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Zhang Y, Alwin Prem Anand A, Bode L, Ludwig H, Emrich HM, Dietrich DE. Word recognition memory and serum levels of Borna disease virus specific circulating immune complexes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:597. [PMID: 36076225 PMCID: PMC9454108 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a non-segmented, negative-strand RNA virus that persistently infects mammals including humans. BoDV-1 worldwide occurring strains display highly conserved genomes with overlapping genetic signatures between those of either human or animal origin. BoDV-1 infection may cause behavioral and cognitive disturbances in animals but has also been found in human major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the impact of BoDV-1 on memory functions in OCD is unknown. METHOD To evaluate the cognitive impact of BoDV-1 in OCD, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a continuous word recognition paradigm in OCD patients (n = 16) and in healthy controls (n = 12). According to the presence of BoDV-1-specific circulating immune complexes (CIC), they were divided into two groups, namely group H (high) and L (low), n = 8 each. Typically, ERPs to repeated items are characterized by more positive waveforms beginning approximately 250 ms post-stimulus. This "old/new effect" has been shown to be relevant for memory processing. The early old/new effect (ca. 300-500 ms) with a frontal distribution is proposed to be a neural correlate of familiarity-based recognition. The late old/new effect (post-500 ms) is supposed to reflect memory recollection processes. RESULTS OCD patients were reported to show a normal early old/new effect and a reduced late old/new effect compared to normal controls. In our study, OCD patients with a high virus load (group H) displayed exactly these effects, while patients with a low virus load (group L) did not differ from healthy controls. CONCLUSION These results confirmed that OCD patients had impaired memory recollection processes compared to the normal controls which may to some extent be related to their BoDV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany. .,Present Address: Social Psychiatry Counseling Center, Region Hannover, Podbielskistr. 157, 30177, Hanover, Germany.
| | - A Alwin Prem Anand
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Liv Bode
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hinderk M. Emrich
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Detlef E. Dietrich
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany ,AMEOS Klinikum Hildesheim, Goslarsche Landstr. 60, 31135 Hildesheim, Germany ,grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Li Y, Wang L, Liu X, Huang Y, Li X, He H, Xu X, Guo Y, Li Q, Zhu D, Wang X, Wang H, Li W, Li D, Xie P. Nucleoprotein (P40) Binding to 5HT2C Receptors (5HT2CR) is the Key Point in the Pathogenesis of BoDV-1-Infected Hosts. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2427-2438. [PMID: 34165668 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoprotein (P40) is one of the most important proteins of Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), but which proteins it would bind to in the pathogenesis of BoDV-1-infected hosts is unknown. We used lentivirus LV5-P40 overexpressing P40 to infect primary hippocampal neurons and characterized the interactome of P40 with co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) followed by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. These interacting protein partners revealed the pathogenesis of BoDV-1-infected hosts. We also show for the first time that P40 interacts with 5HT2CR in rat neurons, which may be the molecular basis leading to neuropsychiatric diseases such as anxiety disorders and behavioral abnormalities after BoDV-1 infection of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Li
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xueni Liu
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hong He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Branch, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Physical Examination, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xingyu Wang
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dan Li
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment On Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Orlovska-Waast S, Köhler-Forsberg O, Brix SW, Nordentoft M, Kondziella D, Krogh J, Benros ME. Cerebrospinal fluid markers of inflammation and infections in schizophrenia and affective disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:869-887. [PMID: 30116031 PMCID: PMC6756288 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Infections and inflammatory processes have been associated with the development of schizophrenia and affective disorders; however, no study has yet systematically reviewed all available studies on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immune alterations. We aimed to systematically review the CSF immunological findings in schizophrenia spectrum and affective disorders. We identified all studies investigating CSF inflammatory markers in persons with schizophrenia or affective disorders published prior to March 23, 2017 searching PubMed, CENTRAL, EMBASE, Psychinfo, and LILACS. Literature search, data extraction and bias assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. Meta-analyses with standardized mean difference (SMD) including 95% confidence intervals (CI) were performed on case-healthy control studies. We identified 112 CSF studies published between 1942-2016, and 32 case-healthy control studies could be included in meta-analyses. Studies varied regarding gender distribution, age, disease duration, treatment, investigated biomarkers, and whether recruitment happened consecutively or based on clinical indication. The CSF/serum albumin ratio was increased in schizophrenia (1 study [54 patients]; SMD = 0.71; 95% CI 0.33-1.09) and affective disorders (4 studies [298 patients]; SMD = 0.41; 95% CI 0.23-0.60, I2 = 0%), compared to healthy controls. Total CSF protein was elevated in both schizophrenia (3 studies [97 patients]; SMD = 0.41; 95% CI 0.15-0.67, I2 = 0%) and affective disorders (2 studies [53 patients]; SMD = 0.80; 95% CI 0.39-1.21, I2 = 0%). The IgG ratio was increased in schizophrenia (1 study [54 patients]; SMD = 0.68; 95% CI 0.30-1.06), whereas the IgG Albumin ratio was decreased (1 study [32 patients]; SMD = -0.62; 95% CI -1.13 to -0.12). