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Serrero G. Progranulin/GP88, A Complex and Multifaceted Player of Tumor Growth by Direct Action and via the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1329:475-498. [PMID: 34664252 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the role of progranulin/GP88 on the proliferation and survival of a wide variety of cells has been steadily increasing. Several human diseases stem from progranulin dysregulation either through its overexpression in cancer or its absence as in the case of null mutations in some form of frontotemporal dementia. The present review focuses on the role of progranulin/GP88 in cancer development, progression, and drug resistance. Various aspects of progranulin identification, biology, and signaling pathways will be described. Information will be provided about its direct role as an autocrine growth and survival factor and its paracrine effect as a systemic factor as well as via interaction with extracellular matrix proteins and with components of the tumor microenvironment to influence drug resistance, migration, angiogenesis, inflammation, and immune modulation. This chapter will also describe studies examining progranulin/GP88 tumor tissue expression as well as circulating level as a prognostic factor for several cancers. Due to the wealth of publications in progranulin, this review does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather provide a thread to lead the readers toward more in-depth exploration of this fascinating and unique protein.
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Park KA, Yun N, Oh YJ. Anamorsin attenuates cupric chloride-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ritacco FV, Wu Y, Khetan A. Cell culture media for recombinant protein expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: History, key components, and optimization strategies. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1407-1426. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank V. Ritacco
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Yongqi Wu
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
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Role of astrocytic MeCP2 in regulation of CNS myelination by affecting oligodendrocyte and neuronal physiology and axo–glial interactions. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:3015-3027. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Cell and tissue culture techniques have improved considerably since the first attempts to maintain explants of animal tissue in vitro. The two major developments that have allowed these improvements are the ability to produce continuous cell lines, thus allowing reproducible results to be obtained, and the definition of media for different cell types, thereby reducing the need for supplements of serum and other extraneous extracts. The requirements of islets in culture have been more difficult to define, largely because islets do not proliferate in culture and proliferation rate cannot therefore be used to measure the suitability of the medium. Further difficulties arise because islets are highly metabolically active “mini-organelles.” Although many studies have been undertaken to try and optimize media for the culture islets of Langerhans, the media most commonly used are commercially available media developed for other cell types. There remains ample scope for further refinement of the composition of islet culture media, with the possibility of different media for islets from different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Clayton
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK
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A novel pressed porous silicon-polycaprolactone composite as a dual-purpose implant for the delivery of cells and drugs to the eye. Exp Eye Res 2015; 139:123-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yoles E, Bak A, Sampson SR. Some electrophysiological properties of developing rat skeletal myotubes grown in serum-free, chemically defined medium. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 2:483-90. [PMID: 24874243 DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(84)90050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/1984] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum-free, chemically defined media have been reported to provide suitable conditions for growth and proliferation of mammalian skeletal muscle, but there is no information regarding the ability of myotubes to develop normal electrophysiological properties in these media. We have recorded transmembrane resting and action potentials from rat skeletal myotubes grown in both serum-containing (GM) and serum-free chemically defined (CDM) growth media. Muscle cells in CDM do not develop as high resting Em as their counterparts in conventional growth media. CDM myotubes also had a lower incidence and frequency of spontaneously occurring action potentials. Treatment with ouabain or decrease in temperature of the recording medium reduced resting Em of both GM and CDM cells to the same level. We found that the sensitivity of CDM cells to ouabain was about 10-fold higher than that of GM cells. An increase in temperature of the recording medium increased Em of GM myotubes but not of CDM myotubes. The change in resting Em in response to a 10-fold change in extracellular K(+)-ion concentration was the same for both groups of cells thus indicating that there was no difference in membrane permeability to K(+)-ion. We conclude that the difference in Em can be accounted for largely, if not entirely, by differences in activity or amount of electrogenic Na(+)-K(+) ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yoles
- Department of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52100, Israel
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Ioannidou K, Anderson KI, Strachan D, Edgar JM, Barnett SC. Astroglial-axonal interactions during early stages of myelination in mixed cultures using in vitro and ex vivo imaging techniques. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:59. [PMID: 24886503 PMCID: PMC4024314 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [corrected] Myelination is a very complex process that requires the cross talk between various neural cell types. Previously, using cytosolic or membrane associated GFP tagged neurospheres, we followed the interaction of oligodendrocytes with axons using time-lapse imaging in vitro and ex vivo and demonstrated dynamic changes in cell morphology. In this study we focus on GFP tagged astrocytes differentiated from neurospheres and their interactions with axons. RESULTS We show the close interaction of astrocyte processes with axons and with oligodendrocytes in mixed mouse spinal cord cultures with formation of membrane blebs as previously seen for oligodendrocytes in the same cultures. When GFP-tagged neurospheres were transplanted into the spinal cord of the dysmyelinated shiverer mouse, confirmation of dynamic changes in cell morphology was provided and a prevalence for astrocyte differentiation compared with oligodendroglial differentiation around the injection site. Furthermore, we were able to image GFP tagged neural cells in vivo after transplantation and the cells exhibited similar membrane changes as cells visualised in vitro and ex vivo. CONCLUSION These data show that astrocytes exhibit dynamic cell process movement and changes in their membrane topography as they interact with axons and oligodendrocytes during the process of myelination, with the first demonstration of bleb formation in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia M Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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Differential sulfation remodelling of heparan sulfate by extracellular 6-O-sulfatases regulates fibroblast growth factor-induced boundary formation by glial cells: implications for glial cell transplantation. J Neurosci 2013; 32:15902-12. [PMID: 23136428 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6340-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, it has been shown that rat Schwann cells (SCs), but not olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), form a boundary with astrocytes, due to a SC-specific secreted factor. Here, we identify highly sulfated heparan sulfates (HSs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 1 and 9 as possible determinants of boundary formation induced by rat SCs. Disaccharide analysis of HS in SC-conditioned and rat OEC-conditioned media showed that SCs secrete more highly sulfated HS than OECs. The dependence of the boundary-forming activity on high levels of sulfation was confirmed using a panel of semisynthetic modified heparins with variable levels of sulfation. Furthermore, extracellular HS 6-O-endosulfatase enzymes, Sulf 1 and Sulf 2, were expressed at a significantly lower level by SCs compared with OECs, and siRNA reduction of Sulfs in OECs was, in itself, sufficient to induce boundary formation. This demonstrates a key role for remodelling (reduction) of HS 6-O-sulfation by OECs, compared with SCs, to suppress boundary formation. Furthermore, specific anti-FGF1 and anti-FGF9 antibodies disrupted SC-astrocyte boundary formation, supporting a role for an HS sulfation-dependent FGF signaling mechanism via FGF receptors on astrocytes. We propose a model in which FGF1 and FGF9 signaling is differentially modulated by patterns of glial cell HS sulfation, dependent on Sulf 1 and Sulf 2 expression, to control FGF receptor 3-IIIb-mediated astrocytic responses. Moreover, these data suggest manipulation of HS sulfation after CNS injury as a potential novel approach for therapeutic intervention in CNS repair.
