daily intake suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). The daily intake of meat and fish accounted for 57.2% and 42.8% of the total intake of (PCB)TEQ(WHO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a group of chemical substances that have the common properties of resistance to biodegradation, wide-range transportation, high lipophilicity, bioaccumulation in fat, and biomagnification in the food chain. POPs are persistent in the environment worldwide and have potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are well known chemicals that are considered as POPs. The association between high-level exposure to dioxins and type 2 diabetes among U.S. Air Force veterans who had been exposed to Agent Orange contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) during the Vietnam War was reported in the late 1990s. This association has been supported by similar epidemiologic studies, whose subjects were exposed to high doses of dioxins in their places of work involving phenoxyacid herbicide production and spraying, and in the industrial accident in Seveso, Italy. Recently, low-level exposure to dioxins and PCBs has been reported to be linked to type 2 diabetes. Cross-sectional studies in the U.S. general population and Japanese general population showed that body burden levels of some dioxins and PCBs were strongly associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Very recently, following these cross-sectional studies, several prospective studies have suggested that low-level exposure to some PCBs predicted the future risk of type 2 diabetes in the general population. Environmental exposure to some dioxins and PCBs, which mainly accumulate in adipose tissue, may play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Uemura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan.
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Tsukimori K, Uchi H, Mitoma C, Yasukawa F, Chiba T, Todaka T, Kajiwara J, Yoshimura T, Hirata T, Fukushima K, Wake N, Furue M. Maternal exposure to high levels of dioxins in relation to birth weight in women affected by Yusho disease. Environ Int 2012; 38:79-86. [PMID: 21982037 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the association of maternal exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with decreased birth weight in humans have produced conflicting results. In Japan in 1968, an accidental human exposure to rice oil contaminated with PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs, led to the development of Yusho disease. OBJECTIVE The Yusho cohort was used to evaluate the effect of maternal exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs on birth weight. METHODS Blood samples, obtained from 101 Yusho women (190 births) who gave birth after exposure, were analyzed for congeners of seven PCDDs, ten PCDFs, and four non-ortho PCBs. RESULTS Total PCDD TEQ (adjusted beta=-161.9g; 95% CI, -265.3 to -58.6), total PCDF TEQ (adjusted beta=-105.9g; 95% CI, -179.5 to -32.2), and total non-ortho PCBs (adjusted beta=-178.4g; 95% CI, -318.3 to -38.5) levels were inversely associated with birth weight. Significant inverse associations with birth weight were also found for total PCDD TEQ, total PCDF TEQ, and total non-ortho PCB TEQ levels among male, but not female, infants. Significant inverse associations with birth weight were also found for nine congeners among all infants; the adjusted beta coefficients were largest for 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD and smallest for 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. CONCLUSION In the setting of exposure to high levels of dioxins, maternal blood levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs are associated with lower birth weight in Yusho patients. The association exhibited gender-specific differences, as male infants are more susceptible than females to growth restriction induced by in utero dioxin exposures.
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Fernandes AR, Rose M, Mortimer D, Carr M, Panton S, Smith F. Mixed brominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls: Simultaneous congener-selective determination in food. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9279-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang Q, Yang L, Wang WX. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of dioxins in marine copepods and fish. Environ Pollut 2011; 159:3390-3397. [PMID: 21906859 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great concerns about dioxins in the marine environments, the biokinetics and bioaccumulation of these compounds in marine organisms remains little known. Using radioactive tracers the aqueous uptake, dietary assimilation efficiency, and elimination of dioxins were measured in marine phytoplankton, copepods and seabream. The calculated uptake rate constant of dioxins decreased with increasing trophic levels, whereas the dietary assimilation efficiency (AE) was 28.5-57.6% in the copepods and 36.6-70.2% in the fish. The dietary AE was highly dependent on the food concentrations and food type. The elimination rate constant of dioxin in the copepods varied with different exposure pathways as well as food concentration and food type. Biokinetic calculation showed that dietary accumulation was the predominant pathway for dioxin accumulation in marine copepods and fish. Aqueous uptake can be an important pathway only when the bioconcentration of dioxins in the phytoplankton was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Song Y, Wu N, Han J, Shen H, Tan Y, Ding G, Xiang J, Tao H, Jin S. Levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in selected foods and estimated dietary intake for the local residents of Luqiao and Yuhang in Zhejiang, China. Chemosphere 2011; 85:329-334. [PMID: 21788061 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) were measured by high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS) in six food groups from Luqiao (LQ) where the e-waste has been recycled and from Yuhang (YH) where the agriculture dominates in Zhejiang Province in China. The total WHO-TEQ values of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in selected foods from LQ were significantly much higher than those from YH. The highest level of the total WHO-TEQ was in crucian carp (10.87 pg g(-1) w.w.) followed by duck (3.77 pg g(-1) w.w.), hen eggs (2.80 pg g(-1) w.w.), chicken (2.43 pg g(-1) w.w.), rice (0.08 pg g(-1) w.w.) and vegetables (0.022 pg g(-1) w.w.) in LQ. By contrast, the highest levels were measured in duck (0.74 pg g(-1) w.w.) followed by hen eggs (0.69 pg g(-1) w.w.), crucian carp (0.55 pg g(-1) w.w.), chicken (0.44 pg g(-1) w.w.), vegetables (0.002 pg g(-1) w.w.) and rice (0.0002 pg g(-1) w.w.) in YH, respectively. The monthly intake of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs for the local residents was 401.75 pg WHO-TEQ g(-1) w.w. in LQ, which is above the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). We determined a monthly intake of 37.13 pg WHO-TEQ g(-1)w.w. in YH, which is below the PTMI. Crucian carp was the predominant contributor to the estimated monthly intake (EMI), accounting for 67.74% and 36.51% in LQ and YH, respectively. High levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in selected foods indicate severe contamination of these pollutants in the e-waste recycling site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 182 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310013, China.