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (7 studies [230 patients]; SMD = 0.55; 95% CI 0.35-0.76; I2 = 1%) and IL-8 levels (3 studies [95 patients]; SMD = 0.46; 95% CI 0.17-0.75, I2 = 0%) were increased in schizophrenia but not significantly increased in affective disorders. Most of the remaining inflammatory markers were not significantly different compared to healthy controls in the meta-analyses. However, in the studies which did not include healthy controls, CSF abnormalities were more common, and two studies found CSF dependent re-diagnosis in 3.2-6%. Current findings suggest that schizophrenia and affective disorders may have CSF abnormalities including signs of blood-brain barrier impairment and inflammation. However, the available evidence does not allow any firm conclusion since all studies showed at least some degree of bias and vastly lacked inclusion of confounding factors. Moreover, only few studies investigated the same parameters with healthy controls and high-quality longitudinal CSF studies are lacking, including impact of psychotropic medications, lifestyle factors and potential benefits of anti-inflammatory treatment in subgroups with CSF inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Orlovska-Waast
- 0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark ,0000 0000 9817 5300grid.452548.aiPSYCH The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Köhler-Forsberg
- 0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark ,0000 0004 0512 597Xgrid.154185.cPsychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark ,0000 0001 1956 2722grid.7048.bDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sophie Wiben Brix
- 0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- 0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark ,0000 0000 9817 5300grid.452548.aiPSYCH The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel Kondziella
- grid.475435.4Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark ,0000 0001 1516 2393grid.5947.fDepartment of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jesper Krogh
- 0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Eriksen Benros
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Li C, Xu X, Zhang X, Cheng K, Guo Y, Jie J, Guo H, He Y, Zhou C, Gui S, Zhong X, Wang H, Xie P. Activation of ERK/CREB/BDNF pathway involved in abnormal behavior of neonatally Borna virus-infected rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:3121-3132. [PMID: 30532543 PMCID: PMC6247968 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s176399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric disorders are devastating illnesses worldwide; however, the potential involvement of viruses in the pathophysiological mechanisms of psychiatric diseases have not been clearly elucidated. Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, noncytopathic RNA virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we infected neonatal rats intracranially with BDV Hu-H1 and Strain V within 24 hours of birth. Psychological phenotypes were assessed using sucrose preference test, open field test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test. The protein expression of ERK/CREB/BDNF pathway was assessed by Western blotting of in vitro and in vivo samples. RESULTS Hu-H1-infected rats showed anxiety-like behavior 8 weeks postinfection while Strain V-infected rats demonstrated a certain abnormal behavior. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 was significantly upregulated in the hippocampi of Strain V- and Hu-H1-infected rats compared with control rats, indicating that Raf/MEK/ERK signaling was activated. CONCLUSION The data suggested that infection of neonatal rats with BDV Hu-H1 and Strain V caused behavioral abnormalities that shared common molecular pathways, providing preliminary evidences to investigate the underlying mechanisms of psychiatric disorders caused by BDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Yujie Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Jie Jie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Yong He
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Siwen Gui
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,
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Sato F, Omura S, Jaffe S, Tsunoda I. Role of CD4+ T Cells in the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7150304 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800763-1.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the precise etiology of MS remains unclear, CD4+ T cells have been proposed to play not only effector but also regulatory roles in MS. CD4+ T cells can be divided into four subsets: pro-inflammatory helper T (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, anti-inflammatory Th2 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). The roles of CD4+ T cells in MS have been clarified by either “loss-of-function” or “gain-of-function” methods, which have been carried out mainly in autoimmune and viral models of MS: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection, respectively. Observations in MS patients were consistent with the mechanisms found in the MS models, that is, increased pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 activity is associated with disease exacerbation, while anti-inflammatory Th2 cells and Tregs appear to play a protective role.