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Toft A, Tome M, Barnett SC, Riddell JS. A comparative study of glial and non-neural cell properties for transplant-mediated repair of the injured spinal cord. Glia 2013; 61:513-28. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lin H, Zhang D, Alexander PG, Yang G, Tan J, Cheng AWM, Tuan RS. Application of visible light-based projection stereolithography for live cell-scaffold fabrication with designed architecture. Biomaterials 2012; 34:331-9. [PMID: 23092861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
One-step scaffold fabrication with live cell incorporation is a highly desirable technology for tissue engineering and regeneration. Projection stereolithography (PSL) represents a promising method owing to its fine resolution, high fabrication speed and computer-aided design (CAD) capabilities. However, the majority of current protocols utilize water-insoluble photoinitiators that are incompatible with live cell-fabrication, and ultraviolet (UV) light that is damaging to the cellular DNA. We report here the development of a visible light-based PSL system (VL-PSL), using lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) as the initiator and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) as the monomer, to produce hydrogel scaffolds with specific shapes and internal architectures. Furthermore, live human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) were suspended in PEGDA/LAP solution during the PSL process, and were successfully incorporated within the fabricated hydrogel scaffolds. hADSCs in PEG scaffolds showed high viability (>90%) for up to 7 days after fabrication as revealed by Live/Dead staining. Scaffolds with porous internal architecture retained higher cell viability and activity than solid scaffolds, likely due to increased oxygen and nutrients exchange into the interior of the scaffolds. The VL-PSL should be applicable as an efficient and effective tissue engineering technology for point-of-care tissue repair in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lin
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Jayme D, Watanabe T, Shimada T. Basal medium development for serum-free culture: a historical perspective. Cytotechnology 2012; 23:95-101. [PMID: 22358525 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007967602484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of basal synthetic formulations to support mammalian cell culture applications has been facilitated by the contributions of many investigators. Definition of minimally-required nutrient categories by Harry Eagle in the 1950's spawned an iterative process of continuous modification and refinement of the exogenous environment to cultivate new cell types and to support emerging applications of cultured mammalian cells. Key historical elements are traced, leading to the development of high potency, basal nutrient formulations capable of sustaining serum-free proliferation and biological production. Emerging techniques for alimentation of fed batch and continuous perfusion bioreactors, using partial nutrient concentrates deduced from spent medium analysis, can enhance medium utilization and bioreactor productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jayme
- Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, NY, USA
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Abstract
Astrocytes undergo major phenotypic changes in response to injury and disease that directly influence repair in the CNS, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Previously, we have shown that neurosphere-derived rat astrocytes plated on poly-L-lysine (PLL-astrocytes) support myelination in dissociated rat spinal cord cultures (myelinating cultures). It is hypothesized that astrocyte reactivity can affect myelination, so we have exploited this culture system to ascertain how two distinct astrocyte phenotypes influence myelination. Astrocytes plated on tenascin C (TnC-astrocytes), a method to induce quiescence, resulted in less myelinated fibers in the myelinating cultures when compared with PLL-astrocytes. In contrast, treatment of myelinating cultures plated on PLL-astrocytes with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a cytokine known to induce an activated astrocyte phenotype, promoted myelination. CNTF could also reverse the effect of quiescent astrocytes on myelination. A combination of microarray gene expression analysis and quantitative real-time PCR identified CXCL10 as a potential candidate for the reduction in myelination in cultures on TnC-astrocytes. The effect of TnC-astrocytes on myelination was eliminated by neutralizing CXCL10 antibodies. Conversely, CXCL10 protein inhibited myelination on PLL-astrocytes. Furthermore, CXCL10 treatment of purified oligodendrocyte precursor cells did not affect proliferation, differentiation, or process extension compared with untreated controls, suggesting a role in glial/axonal ensheathment. These data demonstrate a direct correlation of astrocyte phenotypes with their ability to support myelination. This observation has important implications with respect to the development of therapeutic strategies to promote CNS remyelination in demyelinating diseases.
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Lozito TP, Tuan RS. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit both endogenous and exogenous MMPs via secreted TIMPs. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:385-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gazdar AF, Girard L, Lockwood WW, Lam WL, Minna JD. Lung cancer cell lines as tools for biomedical discovery and research. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102:1310-21. [PMID: 20679594 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer cell lines have made a substantial contribution to lung cancer translational research and biomedical discovery. A systematic approach to initiating and characterizing cell lines from small cell and non-small cell lung carcinomas has led to the current collection of more than 200 lung cancer cell lines, a number that exceeds those for other common epithelial cancers combined. The ready availability and widespread dissemination of the lines to investigators worldwide have resulted in more than 9000 citations, including multiple examples of important biomedical discoveries. The high (but not perfect) genomic similarities between lung cancer cell lines and the lung tumor type from which they were derived provide evidence of the relevance of their use. However, major problems including misidentification or cell line contamination remain. Ongoing studies and new approaches are expected to reveal the full potential of the lung cancer cell line panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi F Gazdar
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA.
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Tarle S, Shi S, Kaigler D. Development of a serum-free system to expand dental-derived stem cells: PDLSCs and SHEDs. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:66-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Schoemans R, Aigrot MS, Wu C, Marée R, Hong P, Belachew S, Josse C, Lubetzki C, Bours V. Oligodendrocyte development and myelinogenesis are not impaired by high concentrations of phenylalanine or its metabolites. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33:113-20. [PMID: 20151197 PMCID: PMC3071566 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic genetic disease characterized by deficient phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) enzymatic activity. Brain hypomyelination has been reported in untreated patients, but its mechanism remains unclear. We therefore investigated the influence of phenylalanine (Phe), phenylpyruvate (PP), and phenylacetate (PA) on oligodendrocytes. We first showed in a mouse model of PKU that the number of oligodendrocytes is not different in corpus callosum sections from adult mutants or from control brains. Then, using enriched oligodendroglial cultures, we detected no cytotoxic effect of high concentrations of Phe, PP, or PA. Finally, we analyzed the impact of Phe, PP, and PA on the myelination process in myelinating cocultures using both an in vitro index of myelination, based on activation of the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter, and the direct quantification of myelin sheaths by both optical measurement and a bioinformatics method. None of these parameters was affected by the increased levels of Phe or its derivatives. Taken together, our data demonstrate that high levels of Phe, such as in PKU, are unlikely to directly induce brain hypomyelination, suggesting involvement of alternative mechanisms in this myelination defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Schoemans
- Human Genetics, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Chaohong Wu
- Michtom School of Computer Science, Volen Center for Complex Systems, Room 261, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Raphaël Marée
- Bioinformatics platform, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pengyu Hong
- Michtom School of Computer Science, Volen Center for Complex Systems, Room 261, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | | | - Claire Josse
- Human Genetics, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Vincent Bours
- Human Genetics, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Genetics Center, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Genetics, CHU Liège, Université de Liège B34, Avenue de l’hôpital 1, 4000 Liège, Belgique, Belgium
