1
|
Xing Y, Li B, He J, Hua H. Labial Gland Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes-Mediated miRNA-125b Attenuates Experimental Sjogren's Syndrome by Targeting PRDM1 and Suppressing Plasma Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:871096. [PMID: 35444638 PMCID: PMC9014006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.871096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of the prototypical chronic autoimmune disorder primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) has been thought to be B-cell-centric, based on serum autoantibodies, the increased risk of B cell lymphoma, and altered B cell subsets in patients with pSS. Over the last 10 years, therapies targeting B cells have been investigated for pSS; however, current evidence for the efficacy of B cell targeted therapies in pSS is still sparse. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) might represent a promising strategy for cell therapy of autoimmune diseases via regulation of immune cells. MSC-released exosomes carry various bioactive molecules and thus have been studied in MSC-based therapy. The newly discovered labial gland MSCs (LGMSCs) have exhibited enhanced performance. Herein, we aimed to determine the effects of LGMSC-derived exosomes (LGMSC-Exos) on the symptoms of a mouse model of pSS and their regulatory effect and mechanism on B cell subsets. In vivo, treatment of the spontaneous mouse model of pSS with LGMSC-Exos resulted in reduced inflammatory infiltration and restored saliva secretion in salivary glands. In vitro, coculture of LGMSC-Exos with peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with pSS markedly reduced the proportions of CD19+CD20-CD27+CD38+ plasma cells among peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Further investigations provided evidence that LGMSC-Exo-derived microRNA-125b affected plasma cells of pSS by directly binding to its target gene, PRDM1 (PR domain zinc finger protein 1, also known as BLIMP1), which might be developed as a target to treat pSS. Overall, these findings provided a possible exploitable therapeutic target in pSS and provide new insights into the potential therapeutic application of exosomes in pSS and other disease mediated by B-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Xing
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Boya Li
- Department of Oral Medicine, First Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Hua
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Longitudinal analysis of human humoral responses after vaccination with a live attenuated V. cholerae vaccine. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009743. [PMID: 34478460 PMCID: PMC8445443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a bacterial pathogen which causes the severe acute diarrheal disease cholera. Given that a symptomatic incident of cholera can lead to long term protection, a thorough understanding of the immune response to this pathogen is needed to identify parameters critical to the generation and durability of immunity. To approach this, we utilized a live attenuated cholera vaccine to model the response to V. cholerae infection in 12 naïve subjects. We found that this live attenuated vaccine induced durable vibriocidal antibody titers that were maintained at least one year after vaccination. Similar to what we previously reported in infected patients from Bangladesh, we found that vaccination induced plasmablast responses were primarily specific to the two immunodominant antigens lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cholera toxin (CT). Interestingly, the magnitude of the early plasmablast response at day 7 predicted the serological outcome of vaccination at day 30. However, this correlation was no longer present at later timepoints. The acute responses displayed preferential immunoglobulin isotype usage, with LPS specific cells being largely IgM or IgA producing, while cholera toxin responses were predominantly IgG. Finally, CCR9 was highly expressed on vaccine induced plasmablasts, especially on IgM and IgA producing cells, suggesting a role in migration to the gastrointestinal tract. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the use of a live attenuated cholera vaccine is an effective tool to examine the primary and long-term immune response following V. cholerae exposure. Additionally, it provides insight into the phenotype and specificity of the cells which likely return to and mediate immunity at the intestinal mucosa. A thorough understanding of these properties both in peripheral blood and in the intestinal mucosae will inform future vaccine development against both cholera and other mucosal pathogens. Trial Registration: NCT03251495.
Collapse
|
3
|
Keim D, Gollner K, Gollner U, Jérôme V, Freitag R. Generation of Recombinant Primary Human B Lymphocytes Using Non-Viral Vectors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8239. [PMID: 34361005 PMCID: PMC8347318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the development of gene delivery systems based on non-viral vectors is advancing, it remains a challenge to deliver plasmid DNA into human blood cells. The current "gold standard", namely linear polyethyleneimine (l-PEI 25 kDa), in particular, is unable to produce transgene expression levels >5% in primary human B lymphocytes. Here, it is demonstrated that a well-defined 24-armed poly(2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (PDMAEMA, 755 kDa) nano-star is able to reproducibly elicit high transgene expression (40%) at sufficient residual viability (69%) in primary human B cells derived from tonsillar tissue. Moreover, our results indicate that the length of the mitogenic stimulation prior to transfection is an important parameter that must be established during the development of the transfection protocol. In our hands, four days of stimulation with rhCD40L post-thawing led to the best transfection results in terms of TE and cell survival. Most importantly, our data argue for an impact of the B cell subsets on the transfection outcomes, underlining that the complexity and heterogeneity of a given B cell population pre- and post-transfection is a critical parameter to consider in the multiparametric approach required for the implementation of the transfection protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keim
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
| | - Katrin Gollner
- Praxis am Schießgraben, Schießgraben 21, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany; (K.G.); (U.G.)
| | - Ulrich Gollner
- Praxis am Schießgraben, Schießgraben 21, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany; (K.G.); (U.G.)
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Atlas of breast cancer infiltrated B-lymphocytes revealed by paired single-cell RNA-sequencing and antigen receptor profiling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2186. [PMID: 33846305 PMCID: PMC8042001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain mechanistic insights into the functions and developmental dynamics of tumor-infiltrated immune cells, especially B-lymphocytes, here we combine single-cell RNA-sequencing and antigen receptor lineage analysis to characterize a large number of triple-negative breast cancer infiltrated immune cells and report a comprehensive atlas of tumor-infiltrated B-lymphocytes. The single-cell transcriptional profiles reveal significant heterogeneity in tumor-infiltrated B-cell subgroups. The single-cell antigen receptor analyses demonstrate that compared with those in peripheral blood, tumor-infiltrated B-cells have more mature and memory B-cell characteristics, higher clonality, more class switching recombination and somatic hypermutations. Combined analyses suggest local differentiation of infiltrated memory B-cells within breast tumors. The B-cell signatures based on the single-cell RNA-sequencing results are significantly associated with improved survival in breast tumor patients. Functional analyses of tumor-infiltrated B-cell populations suggest that mechanistically, B-cell subgroups may contribute to immunosurveillance through various pathways. Further dissection of tumor-infiltrated B-cell populations will provide valuable clues for tumor immunotherapy. Immune cells infiltrating the tumour microenvironment play critical roles in disease pathogenesis and the immune response. Here the authors present the characterisation of infiltrating B cells in breast tumours by the formation of an atlas created from paired RNA sequence and antigen receptor profiling.