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Zhang L, Xu MM, Zeng L, Liu S, Liu X, Wang X, Li D, Huang RZ, Zhao LB, Zhan QL, Zhu D, Zhang YY, Xu P, Xie P. Evidence for Borna disease virus infection in neuropsychiatric patients in three western China provinces. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:621-7. [PMID: 24170181 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a non-cytolytic, neurotropic RNA virus that can infect a wide variety of vertebrate species from birds and primates to humans. Several studies have been carried out to investigate whether BDV is associated with neuropsychiatric diseases. However, this association is still inconclusive. Two panels of subjects consisting of 1,679 various neuropsychiatric patients and healthy people from three western China provinces were enrolled in this study. BDV p24 or p40 RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were detected in the first panel of 1,481 subjects using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from the BDV RNA-positive individuals were subjected to BDV p24 antibodies testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). BDV p24 or p40 RNA in PBMCs and p24 antibodies in plasma were detected in the second panel of 198 subjects by RT-qPCR and Western blot. A higher prevalence for BDV RNA was demonstrated in patients with viral encephalitis (6.70%), Guillain-Barré syndrome (6.70%), schizophrenia (9.90%) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) (12.70%) compared to healthy controls in the first panel. CSF p24 antibodies were demonstrated in three viral encephalitis patients, two schizophrenia patients and two major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. The prevalences of p24 antibodies in plasma from patients with viral encephalitis (13.24%), multiple sclerosis (25.00%) and Parkinson's disease (22.73%) were significantly higher than healthy controls. This study demonstrates that BDV infection also exists in humans from three western China provinces, and suggests the involvement of the contribution of BDV in the aetiology of Chinese patients with some neuropsychiatric disorders, including viral encephalitis, schizophrenia, CFS, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Lipkin WI, Briese T, Hornig M. Borna disease virus - fact and fantasy. Virus Res 2011; 162:162-72. [PMID: 21968299 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The occasion of Brian Mahy's retirement as editor of Virus Research provides an opportunity to reflect on the work that led one of the authors (Lipkin) to meet him shortly after the molecular discovery and characterization of Borna disease virus in the late 1980s, and work with authors Briese and Hornig to investigate mechanisms of pathogenesis and its potential role in human disease. This article reviews the history, molecular biology, epidemiology, and pathobiology of bornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th St., 17th Floor, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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Solbrig MV, Fan Y, Hermanowicz N, Morgese MG, Giuffrida A. A synthetic cannabinoid agonist promotes oligodendrogliogenesis during viral encephalitis in rats. Exp Neurol 2010; 226:231-41. [PMID: 20832403 PMCID: PMC2981070 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic CNS infection by several families of viruses can produce deficits in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatal function. Cannabinoid drugs have been long known for their anti-inflammatory properties and their ability to modulate adult neuro and gliogenesis. Therefore, we explored the effects of systemic administration of the cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2(WIN) on prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatal cytogenesis in a viral model of CNS injury and inflammation based on Borna Disease (BD) virus encephalitis. Active BrdU(+) progenitor populations were significantly decreased 1 week after BrdU labeling in BD rats [p<0.001 compared to uninfected (NL) controls] while