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Bueno EM, Saeidi N, Melotti S, Ruberti JW. Effect of serum and insulin modulation on the organization and morphology of matrix synthesized by bovine corneal stromal cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 15:3559-73. [PMID: 19480568 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro production of highly organized collagen fibrils by corneal keratocytes in a three-dimensional scaffold-free culture system presents a unique opportunity for the direct observation of organized matrix formation. The objective of this investigation was to develop such a culture system in a glass substrate (for optical accessibility) and to directly examine the effect of reducing serum and/or increasing insulin on the stratification and secretion of aligned matrix by fourth- to fifth-passage bovine corneal stromal keratocytes. Medium concentrations of 0%, 1%, or 10% fetal bovine serum and 0% or 1% insulin-transferrin-selenium were investigated. High-resolution differential interference contrast microscopy, quick-freeze/deep-etch, and conventional transmission electron microscopy were used to monitor the evolution, morphology, and ultrastructure of the cell-matrix constructs. In a medium containing 1% each of serum and insulin-transferrin-selenium, stromal cells stratified and secreted abundant and locally aligned matrix, generating the thickest cell-matrix constructs (allowing handling with forceps). The results of this study have the potential to significantly advance the field of developmental functional engineering of load-bearing tissues by (i) elucidating cues that modulate in vitro cell secretion of organized matrix and (ii) establishing an optically accessible cell culture system for investigating the mechanism of cell secretion of aligned collagen fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka M Bueno
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Shimshoni JA, Dalton EC, Watson P, Boris Y, Bialer M, Harwood AJ. Evaluation of the effects of propylisopropylacetic acid (PIA) on neuronal growth cone morphology. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56:831-7. [PMID: 19705552 PMCID: PMC3098385 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Propylisopropylacetic acid (PIA) is a constitutional isomer of valproic acid (VPA). It has previously been found to be a weak antiepileptic, but in common with mood stabilizers, causes inositol depletion and growth cone spreading, suggesting the basis of a new series of mood stabilizers. To assess this possibility, we have compared the effects of racemic (R,S)-PIA and its individual enantiomers to those of the mood stabilizers lithium (Li+), VPA and carbamazepine (CBZ). Unlike Li+ and VPA, but in common with CBZ and (R,S)-PIA, neither (R)-PIA nor (S)-PIA enantiomer induces T-cell factor (TCF)-mediated gene expression. However, as seen for other mood stabilizers, both enantiomers are potent inducers of growth cone spreading. To investigate the mechanism for these effects, we examined changes in the actin cytoskeleton following drug treatment with Li+, VPA, CBZ, (R,S)-PIA or its individual enantiomers. All exhibit a redistribution of F-actin to the growth cone periphery, a feature of spread growth cones. (R,S)-PIA has the strongest effect as it also elevates F-actin polymerization at the cell periphery. This change in the actin cytoskeleton is associated with a substantial increase in F-actin-rich protrusions on the surface of the growth cone and in its close vicinity. These results demonstrate an effect of (R,S)-PIA on the neuronal actin cytoskeleton shared in common with other mood stabilizers, and suggest a potential to induce structural changes within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob A Shimshoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Wescoe KE, Schugar RC, Chu CR, Deasy BM. The Role of the Biochemical and Biophysical Environment in Chondrogenic Stem Cell Differentiation Assays and Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Cell Biochem Biophys 2008; 52:85-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-008-9029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Are neurons born with the ability to form and receive synapses or do they acquire these abilities during development? We have previously found that purified postnatal retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) require soluble astrocyte-derived signals to form synapses in vitro and in vivo. Here we show that newly generated embryonic day 17 (E17) RGCs are able to form but not receive synapses under these conditions. Dendrite growth is not sufficient to trigger receptivity; rather, the ability of newly generated RGCs to receive synapses is acquired at E19 in response to direct contact by neighboring cell types. Direct contact with astrocytes, which are not present at E17 but are normally generated by E19, is sufficient to induce synaptic receptivity in E17 RGCs. In contrast, amacrine contact does not induce synaptic receptivity. Interestingly, astrocyte contact alters the localization of the synaptic adhesion molecule neurexin away from dendrites. In addition, dendritic expression of neurexin is sufficient to prevent astrocyte contact-mediated increases in synapse number, suggesting a molecular mechanism by which astrocyte contact regulates neuronal synaptic receptivity. Thus, synaptic receptivity is not induced simply by dendritic elaboration but must be signaled by both contact-mediated signaling from astrocytes and a shift in the dendritic localization of neurexin.
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Kubota H, Brinster RL. Culture of rodent spermatogonial stem cells, male germline stem cells of the postnatal animal. Methods Cell Biol 2008; 86:59-84. [PMID: 18442644 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), postnatal male germline stem cells, are the foundation of spermatogenesis, during which an enormous number of spermatozoa is produced daily by the testis throughout life of the male. SSCs are unique among stem cells in the adult body because they are the only cells that undergo self-renewal and transmit genes to subsequent generations. In addition, SSCs provide an excellent and powerful model to study stem cell biology because of the availability of a functional assay that unequivocally identifies the stem cell. Development of an in vitro culture system that allows an unlimited supply of SSCs is a crucial technique to manipulate genes of the SSC to generate valuable transgenic animals, to study the self-renewal mechanism, and to develop new therapeutic strategies for infertility. In this chapter, we describe a detailed protocol for the culture of mouse and rat SSCs. A key factor for successful development of the SSC culture system was identification of in vitro growth factor requirements for the stem cell using a defined serum-free medium. Because transplantation assays using immunodeficient mice demonstrated that extrinsic factors for self-renewal of SSCs appear to be conserved among many mammalian species, culture techniques for SSCs of other species, including farm animals and humans, are likely to be developed in the coming 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kubota
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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Tomé M, Siladžic E, Santos-Silva A, Barnett SC. Calponin is expressed by subpopulations of connective tissue cells but not olfactory ensheathing cells in the neonatal olfactory mucosa. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:74. [PMID: 17877797 PMCID: PMC2045107 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Debate has been ongoing on the relative merits of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and Schwann cells as candidates for transplant-mediate repair of CNS lesions. Both glial cells exhibit similar molecular and cellular properties and to date there has been no antigenic marker identified that can clearly distinguish the two cell types. This inability to distinguish between the two cells types prevents confirmation of a controversial statement that cultures of OECs are contaminated with Schwann cells. Recently, proteomic analysis of foetal OECs and adult Schwann cells identified an actin-binding protein, calponin, as a specific marker for OECs. However, at the same time a recent report suggested that adult OECs do not express calponin. It was not clear if this discrepancy was due to methodology, as cells had to be treated with proteinase K to maximize calponin staining or developmental differences with only foetal/neonatal OECs expressing calponin. For this reason we have examined calponin expression in the peripheral olfactory system of embryonic and neonatal rats in vivo and from cells in vitro to assess if calponin is expressed in a developmental manner. RESULTS In this study we show that: i) proteinase K pretreatment had no effect on calponin staining in both OECs and Schwann cells. ii) calponin immunoreactivity was not expressed by embryonic or neonatal OECs in vitro and in vivo although connective tissue from the olfactory mucosa was strongly positive in neonatal rats but not embryonic rats, iii) calponin expression in the olfactory mucosa was heterogeneous, defining subpopulations of connective tissue cells iv) using functional confrontation assays between OECs or Schwann cells with astrocytes, calponin was expressed heterogeneously by astrocytes. CONCLUSION It is concluded that calponin is heterogeneously expressed by neonatal mucosal connective tissue but not expressed by neonatal OECs, embryonic OECs, and neonatal Schwann cells. Furthermore, we propose that calponin is not a specific marker for OECs generated from any developmental age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Tomé
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Edina Siladžic
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Alessandra Santos-Silva
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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Santos-Silva A, Fairless R, Frame MC, Montague P, Smith GM, Toft A, Riddell JS, Barnett SC. FGF/heparin differentially regulates Schwann cell and olfactory ensheathing cell interactions with astrocytes: a role in astrocytosis. J Neurosci 2007; 27:7154-67. [PMID: 17611269 PMCID: PMC6794582 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1184-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After injury, the CNS undergoes an astrocyte stress response characterized by reactive astrocytosis/proliferation, boundary formation, and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) expression. Previously, we showed that in vitro astrocytes exhibit this stress response when in contact with Schwann cells but not olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). In this study, we confirm this finding in vivo by demonstrating that astrocytes mingle with OECs but not Schwann cells after injection into normal spinal cord. We show that Schwann cell-conditioned media (SCM) induces proliferation in monocultures of astrocytes and increases CSPG expression in a fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1)-independent manner. However, SCM added to OEC/astrocyte cocultures induces reactive astrocytosis and boundary formation, which, although sensitive to FGFR1 inhibition, was not induced by FGF2 alone. Addition of heparin to OEC/astrocyte cultures induces boundary formation, whereas heparinase or chlorate treatment of Schwann cell/astrocyte cultures reduces it, suggesting that heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are modulating this activity. In vivo, FGF2 and FGFR1 immunoreactivity was increased over grafted OECs and Schwann cells compared with the surrounding tissue, and HSPG immunoreactivity is increased over reactive astrocytes bordering the Schwann cell graft. These data suggest that components of the astrocyte stress response, including boundary formation, astrocyte hypertrophy, and GFAP expression, are mediated by an FGF family member, whereas proliferation and CSPG expression are not. Furthermore, after cell transplantation, HSPGs may be important for mediating the stress response in astrocytes via FGF2. Identification of factors secreted by Schwann cells that induce this negative response in astrocytes would further our ability to manipulate the inhibitory environment induced after injury to promote regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Santos-Silva