Collapse
|
5
|
Freff J, Schwarte K, Bröker L, Bühlmeier J, Kraft I, Öztürk D, Hinney A, Arolt V, Dannlowski U, Romer G, Baune BT, Hebebrand J, Föcker M, Alferink J. Alterations in B cell subsets correlate with body composition parameters in female adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1125. [PMID: 33441933 PMCID: PMC7806719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder and often associated with altered humoral immune responses. However, distinct B cell maturation stages in peripheral blood in adolescents with AN have not been characterized. Treatment effects and the relationship between clinical and B cell parameters are also not fully understood. Here we investigated the phenotype of circulating B cell subsets and the relationship with body composition in adolescents with AN before (T0, n = 24) and after 6 weeks (T1, n = 20) of treatment. Using multi-parameter flow cytometry, we found increased percentages of antigen-experienced B cells and plasmablasts in patients with AN compared to healthy controls (n = 20). In contrast, percentages of CD1d+CD5+ B cells and transitional B cells with immunoregulatory roles were reduced at T0 and T1. These B cell frequencies correlated positively with fat mass, fat mass index (FMI), free fat mass index, and body mass index standard deviation score. In addition, scavenger-like receptor CD5 expression levels were downregulated on transitional B cells and correlated with fat mass and FMI in AN. Our findings that regulatory B cell subgroups were reduced in AN and their strong relationship with body composition parameters point toward an impact of immunoregulatory B cells in the pathogenesis of AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Freff
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Cells in Motion Interfaculty Cluster, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schwarte
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa Bröker
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Cells in Motion Interfaculty Cluster, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Judith Bühlmeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Kraft
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Dana Öztürk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Romer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Manuel Föcker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Judith Alferink
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany. .,Cells in Motion Interfaculty Cluster, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mangge H, Prüller F, Schnedl W, Renner W, Almer G. Beyond Macrophages and T Cells: B Cells and Immunoglobulins Determine the Fate of the Atherosclerotic Plaque. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114082. [PMID: 32521607 PMCID: PMC7312004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) leading to myocardial infarction and stroke remains worldwide the main cause for mortality. Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques are responsible for these life-threatening clinical endpoints. Atherosclerosis is a chronic, complex, inflammatory disease with interactions between metabolic dysfunction, dyslipidemia, disturbed microbiome, infectious triggers, vascular, and immune cells. Undoubtedly, the immune response is a most important piece of the pathological puzzle in AS. Although macrophages and T cells have been the focus of research in recent years, B cells producing antibodies and regulating T and natural killer (NKT) cell activation are more important than formerly thought. New results show that the B cells exert a prominent role with atherogenic and protective facets mediated by distinct B cell subsets and different immunoglobulin effects. These new insights come, amongst others, from observations of the effects of innovative B cell targeted therapies in autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These diseases associate with AS, and the beneficial side effects of B cell subset depleting (modifying) therapies on atherosclerotic concomitant disease, have been observed. Moreover, the CANTOS study (NCT01327846) showed impressive results of immune-mediated inflammation as a new promising target of action for the fight against atherosclerotic endpoints. This review will reflect the putative role of B cells in AS in an attempt to connect observations from animal models with the small spectrum of the thus far available human data. We will also discuss the clinical therapeutic potency of B cell modulations on the process of AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Mangge
- Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (F.P.); (W.R.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-664-3373531
| | - Florian Prüller
- Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (F.P.); (W.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Wolfgang Schnedl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Practice for General Internal Medicine, 8600 Bruck/Mur, Austria;
| | - Wilfried Renner
- Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (F.P.); (W.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Gunter Almer
- Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (F.P.); (W.R.); (G.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Upadhye A, Sturek JM, McNamara CA. 2019 Russell Ross Memorial Lecture in Vascular Biology: B Lymphocyte-Mediated Protective Immunity in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 40:309-322. [PMID: 31852222 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis-the major underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease-is characterized by accumulation and subsequent oxidative modification of lipoproteins within the artery wall, leading to inflammatory cell infiltration and lesion formation that can over time result in arterial stenosis, ischemia, and downstream adverse events. The contribution of innate and adaptive immunity to atherosclerosis development is well established, and B cells have emerged as important modulators of both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in atherosclerosis. Murine B cells can broadly be divided into 2 subsets: (1) B-2 cells, which are bone marrow derived and include conventional follicular and marginal zone B cells, and (2) B-1 cells, which are largely fetal liver derived and persist in adults through self-renewal. B-cell subsets are developmentally, functionally, and phenotypically distinct with unique subset-specific contributions to atherosclerosis development. Mechanisms whereby B cells regulate vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis will be discussed with a particular emphasis on B-1 cells. B-1 cells have a protective role in atherosclerosis that is mediated in large part by IgM antibody production. Accumulating evidence over the last several years has pointed to a previously underappreciated heterogeneity in B-1 cell populations, which may have important implications for understanding atherosclerosis development and potential targeted therapeutic approaches. This heterogeneity within atheroprotective innate B-cell subsets will be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Upadhye
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (A.U., C.A.M.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Jeffrey M Sturek
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.M.S.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Coleen A McNamara
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (A.U., C.A.M.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (C.A.M.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Noguchi A, Yasuda S, Hisada R, Kato M, Oku K, Bohgaki T, Suzuki M, Matsumoto Y, Atsumi T. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody titers decrease in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tocilizumab: A pilot study. Mod Rheumatol 2019; 30:276-281. [PMID: 30789096 DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2019.1583784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To analyze the effects of tocilizumab on peripheral B-cell subpopulation and its ability to produce anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods: Thirteen consecutive RA patients initiated with tocilizumab were enrolled in our prospective study. Anti-CCP antibody titers and clinical parameters were evaluated during treatment. Peripheral blood B-cell subsets were analyzed using flow cytometry according to the Human Immunology Project.Results: Disease activity was significantly improved and anti-CCP antibody titers significantly decreased at week 24 compared to baseline. The percentages of post-switch memory B cells in CD19+ cells transiently increased at week 12, but there was no significant difference in any of the investigated B-cell subpopulations at week 24 compared to baseline. The ratios of post-switch memory to naïve B cells (post-switch/naïve) correlated negatively with anti-CCP antibody titers regardless of the time-points.Conclusion: Our study indicated that tocilizumab has a potential to reduce anti-CCP antibody production presumably by affecting post-switch/naïve ratio, and that anti-CCP antibody titers reflect B-cell distribution/subpopulation. As anti-CCP antibodies are produced in lymph nodes or ectopic lymphoid structures in synovial tissues, not in circulation, transient increment of post-switch memory B cells after tocilizumab treatment may reflect the altered balance of B-cell distribution between circulation and arthritic joints, resulting in suppressed production of anti-CCP antibody in situ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Noguchi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yasuda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Hisada
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaru Kato
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Oku
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Bohgaki
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miho Suzuki
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsumoto
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stankovic B, Bjørhovde HAK, Skarshaug R, Aamodt H, Frafjord A, Müller E, Hammarström C, Beraki K, Bækkevold ES, Woldbæk PR, Helland Å, Brustugun OT, Øynebråten I, Corthay A. Immune Cell Composition in Human Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3101. [PMID: 30774636 PMCID: PMC6367276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. Immunological analysis of the tumor microenvironment (immunoscore) shows great promise for improved prognosis and prediction of response to immunotherapy. However, the exact immune cell composition in NSCLC remains unclear. Here, we used flow cytometry to characterize the immune infiltrate in NSCLC tumors, non-cancerous lung tissue, regional lymph node, and blood. The cellular identity of >95% of all CD45+ immune cells was determined. Thirteen distinct immune cell types were identified in NSCLC tumors. T cells dominated the lung cancer landscape (on average 47% of all CD45+ immune cells). CD4+ T cells were the most abundant T cell population (26%), closely followed by CD8+ T cells (22%). Double negative CD4−CD8− T cells represented a small fraction (1.4%). CD19+ B cells were the second most common immune cell type in NSCLC tumors (16%), and four different B cell sub-populations were identified. Macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells composed 4.7 and 4.5% of the immune cell infiltrate, respectively. Three types of dendritic cells (DCs) were identified (plasmacytoid DCs, CD1c+ DCs, and CD141+ DCs) which together represented 2.1% of all immune cells. Among granulocytes, neutrophils were frequent (8.6%) with a high patient-to-patient variability, while mast cells (1.4%), basophils (0.4%), and eosinophils (0.3%) were less common. Across the cohort of patients, only B cells showed a significantly higher representation in NSCLC tumors compared to the distal lung. In contrast, the percentages of macrophages and NK cells were lower in tumors than in non-cancerous lung tissue. Furthermore, the fraction of macrophages with high HLA-DR expression levels was higher in NSCLC tumors relative to distal lung tissue. To make the method readily accessible, antibody panels and flow cytometry gating strategy used to identify the various immune cells are described in detail. This work should represent a useful resource for the immunomonitoring of patients with NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Branislava Stankovic
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Anine Korsmo Bjørhovde
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Renate Skarshaug
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Aamodt
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ullevål Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astri Frafjord
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Müller
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Clara Hammarström
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kahsai Beraki
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen S Bækkevold
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Reidar Woldbæk
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ullevål Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Oncology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Odd Terje Brustugun
- Section of Oncology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Inger Øynebråten