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Storelli MM, Barone G, Perrone VG, Giacominelli-stuffler R. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs): Occurrence in fishery products and dietary intake. Food Chem 2011; 127:1648-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Amakura Y, Tsutsumi T, Nakamura M, Handa H, Yoshimura M, Matsuda R, Yoshida T. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand activity of commercial health foods. Food Chem 2011; 126:1515-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kojima H, Takeuchi S, Tsutsumi T, Yamaguchi K, Anezaki K, Kubo K, Iida M, Takahashi T, Kobayashi S, Jin K, Nagai T. Determination of dioxin concentrations in fish and seafood samples using a highly sensitive reporter cell line, DR-EcoScreen cells. Chemosphere 2011; 83:753-759. [PMID: 21453954 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong need for the development of relatively rapid and low-cost bioassays for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in environmental and food samples. In this study, we applied a reporter gene assay using DR-EcoScreen cells (DR-cell assay), which is highly sensitive to dioxins, to the determination of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in fish and seafood samples. The PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs were extracted from homogenated samples (10 g) of 30 fish and shellfish, purified by clean-up procedure using a multilayered silica gel column and an alumina column, and applied to DR-cell assay. Interestingly, the bioanalytical equivalent (BEQ) values obtained from the DR-cell assay [<0.1∼5.4 pg BEQ g(-1) wet weight (ww)] were closely correlated with the toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values from conventional high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS) analysis (r(2)=0.912), and the slope of regression line was 0.913. Therefore, we multiplied the BEQ values from the DR-cell assay by a conversion coefficient (1.095, the reciprocal of 0.913) to approximate the TEQ values from the HRGC-HRMS analysis. Furthermore, we used this DR-cell assay to perform a prescreening test of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in 16 fish and seafood samples purchased from a supermarket, revealing that a sample from the fatty flesh of a bluefin tuna exceeded 8 pg TEQ g(-1)ww (the European Union-tolerance limit). Taken together, these results suggest that the DR-cell assay might be applicable as a rapid and low-cost prescreening method to determine dioxin levels in fish and seafood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kojima
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Kita-19, Nishi-12, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
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Nakatani T, Yamamoto A, Ogaki S. A survey of dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls from food during 2000-2002 in Osaka City, Japan. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2011; 60:543-555. [PMID: 20589371 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs), collectively referred as dioxins, were conducted using the total diet study (TDS) method with food purchased in Osaka City, Japan during 2000-2002. The daily intake of dioxin-TEQ (toxic equivalent) from food per adult person was estimated respectively as 104.24 pg TEQ/person/day in 2000, 72.73 pg TEQ/person/day in 2001, and 87.28 pg TEQ/person/day in 2002, corresponding to 2.08, 1.45, and 1.74 pg TEQ/kg body weight (bw)/day for an adult weighing 50 kg. The highest contribution ratio to the total intake of dioxin-TEQ was from fish and shellfish (group 10) in each year, accounting for 77-92%. The next highest contributor was meat and eggs (groups 11-A and 11-B). An annual decrease of the intake of dioxin-TEQ was not observed clearly. Otherwise, the dietary intake of non-2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs/PCDFs were estimated together. The intake of 1,3,6,8-TeCDD came mostly from intake of fish and shellfish (group 10), green vegetable (group 7), and the other vegetables, including mushrooms and seaweed (group 8). In addition, the intake of 1,3,6,8-TeCDF, which reportedly antagonizes 2,3,7,8-TeCDD-mediated aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) induction activities, was an insufficient amount to suppress 2,3,7,8-TeCDD-mediated activities. Furthermore, we discussed different TEQ compositions of PCDDs/PCDFs to dioxin-like PCBs from food intake and in human samples and inferred that the difference was caused by low bioaccumulation properties of 3,3',4,4',5-PeCB (PCB 126).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakatani
- Department of Food and Health Science, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 8-34, Osaka 543-0026, Japan.