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Fairless
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret C. Frame
- Beatson Institute, Cancer Research UK, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Montague
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - George M. Smith
- Department of Physiology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40509
| | - Andrew Toft
- Division of Neuroscience and Biomedical Systems, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom, and
| | - John S. Riddell
- Division of Neuroscience and Biomedical Systems, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom, and
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
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27
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Shimshoni JA, Dalton EC, Jenkins A, Eyal S, Ewan K, Williams RSB, Pessah N, Yagen B, Harwood AJ, Bialer M. The effects of central nervous system-active valproic acid constitutional isomers, cyclopropyl analogs, and amide derivatives on neuronal growth cone behavior. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 71:884-92. [PMID: 17167030 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an effective antiepileptic drug with an additional activity for the treatment of bipolar disorder. It has been assumed that both activities arise from a common target. At the molecular level, VPA targets a number of distinct proteins that are involved in signal transduction. VPA inhibition of inositol synthase reduces the cellular concentration of myo-inositol, an effect common to the mood stabilizers lithium and carbamazepine. VPA inhibition of histone deacetylases activates Wnt signaling via elevated beta-catenin expression and causes teratogenicity. Given the VPA chemical structure, it may be possible to design VPA derivatives and analogs that modulate specific protein targets but leave the others unaffected. Indeed, it has been shown that some nonteratogenic VPA derivatives retain antiepileptic and inositol signaling effects. In this study, we describe a further set of VPA analogs and derivatives that separate anticonvulsant activity from effects on neuronal growth cone morphology. Lithium, carbamazepine, and VPA induce inositol-dependent spread of neuronal growth cones, providing a cell-based assay that correlates with mood-stabilizing activity. We find that two constitutional isomers of VPA, propylisopropylacetic acid and diisopropylacetic acid, but not their corresponding amides, and N-methyl-2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropanecarboaxamide are more effective than VPA in increasing growth cone spreading. We show that these effects are associated with inositol depletion, and not changes in beta-catenin-mediated Wnt signaling. These results suggest a route to a new generation of central nervous system-active VPA analogs that specifically target bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Shimshoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Karem, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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28
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Rocha-Viegas L, Vicent GP, Barañao JL, Beato M, Pecci A. Glucocorticoids Repress bcl-X Expression in Lymphoid Cells by Recruiting STAT5B to the P4 Promoter. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:33959-70. [PMID: 16959781 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602408200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The bcl-X gene plays a critical role in apoptosis. Six different isoforms generated by tissue-specific promoter usage and alternative splicing were described. Some of them exert opposite effects on cell death. In mammary epithelial cells glucocorticoids induce bcl-X expression and increase the ratio bcl-X(L) (antiapoptotic)/bcl-X(S) (apoptotic) by activating P4 promoter, which contains two hormone response elements. Here we show that, on mouse thymocytes and T lymphocyte derivative S49 cells, glucocorticoids inhibited transcription from P4 and decreased the ratio bcl-X(L)/bcl-X(S) favoring apoptosis. Upon hormonal treatment, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), steroid receptor coactivator-1, and RNA polymerase II were transiently recruited to P4 promoter, whereas STAT5B was also recruited but remained bound. Concomitant with the release of GR, silencing mediator for retinoic acid receptor and thyroid hormone receptor and histone deacetylase 3 were recruited, histone H3 was deacetylated, and RNA polymerase II left the promoter. Inhibition of STAT5 activity reverted glucocorticoid repression to activation of transcription and was accompanied by stable recruitment of GR and RNA polymerase II to P4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Rocha-Viegas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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29
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Park SY, Tournell C, Sinjoanu RC, Ferreira A. Caspase-3- and calpain-mediated tau cleavage are differentially prevented by estrogen and testosterone in beta-amyloid-treated hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 2006; 144:119-27. [PMID: 17055174 PMCID: PMC1955430 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that the proteolytic cleavage of the microtubule-associated protein tau, the main component of neurofibrillary tangles, might play a role in the molecular mechanisms underlying beta-amyloid (Abeta) -induced neurotoxicity in central neurons. In the present study, we analyzed whether sex hormones could prevent such tau cleavage, and hence, protect rat hippocampal neurons against Abeta toxicity. Our results indicated that estrogen and testosterone prevented caspase-3- and calpain-mediated tau cleavage, respectively. Thus, estrogen decreased the levels of caspase-3-cleaved 50-kDa truncated tau, while testosterone prevented the generation of a calpain-cleaved 17-kDa tau fragment. In addition, our results showed that the decrease in the levels of these tau proteolytic forms was accompanied by an increased cell survival in Abeta-treated neurons. Furthermore, our findings indicated that testosterone was more effective than estrogen in protecting hippocampal neurons against Abeta-induced cell death. Collectively, our data suggest that preventing the decline of estrogen and testosterone associated with normal aging might reduce the susceptibility of central neurons to Abeta-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adriana Ferreira
- *Send Correspondence to: Adriana Ferreira, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Searle Building Room 5-474, 320 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, Phone (312) 503 0597, Fax (312) 503 7345, E-mail:
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30
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Williams SK, Spence HJ, Rodgers RR, Ozanne BW, Fitzgerald U, Barnett SC. Role of Mayven, a kelch-related protein in oligodendrocyte process formation. J Neurosci Res 2005; 81:622-31. [PMID: 16035103 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte function is central to the maintenance of the normal nervous system in health and disease. In particular, process formation and the generation of large sheets of myelin are important components of their biological properties. We have investigated the role of Mayven, a recently identified member of the kelch family of proteins, in process extension in oligodendrocyte-lineage cells. The kelch superfamily consists of a large number of structurally diverse proteins characterized by the presence of a kelch-repeat domain. Other members of this family associate with the actin cytoskeleton and regulate process length. Mayven is expressed predominantly in the CNS, has six kelch repeats, and is an actin-binding protein, associating with actin through its kelch-repeat domain. We have cloned rat Mayven and examined its role in the oligodendrocyte lineage by using RT-PCR, RNA interference, and a truncated, dominant-negative myc-tagged Mayven. Oligodendrocyte precursors treated with siRNA directed to Mayven have reduced process length, but there was no change in migration or expression of differentiation markers. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that Mayven associated with F-actin at cell tips. Finally, overexpression of truncated Mayven lacking the SH3 ligand binding domain in oligodendrocyte-lineage cells resulted in shorter process formation, which was augmented when the cells were plated on laminin and fibronectin. These data suggest a role for Mayven in oligodendrocyte precursor cell process formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Williams
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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31
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Coecke S, Balls M, Bowe G, Davis J, Gstraunthaler G, Hartung T, Hay R, Merten OW, Price A, Schechtman L, Stacey G, Stokes W. Guidance on good cell culture practice. a report of the second ECVAM task force on good cell culture practice. Altern Lab Anim 2005; 33:261-87. [PMID: 16180980 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503300313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Coecke
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy.
