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Wolinski P, Ksiazek-Winiarek D, Glabinski A. Cytokines and Neurodegeneration in Epileptogenesis. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030380. [PMID: 35326336 PMCID: PMC8945903 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common brain disorder characterized by a heterogenous etiology. Its main features are recurrent seizures. Despite many clinical studies, about 30% of cases are refractory to treatment. Recent studies suggested the important role of immune-system elements in its pathogenesis. It was suggested that a deregulated inflammatory process may lead to aberrant neural connectivity and the hyperexcitability of the neuronal network. The aim of our study was the analysis of the expression of inflammatory mediators in a mouse model of epilepsy and their impact on the neurodegeneration process located in the brain. We used the KA-induced model of epilepsy in SJL/J mice and performed the analysis of gene expression and protein levels. We observed the upregulation of IL1β and CXCL12 in the early phase of KA-induced epilepsy and elevated levels of CCL5 at a later time point, compared with control animals. The most important result obtained in our study is the elevation of CXCL2 expression at both studied time points and its correlation with the neurodegeneration observed in mouse brain. Increasing experimental and clinical data suggest the influence of peripheral inflammation on epileptogenesis. Thus, studies focused on the molecular markers of neuroinflammation are of great value and may help deepen our knowledge about epilepsy, leading to the discovery of new drugs.
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2
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CCR6 blockade on regulatory T cells ameliorates experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Cent Eur J Immunol 2020; 45:256-266. [PMID: 33437177 PMCID: PMC7790011 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2020.101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a significant role in limiting damage of tissue affected by autoimmune process, which has been demonstrated in various experimental models for multiple sclerosis (MS) (mostly experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis – EAE), rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes. In this study, we demonstrated that Tregs increasingly migrate to central nervous system (CNS) during subsequent phases of EAE (preclinical, initial attack, and remission). In contrast, in peripheral tissues (blood, lymph nodes, and spleen), a significant accumulation of Tregs is mostly present during EAE remission. Moreover, an increased expression of CCR6 on Tregs in the CNS, blood, lymph nodes, and spleen in all phases of EAE was observed. The highest expression of CCR6 on Tregs from the CNS, lymph nodes, and spleen was noted during the initial attack of EAE, whereas in the blood, the peak expression of CCR6 was detected during the preclinical phase. The presence of Tregs in the CNS during EAE was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. To analyze additional functional significance of CCR6 expression on Tregs for EAE pathology, we modulated the clinical course of this MS model using Tregs with blocked CCR6. EAE mice, which received CCR6-deficient Tregs showed significant amelioration of disease severity. This observation suggests that CCR6 on Tregs may be a potential target for future therapeutic interventions in MS.
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Machhi J, Kevadiya BD, Muhammad IK, Herskovitz J, Olson KE, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Harnessing regulatory T cell neuroprotective activities for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:32. [PMID: 32503641 PMCID: PMC7275301 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence demonstrates that adaptive immunity influences the pathobiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Misfolded aggregated self-proteins can break immune tolerance leading to the induction of autoreactive effector T cells (Teffs) with associated decreases in anti-inflammatory neuroprotective regulatory T cells (Tregs). An imbalance between Teffs and Tregs leads to microglial activation, inflammation and neuronal injury. The cascade of such a disordered immunity includes the drainage of the aggregated protein antigens into cervical lymph nodes serving to amplify effector immune responses. Both preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate transformation of this altered immunity for therapeutic gain. We posit that the signs and symptoms of common neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke can be attenuated by boosting Treg activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - Bhavesh D. Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, 94304 USA
| | - Ijaz Khan Muhammad
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Anbar Swabi, 23561 Pakistan
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - Katherine E. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - R. Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
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4
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Bagatini MD, dos Santos AA, Cardoso AM, Mânica A, Reschke CR, Carvalho FB. The Impact of Purinergic System Enzymes on Noncommunicable, Neurological, and Degenerative Diseases. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:4892473. [PMID: 30159340 PMCID: PMC6109496 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4892473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidences show that purinergic signaling is involved in processes associated with health and disease, including noncommunicable, neurological, and degenerative diseases. These diseases strike from children to elderly and are generally characterized by progressive deterioration of cells, eventually leading to tissue or organ degeneration. These pathological conditions can be associated with disturbance in the signaling mediated by nucleotides and nucleosides of adenine, in expression or activity of extracellular ectonucleotidases and in activation of P2X and P2Y receptors. Among the best known of these diseases are atherosclerosis, hypertension, cancer, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The currently available treatments present limited effectiveness and are mostly palliative. This review aims to present the role of purinergic signaling highlighting the ectonucleotidases E-NTPDase, E-NPP, E-5'-nucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase in noncommunicable, neurological, and degenerative diseases associated with the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and cancer. In conclusion, changes in the activity of ectonucleotidases were verified in all reviewed diseases. Although the role of ectonucleotidases still remains to be further investigated, evidences reviewed here can contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of highly complex diseases, which majorly impact on patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Dulce Bagatini