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandre Corthay
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Imkeller K, Wardemann H. Assessing human B cell repertoire diversity and convergence. Immunol Rev 2018; 284:51-66. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- German Cancer Research Center; B Cell Immunology; Heidelberg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luque S, Lúcia M, Bestard O. Refinement of humoral immune monitoring in kidney transplantation: the role of “hidden” alloreactive memory B cells. Transpl Int 2017; 30:955-968. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Luque
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory; IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
| | - Marc Lúcia
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory; IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- Transplant Immunology; Stanford School of Medicine; Stanford CA USA
| | - Oriol Bestard
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory; IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- Kidney Transplant Unit; Nephrology Department; Bellvitge University Hospital; Barcelona University; Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Somasundaram R, Zhang G, Fukunaga-Kalabis M, Perego M, Krepler C, Xu X, Wagner C, Hristova D, Zhang J, Tian T, Wei Z, Liu Q, Garg K, Griss J, Hards R, Maurer M, Hafner C, Mayerhöfer M, Karanikas G, Jalili A, Bauer-Pohl V, Weihsengruber F, Rappersberger K, Koller J, Lang R, Hudgens C, Chen G, Tetzlaff M, Wu L, Frederick DT, Scolyer RA, Long GV, Damle M, Ellingsworth C, Grinman L, Choi H, Gavin BJ, Dunagin M, Raj A, Scholler N, Gross L, Beqiri M, Bennett K, Watson I, Schaider H, Davies MA, Wargo J, Czerniecki BJ, Schuchter L, Herlyn D, Flaherty K, Herlyn M, Wagner SN. Tumor-associated B-cells induce tumor heterogeneity and therapy resistance. Nat Commun 2017; 8:607. [PMID: 28928360 PMCID: PMC5605714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In melanoma, therapies with inhibitors to oncogenic BRAFV600E are highly effective but responses are often short-lived due to the emergence of drug-resistant tumor subpopulations. We describe here a mechanism of acquired drug resistance through the tumor microenvironment, which is mediated by human tumor-associated B cells. Human melanoma cells constitutively produce the growth factor FGF-2, which activates tumor-infiltrating B cells to produce the growth factor IGF-1. B-cell-derived IGF-1 is critical for resistance of melanomas to BRAF and MEK inhibitors due to emergence of heterogeneous subpopulations and activation of FGFR-3. Consistently, resistance of melanomas to BRAF and/or MEK inhibitors is associated with increased CD20 and IGF-1 transcript levels in tumors and IGF-1 expression in tumor-associated B cells. Furthermore, first clinical data from a pilot trial in therapy-resistant metastatic melanoma patients show anti-tumor activity through B-cell depletion by anti-CD20 antibody. Our findings establish a mechanism of acquired therapy resistance through tumor-associated B cells with important clinical implications.Resistance to BRAFV600E inhibitors often occurs in melanoma patients. Here, the authors describe a potential mechanism of acquired drug resistance mediated by tumor-associated B cells-derived IGF-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gao Zhang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christine Wagner
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | | | - Jie Zhang
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Tian Tian
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Zhi Wei
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kanika Garg
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Johannes Griss
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Rufus Hards
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Margarita Maurer
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Christine Hafner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Pölten, A-3100, Austria
| | - Marius Mayerhöfer
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Georgios Karanikas
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Ahmad Jalili
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Verena Bauer-Pohl
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Felix Weihsengruber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Teaching Hospital of the Medical University Vienna, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Klemens Rappersberger
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Teaching Hospital of the Medical University Vienna, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Josef Koller
- Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria
| | - Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria
| | - Courtney Hudgens
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77040, USA
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77040, USA
| | - Michael Tetzlaff
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77040, USA
| | - Lawrence Wu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, and The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, and The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2065, Australia
| | | | | | - Leon Grinman
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Harry Choi
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Margaret Dunagin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Arjun Raj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nathalie Scholler
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Laura Gross
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Keiryn Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Ian Watson
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A0G4
| | - Helmut Schaider
- Dermatology Research Center, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77040, USA
| | - Jennifer Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Center, Houston, TX, 77040, USA
| | - Brian J Czerniecki
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Lynn Schuchter
- Abramson Cancer Center, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Keith Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Stephan N Wagner
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Basha S, Pichichero ME. Decreased TNF family receptor expression on B-cells is associated with reduced humoral responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in young children. Cell Immunol 2017; 320:11-19. [PMID: 28947093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An underdeveloped or impaired immune response in young children is associated with increased susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumonia (Spn) infections. We determined serum antibody titers against 3 Spn vaccine candidate proteins and vaccine serotype polysaccharide antigens in a group of Spn infection prone 9-18months old and found lower IgG antibody titers to all tested antigens compared to age-matched non-infection-prone children. We also found the children had significantly reduced percentages of total memory B-cells, switched memory B-cells and plasma cells. We sought a mechanistic explanation for that result by examination of TNF family receptors (TNFRs) TACI, BCMA, and BAFFR receptor expression on B-cells and found significantly lower BAFFR and TACI expression; significantly lower proliferation of B-cells stimulated with exogenous BAFF; and diminished expression of co-stimulatory receptors B7-1 and B7-2 among infection prone vs. non-prone children. We conclude that lower expression of TNFRs, lower proliferation of B-cells in response to BAFF and lower expression of B7-1 and B7-2 by B-cells may contribute to reduced antibody responses to Spn and consequent infection proneness in young children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Basha
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - Michael E Pichichero
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY 14621, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sanchez-Martin D, Uldrick TS, Kwak H, Ohnuki H, Polizzotto MN, Annunziata CM, Raffeld M, Wyvill KM, Aleman K, Wang V, Marshall VA, Whitby D, Yarchoan R, Tosato G. Evidence for a Mesothelial Origin of Body Cavity Effusion Lymphomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:3078996. [PMID: 28376153 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV)-induced lymphoma that typically arises in body cavities of HIV-infected patients. PEL cells are often co-infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). "PEL-like" lymphoma is a KSHV-unrelated lymphoma that arises in body cavities of HIV-negative patients. "PEL-like" lymphoma is sometimes EBV positive. The derivation of PEL/"PEL-like" cells is unclear. Methods Mesothelial cells were cultured from body cavity effusions of 23 patients. Cell proliferation, cytokine secretion, marker phenotypes, KSHV/EBV infection, and clonality were evaluated by standard methods. Gene expression was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. A mouse model of PEL (3 mice/group) was used to evaluate tumorigenicity. Results We found that the mesothelia derived from six effusions of HIV-infected patients with PEL or other KSHV-associated diseases contained rare KSHV + or EBV + mesothelial cells. After extended culture (16-17 weeks), some mesothelial cells underwent a trans-differentiation process, generating lymphoid-type CD45 + /B220 + , CD5 + , CD27 + , CD43 + , CD11c + , and CD3 - cells resembling "B1-cells," most commonly found in mouse body cavities. These "B1-like" cells were short lived. However, long-term KSHV + EBV - and EBV + KSHV - clonal cell lines emerged from mesothelial cultures from two patients that were clonally distinct from the monoclonal or polyclonal B-cell populations found in the patients' original effusions. Conclusions Mesothelial-to-lymphoid transformation is a newly identified in vitro process that generates "B1-like" cells and is associated with the emergence of long-lived KSHV or EBV-infected cell lines in KSHV-infected patients. These results identify mesothelial cultures as a source of PEL cells and lymphoid cells in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Sanchez-Martin
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas S Uldrick
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hyeongil Kwak
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hidetaka Ohnuki
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark N Polizzotto
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina M Annunziata
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen M Wyvill
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Aleman
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria Wang
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vickie A Marshall
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The Multifaceted Roles of B Cells in Solid Tumors: Emerging Treatment Opportunities. Target Oncol 2017; 12:139-152. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
16
|
Tzeng SJ. The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060295 DOI: 10.3791/54582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of humoral immunity is to generate functional ASCs, which synthesize and secrete Abs specific to an antigen (Ag), such as a pathogen, and are used for host defense. For the quantitative determination of the functional status of the humoral immune response of an individual, both serum Abs and circulating ASCs are commonly measured as functional readouts. In humans, peripheral blood is the most convenient and readily accessible sample that can be used for the determination of the humoral immune response elicited by host B cells. Distinct B-cell subsets, including ASCs, can be isolated directly from peripheral blood via selection with lineage-specific Ab-conjugated microbeads or via cell sorting with flow cytometry. Moreover, purified naïve and memory B cells can be activated and differentiated into ASCs in culture. The functional activities of ASCs to contribute to Ab secretion can be quantified by ELISpot, which is an assay that converges enzyme-linked immunoabsorbance assay (ELISA) and western blotting technologies to enable the enumeration of individual ASCs at the single-cell level. In practice, the ELISpot assay has been increasingly used to evaluate vaccine efficacy because of the ease of handling of a large number of blood samples. The methods of isolating human B cells from peripheral blood, the differentiation of B cells into ASCs in vitro, and the employment of ELISpot for the quantification of total IgM- and IgG-ASCs will be described here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiang-Jong Tzeng