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32
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Fairless R, Frame MC, Barnett SC. N-cadherin differentially determines Schwann cell and olfactory ensheathing cell adhesion and migration responses upon contact with astrocytes. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 28:253-63. [PMID: 15691707 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and Schwann cells provide a cellular environment that promotes axonal outgrowth in several models of CNS injury. However, they exhibit different properties when in contact with astrocytes. Schwann cells, but not OECs, induce characteristics that typify hypertrophy in astrocytes and exhibit a poor capacity to migrate within astrocyte-rich areas, making them less favourable for transplant-mediated repair. N-cadherin has been implicated in the adhesion of Schwann cells to astrocytes. Despite indistinguishable expression of N-cadherin, Schwann cells adhered more strongly to an astrocyte monolayer and migrated more slowly on astrocytes when compared to OECs. We have examined the role of N-cadherin in mediating these cellular interactions using RNA interference and found differing effects. In Schwann cells, suppression of N-cadherin reduced heterotypic and homotypic adhesion and they gained adhesion properties more akin to OECs. In contrast, suppression of N-cadherin in OECs had no effect. These findings imply that N-cadherin is differentially regulated in OECs and Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fairless
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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33
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Lee CS, Tee LY, Dusenbery S, Takata T, Golden JP, Pierchala BA, Gottlieb DI, Johnson EM, Choi DW, Snider BJ. Neurotrophin and GDNF family ligands promote survival and alter excitotoxic vulnerability of neurons derived from murine embryonic stem cells. Exp Neurol 2005; 191:65-76. [PMID: 15589513 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Revised: 08/11/2004] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are genetically manipulable pluripotential cells that can be differentiated in vitro into neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Given their potential utility as a source of replacement cells for the injured nervous system and the likelihood that transplantation interventions might include co-application of growth factors, we examined the effects of neurotrophin and GDNF family ligands on the survival and excitotoxic vulnerability of ES cell-derived neurons (ES neurons) grown in vitro. ES cells were differentiated down a neural lineage in vitro using the 4-/4+ protocol (Bain et al., Dev Biol 168:342-57, 1995). RT-PCR demonstrated expression of receptors for neurotrophins and GDNF family ligands in ES neural lineage cells. Neuronal expression of GFRalpha1, GFRalpha2, and ret was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. Exposure to 30-100 ng/ml GDNF or neurturin (NRTN) resulted in activation of ret. Addition of NT-3 and GDNF did not increase cell division but did increase the number of neurons in the cultures 7 days after plating. Pretreatment with NT-3 enhanced the vulnerability of ES neurons to NMDA-induced death (100 microM NMDA for 10 min) and enhanced the NMDA-induced increase in neuronal [Ca2+]i, but did not alter expression of NMDA receptor subunits NR2A or NR2B. In contrast, pretreatment with GDNF reduced the vulnerability of ES neurons to NMDA-induced death while modestly enhancing the NMDA-induced increase in neuronal [Ca2+]i. These findings demonstrate that the response of ES-derived neurons to neurotrophins and GDNF family ligands is largely similar to that of other cultured central neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Sang Lee
- Washington University School of Medicine, Center for the Study of Nervous System Injury, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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34
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van der Valk J, Mellor D, Brands R, Fischer R, Gruber F, Gstraunthaler G, Hellebrekers L, Hyllner J, Jonker FH, Prieto P, Thalen M, Baumans V. The humane collection of fetal bovine serum and possibilities for serum-free cell and tissue culture. Toxicol In Vitro 2004; 18:1-12. [PMID: 14630056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2003.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is a common supplement to in vitro culture media. A workshop was organized to discuss whether or not fetuses might suffer when blood is withdrawn, and to discuss serum replacement methods. When bovine fetuses are exposed after slaughter of the dam, they can suffer only if they inflate their lungs with air and increase their blood oxygen to levels compatible with awareness. Preventing fetuses from breathing air or killing them by an efficient method, according to clearly defined safeguards, ensures that fetal blood collection is humane. Since serum is a supplement of unknown composition, which could be contaminated with unwanted factors, there are scientific and safety reasons for omitting FBS from culture media. Several media have been developed in which minimal or no animal derived components are present. Also, different cell types have been adapted to serum-free media. As yet, no standard serum free media are present, and each cell type requires its own medium composition. Among other recommendations, the establishment of a public database with information on cell types and their serum-free medium composition is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van der Valk
- Netherlands Centre Alternatives to Animal Use Centre For Animals and Society, Fac. Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 17, Utrecht, NL-3584 CL, The Netherlands.