less than 5% of BrdU(+) cells colabeled for BDV protein. Systemic WIN (1mg/kg i.p. twice daily×7 days) increased the survival of BrdU(+) cells in striatum (p<0.001) and PFC of BD rats, with differential regulation of labeled oligodendroglia precursors vs microglia/macrophages. WIN increased the percentage of BrdU(+) oligodendrocyte precursor cells and decreased BrdU(+) ED-1-labeled phagocytic cells, without producing pro- or antiviral effects. BDV infection decreased the levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) in striatum (p<0.05 compared to NL rats), whereas 2-AG levels were unchanged. Our findings indicate that: 1) viral infection is accompanied by alterations of AEA transmission in the striatum, but new cell protection by WIN appears independent of its effect on endocannabinoid levels; and 2) chronic WIN treatment alters the gliogenic cascades associated with CNS injury, promoting oligodendrocyte survival. Limiting reactive gliogenesis and macrophage activity in favor of oliogodendroglia development has significance for demyelinating diseases. Moreover, the ability of cannabinoids to promote the development of biologically supportive or symbiotic oligodendroglia may generalize to other microglia-driven neurodegenerative syndromes including NeuroAIDS and diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylou V Solbrig
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Thakur R, Sarma S, Sharma B. Role of Borna disease virus in neuropsychiatric illnesses: are we inching closer? Indian J Med Microbiol 2009; 27:191-201. [PMID: 19584498 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.53200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The biological cause of psychiatric illnesses continues to be under intense scrutiny. Among the various neurotropic viruses, Borna disease virus (BDV) is another virus that preferentially targets the neurons of the limbic system and has been shown to be associated with behavioural abnormalities. Presence of various BDV markers, including viral RNA, in patients with affective and mood disorders have triggered ongoing debate worldwide regarding its aetiopathogenic relationship. This article analyses its current state of knowledge and recent advances in diagnosis in order to prove or refute the association of BDV in causation of human neuropsychiatric disorders. This emerging viral causative association of behavioural disorders, which seems to be inching closer, has implication not only for a paradigm shift in the treatment and management of neuropsychiatric illnesses but also has an important impact on the public health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, IHBAS, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India.
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Matsunaga H, Tanaka S, Sasao F, Nishino Y, Takeda M, Tomonaga K, Ikuta K, Amino N. Detection by radioligand assay of antibodies against Borna disease virus in patients with various psychiatric disorders. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:671-6. [PMID: 15879032 PMCID: PMC1112074 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.5.671-676.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using a radioligand assay, which preserves the natural form of the antigen, antibodies against Borna disease virus nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein were detected in 11 and 19 sera of 171 psychiatric patients, respectively. Compared with results by Western blotting, three and nine sera were concordantly positive, respectively. The four sera showing the highest levels of antibodies by radioligand assay were all negative by Western blotting; however, dilution and inhibition tests supported the positive results. Our results suggest the importance of conformational structure to detect human anti-Borna disease virus antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsunaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka General Medical Center, Bandai-higashi 3-1-56, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8558, Japan.