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Clavarino G, Delouche N, Vettier C, Laurin D, Pernollet M, Raskovalova T, Cesbron JY, Dumestre-Pérard C, Jacob MC. Novel Strategy for Phenotypic Characterization of Human B Lymphocytes from Precursors to Effector Cells by Flow Cytometry. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162209. [PMID: 27657694 PMCID: PMC5033467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A precise identification and phenotypic characterization of human B-cell subsets is of crucial importance in both basic research and medicine. In the literature, flow cytometry studies for the phenotypic characterization of B-lymphocytes are mainly focused on the description of a particular cell stage, or of specific cell stages observed in a single type of sample. In the present work, we propose a backbone of 6 antibodies (CD38, CD27, CD10, CD19, CD5 and CD45) and an efficient gating strategy to identify, in a single analysis tube, a large number of B-cell subsets covering the whole B-cell differentiation from precursors to memory and plasma cells. Furthermore, by adding two antibodies in an 8-color combination, our approach allows the analysis of the modulation of any cell surface marker of interest along B-cell differentiation. We thus developed a panel of seven 8-colour antibody combinations to phenotypically characterize B-cell subpopulations in bone marrow, peripheral blood, lymph node and cord blood samples. Beyond qualitative information provided by biparametric representations, we also quantified antigen expression on each of the identified B-cell subsets and we proposed a series of informative curves showing the modulation of seventeen cell surface markers along B-cell differentiation. Our approach by flow cytometry provides an efficient tool to obtain quantitative data on B-cell surface markers expression with a relative easy-to-handle technique that can be applied in routine explorations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Clavarino
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département d'Hématologie, Oncogénétique et Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- BNI, TIMC-IMAG, UMR 5525 CNRS, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Noémie Delouche
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département d'Hématologie, Oncogénétique et Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Vettier
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Département d'Hématologie, Oncogénétique et Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - David Laurin
- TheREx, TIMC-IMAG, UMR 5525 CNRS, Grenoble, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang Rhônes-Alpes Auvergne, La Tronche, France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Martine Pernollet
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département d'Hématologie, Oncogénétique et Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Tatiana Raskovalova
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département d'Hématologie, Oncogénétique et Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Yves Cesbron
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département d'Hématologie, Oncogénétique et Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- BNI, TIMC-IMAG, UMR 5525 CNRS, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Chantal Dumestre-Pérard
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département d'Hématologie, Oncogénétique et Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- BNI, TIMC-IMAG, UMR 5525 CNRS, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Christine Jacob
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département d'Hématologie, Oncogénétique et Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
- CNRS UMR 5309 and INSERM U1209, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Balandya E, Reynolds T, Obaro S, Makani J. Alteration of lymphocyte phenotype and function in sickle cell anemia: Implications for vaccine responses. Am J Hematol 2016; 91:938-46. [PMID: 27237467 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with sickle cell anemia (SCA) have increased susceptibility to infections, secondary to impairment of immune function. Besides the described dysfunction in innate immunity, including impaired opsonization and phagocytosis of bacteria, evidence of dysfunction of T and B lymphocytes in SCA has also been reported. This includes reduction in the proportion of circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, reduction of CD4+ helper: CD8+ suppressor T cell ratio, aberrant activation and dysfunction of regulatory T cells (Treg ), skewing of CD4+ T cells towards Th2 response and loss of IgM-secreting CD27 + IgM(high) IgD(low) memory B cells. These changes occur on the background of immune activation characterized by predominance of memory CD4+ T cell phenotypes, increased Th17 signaling and elevated levels of C-reactive protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, which may affect the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccines available to prevent infections in SCA. Thus, in order to optimize the use of vaccines in SCA, a thorough understanding of T and B lymphocyte functions and vaccine reactivity among individuals with SCA is needed. Studies should be encouraged of different SCA populations, including sub-Saharan Africa where the burden of SCA is highest. This article summarizes our current understanding of lymphocyte biology in SCA, and highlights areas that warrant future research. Am. J. Hematol. 91:938-946, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Balandya
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS); P.O. Box 65001 Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania
| | - Teri Reynolds
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS); P.O. Box 65001 Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania
- University of San Francisco, California (UCSF); 505 Parnassus Ave. San Francisco CA 94143 United States
| | - Stephen Obaro
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), 982162 Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska 68198-2162 United States
- University of Abuja Teaching Hospital; Gwagwalada, P.M.B 228 Abuja Nigeria
| | - Julie Makani
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS); P.O. Box 65001 Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Felisberto R, Matos J, Alves M, Cabeçadas J, Henriques J. Evaluation of Pax5 expression and comparison with BLA.36 and CD79αcy in feline non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1257-1268. [PMID: 27549353 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paired box gene 5 (Pax5) is a widely used B-cell marker for human and canine non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (nHL); however, in the literature there is only one case report using Pax5 in a cat B-cell lymphoma. The purposes of this study were to investigate the expression and detection of B-cell specific activator protein (BSAP) using a monoclonal anti-Pax5 antibody in feline nHL (FnHL) tissue samples to evaluate its diagnostic relevance as a B-cell marker. A total of 45 FnHL samples in 45 cats were evaluated. B-cell lymphoma was the most common immunophenotype (51.1%) for all the samples and T-cell the most common immunophenotype (64.3%) for the gastrointestinal (GI) form. Pax5 stained 82.6% of all B-cell lymphomas and no expression was found in any of the T-cell lymphomas. Anti-Pax5 antibody staining in FnHL is similar to that reported in human and canine counterparts and may offer an excellent B-cell marker in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Felisberto
- Hospital Veterinário Berna, Onevet Group, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Matos
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Alves
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS) / Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Cabeçadas
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Henriques
- Hospital Veterinário Berna, Onevet Group, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Development of a Modular Assay for Detailed Immunophenotyping of Peripheral Human Whole Blood Samples by Multicolor Flow Cytometry. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081316. [PMID: 27529227 PMCID: PMC5000713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of immune cells gained great significance in prognosis and prediction of therapy responses. For analyzing blood samples, the multicolor flow cytometry has become the method of choice as it combines high specificity on single cell level with multiple parameters and high throughput. Here, we present a modular assay for the detailed immunophenotyping of blood (DIoB) that was optimized for an easy and direct application in whole blood samples. The DIoB assay characterizes 34 immune cell subsets that circulate the peripheral blood including all major immune cells such as T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. In addition, it evaluates their functional state and a few non-leukocytes that also have been associated with the outcome of cancer therapy. This DIoB assay allows a longitudinal and close-meshed monitoring of a detailed immune status in patients requiring only 2.0 mL of peripheral blood and it is not restricted to peripheral blood mononuclear cells. It is currently applied for the immune monitoring of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (IMMO-GLIO-01 trial, NCT02022384), pancreatic cancer (CONKO-007 trial, NCT01827553), and head and neck cancer (DIREKHT trial, NCT02528955) and might pave the way for immune biomarker identification for prediction and prognosis of therapy outcome.
Collapse
|
21
|
Aspord C, Bruder Costa J, Jacob MC, Dufeu-Duchesne T, Bertucci I, Pouget N, Brevot-Lutton O, Zoulim F, Bourliere M, Plumas J, Leroy V. Remodeling of B-Cell Subsets in Blood during Pegylated IFNα-2a Therapy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156200. [PMID: 27281019 PMCID: PMC4900671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ultimate goal of pegylated interferon-alfa-2a (Peg-IFN-α) therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is HBsAg seroconversion. Even though B cells are major mediators of a positive clinical outcome, their modulation during Peg-IFN-α therapy has not yet been described. We investigated here the effects of Peg-IFN-α on eight circulating B-cell subsets thanks to an original multi-gating approach based on CD19, CD27, IgD, CD10, and CD38 markers in patients with CHB treated with nucleos(t)ide analog alone or in combination with Peg-IFN-α. These dynamic changes were analyzed during the 48-weeks of Peg-IFN-α therapy and up to 2 years after the cessation of treatment. The CD19+CD27-IgD+CD10+CD38high transitional B cells and the CD19+CD27+IgD-CD10-CD38high plasmablasts continuously increased, whereas the CD19+CD27-IgD+CD10-CD38low naive, CD19+CD27+IgD+ natural memory, and CD19+CD27+IgD-CD10-CD38low post-germinal center B cells decreased during the course of Peg-IFNα treatment. Such modulations correlated with a sustained increase in sCD30 levels and the decrease in plasma HBsAg. However, no seroconversion occurred and all parameters returned to baseline after the stop of the treatment. Peg-IFN-α therapy mediates a remodeling of B-cell compartmentalization, without clinical relevance. Our study provides new insights into the immunomodulatory effects of Peg-IFN-α on circulating B-cells, and questioned the benefit of the add-on Peg-IFN-α treatment in CHB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Aspord
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, F-38041, France; INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, F-38706, France
- EFS Rhone-Alpes, R&D Laboratory, La Tronche, F-38701, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Juliana Bruder Costa
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, F-38041, France; INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, F-38706, France
- CHU Grenoble, Michallon Hospital, Hepato-gastroenterology unit, Grenoble, F-38043, France
| | - Marie-Christine Jacob
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, F-38041, France; INSERM, U823, CRI/Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, F-38000, France; Department of Immunology, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Tania Dufeu-Duchesne
- CHU Grenoble, Michallon Hospital, Hepato-gastroenterology unit, Grenoble, F-38043, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, F-38041, France; INSERM, U823, Analytic Immunology of chronic pathologies, La Tronche, F-38706, France
| | - Inga Bertucci
- ANRS (France REcherche Nord & sud Sida-hiv Hépatites: FRENSH), Paris, France
| | - Noelle Pouget
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), 75012, Paris, France
| | - Ophelie Brevot-Lutton
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), 75012, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052—CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- Hepatology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Bourliere
- Hepato-gastroenterology department, Hospital Saint Joseph, Marseille, 13008, France
| | - Joel Plumas
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, F-38041, France; INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, F-38706, France
- EFS Rhone-Alpes, R&D Laboratory, La Tronche, F-38701, France
| | - Vincent Leroy
- CHU Grenoble, Michallon Hospital, Hepato-gastroenterology unit, Grenoble, F-38043, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, F-38041, France; INSERM, U823, Analytic Immunology of chronic pathologies, La Tronche, F-38706, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
New high-throughput DNA sequencing (HTS) technologies developed in the past decade have begun to be applied to the study of the complex gene rearrangements that encode human antibodies. This article first reviews the genetic features of Ig loci and the HTS technologies that have been applied to human repertoire studies, then discusses key choices for experimental design and data analysis in these experiments and the insights gained in immunological and infectious disease studies with the use of these approaches.