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35
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Furuya S, Furuya K, Sokabe M, Hiroe T, Ozaki T. Characteristics of cultured subepithelial fibroblasts in the rat small intestine. II. Localization and functional analysis of endothelin receptors and cell-shape-independent gap junction permeability. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 319:103-19. [PMID: 15503148 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-0958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Subepithelial fibroblasts form a cellular network with gap junctions under the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Previously, we have reported their unique characteristics, such as reversible rapid cell-shape changes from a flat to a stellate configuration induced by dBcAMP and endothelins (ETs), and Ca2+ responses to, for example, ETs, ATP, and substance-P. We have now investigated the subtypes of ET receptors both in the rat small intestine and in primary cultured subepithelial fibroblasts isolated from rat duodenal villi. Their properties were compared between wild-type and endothelin-B-receptor-mutant sl/sl rats. Light- and electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry showed intense ETA immunoreactivity in the subepithelial fibroblasts from the small intestine and colon of both wild-type and sl/sl rats. In culture, immunocytochemistry, reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction analysis, Ca2+ response measurements, and cell-shape change analysis indicated functional ETA and ETB receptors in the wild-type cells, but only ETA in the sl/sl cells. However, wild-type cells were more sensitive to ET-1 than to ET-3 by about one order of magnitude. ETA seemed to be dominant both in vivo and in vitro. The relationship between cell-shape change and gap junction permeability was examined by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching; the gap junctions were usually open but were blocked by carbenoxolone. Permeability did not change significantly with cell-shape change. This network of differentiated subepithelial fibroblasts may maintain intercellular communication via gap junctions to transduce signals evoked in the local network to the whole network. The cell-shape change of the cells through ETA activation may play an important role as a barrier and for intercellular signaling in the intestinal villi.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Communication
- Cell Shape
- Cells, Cultured
- Connexins/metabolism
- Endothelins/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gap Junctions/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/cytology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Permeability
- Rats
- Rats, Mutant Strains
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Endothelin A/genetics
- Receptor, Endothelin A/metabolism
- Receptor, Endothelin B/metabolism
- Receptors, Endothelin/genetics
- Receptors, Endothelin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Furuya
- Section of Brain Structure, Center for Brain Experiment, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
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36
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Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have recently been shown to have a remarkable ability to repair spinal cord injury. These cells were originally selected for transplant-mediated repair as their inherent behavior in the olfactory system is to support continual regeneration of olfactory receptor neurons throughout life. What is unique about this system is that olfactory receptor neurons, from the PNS are able to extend primary axons from the olfactory mucosa into the central nervous system (CNS) tissue of the olfactory bulb and synapse with second order neurons. This is one of the rare instances of axons crossing from the peripheral neurons system (PNS) into the CNS in the adult animal. In this paper the basic biology of these cells is described, making comparison with another promising candidate for transplant-mediated repair, the Schwann cell. The growth factor requirement for OECs is summarized detailing the influence of these factors on their antigenic and morphological characteristics. Evidence that OECs have distinct glial cell properties is provided with emphasis on their unique ability to interact with astrocytes. A brief background is given of the data obtained using OECs in transplantation studies and the resulting pros and cons discussed with emphasis on limitations of functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Barnett
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Beatson Laboratories, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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37
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Awad HA, Halvorsen YDC, Gimble JM, Guilak F. Effects of transforming growth factor beta1 and dexamethasone on the growth and chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 9:1301-12. [PMID: 14670117 DOI: 10.1089/10763270360728215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effects of soluble mediators and medium supplements commonly used to induce chondrogenic differentiation in different cell culture systems were investigated to define their dose-response profiles and potentially synergistic effects on the chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived adult stromal (ADAS) cells. Human ADAS cells were suspended within alginate beads and cultured in basal medium with insulin, transferrin, and selenious acid (ITS+) or fetal bovine serum (FBS) and treated with different doses and combinations of TGF-beta1 (0, 1, and 10 ng/mL) and dexamethasone (0, 10, and 100 nM). Cell growth and chondrogenic differentiation were assessed by measuring DNA content, protein and proteoglycan synthesis rates, and proteoglycan accumulation. The combination of ITS+ and TGF-beta1 significantly increased cell proliferation. Protein synthesis rates were increased by TGF-beta1 and dexamethasone in the presence of ITS+ or FBS. While TGF-beta1 significantly increased proteoglycan synthesis and accumulation by 1.5- to 2-fold in the presence of FBS, such effects were suppressed by dexamethasone. In summary, the combination of TGF-beta1 and ITS+ stimulated cell growth and synthesis of proteins and proteoglycans by human ADAS cells. The addition of dexamethasone appeared to amplify protein synthesis but had suppressive effects on proteoglycan synthesis and accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani A Awad
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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38
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Billon N, Terrinoni A, Jolicoeur C, McCarthy A, Richardson WD, Melino G, Raff M. Roles for p53 and p73 during oligodendrocyte development. Development 2004; 131:1211-20. [PMID: 14960496 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes make myelin in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). They develop from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), most of which divide a limited number of times before they stop and differentiate. OPCs can be purified from the developing rat optic nerve and stimulated to proliferate in serum-free culture by PDGF. They can be induced to differentiate in vitro by either thyroid hormone (TH) or PDGF withdrawal. It was shown previously that a dominant-negative form of p53 could inhibit OPC differentiation induced by TH but not by PDGF withdrawal, suggesting that the p53 family of proteins might play a part in TH-induced differentiation. As the dominant-negative p53 used inhibited all three known p53 family members - p53, p63 and p73 - it was uncertain which family members are important for this process. Here, we provide evidence that both p53 and p73, but not p63, are involved in TH-induced OPC differentiation and that p73 also plays a crucial part in PDGF-withdrawal-induced differentiation. This is the first evidence for a role of p73 in the differentiation of a normal mammalian cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Billon
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Cell Biology Unit, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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39
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Fucile S, Renzi M, Lauro C, Limatola C, Ciotti T, Eusebi F. Nicotinic cholinergic stimulation promotes survival and reduces motility of cultured rat cerebellar granule cells. Neuroscience 2004; 127:53-61. [PMID: 15219668 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite many studies on the functional expression of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), an exhaustive description of the long-term effects of nicotine (Nic) stimulation in cerebellar granules is still far to be completed. For this reason, we addressed the experiments stimulating cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) with Nic, focusing on the effects on cell motility and survival. Using electrophysiological and Ca(2+)-fluorescence techniques, we found a subset of rat CGN that responded to Nic by inward whole cell currents and by short-delay Ca(2+) transients. These responses were mediated through both homomeric and heteromeric nAChRs, as assessed by their sensitivity to alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX), dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHbetaE), methyllicaconitine (MLA) and 5-hydroxyindole (5OH-indole). Once established the expression of alpha-BTX-sensitive and insensitive nAChRs and their ability to trigger Ca(2+) responses in CGN, we aimed at investigating their possible role on cell survival and motility. We demonstrate that Nic stimulation significantly increases the survival of CGN exposed to the apoptosis-promoting low K(+) medium. This anti-apoptotic effect is likely mediated through alpha7* nAChRs since we found that it was mimicked by choline, was insensitive to DHbetaE and was fully inhibited by alpha-BTX. Furthermore, we report that Nic negatively modulates CGN motility, reducing the basal cell movement through a pored membrane by the activation of alpha-BTX-insensitive nAChRs. We conclude that CGN express various types of nAChRs, which are differently involved in regulating Nic-mediated modulation of cell survival and migration, and we suggest potential regulatory roles for cholinergic receptors during cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fucile
- Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Centro di Eccellenza Biologia e Medicina Molecolare, Università di Roma La Sapienza, P. le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
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40