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14
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Chalmers RM, Thomas DR, Salmon RL. Borna disease virus and the evidence for human pathogenicity: a systematic review. QJM 2005; 98:255-74. [PMID: 15760926 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hci039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease is a neurological viral disease of veterinary importance in central Europe, although Borna Disease virus (BDV) has been reported to be present in animals in most continents. The hypothesis that BDV is associated with human illness is controversial. However, should even a small fraction of mental illness be attributable to infection with BDV, this would be an important finding, not least because illness in that sub-population would, theoretically, be preventable. METHODS We systematically reviewed the evidence: that BDV infects humans; for the role of BDV in human neuropsychiatric illness; to assess the suitability of currently available laboratory methods for human epidemiological studies. RESULTS We identified 75 documents published before the end of January 2000, describing 50 human studies for BDV. There were five case studies and 44 (sero)prevalence studies, in a variety of patient groups. Nineteen prevalence studies (43%) investigated seroprevalence, 11 (25%) investigated viral prevalence and 14 (32%) investigated both. Seroprevalence ranged from 0% to 48%, and prevalence of virus or viral footprints from 0% to 82%. DISCUSSION Although agreed gold standard tests and evidence for test specificity are lacking, there is evidence that humans are exposed to the virus. Further epidemiological studies are required to establish whether there are associations with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Chalmers
- NPHS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Abton House, Wedal Road, Cardiff CF14 3QX, UK
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15
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Abstract
This article focuses on human Borna disease virus (BDV) infections, most notably on the development of valid diagnostic systems, which have arisen as a major research issue in the past decade. The significance of a novel modular triple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that is capable of specifically measuring anti-BDV antibodies as well as major structural proteins N (p40) and P (p24) in the blood, either as free antigens in the plasma or as antibody-bound circulating immune complexes (CICs), is explained. The impact of CICs and plasma antigen, which indicate periods of antigenemia in the course of BDV infection, along with other infection markers that are still in use is discussed. The review further provides new insight into possible links of BDV to human diseases, summarizing cross-sectional and longitudinal data which correlate acute depression with the presence and amount of antigen and CICs. Moreover, BDV prevalence in healthy people is reevaluated, suggesting that this was previously underestimated. Antiviral efficacy of amantadine, in vivo and in vitro, is outlined as well, with emphasis on wild-type (human and equine) versus laboratory strains. Finally, the pros and cons of the association of BDV with human disease, as detailed in the literature, are critically discussed and related to our data and concepts. This article supports existing correlative evidence for a pathogenic role of BDV infection in particular human mental disorders, in analogy to what has been proven for a variety of animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Bode
- Project Bornavirus Infections, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Anlar B, Pinar A, Yaşar Anlar F, Engin D, Ustaçelebi S, Kocagöz T, Us D, Akduman D, Yalaz K. Viral studies in the cerebrospinal fluid in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. J Infect 2002; 44:176-80. [PMID: 12099745 DOI: 10.1053/jinf.2002.0974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The pathogenesis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), and particularly, the cause of measles virus (MV) reactivation following a latent period after primary measles infection is unknown. The hypothesis of other viruses contributing to the pathogenesis of SSPE by affecting the in vivo state of MV was investigated. METHODS We examined the cerebrospinal fluid of SSPE patients (n=43) for DNA or RNA and antibodies against HSV type 1 and 2, EBV, CMV, VZV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, JC virus, human herpesvirus (HHV)-6, HHV-7, HHV-8, HTLV-1, and HTLV-2. We compared the findings with those of patients with other neurological disorders (n=39). RESULTS CMV DNA and HSV type 1 IgG were found more frequently in SSPE patients. Other positive results were at similar incidence in SSPE and control groups. The clinical features of SSPE cases with and without positive viral tests did not differ from each other. CONCLUSION These data do not support a specific role for these agents in SSPE, but imply that the passage of some viruses to the CNS and local antibody synthesis may be facilitated by inflammation. The persistence or reactivation of MV in SSPE may be related to other factors pertaining to the host or environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Anlar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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17