Collapse
|
23
|
B cell development in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Clin Immunol 2016; 163:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
24
|
Ramadani F, Upton N, Hobson P, Chan YC, Mzinza D, Bowen H, Kerridge C, Sutton BJ, Fear DJ, Gould HJ. Intrinsic properties of germinal center-derived B cells promote their enhanced class switching to IgE. Allergy 2015; 70:1269-77. [PMID: 26109279 PMCID: PMC4744720 DOI: 10.1111/all.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Research on the origins and development of human IgE‐expressing (IgE+) cells is required for understanding the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma. These studies have been thwarted by the rarity of IgE+ cells in vivo and the low frequency of class switch recombination (CSR) to IgE ex vivo. To determine the main source of IgE+ cells, we investigated the relation between the phenotypic composition of tonsil B cells and the CSR to IgE ex vivo. Methods Human tonsil B cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS) and cultured with IL‐4 and anti‐CD40 to induce CSR to IgE. Naïve, germinal center (GC), early GC (eGC), and memory tonsil B cells were isolated by FACS, and their capacities for IL‐4 and anti‐CD40 signaling, cell proliferation, and de novo class switching to IgE were analyzed by RT‐PCR and FACS. Results B cells from different tonsils exhibited varying capacities for CSR to IgE ex vivo. This was correlated with the percentage of eGC B cells in the tonsil at the outset of the culture. Despite relatively poor cell viability, eGC and GC B‐cell cultures produced the highest yields of IgE+ cells compared to naïve and memory B‐cell cultures. The main factors accounting for this result were the strength of IL‐4R and CD40 signaling and relative rates of cell proliferation. Conclusions This study shows that the maturation state of tonsil B cells determines their capacity to undergo class switching to IgE ex vivo, with the GC‐derived B cells yielding the highest percentage of IgE+ cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Ramadani
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College London; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre; Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - N. Upton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College London; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre; Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - P. Hobson
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology; King's College London; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre; Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - Y.-C. Chan
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College London; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre; Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - D. Mzinza
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College London; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre; Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - H. Bowen
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College London; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre; Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - C. Kerridge
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College London; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre; Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - B. J. Sutton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College London; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre; Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - D. J. Fear
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology; King's College London; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre; Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - H. J. Gould
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College London; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre; Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Polikowsky HG, Wogsland CE, Diggins KE, Huse K, Irish JM. Cutting Edge: Redox Signaling Hypersensitivity Distinguishes Human Germinal Center B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1364-1367. [PMID: 26157177 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the quality of BCR signaling control key steps of B cell maturation and differentiation. Endogenously produced H2O2 is thought to fine tune the level of BCR signaling by reversibly inhibiting phosphatases. However, relatively little is known about how B cells at different stages sense and respond to such redox cues. In this study, we used phospho-specific flow cytometry and high-dimensional mass cytometry (CyTOF) to compare BCR signaling responses in mature human tonsillar B cells undergoing germinal center (GC) reactions. GC B cells, in contrast to mature naive B cells, memory B cells, and plasmablasts, were hypersensitive to a range of H2O2 concentrations and responded by phosphorylating SYK and other membrane-proximal BCR effectors in the absence of BCR engagement. These findings reveal that stage-specific redox responses distinguish human GC B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Polikowsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cara E Wogsland
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kirsten E Diggins
- Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kanutte Huse
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan M Irish
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bagwell CB, Hill BL, Wood BL, Wallace PK, Alrazzak M, Kelliher AS, Preffer FI. Human B-cell and progenitor stages as determined by probability state modeling of multidimensional cytometry data. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 88:214-26. [PMID: 25850810 PMCID: PMC5828699 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human progenitor and B-cell development is a highly regulated process characterized by the ordered differential expression of numerous cell-surface and intracytoplasmic antigens. This study investigates the underlying coordination of these modulations by examining a series of normal bone marrow samples with the method of probability state modeling or PSM. RESULTS The study is divided into two sections. The first section examines B-cell stages subsequent to CD19 up-regulation. The second section assesses an earlier differentiation stage before and including CD19 up-regulation. POST-CD19 ANTIGENIC UP-REGULATION: Statistical analyses of cytometry data derived from sixteen normal bone marrow specimens revealed that B cells have at least three distinct coordinated changes, forming four stages labeled as B1, B2, B3, and B4. At the end of B1; CD34 antigen expression down-regulates with TdT while CD45, CD81, and CD20 slightly up-regulate. At the end of B2, CD45 and CD20 up-regulate. At the end of B3 and beginning of B4; CD10, CD38, and CD81 down-regulate while CD22 and CD44 up-regulate. PRE-CD19 ANTIGENIC UP-REGULATION: Statistical analysis of ten normal bone marrows revealed that there are at least two measurable coordinated changes with progenitors, forming three stages labeled as P1, P2, and P3. At the end of P1, CD38 up-regulates. At the end of P2; CD19, CD10, CD81, CD22, and CD9 up-regulate while CD44 down-regulates slightly. CONCLUSIONS These objective results yield a clearer immunophenotypic picture of the underlying cellular mechanisms that are operating in these important developmental processes. Also, unambiguously determined stages define what is meant by "normal" B-cell development and may serve as a preliminary step for the development of highly sensitive minimum residual disease detection systems. A companion article is simultaneously being published in Cytometry Part A that will explain in further detail the theory behind PSM. Three short relevant videos are available in the online supporting information for both of these papers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brent L Wood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Paul K Wallace
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, 14263
| | - Muaz Alrazzak
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, 14263
| | - Abigail S Kelliher
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Frederic I Preffer
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Innate Response Activator (IRA) B Cells Reside in Human Tonsils and Internalize Bacteria In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129879. [PMID: 26066485 PMCID: PMC4466315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate response activator (IRA) B cells have been described in mice as a subset of B-1a B cells that produce granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and have been found in the spleen upon activation. In humans, identification, tissue localization and functionality of these lymphocytes are poorly understood. We hypothesized that IRA B cells could reside in human palatine tonsils, which are a first line of defense from infection of the upper respiratory tract. In the present work, we used flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to identify and characterize human IRA (hIRA) B cells in tonsils. We show that CD19+CD20+GM-CSF+ B cells are present in the tonsils of all the subjects studied at a frequency ranging between ~0.2% and ~0.4% of the conventional CD19+CD20+GM-CSF- B cells. These cells reside within the B cell follicles, are mostly IgM+IgD+, express CD5 and show phagocytic activity. Our results support a role for hIRA B cells in the effector immune response to infections in tonsils.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bemark M. Translating transitions - how to decipher peripheral human B cell development. J Biomed Res 2015; 29:264-84. [PMID: 26243514 PMCID: PMC4547376 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.29.20150035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades our understanding of human B cell differentiation has developed considerably. Our understanding of the human B cell compartment has advanced from a point where essentially all assays were based on the presence or not of class-switched antibodies to a level where a substantial diversity is appreciated among the cells involved. Several consecutive transitional stages that newly formed IgM expressing B cells go through after they leave the bone marrow, but before they are fully mature, have been described, and a significant complexity is also acknowledged within the IgM expressing and class-switched memory B cell compartments. It is possible to isolate plasma blasts in blood to follow the formation of plasma cells during immune responses, and the importance and uniqueness of the mucosal IgA system is now much more appreciated. Current data suggest the presence of at least one lineage of human innate-like B cells akin to B1 and/or marginal zone B cells in mice. In addition, regulatory B cells with the ability to produce IL-10 have been identified. Clinically, B cell depletion therapy is used for a broad range of conditions. The ability to define different human B cell subtypes using flow cytometry has therefore started to come into clinical use, but as our understanding of human B cell development further progresses, B cell subtype analysis will be of increasing importance in diagnosis, to measure the effect of immune therapy and to understand the underlying causes for diseases. In this review the diversity of human B cells will be discussed, with special focus on current data regarding their phenotypes and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mats Bemark