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Riddell JS, Enriquez-Denton M, Toft A, Fairless R, Barnett SC. Olfactory ensheathing cell grafts have minimal influence on regeneration at the dorsal root entry zone following rhizotomy. Glia 2004; 47:150-67. [PMID: 15185394 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of grafts of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) as a means of promoting functional reconnection of regenerating primary afferent fibers was investigated following dorsal root injury. Adult rats were subjected to dorsal root section and reanastomosis and at the same operation a suspension of purified OECs was injected at the dorsal root entry zone and/or into the sectioned dorsal root. Regeneration of dorsal root fibers was then assessed after a survival period ranging from 1 to 6 months. In 11 animals, electrophysiology was used to look for evidence of functional reconnection of regenerating dorsal root fibers. However, electrical stimulation of lesioned dorsal roots failed to evoke detectable cord dorsum or field potentials within the spinal cord of any of the animals examined, indicating that reconnection of regenerating fibers with spinal cord neurones had not occurred. In a further 11 rats, immunocytochemical labeling and biotin dextran tracing of afferent fibers in the lesioned roots was used to determine whether regenerating fibers were able to grow into the spinal cord in the presence of an OEC graft. Although a few afferent fibers could be seen to extend for a limited distance into the spinal cord, similar minimal in-growth was seen in control animals that had not been injected with OECs. We therefore conclude that OEC grafts are of little or no advantage in promoting the in-growth of regenerating afferent fibers at the dorsal root entry zone following rhizotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Riddell
- Division of Neuroscience and Biomedical Systems, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Viegas LR, Vicent GP, Barañao JL, Beato M, Pecci A. Steroid hormones induce bcl-X gene expression through direct activation of distal promoter P4. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:9831-9. [PMID: 14679196 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312402200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-X exists in at least five different isoforms with complex effects on programmed cell death. Glucocorticoids and progestins control bcl-X expression and influence the ratio between bcl-X(L) (antiapoptotic isoform) and bcl-X(S) (proapoptotic isoform) in different tissues. The 5'-UTR region of the mouse bcl-X gene contains at least five different promoters, which exhibit a tissue-specific pattern of promoter usage. Several mRNAs with different 5'-leading exons can be generated upon promoter activation. Here we explore the potential of the various bcl-X gene promoters to be regulated by glucocorticoids or progestins. We found that the region located immediately upstream of promoter 4 (P4) contains two hormone response element (HRE)-like sequences at positions -3040 (HRE I) and -3001 (HRE II) relative to the translation initiation codon. These HRE-like sequences confer hormone responsiveness to a core promoter and bind glucocorticoid or progesterone receptors in vitro. Point mutations of both HREs that prevent steroid receptor binding also eliminate hormonal inducibility. In cells treated with glucocorticoids, the hormone receptor is recruited to the P4 region containing the HREs. Analysis of the products of the endogenous bcl-X in epithelial mammary cells showed that only transcripts originating from P4 increased upon hormone treatment. This observation correlates with the induction of the bcl-X(L) mRNA, suggesting that P4 is one of the bcl-X promoters responsible for the generation of this antiapoptotic isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Rocha Viegas
- Departamento de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Argentina
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The transmembrane semaphorin Sema4D/CD100, an inhibitor of axonal growth, is expressed on oligodendrocytes and upregulated after CNS lesion. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 14534257 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-27-09229.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins are a family of secreted and membrane-bound proteins, known to regulate axonal pathfinding. Sema4D, also called CD100, was first isolated in the immune system where it is involved in B and T cell activation. We found that in the mouse, Sema4D is expressed in cells throughout the CNS white matter, with a peak during the myelination period. Double-labeling experiments with different markers of oligodendrocyte lineage such as olig1, olig2, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, and proteolipid protein showed that Sema4D was expressed selectively by oligodendrocytes and myelin. The presence of Sema4D in myelin was confirmed using Western blot. Sema4D expression in myelinating oligodendrocytes was further observed using neuron-oligodendrocyte cocultures. Moreover, using stripe assay, we found that Sema4D is strongly inhibitory for postnatal sensory and cerebellar granule cell axons. This prompted us to examine whether Sema4D expression is modified after CNS injury. At 8 d after spinal cord lesions, Sema4D expression was strongly upregulated in oligodendrocytes at the periphery of the lesion. Sema4D-positive cells were not colabeled with the astrocyte marker GFAP, with the microglial and macrophagic marker isolectin B4, or with NG2, a marker of oligodendrocyte precursors. This upregulation was transient because from 1 month after the lesion, Sema4D expression was back to its normal level. These results indicate that Sema4D is a novel inhibitory factor for axonal regeneration expressed in myelin.
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FitzGerald UF, Gilbey T, Brodie S, Barnett SC. Transcription factor expression and cellular redox in immature oligodendrocyte cell death: effect of Bcl-2. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003; 22:516-29. [PMID: 12727447 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(02)00040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by the progressive damage or loss of oligodendrocytes. In an effort to better understand the causes of oligodendrocyte destruction in MS plaques, we treated immature oligodendrocytes with glucose oxidase, ceramide, or brefeldin A. These treatments model the different mechanisms by which oligodendrocytes are thought to die. We report that the AP-1 and Egr-1 transcription factors are induced within an hour of treatment. Of the AP-1 proteins studied, c-Jun was expressed at the highest level, followed by JunD, c-Fos, and Fra-2, although different treatments induced slightly different levels of expression. Bcl-2 overexpression protects against all treatments, to differing degrees. Although Bcl-2 did not have a dramatic effect on AP-1 or Egr-1 induction within the first 3 h, it caused a lowering of steady-state redox levels with a concomitant increase in cellular glutathione. We propose that the lowering of cellular redox and the upregulation of glutathione are responsible in part for the protective properties of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una F FitzGerald
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Oncology, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland
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DARP-36aa selectively promotes survival and morphological development of cultured mesencephalic neurons. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12514222 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-01-00252.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of DARP-36aa on the survival and morphological development of embryonic rat mesencephalic neurons. Treatment of mesencephalic cultures with DARP-36aa, a synthetic peptide corresponding to the N terminal of dopamine-releasing protein (DARP), resulted in a 1.8-fold increase in neuron survival. Morphological analysis revealed that DARP-36aa-treated neurons contained 48% more branching points per neuron compared with controls. DARP-36aa selectively affected mesencephalic cultures; diencephalic and C6 glioma cells were not affected by DARP-36aa treatments. Mesencephalic cultures were also incubated with polyclonal antibodies against DARP-36aa (anti-DARP-36aa) to assess the effect of immunoneutralization of endogenous DARP on these cells. Mesencephalic cultures treated with anti-DARP-36aa contained 43% fewer neurons, and the number of branching points per neuron was decreased by nearly twofold compared with cultures grown with medium alone. Similar to cultures treated with DARP-36aa, immunoneutralization of DARP had no effect on any parameters examined in primary diencephalic and C6 glioma cultures. Mesencephalic cultures maintained in the presence of DARP-36aa had a 3.2-fold increase in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons, whereas anti-DARP-36aa incubations decreased TH-immunoreactive neurons by 40% compared with control cultures. Finally, coincubation of the specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein with DARP-36aa resulted in a complete attenuation of DARP-36aa-mediated neuron survival and development in mesencephalic cultures. The findings indicate that DARP-36aa is a novel neurotrophic peptide that selectively promotes the survival and development of mesencephalic neurons.
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Limatola C, Di Bartolomeo S, Trettel F, Lauro C, Ciotti MT, Mercanti D, Castellani L, Eusebi F. Expression of AMPA-type glutamate receptors in HEK cells and cerebellar granule neurons impairs CXCL2-mediated chemotaxis. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 134:61-71. [PMID: 12507773 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We find that cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) obtained from newborn rats (p3) migrate in response to both CXC chemokine ligand-2 (CXCL2) and -12 (CXCL12), while CGN from p7 rats are unresponsive to CXCL2. The expression of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) greatly impairs the chemotaxis induced by CXCL2 in CXCR2-expressing HEK cells. By immunoprecipitation, we show that CXCR2 is associated with AMPA receptors (AMPARs) in p7 CGN, and with GluR1 co-expressed in HEK cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the association between CXCR2 and AMPARs results in the inhibition of CXCL2-dependent chemotaxis, and may represent a molecular mechanism underlying the modulation of nerve cell migration.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/cytology
- Central Nervous System/growth & development
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Cerebellar Cortex/cytology
- Cerebellar Cortex/growth & development
- Cerebellar Cortex/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL1
- Chemokine CXCL2
- Chemokines/immunology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC
- Chemotactic Factors/immunology
- Chemotactic Factors/metabolism
- Chemotaxis/immunology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Neuroimmunomodulation/physiology
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Precipitin Tests
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, AMPA/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, AMPA/genetics
- Receptors, AMPA/immunology
- Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Limatola
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Università di Roma La Sapienzo, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I00185 Rome, Italy.