- Coordenação Acadêmica, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Andréia Machado Cardoso
- Coordenação Acadêmica, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Mânica
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Ruedell Reschke
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fabiano Barbosa Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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5
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IL-17 Exerts Anti-Apoptotic Effect via miR-155-5p Downregulation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 63:320-332. [PMID: 29063445 PMCID: PMC5696500 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0981-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune, neurodegenerative disease, affecting mostly young adults and resulting in progressive disability. It is a multifactorial disorder, with important involvement of both cellular and epigenetic components. Among the epigenetic factors, microRNAs are currently intensively investigated in the context of multiple sclerosis. It has been shown that their biogenesis and function may be regulated by various cytokines. IL-17, a hallmark cytokine of Th17 cells, has been thought to function predominantly as a pro-inflammatory factor, leading to increased disease symptoms. However, there are several studies indicating its protective role during inflammatory process. In this work, we have assessed the impact of high-dose IL-17 administration on microRNAs’ expression profile during the preclinical stage of EAE. For selected microRNA, we have performed computational analysis of its potential target mRNAs and cellular pathways. Based on results obtained from in silico analysis, we have chosen genes from neurotrophin signaling pathway for further experiments—BDNF, HRAS, and BCL2. Results obtained in this study suggested that high dose of IL-17 exerts protective activity via miR-155-5p downregulation. Increased expression of all studied genes, especially BCL2, indicated a potential anti-apoptotic function of IL-17 during the preclinical phase of EAE.
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Bielecki B, Jatczak-Pawlik I, Wolinski P, Bednarek A, Glabinski A. Central Nervous System and Peripheral Expression of CCL19, CCL21 and Their Receptor CCR7 in Experimental Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:367-76. [PMID: 25957582 PMCID: PMC4572056 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that inflammatory chemokines play a significant role in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Recently, the involvement of homeostatic (or lymphoid) chemokines in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has become an object of intensive study. In this work, quantitative analysis of CCL19, CCL21 and CCR7 expression in the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in inflammatory mononuclear cells isolated from several organs during the first attack, remission and the second attack of chronic-relapsing EAE (ChREAE), was performed. Using real-time PCR, RNAse Protection Assay and immunohistochemistry, the expression of both chemokines, as well as of their common receptor CCR7, was analyzed in the brain, spleen, lymph nodes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Increased expression of CCL19 and CCL21 was observed mostly in mononuclear inflammatory cells isolated from the CNS during active ChREAE. At the same time the expression of CCR7 in blood mononuclear leukocytes was reduced. This observation extends our current knowledge about the possible role of chemokines CCL19, CCL21 and their receptor CCR7 in the pathogenesis of ChREAE and, by extension, MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Bielecki
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, 80 General Leclerc st., 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France.
| | | | - Pawel Wolinski
- Department of Propedeutics of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Cancerogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Glabinski
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Propedeutics of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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7
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Interactions between neutrophils, Th17 cells, and chemokines during the initiation of experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:590409. [PMID: 24692851 PMCID: PMC3945772 DOI: 10.1155/2014/590409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) in which activated T cell and neutrophil interactions lead to neuroinflammation. In this study the expression of CCR6, CXCR2, and CXCR6 in Th17 cells and neutrophils migrating to the brain during EAE was measured, alongside an evaluation of the production of IL-17, IL-23, CCL-20, and CXCL16 in the brain. Next, inflammatory cell subpopulations accumulating in the brain after intracerebral injections of IL-17 or CXCL1, as well as during modulation of EAE with anti-IL-23R or anti-CXCR2 antibodies, were analyzed. Th17 cells upregulate CXCR2 during the preclinical phase of EAE and a significant migration of these cells to the brain was observed. Neutrophils upregulated CCR6, CXCR2, and CXCR6 during EAE, accumulating in the brain both prior to and during acute EAE attacks. Production of IL-17, IL-23, CCL20, and CXCL16 in the CNS was increased during both preclinical and acute EAE. Intracerebral delivery of CXCL1 stimulated the early accumulation of neutrophils in normal and preclinical EAE brains but reduced the migration of Th17 cells to the brain during the preclinical stage of EAE. Modulation of EAE by anti-IL-23R antibodies ameliorated EAE by decreasing the intracerebral accumulation of Th17 cells.