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University hospital, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Montezuma-Rusca JM, Moir S, Kardava L, Buckner CM, Louie A, Kim LJY, Santich BH, Wang W, Fankuchen OR, Diaz G, Daub JR, Rosenzweig SD, Chun TW, Li Y, Braylan RC, Calvo KR, Fauci AS. Bone marrow plasma cells are a primary source of serum HIV-1-specific antibodies in chronically infected individuals. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:2561-8. [PMID: 25681347 PMCID: PMC4355319 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several potent and broadly neutralizing Abs to HIV-1 have been isolated recently from peripheral blood B cells of infected individuals, based on prescreening of Ab activity in the serum. However, little is known regarding the cells that make the Abs that circulate in the blood. Accordingly, we investigated the most likely source, the bone marrow, of chronically HIV-1-infected individuals who were not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Increased frequencies of plasma cells, as well as B cell precursors, namely preB-I and preB-II, and decreased frequencies of mature B cells were observed in bone marrow aspirates of these individuals compared with HIV-negative counterparts. Increased frequencies of bone marrow plasma cells are consistent with known hallmarks of HIV-1 infection, namely hypergammaglobulinemia and increased frequencies of peripheral blood plasmablasts. Levels of HIV-1 envelope (Env)-binding and HIV-1-neutralizing Abs were measured in serum, and corresponding frequencies of Ab-secreting or Env-binding cells were measured in the blood (plasmablasts and memory B cells) and in the bone marrow (plasma cells). A strong correlation was observed between serum HIV-1-specific Abs and Env-specific bone marrow-derived plasma cells, but not circulating plasmablasts or memory B cells. These findings demonstrate that, despite HIV-1-induced phenotypic and functional B cell dysregulation in the peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid tissues, bone marrow plasma cells remain a primary source for circulating HIV-1-specific Abs in HIV-1-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jairo M Montezuma-Rusca
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Clarisa M Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aaron Louie
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Leo J Y Kim
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brian H Santich
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Olivia R Fankuchen
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gabriella Diaz
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Janine R Daub
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yuxing Li
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Raul C Braylan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Katherine R Calvo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Inui M, Hirota S, Hirano K, Fujii H, Sugahara-Tobinai A, Ishii T, Harigae H, Takai T. Human CD43+ B cells are closely related not only to memory B cells phenotypically but also to plasmablasts developmentally in healthy individuals. Int Immunol 2015; 27:345-55. [PMID: 25744616 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(+) B (CD43(+) B) cells have been newly defined among PBMCs and proposed to be human B1 cells. However, it is controversial as to whether they are orthologs of murine B1 cells and how they are related to other B-cell populations, particularly CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(-) memory B cells and CD20(low)CD27(high)CD43(high) plasmablasts. Our objective is to identify phenotypically the position of CD43(+) B cells among peripheral B-lineage cell compartments in healthy donors, with reference to B-cell subsets from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We found that CD43(+) B cells among PBMCs from healthy subjects were indistinguishable phenotypically from memory B cells in terms of surface markers, and spontaneous in vitro Ig and IL-10 secretion capability, but quite different from plasmablasts. However, a moderate correlation was found in the frequency of CD43(+) B cells with that of plasmablasts in healthy donors but not in SLE patients. An in vitro differentiation experiment indicated that CD43(+) B cells give rise to plasmablasts more efficiently than do memory B cells, suggesting that they are more closely related to plasmablasts developmentally than are memory B cells, which is also supported by quantitative PCR analysis of mRNA expression of B-cell and plasma cell signature genes. Thus, we conclude that, in healthy individuals, CD43(+) B cells are closely related not only to memory B cells phenotypically but also to plasmablasts developmentally, although the developmental origin of CD43(+) B cells is not necessarily the same as that of plasmablasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Inui
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Saeko Hirota
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kumiko Hirano
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Akiko Sugahara-Tobinai
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ishii
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hideo Harigae
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takai
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Crespo M, Heidt S, Redondo D, Pascual J. Monitoring B cell subsets and alloreactivity in kidney transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2015; 29:45-52. [PMID: 25867605 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
B cells are the precursors of antibody producing plasma cells that can give rise to the formation of donor-specific antibodies. However, recent data suggest that besides their role in antibody production, B cells participate in antibody-independent responses, potentially leading to allograft rejection or allograft tolerance. The presence of CD20(+) B cells in kidney graft biopsies has been shown during severe acute rejection episodes and during chronic rejection. Furthermore, operationally tolerant kidney transplant recipients showed a clear B cell dominated fingerprint of tolerance. Several techniques exist to study B cells on different levels. Numerous classification schemes allow for the distinction of many different B cell subsets using flow cytometry. Regardless, data on B cell subsets during stable graft function, rejection or tolerance remain scarce. To obtain a complete picture of the role of B cells during transplantation, antigen specific B cell assays may be required. Therefore, techniques have now been developed that allow for studying the specificity and frequency of HLA specific B cells. Here, we present an overview of the existent assays, panels and techniques intended to characterize peripheral B cells, and the currently available HLA specific B cell functional assays that may allow for monitoring the humoral alloimmune response in transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Crespo
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Dept. of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dolores Redondo
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Pascual
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li H, Pauza CD. CD25(+) Bcl6(low) T follicular helper cells provide help to maturing B cells in germinal centers of human tonsil. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:298-308. [PMID: 25263533 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The majority of CXCR5(+) PD1(+) CD4(+) T follicular helper (Tfh) cells (>90%) are CD25(-) Bcl6(hi) , while a small subpopulation (<10%) are CD25(+) Bcl6(low) but do not express FoxP3 and are not T regulatory cells. We purified T:B-cell conjugates from tonsils and found they were enriched for the CD25(+) Bcl6(low) Tfh-cell subpopulation. In response to IL-2, these CD25(+) Tfh cells increased expression of costimulatory molecules ICOS or OX40, upregulated transcription factor cMaf, produced cytokines IL-21, IL-17, and IL-10, and raised the levels of antiapoptotic protein Bcl2. Conjugates formed with CD25(+) BCl6(low) Tfh cells included B cells expressing higher levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), memory marker CD45RO, surface IgG or IgA, and MHC class II compared to B-cell conjugates including CD25(-) Bcl6(hi) Tfh cells. While IL-2 suppresses early Tfh-cell differentiation, Tfh-cell recognition of antigen-presenting B cells and signaling through the T-cell receptor likely triggers expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor and responses to IL-2 including downregulation of Bcl6. CD25 expression on Tfh cells and local production of IL-2 in tonsil or lymph node may support B helper T-cell function during later stages of B-cell maturation and the development of immune memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Li
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pincetic A, Bournazos S, DiLillo DJ, Maamary J, Wang TT, Dahan R, Fiebiger BM, Ravetch JV. Type I and type II Fc receptors regulate innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:707-16. [PMID: 25045879 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies produced in response to a foreign antigen are characterized by polyclonality, not only in the diverse epitopes to which their variable domains bind but also in the various effector molecules to which their constant regions (Fc domains) engage. Thus, the antibody's Fc domain mediates diverse effector activities by engaging two distinct classes of Fc receptors (type I and type II) on the basis of the two dominant conformational states that the Fc domain may adopt. These conformational states are regulated by the differences among antibody subclasses in their amino acid sequence and by the complex, biantennary Fc-associated N-linked glycan. Here we discuss the diverse downstream proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory consequences of the engagement of type I and type II Fc receptors in the context of infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pincetic
- 1] The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA. [2]
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- 1] The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA. [2]
| | - David J DiLillo
- 1] The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA. [2]
| | - Jad Maamary
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Taia T Wang
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rony Dahan
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is an unusual neoplasia wherein the tumor consists primarily of endothelial cells infected with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8; Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) that are not fully transformed but are instead driven to excess proliferation by inflammatory and angiogenic factors. This oncogenic process has been postulated but unproven to depend on a paracrine effect of an abnormal excess of host cytokines and chemokines produced by HHV-8-infected B lymphocytes. Using newly developed measures for intracellular detection of lytic cycle proteins and expression of cytokines and chemokines, we show that HHV-8 targets a range of naive B cell, IgM memory B cell, and plasma cell-like populations for infection and induction of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inhibitory protein 1α, macrophage inhibitory protein 1β, and interleukin-8 in vitro and in the blood of HHV-8/HIV-1-coinfected subjects with KS. These B cell lineage subsets that support HHV-8 infection are highly polyfunctional, producing combinations of 2 to 5 of these cytokines and chemokines, with greater numbers in the blood of subjects with KS than in those without KS. Our study provides a new paradigm of B cell polyfunctionality and supports a key role for B cell-derived cytokines and chemokines produced during HHV-8 infection in the development of KS. Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is the most common cancer in HIV-1-infected persons and is caused by one of only 7 human cancer viruses, i.e., human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). It is unclear how this virus causes neoplastic transformation. Development and outgrowth of endothelial cell lesions characteristic of KS are hypothesized to be dependent on virus replication and multiple immune mediators produced by the KS cells and inflammatory cells, yet the roles of these viral and cell factors have not been defined. The present study advances our understanding of KS in that it supports a central role for HHV-8 infection of B cells inducing multiple cytokines and chemokines that can drive development of the cancer. Notably, HIV-1-infected individuals who developed KS had greater numbers of such HHV-8-infected, polyfunctional B cells across a range of B cell phenotypic lineages than did HHV-8-infected persons without KS. This intriguing production of polyfunctional immune mediators by B cells serves as a new paradigm for B cell function and classification.