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Billon N, Jolicoeur C, Tokumoto Y, Vennström B, Raff M. Normal timing of oligodendrocyte development depends on thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 (TRalpha1). EMBO J 2002; 21:6452-60. [PMID: 12456652 PMCID: PMC136965 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of oligodendrocyte development is regulated by thyroid hormone (TH) in vitro and in vivo, but it is still uncertain which TH receptors mediate this regulation. TH acts through nuclear receptors that are encoded by two genes, TRalpha and TRbeta. Here, we provide direct evidence for the involvement of the TRalpha1 receptor isoform in vivo, by showing that the number of oligodendrocytes in the postnatal day 7 (P7) and P14 optic nerve of TRalpha1-/- mice is decreased compared with normal. We demonstrate that TRalpha1 mediates the normal differentiation-promoting effect of TH on oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs): unlike wild-type OPCs, postnatal TRalpha1-/- OPCs fail to stop dividing and differentiate in response to TH in culture. We also show that overexpression of TRalpha1 accelerates oligodendrocyte differentiation in culture, suggesting that the level of TRalpha1 expression is normally limiting for TH-dependent OPC differentiation. Finally, we provide evidence that the inhibitory isoforms of TRalpha are unlikely to play a part in the timing of OPC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Billon
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Cell Biology Unit, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK and
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden Present address: Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | - Yasuhito Tokumoto
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Cell Biology Unit, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK and
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden Present address: Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Björn Vennström
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Cell Biology Unit, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK and
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden Present address: Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan Corresponding author e-mail:
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Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) enhances myelin formation: a novel role for CNTF and CNTF-related molecules. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 12417647 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-21-09221.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, myelin repair is generally insufficient despite the relative survival of oligodendrocytes within the plaques and the recruitment of oligodendrocyte precursors. Promoting remyelination appears to be a crucial therapeutic challenge. Using a newly developed enzymatic index of myelination, we screened different neurotrophic factors for their ability to enhance myelination. Neurotrophins [NGF, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), NT-4/5, BDNF], glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-related factors (GDNF, neurturin), and growth factors such as PDGF-AA, FGF-2, and insulin did not increase myelinogenesis. In contrast, among factors belonging to the CNTF family, CNTF, leukemia inhibitory factor, cardiotrophin-1, and oncostatin M induced a strong promyelinating effect. We provide evidence that CNTF acts on oligodendrocytes by favoring their final maturation, and that this effect is mediated through the 130 kDa glycoprotein receptor common to the CNTF family and transduced through the Janus kinase pathway. Our results demonstrate a novel role for neurotrophic factors of the CNTF family and raise the possibility that these factors might be of therapeutic interest to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis.
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Billon N, Jolicoeur C, Ying QL, Smith A, Raff M. Normal timing of oligodendrocyte development from genetically engineered, lineage-selectable mouse ES cells. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:3657-65. [PMID: 12186951 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are post-mitotic cells that myelinate axons in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). They develop from proliferating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which arise in germinal zones, migrate throughout the developing white matter and divide a limited number of times before they terminally differentiate. Thus far, it has been possible to purify OPCs only from the rat optic nerve, but the purified cells cannot be obtained in large enough numbers for conventional biochemical analyses. Moreover, the CNS stem cells that give rise to OPCs have not been purified, limiting one's ability to study the earliest stages of commitment to the oligodendrocyte lineage. Pluripotent, mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells can be propagated indefinitely in culture and induced to differentiate into various cell types. We have genetically engineered ES cells both to positively select neuroepithelial stem cells and to eliminate undifferentiated ES cells. We have then used combinations of known signal molecules to promote the development of OPCs from selected, ES-cell-derived, neuroepithelial cells. We show that the earliest stages of oligodendrocyte development follow an ordered sequence that is remarkably similar to that observed in vivo, suggesting that the ES-cell-derived neuroepithelial cells follow a normal developmental pathway to produce oligodendrocytes. These engineered ES cells thus provide a powerful system to study both the mechanisms that direct CNS stem cells down the oligodendrocyte pathway and those that influence subsequent oligodendrocyte differentiation. This strategy may also be useful for producing human cells for therapy and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Billon
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Cell Biology Unit and the Biology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Rudge JS, Alderson RF, Pasnikowski E, McClain J, Ip NY, Lindsay RM. Expression of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor and the Neurotrophins-Nerve Growth Factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurotrophin 3-in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Astrocytes. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 4:459-471. [PMID: 12106332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cultured astrocytes are known to possess a range of neurotrophic activities in culture. In order to examine which factors may be responsible for these activities, we have examined the expression of the genes for four known neurotrophic factors-ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 3 (NT3)-in purified astrocyte cultures derived from neonatal rat hippocampus. Hippocampal astrocytes were found to express mRNA for three neurotrophic factors-CNTF, NGF and NT3-at significantly higher levels than other cultured cell types or cell lines examined. BDNF messenger RNA (mRNA), however, was undetectable in these astrocytes. The levels of CNTF, NGF and NT3 mRNA in astrocytes were largely unaffected by their degree of confluency, while serum removal caused only a transient decrease in mRNA levels, which returned to basal levels within 48 h. Astrocyte-derived CNTF was found to comigrate with recombinant rat CNTF at 23 kD on a Western blot. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed strong CNTF immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of astrocytes, weak staining in the nucleus, but no CNTF at the cell surface. NGF and NT3 were undetectable immunocytochemically. CNTF-like activity, as assessed by bioassay on ciliary ganglion neurons, was found in the extract of cultured astrocytes but not in conditioned medium, whereas astrocyte-conditioned medium supported survival of dorsal root ganglion neurons but not ciliary or nodose ganglion neurons. This conditioned medium activity was neutralized with antibodies to NGF. Astrocyte extract also supported survival of dorsal root ganglion and nodose ganglion neurons, but these activities were not blocked by anti-NGF. Part, but not all, of the activity in astrocyte extracts which sustained nodose ganglion neurons could be attributed to CNTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Rudge
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
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Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the contact behavior of Schwann cells (SCs) and SC-axon association are poorly understood. SC-SC and SC-axon interactions were studied using purified adult rat SCs and cocultures of SCs with embryonic dorsal root ganglion neurons. After contact of SCs with axons, SCs start to extend processes in alignment with axons. This unique alignment was quantitated using a new assay. SC-axon alignment and SC-SC band formation were disrupted in medium containing low extracellular calcium, indicating the involvement of calcium-dependent adhesion molecules. N-cadherin expression was strong in developing rat sciatic nerves but weak in adult sciatic nerves. In purified adult-derived rat SCs, N-cadherin expression was increased by mitogens (neuregulins) and decreased by high cell density. High-resolution confocal images show intense N-cadherin signals in SC process tips. Subcellular N-cadherin was accumulated in bands at intercellular junctions between SCs and was clustered at axon-SC contact sites. Blocking antibodies (rabbit and guinea pig IgG directed against the first extracellular domain of N-cadherin) and cyclic pentapeptides (including the HAV motif) were used to perturb N-cadherin function. All blocking agents reduced the number of N-cadherin-positive SC-SC junctions and perturbed axon-aligned growth of SC processes. Averaging over all N-cadherin-perturbation experiments, in controls 67-86% of SCs exhibited axon-aligned process growth, whereas in treated cultures only 41% of the SCs aligned with axons. These results are evidence that in mammals N-cadherin is important for formation of SC-SC junctions and SC process growth in alignment with axons.
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