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8
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Gebregiworgis T, Massilamany C, Gangaplara A, Thulasingam S, Kolli V, Werth MT, Dodds ED, Steffen D, Reddy J, Powers R. Potential of urinary metabolites for diagnosing multiple sclerosis. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:684-90. [PMID: 23369377 PMCID: PMC3631445 DOI: 10.1021/cb300673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A definitive diagnostic test for multiple sclerosis (MS) does not exist; instead physicians use a combination of medical history, magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis (CSF). Significant effort has been employed to identify biomarkers from CSF to facilitate MS diagnosis; however, none of the proposed biomarkers have been successful to date. Urine is a proven source of metabolite biomarkers and has the potential to be a rapid, noninvasive, inexpensive, and efficient diagnostic tool for various human diseases. Nevertheless, urinary metabolites have not been extensively explored as a source of biomarkers for MS. We demonstrate that urinary metabolites have significant promise for monitoring disease-progression, and response to treatment in MS patients. NMR analysis of urine permitted the identification of metabolites that differentiate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-mice (prototypic disease model for MS) from healthy and MS drug-treated EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teklab Gebregiworgis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304
| | - Chandirasegaran Massilamany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0905
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0905
| | - Sivasubramani Thulasingam
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0905
| | - Venkata Kolli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304
| | - Mark T. Werth
- Department of Chemistry, Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln NE 68504
| | - Eric D. Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304
| | - David Steffen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0905
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0905
| | - Robert Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304
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9
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The anatomical and cellular basis of immune surveillance in the central nervous system. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:623-35. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 669] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Ransohoff RM, Brown MA. Innate immunity in the central nervous system. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1164-71. [PMID: 22466658 DOI: 10.1172/jci58644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses in the CNS are common, despite its perception as a site of immune privilege. These responses can be mediated by resident microglia and astrocytes, which are innate immune cells without direct counterparts in the periphery. Furthermore, CNS immune reactions often take place in virtual isolation from the innate/adaptive immune interplay that characterizes peripheral immunity. However, microglia and astrocytes also engage in significant cross-talk with CNS-infiltrating T cells and other components of the innate immune system. Here we review the cellular and molecular basis of innate immunity in the CNS and discuss what is known about how outcomes of these interactions can lead to resolution of infection, neurodegeneration, or neural repair depending on the context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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11
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Koelink PJ, Overbeek SA, Braber S, de Kruijf P, Folkerts G, Smit MJ, Kraneveld AD. Targeting chemokine receptors in chronic inflammatory diseases: an extensive review. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:1-18. [PMID: 21839114 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The traffic of the different types of immune cells is an important aspect in the immune response. Chemokines are soluble peptides that are able to attract cells by interaction with chemokine receptors on their target cells. Several different chemokines and receptors exist enabling the specific trafficking of different immune cells. In chronic inflammatory disorders there is abundance of immune cells present at the inflammatory site. This review focuses on the role of chemokine receptors in chronic inflammatory disorders of the lungs, intestine, joints, skin and nervous system and the potential of targeting these receptors as therapeutic intervention in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim J Koelink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Saederup N, Cardona AE, Croft K, Mizutani M, Cotleur AC, Tsou CL, Ransohoff RM, Charo IF. Selective chemokine receptor usage by central nervous system myeloid cells in CCR2-red fluorescent protein knock-in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13693. [PMID: 21060874 PMCID: PMC2965160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocyte subpopulations distinguished by differential expression of chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1 are difficult to track in vivo, partly due to lack of CCR2 reagents. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We created CCR2-red fluorescent protein (RFP) knock-in mice and crossed them with CX3CR1-GFP mice to investigate monocyte subset trafficking. In mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, CCR2 was critical for efficient intrathecal accumulation and localization of Ly6C(hi)/CCR2(hi) monocytes. Surprisingly, neutrophils, not Ly6C(lo) monocytes, largely replaced Ly6C(hi) cells in the central nervous system of these mice. CCR2-RFP expression allowed the first unequivocal distinction between infiltrating monocytes/macrophages from resident microglia. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These results refine the concept of monocyte subsets, provide mechanistic insight about monocyte entry into the central nervous system, and present a novel model for imaging and quantifying inflammatory myeloid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Saederup
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Astrid E. Cardona
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Croft
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Makiko Mizutani
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anne C. Cotleur
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chia-Lin Tsou
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Israel F. Charo
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Conductier G, Blondeau N, Guyon A, Nahon JL, Rovère C. The role of monocyte chemoattractant protein MCP1/CCL2 in neuroinflammatory diseases. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 224:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Cardona AE, Li M, Liu L, Savarin C, Ransohoff RM. Chemokines in and out of the central nervous system: much more than chemotaxis and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:587-94. [PMID: 18467654 PMCID: PMC2516908 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1107763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Actions of chemokines and the interaction with specific receptors go beyond their original, defined role of recruiting leukocytes to inflamed tissues. Chemokine receptor expression in peripheral elements and resident cells of the central nervous system (CNS) represents a relevant communication system during neuroinflammatory conditions. The following examples are described in this review: Chemokine receptors play important homeostatic properties by regulating levels of specific ligands in blood and tissues during healthy and pathological conditions; chemokines and their receptors are clearly involved in leukocyte extravasation and recruitment to the CNS, and current studies are directed toward understanding the interaction between chemokine receptors and matrix metalloproteinases in the process of blood brain barrier breakdown. We also propose novel functions of chemokine receptors during demyelination/remyelination, and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid E Cardona
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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15
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Brand-Schieber E, Werner P, Iacobas DA, Iacobas S, Beelitz M, Lowery SL, Spray DC, Scemes E. Connexin43, the major gap junction protein of astrocytes, is down-regulated in inflamed white matter in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2005; 80:798-808. [PMID: 15898103 PMCID: PMC1226319 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Both multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), its animal model, involve inflammatory attack on central nervous system (CNS) white matter, leading to demyelination and axonal damage. Changes in astrocytic morphology and function are also prominent features of MS and EAE. Resting astrocytes form a network that is interconnected through gap junctions, composed mainly of connexin43 (Cx43) protein. Although astrocytic gap junctional connectivity is known to be altered in many CNS pathologies, little is known about Cx43 expression in inflammatory demyelinating disease. Therefore, we evaluated the expression of Cx43 in spinal cords of EAE mice compared with healthy controls. Lumbar ventral white matter areas were heavily infiltrated with CD11beta-immunoreactive monocytes, and within these infiltrated regions loss of Cx43 immunoreactivity was evident. These regions also showed axonal dystrophy, demonstrated by the abnormally dephosphorylated heavy-chain neurofilament proteins. Astrocytes in these Cx43-depleted lesions were strongly glial fibrillary acidic protein reactive. Significant loss (38%) of Cx43 protein in EAE mouse at the lumbar portion of spinal cords was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Decreased Cx43 transcript level was also observed on cDNA microarray analysis. In addition to changes in Cx43 expression, numerous other genes were altered, including those encoding adhesion and extracellular matrix proteins. Our data support the notion that, in addition to damage of myelinating glia, altered astrocyte connectivity is a prominent feature of inflammatory demyelination.