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Takekuma M, Saito K, Falandysz J, Nakazawa H. Ratio variation of congener profiles of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in human milk during lactation. Sci Total Environ 2011; 409:1368-1377. [PMID: 21277613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the compositional variations, changes in concentrations and contribution of particular congeners of PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho PCBs and mono-ortho PCBs in human milk from two mothers sampled during the 12-month lactation period. Total PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB concentration in milk sampled from the primiparous mother on day 5 after delivery was 37 pg TEQ/g fat, and this value decreased significantly by 43% at 12 months. In milk sampled from the multiparous mother nursing her second child on day 5 after delivery was 12 pg TEQ/g fat, and this value decreased by 40% at 12 months. The decrease was statistically significant not for PCDD/Fs, but for dioxin-like PCBs. The ratio variance of the congener profiles of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in the milk remained similar during lactation. Moreover, the congener profiles of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in the milk showed similar percentages for both mothers independent of the lactation event and the number of previous births. The mean daily intake of dioxins by the infant nursed by the primiparous mother and the infant nursed by the multiparous mother up to six months of age was 140 and 46 pg TEQ/kg body weight, respectively. From seven to twelve months of age, the mean daily intake was 37 and 13 pg TEQ/kg body weight, respectively. Both values decreased by approximately 70%. The reasons why the mothers' body burden of dioxins decreased by breastfeeding and why the infants' daily intake of human milk per body weight decreased as the infant grows older consequently decreased were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Takekuma
- Biological Effect Research Group, Saitama Institute of Public Health, 639-1 Kamiokubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-0824, Japan.
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Kawakami H, Amakura Y, Tsutsumi T, Sasaki K, Iketsu A, Inasaki M, Kubota E, Toyoda M. [Correlation of fat content and dioxins, total mercury and methyl mercury levels in tuna]. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2011; 51:258-63. [PMID: 21071911 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.51.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the concentrations of mercury and dioxins in tuna with various fat contents (akami; the leaner meat, Chutoro; the belly area of the tuna along the side of the fish between the akami and the otoro. Otoro; the fattiest portion of the tuna) in wild and farmed bluefin tuna and farmed southern bluefin tuna. In the three kinds of tuna, average dioxins concentrations in Akami, chutoro and otoro were 1.7, 4.7 and 9.6 pg TEQ/g, respectively. The dioxins concentration in all three regions of tuna was in direct proportion to the fat content. In the farmed bluefin tuna, the dioxins concentration was almost the same as that of the wild tuna, but differed from that of the farmed southern bluefin tuna. Average total mercury concentration based on wet weight in akami was 0.42 µg/g, being higher than the values of 0.36 µg/g of chutoro and 0.31 µg/g of otoro, and in inverse proportion to the fat content. In all three regions, the total mercury concentration of the wild bluefin tuna was equal to that of the farmed tuna. The total mercury concentration in the latter was two to three times higher than that of the farmed southern bluefin tuna. If the Japanese intake is one fin of tuna (80 g) a day, the daily intake levels of dioxins and methyl mercury can be estimated as 0.48-37 pg TEQ/kg bw and 0.21-0.90 µg/kg bw, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kawakami
- Japan Frozen Foods Inspection Corporation, Yokohama Branch: 2-13-45 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Japan
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Malarvannan G, Takahashi S, Ikemoto T, Isobe T, Kunisue T, Sudaryanto A, Miyagi T, Nakamura M, Yasumura S, Tanabe S. Contamination status and spatial distribution of organochlorine compounds in fishes from Nansei Islands, Japan. Mar Pollut Bull 2011; 63:541-547. [PMID: 21353255 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two species of fishes (n=52; tilapia and mullet) from industrialized and urbanized areas of Okinawa Island (Manko-Noha river, Hija river and Shikaza river) and from a remote area of Ishigaki Island (Anparu mudflat), Japan were collected between August 2005 and July 2006, and analyzed for five organochlorine compounds (OCs), viz., DDTs, PCBs, CHLs, HCHs and HCB. Concentrations and the contamination patterns of OCs in fishes varied between locations. Considerable residue levels of OCs, especially CHLs and DDTs were found in both fishes from the main Okinawa Island. These levels were relatively higher than the reported values for seafood from Japanese coasts, indicating that even now pollution sources of these contaminants still exist in this region. On the other hand, lower concentrations of OCs were detected in fishes from Ishigaki Island waters than those of other Japanese coastal waters, suggesting that this region is less contaminated by OC contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindan Malarvannan