Collapse
|
35
|
Rutella S, Filippini P, Bertaina V, Li Pira G, Altomare L, Ceccarelli S, Brescia LP, Lucarelli B, Girolami E, Conflitti G, Cefalo MG, Bertaina A, Corsetti T, Moretta L, Locatelli F. Mobilization of healthy donors with plerixafor affects the cellular composition of T-cell receptor (TCR)-αβ/CD19-depleted haploidentical stem cell grafts. J Transl Med 2014; 12:240. [PMID: 25179788 PMCID: PMC4158047 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HLA-haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is suitable for patients lacking related or unrelated HLA-matched donors. Herein, we investigated whether plerixafor (MZ), as an adjunct to G-CSF, facilitated the collection of mega-doses of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) for TCR-αβ/CD19-depleted haploidentical HSCT, and how this agent affects the cellular graft composition. METHODS Ninety healthy donors were evaluated. Single-dose MZ was given to 30 'poor mobilizers' (PM) failing to attain ≥40 CD34+ HSCs/μL after 4 daily G-CSF doses and/or with predicted apheresis yields ≤12.0x106 CD34+ cells/kg recipient's body weight. RESULTS MZ significantly increased CD34+ counts in PM. Naïve/memory T and B cells, as well as natural killer (NK) cells, myeloid/plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs), were unchanged compared with baseline. MZ did not further promote the G-CSF-induced mobilization of CD16+ monocytes and the down-regulation of IFN-γ production by T cells. HSC grafts harvested after G-CSF + MZ were enriched in myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs, but contained low numbers of pro-inflammatory 6-sulfo-LacNAc+ (Slan)-DCs. Finally, children transplanted with G-CSF + MZ-mobilized grafts received greater numbers of monocytes, myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs, but lower numbers of NK cells, NK-like T cells and Slan-DCs. CONCLUSIONS MZ facilitates the collection of mega-doses of CD34+ HSCs for haploidentical HSCT, while affecting graft composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rutella
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Transfusion Medicine, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Benitez A, Weldon AJ, Tatosyan L, Velkuru V, Lee S, Milford TA, Francis OL, Hsu S, Nazeri K, Casiano CM, Schneider R, Gonzalez J, Su RJ, Baez I, Colburn K, Moldovan I, Payne KJ. Differences in mouse and human nonmemory B cell pools. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4610-9. [PMID: 24719464 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying cross-species similarities and differences in immune development and function is critical for maximizing the translational potential of animal models. Coexpression of CD21 and CD24 distinguishes transitional and mature B cell subsets in mice. In this study, we validate these markers for identifying analogous subsets in humans and use them to compare the nonmemory B cell pools in mice and humans, across tissues, and during fetal/neonatal and adult life. Among human CD19(+)IgM(+) B cells, the CD21/CD24 schema identifies distinct populations that correspond to transitional 1 (T1), transitional 2 (T2), follicular mature, and marginal zone subsets identified in mice. Markers specific to human B cell development validate the identity of marginal zone cells and the maturation status of human CD21/CD24 nonmemory B cell subsets. A comparison of the nonmemory B cell pools in bone marrow, blood, and spleen in mice and humans shows that transitional B cells comprise a much smaller fraction in adult humans than mice. T1 cells are a major contributor to the nonmemory B cell pool in mouse bone marrow, in which their frequency is more than twice that in humans. Conversely, in spleen, the T1:T2 ratio shows that T2 cells are proportionally ∼ 8-fold higher in humans than in mice. Despite the relatively small contribution of transitional B cells to the human nonmemory pool, the number of naive follicular mature cells produced per transitional B cell is 3- to 6-fold higher across tissues than in mice. These data suggest differing dynamics or mechanisms produce the nonmemory B cell compartments in mice and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Benitez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Matsui K, Giri N, Alter BP, Pinto LA. Cytokine production by bone marrow mononuclear cells in inherited bone marrow failure syndromes. Br J Haematol 2013; 163:81-92. [PMID: 23889587 PMCID: PMC3930339 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA), dyskeratosis congenita (DC), Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA), and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) are characterized by the progressive development of bone marrow failure. Overproduction of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from activated bone marrow T-cells has been proposed as a mechanism of FA-related aplasia. Whether such overproduction occurs in the other syndromes is unknown. We conducted a comparative study on bone marrow mononuclear cells to examine the cellular subset composition and cytokine production. We found lower proportions of haematopoietic stem cells in FA, DC, and SDS, and a lower proportion of monocytes in FA, DC, and DBA compared with controls. The T- and B-lymphocyte proportions were similar to controls, except for low B-cells in DC. We did not observe overproduction of TNF-α or IFN-γ by T-cells in any patients. Induction levels of TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-10, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in monocytes stimulated with high-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were similar at 4 h but lower at 24 h when compared to controls. Unexpectedly, patient samples showed a trend toward higher cytokine level in response to low-dose (0·001 μg/ml) LPS. Increased sensitivity to LPS may have clinical implications and could contribute to the development of pancytopenia by creating a chronic subclinical inflammatory micro-environment in the bone marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Matsui
- Human Papillomavirus Immunology Laboratory, Science Applications
International Corporation (SAIC)-Frederick, Incorporated, Frederick National
Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Neelam Giri
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics Clinical Genetics
Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
20892, United States
| | - Blanche P. Alter
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics Clinical Genetics
Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
20892, United States
| | - Ligia A. Pinto
- Human Papillomavirus Immunology Laboratory, Science Applications
International Corporation (SAIC)-Frederick, Incorporated, Frederick National
Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Humans with chronic granulomatous disease maintain humoral immunologic memory despite low frequencies of circulating memory B cells. Blood 2012; 120:4850-8. [PMID: 23074274 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-430959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD27(+) memory B cells are reduced in the blood of patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) for reasons and consequences that remain unclear. Here we confirm not only decreased CD27(+) but also IgG(+) B cells in the blood of CGD patients compared with healthy donors (HDs). However, among IgG(+) B cells, the ratio of CD27(-) to CD27(+) was significantly higher in CGD patients compared with HDs. Similar to conventional memory B cells, CD27(-)IgG(+) B cells of CGD patients expressed activation markers and had undergone somatic hypermutation, albeit at levels lower than their CD27(+) counterparts. Functional analyses revealed slight reductions in frequencies of total IgG but not influenza-specific memory B-cell responses, as measured by Elispot in CGD patients compared with HDs. Serum IgG levels and influenza-specific antibodies were also normal in these CGD patients. Finally, we provide evidence that influenza-specific memory B cells can be present within the CD27(-)IgG(+) B-cell compartment. Together, these findings show that, despite reduced circulating CD27(+) memory B cells, CGD patients maintain an intact humoral immunologic memory, with potential contribution from CD27(-) B cells.
Collapse
|
39
|
Friberg H, Jaiswal S, West K, O'Ketch M, Rothman AL, Mathew A. Analysis of human monoclonal antibodies generated by dengue virus-specific memory B cells. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:348-59. [PMID: 22934599 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue, caused by the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV), represents an expanding global health challenge. The potential for serotype-cross-reactive antibodies to exacerbate disease during a secondary infection with a heterologous DENV serotype has driven efforts to study human DENV-specific antibodies. Most DENV-specific antibodies generated in humans are serotype-cross-reactive, weakly neutralizing, and directed against the immature pre-membrane (prM), envelope (E), and nonstructural 1 (NS1) proteins. To broaden the characterization of human DENV-specific antibodies, we assessed B-cell responses by ELISpot assays and isolated B cells from the peripheral blood of a human subject with previous DENV infection. Forty-eight human IgG monoclonal antibodies (hMAbs) were initially characterized by their potential to bind to an inactivated lysate of DENV-infected cells. Subsequently, most DENV-specific hMAbs were found to bind soluble, recombinant E protein (rE). Two hMAbs were unable to bind rE, despite strongly binding to the DENV-infected cell lysate. Further analyses showed that these two hMAbs bound conformation-dependent, reduction-sensitive epitopes on E protein. These data shed light on the breadth of DENV-specific hMAbs generated within a single immune donor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Friberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Location and length distribution of somatic hypermutation-associated DNA insertions and deletions reveals regions of antibody structural plasticity. Genes Immun 2012; 13:523-9. [PMID: 22717702 PMCID: PMC3449029 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Following the initial diversity generated by V(D)J recombination, somatic hypermutation is the principal mechanism for producing further antibody repertoire diversity in antigen-experienced B cells. While somatic hypermutation typically results in single nucleotide substitutions, the infrequent incorporation of genetic insertions and deletions has also been associated with the somatic hypermutation process. We used high throughput antibody sequencing to determine the sequence of thousands of antibody genes containing somatic hypermutation-associated insertions and deletions (SHA indels), which revealed significant differences between the location of SHA indels and somatic mutations. Further, we identified a cluster of insertions and deletions in the antibody framework 3 region which corresponds to the hypervariable region 4 (HV4) in T cell receptors. We propose that this HV4-like region, identified by SHA indel analysis, represents a region of under-appreciated affinity maturation potential. Finally, through analysis of both location and length distribution of SHA indels, we have determined regions of structural plasticity within the antibody protein.
Collapse
|
41
|
High-throughput antibody sequencing reveals genetic evidence of global regulation of the naïve and memory repertoires that extends across individuals. Genes Immun 2012; 13:469-73. [PMID: 22622198 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vast diversity in the antibody repertoire is a key component of the adaptive immune response. This diversity is generated centrally through the assembly of variable, diversity and joining gene segments, and peripherally by somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination. The peripheral diversification process is thought to only occur in response to antigenic stimulus, producing antigen-selected memory B cells. Surprisingly, analyses of the variable, diversity and joining gene segments have revealed that the naïve and memory subsets are composed of similar proportions of these elements. Lacking, however, is a more detailed study, analyzing the repertoires of naïve and memory subsets at the level of the complete V(D)J recombinant. This report presents a thorough examination of V(D)J recombinants in the human peripheral blood repertoire, revealing surprisingly large repertoire differences between circulating B-cell subsets and providing genetic evidence for global control of repertoire diversity in naïve and memory circulating B-cell subsets.
Collapse
|
42
|
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection breaks tolerance and drives polyclonal expansion of autoreactive B cells. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1027-37. [PMID: 22623650 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00194-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been linked with B cell lymphoproliferative disorders and several autoimmune-related diseases. The mechanisms of how chronic viral infection affects B cell development and predisposes the patients to autoimmune manifestations are poorly understood. In this study, we established an experimental system to probe the B cell responses and characterize the antibodies from chronic-HCV-infected individuals. We identified an unusual polyclonal expansion of the IgM memory B cell subset in some patients. This B cell subset is known to be tightly regulated, and autoreactive cells are eliminated by tolerance mechanisms. Genetic analysis of the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain variable gene (V(H)) sequences of the expanded cell population showed that the levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM) correlate with the extent of cell expansion in the patients and that the V(H) genes exhibit signs of antigen-mediated selection. Functional analysis of the cloned B cell receptors demonstrated autoreactivity in some of the expanded IgM memory B cells in the patients which is not found in healthy donors. In summary, this study demonstrated that, in some patients, chronic HCV infection disrupts the tolerance mechanism that normally deletes autoreactive B cells, therefore increasing the risk of developing autoimmune antibodies. Long-term follow-up of this expanded B cell subset within the infected individuals will help determine whether these cells are predictors of more-serious clinical manifestations.