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16
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Elhofy A, Wang J, Tani M, Fife BT, Kennedy KJ, Bennett J, Huang D, Ransohoff RM, Karpus WJ. Transgenic expression of CCL2 in the central nervous system prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 77:229-37. [PMID: 15539456 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0804465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)/monocyte chemotactic protein-1, a member of the CC chemokine family, is a chemoattractant for monocytes and T cells through interaction with its receptor CCR2. In the present study, we examined a T helper cell type 1 (Th1)-dependent disease, proteolipid protein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, in a transgenic mouse line that constitutively expressed low levels of CCL2 in the central nervous system (CNS) under control of the astrocyte-specific glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. CCL2 transgenic mice developed significantly milder clinical disease than littermate controls. As determined by flow cytometry, mononuclear cell infiltrates in the CNS tissues of CCL2 transgenic and littermate-control mice contained equal numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and the CCL2 transgenic mice showed an enhanced number of CNS-infiltrating monocytes. CNS antigen-specific T cells from CCL2 transgenic mice produced markedly less interferon-gamma. Overexpression of CCL2 in the CNS resulted in decreased interleukin-12 receptor expression by antigen-specific T cells. Collectively, these results indicate that sustained, tissue-specific expression of CCL2 in vivo down-regulates the Th1 autoimmune response, culminating in milder clinical disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL2/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/chemistry
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Elhofy
- Department of Pathology, Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Institute of Neuroscience, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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17
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Brand-Schieber E, Werner P. Calcium channel blockers ameliorate disease in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2004; 189:5-9. [PMID: 15296830 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, are inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. The inflammatory attacks lead to glial dysfunction and death, axonal damage, and neurological deficits. Numerous studies in rat suggest that extracellular calcium influx, via voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC), contributes to white matter damage in acute spinal cord injury and stroke. Our immunohistochemical finding that mouse spinal cord axons display subunits of L-type VGCC also supports this hypothesis. Furthermore, we hypothesized that VGCC also play a role in EAE, and possibly, MS. In our study, administration of the calcium channel blockers (CCB) bepridil and nitrendipine significantly ameliorated EAE in mice, compared with vehicle-treated controls. Spinal cord samples showed reduced inflammation and axonal pathology in bepridil-treated animals. Our data support the hypothesis that calcium influx via VGCC plays a significant role in the development of neurological disability and white matter damage in EAE and MS.
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18
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Burt RK, Kozak T. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: finding equipoise. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 32 Suppl 1:S45-8. [PMID: 12931241 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation of multiple sclerosis is rapidly expanding. Success for this approach requires an understanding of the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and design of trials that select patients with active inflammatory disease, low disability scores, and avoidance of conditioning agents that may damage neural stem cell compartments or further compromise already injured axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Burt
- Northwestern University Medical Center, 320 East Superior, Searle 3-489 Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Chemokines belong to a large family of chemoattractant molecules involved in the directed migration of immune cells. They achieve their cellular effects by direct interaction with cell surface receptors. Chemokines appear to be involved in a variety of proinflammatory and autoimmune diseases and this makes them and their receptors very attractive therapeutic targets. This review highlights current efforts toward obtaining highly specific chemokine receptor antagonists and discusses their chemistry and potential role as disease modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Horuk
- Berlex BioSciences, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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20
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das Neves L, Duchala CS, Tolentino-Silva F, Haxhiu MA, Colmenares C, Macklin WB, Campbell CE, Butz KG, Gronostajski RM, Godinho F. Disruption of the murine nuclear factor I-A gene (Nfia) results in perinatal lethality, hydrocephalus, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:11946-51. [PMID: 10518556 PMCID: PMC18392 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.21.11946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetically conserved nuclear factor I (NFI) family of transcription/replication proteins is essential both for adenoviral DNA replication and for the transcription of many cellular genes. We showed previously that the four murine NFI genes (Nfia, Nfib, Nfic, and Nfix) are expressed in unique but overlapping patterns during mouse development and in adult tissues. Here we show that disruption of the Nfia gene causes perinatal lethality, with >95% of homozygous Nfia(-/-) animals dying within 2 weeks after birth. Newborn Nfia(-/-) animals lack a corpus callosum and show ventricular dilation indicating early hydrocephalus. Rare surviving homozygous Nfia(-/-) mice lack a corpus callosum, show severe communicating hydrocephalus, a full-axial tremor indicative of neurological defects, male-sterility, low female fertility, but near normal life spans. These findings indicate that while the Nfia gene appears nonessential for cell viability and DNA replication in embryonic stem cells and fibroblasts, loss of Nfia function causes severe developmental defects. This finding of an NFI gene required for a developmental process suggests that the four NFI genes may have distinct roles in vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L das Neves
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
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21
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Halks-Miller M, Hesselgesser J, Miko IJ, Horuk R. Chemokine receptors in developing human brain. Methods Enzymol 1997; 288:27-38. [PMID: 9356985 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)88005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Halks-Miller
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California 94804, USA
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