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Kitayama A, Arisawa K, Uemura H, Hiyoshi M, Takami H, Sawachika F, Yamaguchi M, Nakamoto M, Hasegawa M, Tanto M, Shima M, Sumiyoshi Y, Morinaga K, Kodama K, Suzuki TI, Nagai M, Satoh H. Correlations of fish intake and plasma docosahexaenoic acid levels with each congener of PCDDs/PCDFs/dioxin-like PCBs in blood from the Japanese population. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2011; 84:927-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-011-0618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Marin S, Villalba P, Diaz-Ferrero J, Font G, Yusà V. Congener profile, occurrence and estimated dietary intake of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in foods marketed in the Region of Valencia (Spain). Chemosphere 2011; 82:1253-1261. [PMID: 21216434 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
During 2006-2008, a monitoring program was conducted on 29 target compounds, including PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs, comprising 150 randomly collected individual food samples marketed in the Region of Valencia, Spain, grouped into 8 categories (vegetables, cereals, fats and oils, eggs, milk and dairy products, fish products, meat and meat products and fish oil). For PCDD/Fs, the highest frequency of detection corresponds to 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, OCDD, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF; and PCBs 118, 105 and 156 were the more frequent dl-PCBs. The food groups presenting higher contamination, expressed as toxic equivalents (WHO-TEQs), were fish oil (6.38 pg WHO-TEQ g(-1)fat), fish (1.21 pg WHO-TEQ g(-1)w.w.) and milk and dairy products (0.90 pg WHO-TEQ g(-1)fat). Of all analysed samples, only two fish oils presented levels higher than the EU limits for total WHO-TEQ. The average PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs intakes were estimated as 2.86 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)b.w.d(-1) and 4.58 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)b.w.d(-1), for adults and children, respectively, using the deterministic method for chronic exposure. The main contributors to total intake for adults were fish (59%), milk and dairy products (19%), and fat and oils (9%). The average daily intake for adults (2.86 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)b.w.d(-1)) is within range of TDI recommended by the WHO (1-4 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)b.w.d(-1)), and slightly above the TWI and PTMI adopted by SCF and JECFA respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marin
- Public Health Research Center (CSISP), 21 Avda Cataluña, 46020 Valencia, Spain
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Arisawa K, Uemura H, Hiyoshi M, Kitayama A, Takami H, Sawachika F, Nishioka Y, Hasegawa M, Tanto M, Satoh H, Shima M, Sumiyoshi Y, Morinaga K, Kodama K, Suzuki TI, Nagai M. Dietary patterns and blood levels of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs in 1656 Japanese individuals. Chemosphere 2011; 82:656-662. [PMID: 21138777 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The association between dietary patterns and blood dioxin levels has not been fully investigated. The present study population consisted of 755 men and 901 women (aged 15-73years) living in 90 different areas of 30 prefectures of Japan. Dietary habits were assessed by inquiring about the consumption frequency of 28 foods, food groups and beverages. In addition, the blood levels of 29 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (DL-PCBs) congeners were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The median total toxicity equivalent (TEQ) in the blood, which was calculated on the basis of the toxicity equivalency factors of WHO (2005), was 16 pg TEQg(-1) lipid. Principal component analysis identified five dietary patterns: Healthy diet (high intake of vegetables and fruits); Meat/High fat intake (high intake of meat, meat products, and eggs); Seafood and Alcohol (high intake of fish, shellfish, and alcoholic beverages); Miscellaneous; and Milk products and Alcohol intake (high intake of milk, Milk products, and alcoholic beverages). After adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, and smoking habits, the Seafood and Alcohol pattern scores were significantly related to higher blood levels of total TEQ and PCDDs/PCDFs/DL-PCBs, and the Milk products and Alcohol pattern scores were correlated with higher blood levels of DL-PCBs. More detailed analysis showed that the intake frequencies for alcoholic beverages and seafood were independently and positively associated with total TEQ and the TEQ of PCDFs and DL-PCBs. The association between alcoholic beverage intake and PCDDs was also significant. Analysis of dietary patterns may be useful for identifying the dietary characteristics of individuals with a high dioxin body burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokichi Arisawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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