Collapse
|
43
|
Pikor N, Gommerman JL. B cells in MS: Why, where and how? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2012; 1:123-30. [PMID: 25877077 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS), in which auto-aggressive lymphocytes participate in inflammation that causes myelin destruction. Although T lymphocytes have been viewed as important culprits in the inflammatory cascade that results in MS, clinical trial results and animal model data support a role for B lymphocytes in MS pathology. In spite of these encouraging results, the mechanism behind why B cell depletion might be effective for MS treatment remains unknown. Herein we summarize the state of our knowledge for how B cells and their antibody products may influence the initiation and or propagation of MS, drawing from human studies and animal model data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pikor
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Jennifer L Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bemark M, Holmqvist J, Abrahamsson J, Mellgren K. Translational Mini-Review Series on B cell subsets in disease. Reconstitution after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation - revelation of B cell developmental pathways and lineage phenotypes. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:15-25. [PMID: 22132880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an immunological treatment that has been used for more than 40 years to cure a variety of diseases. The procedure is associated with serious side effects, due to the severe impairment of the immune system induced by the treatment. After a conditioning regimen with high-dose chemotherapy, sometimes in combination with total body irradiation, haematopoietic stem cells are transferred from a donor, allowing a donor-derived blood system to form. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of humoral problems and B cell development after HSCT, and relate these to the current understanding of human peripheral B cell development. We describe how these studies have aided the identification of subsets of transitional B cells and also a robust memory B cell phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kjeldsen MK, Perez-Andres M, Schmitz A, Johansen P, Boegsted M, Nyegaard M, Gaihede M, Bukh A, Johnsen HE, Orfao A, Dybkaer K. Multiparametric flow cytometry for identification and fluorescence activated cell sorting of five distinct B-cell subpopulations in normal tonsil tissue. Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 136:960-9. [PMID: 22095383 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpdqnp2u5dzhvv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish a procedure capable of isolating distinct B-cell subpopulations from human tonsils as a basis for subsequent molecular analyses. Overall, 5 distinct B-cell subpopulations were purified from fresh tonsils based on their fluorescence surface marker expression: naive B cells, centroblasts, centrocytes, memory B cells, and plasmablasts. The immunophenotypic identity of the subpopulations was verified by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using the proliferation marker MKI-67 and 6 B-cell-associated differentiation markers (BACH2, BCL6, PAX5, IRF4, PRDM1, and XBP1). Furthermore, within the centroblast compartment, large and small centroblasts could be distinguished and large centroblasts were shown to proliferate with a morphologic appearance of a "centroblast"-like cell but with lower gene expression of the germinal center markers BCL6 and BACH2 vs small centroblasts. This study has established a detailed and fast procedure for simultaneous sorting of up to 5 distinct maturation-associated B-cell subpopulations from human tonsils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malene Krag Kjeldsen
- Department of Haematology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Perez-Andres
- Service of Cytometry and Department of Medicine, CIC Cancer-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alexander Schmitz
- Department of Haematology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben Johansen
- Department of Pathology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Boegsted
- Department of Haematology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Haematology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Gaihede
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Bukh
- Department of Haematology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans E. Johnsen
- Department of Haematology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Service of Cytometry and Department of Medicine, CIC Cancer-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Karen Dybkaer
- Department of Haematology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nadeau PJ, Roy A, Gervais-St-Amour C, Marcotte MÈ, Dussault N, Néron S. Modulation of CD40-activated B lymphocytes by N-acetylcysteine involves decreased phosphorylation of STAT3. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:582-92. [PMID: 22078209 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocyte activation, maturation and reshaping require the interaction of its receptor CD40 with its ligand CD154, which is expressed on activated T lymphocytes. Metabolism in activated B lymphocytes is also characterized with several REDOX changes including fluctuation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Herein, we first confirm that stimulation of human peripheral blood B lymphocyte with CD154 increases intracellular ROS level. Then, by treatments with two well-known antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Trolox, we further investigate the influence of REDOX fluctuation in CD40-activated B lymphocyte homeostasis in long term culture (13 days). Treatments with NAC increase viability, decrease proliferation and Ig secretion and enhance homoaggregation of B lymphocytes while Trolox only induces a marginal increase of their Ig secretion. The NAC-induced homoaggregation phenotype is paralleled with increased expressions of CD54, CD11a, CD27 and CD38. Mechanistically, a 24h exposure of B lymphocytes with NAC is sufficient to show strong inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation. Besides, the treatment of B lymphocytes with the STAT3 inhibitor VI increases viability and decreases proliferation and secretion as in NAC-treated cells thus showing a role for STAT3 in these NAC-induced phenotypes. This study done in a human-based model provides new findings on how REDOX fluctuations may modulate CD40-activated B lymphocytes during immune response and provide additional hints on NAC its immunomodulatory functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J Nadeau
- Ingénierie cellulaire, Recherche et développement, Héma-Québec, Québec, QC, G1V 5C3, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Durrieu F, Geneviève F, Arnoulet C, Brumpt C, Capiod JC, Degenne M, Feuillard J, Garand R, Kara-Terki A, Kulhein E, Maynadié M, Ochoa-Noguera ME, Plesa A, Roussel M, Eghbali H, Truchan-Graczyk M, de Carvalho Bittencourt M, Feugier P, Béné MC. Normal levels of peripheral CD19+CD5+ CLL-like cells: Toward a defined threshold for CLL follow-up-A GEIL-GOELAMS study. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2011; 80:346-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
48
|
Jourdan M, Caraux A, Caron G, Robert N, Fiol G, Rème T, Bolloré K, Vendrell JP, Le Gallou S, Mourcin F, De Vos J, Kassambara A, Duperray C, Hose D, Fest T, Tarte K, Klein B. Characterization of a Transitional Preplasmablast Population in the Process of Human B Cell to Plasma Cell Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3931-41. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
49
|
Engel P, Gómez-Puerta JA, Ramos-Casals M, Lozano F, Bosch X. Therapeutic targeting of B cells for rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:127-56. [PMID: 21245206 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are characterized by their ability to secrete autoantibodies directed against self-peptides. During the last decade, it has become increasingly apparent that B lymphocytes not only produce autoantibodies but also exert important regulatory roles independent of their function as antibody-producing cells. This is especially relevant in the context of autoimmunity, because autoreactive B cells have been shown to possess the ability to activate pathogenic T cells, to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, and to promote the formation of tertiary lymphoid tissue in target organs. The production of monoclonal antibodies against B-cell-surface molecules has facilitated the characterization of several distinct B lymphocyte subsets. These cell-surface molecules have not only served as useful cell differentiation markers but have also helped to unravel the important biological functions of these cells. Some of these molecules, all of which are expressed on the cell surface, have proven to be effective therapeutic targets. In both animal models and in clinical assays, the efficient elimination of B lymphocytes has been shown to be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. The treatment of most rheumatic autoimmune diseases relies mainly on the use of cytotoxic immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. Although this has resulted in improved disease survival, patients may nonetheless suffer severe adverse events and, in some cases, their relapse rate remains high. The increasing need for safer and more effective drugs along with burgeoning new insights into the pathogenesis of these disorders has fueled interest in biological agents; clinical trials involving the B-cell depletion agent rituximab have been especially promising. This article reviews the current knowledge of B-cell biology and pathogenesis as well as the modern therapeutic approaches for rheumatic autoimmune diseases focusing in particular on the targeting of B-cell-specific surface molecules and on the blocking of B-cell activation and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
There are few studies of the developmental changes in B-cell subsets in children. Recent data from adult populations demonstrate that alterations to B-cell subsets have functional consequences and can be helpful diagnostically. Comparable studies in children have been hindered by the lack of normative data and by significant changes with age. This study evaluated B-cell subsets by 4-color flow cytometry in 47 children of different ages. The use of a 4-color platform is compatible with broad use in clinical laboratories. We found that there are rapid changes in the B-cell compartment in infancy and early childhood. Total B-cell numbers decline early in life, and this correlates with a decline in transitional B cells and naïve B cells. The decline is most rapid between 1 and 5 years of age, with a slower decline later in childhood. In contrast, nonswitched and switched memory B cells both increase during the 1st 5 years of life. The decline in B-cell numbers did not occur until after 1 year of age, suggesting that the period after birth is a unique developmental window. These data provide a reference set for further studies on B-cell dysfunction in pediatric disorders. The changes occurring in early childhood document the need for age-related assessments and serve to underscore the B-cell-specific kinetics of immunologic development in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|