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Haase CG, Viazov S, Fiedler M, Koenig N, Faustmann PM, Roggendorf M. Borna disease virus RNA is absent in chronic multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2001; 50:423-4. [PMID: 11558804 DOI: 10.1002/ana.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Schwemmle M. Borna disease virus infection in psychiatric patients: are we on the right track? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2001; 1:46-52. [PMID: 11871411 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(01)00021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Animals infected with Borna disease virus (BDV) typically present with neurological dysfunction including behavioural abnormalities. Seroepidemiological surveys suggested that BDV infection can occur in human beings and is associated with mental disorders. Partly contradictory results from studies employing RT-PCR and serological screening led to debate over whether BDV can infect people at all. Critical evaluation of available data led to doubts about the diagnostic value of RT-PCR-based test results. A more consistent picture has emerged from serological studies because seropositive cases were found more frequently among psychiatric patients than among normal controls, supporting the notion that BDV might indeed be responsible for some psychiatric disorders. This view is now challenged by the observation that human BDV-reactive antibodies are of low avidity and might therefore represent cross-reacting antibodies. It remains to be shown whether these antibodies are indeed induced by BDV or by related antigens of unknown identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schwemmle
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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Bode L, Reckwald P, Severus WE, Stoyloff R, Ferszt R, Dietrich DE, Ludwig H. Borna disease virus-specific circulating immune complexes, antigenemia, and free antibodies--the key marker triplet determining infection and prevailing in severe mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6:481-91. [PMID: 11443538 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2001] [Revised: 02/20/2001] [Accepted: 02/22/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV), a unique genetically highly conserved RNA virus (Bornaviridae; Mononegavirales), preferentially targets neurons of limbic structures causing behavioral abnormalities in animals. Markers and virus in patients with affective disorders and schizophrenia have raised worldwide interest. A persistent infection was suggestive from follow-up studies, but inconstant detectability weakened a possible linkage.This study for the first time discloses that detection gaps are caused by BDV-specific circulating immune complexes (CIC), and their interplay with free antibodies and plasma antigens (p40/p24). Screening 3000 sera each from human and equine patients over the past 4 years by new enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) revealed that BDV-CICs indicate 10 times higher infection rates (up to 30% in controls, up to 100% in patients) than did previous serology. Persistence of high amounts of CICs and plasma antigens correlates with severity of depression. Even BDV RNA could be detected in plasma samples with strong antigenemia. Our discovery not only explains the course of persistent infection, but offers novel easy-to-use diagnostic tools by which new insights into BDV-related etiopathogenesis of disease and epidemiology are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bode
- Project Bornavirus Infections, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Abstract
Despite progress in understanding the molecular biology and pathobiology of Borna disease virus, its epidemiology and role in human disease remain controversial. The challenges encountered in this field are a paradigm for the investigation of diseases potentially linked to complex host-microorganism interactions.
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21
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Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is unique amongst animal RNA viruses in its molecular biology and capacity to cause persistent, noncytolytic CNS-infection in a wide variety of host species. Unlike other non-segmented negative-strand RNA animal viruses, BDV replicates in the nucleus of the host cell where splicing is employed for expression of a very compact genome. Epidemiological studies indicate a broad host range and geographical distribution, and some investigators have proposed that human infection may result in neuropsychiatric disorders. Experimental Borna disease in neonatal and adult rats provides an intriguing model for immune-mediated disturbances of brain development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Jordan
- Emerging Diseases Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California – Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Emerging Diseases Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California – Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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22
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Dietrich DE, Bode L, Spannhuth CW, Lau T, Huber TJ, Brodhun B, Ludwig H, Emrich HM. Amantadine in depressive patients with Borna disease virus (BDV) infection: an open trial. Bipolar Disord 2000; 2:65-70. [PMID: 11254023 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-5618.2000.020110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Originally introduced into pharmacotherapy as an antiviral compound, amantadine was shown to also have multiple pharmacological eftfects on the central nervous system. In addition. only a few studies reported on certain antidepressive properties of amantadine. This effect was highlighted by the discovery of its antiviral effect on Borna disease virus (BDV), which is hypothesized to be an etiopathogenetic factor to subtypes of affective disorders. Therefore, the therapeutical use of amantadine in BDV-infected depressive patients was investigated. METHODS In this open trial, amantadine was added to antidepressive and or mood-stabilizing compounds treating BDV-infected depressed patients (n = 25) with bipolar or major depressive disorders. Amantadine was given twice a day (100-300 mg/day) for a mean of 11 weeks. Antidepressive treatment response was measured on the Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D) and/or with an operationalized diagnostic criteria system (OPCRIT: version 3.31). Virological response was measured by expression of BDV infection parameters in blood samples. RESULTS The overall response rate of the amantadine augmentation in the BDV-infected patients with regard to depressive symptoms was 68% after a mean of 2.9 weeks of treatment. Bipolar I patients improved faster and did not show any following hypomania. In addition, the decrease of depression tended to correspond with the decrease in viral activity. CONCLUSION Amantadine appears to show a remarkable antidepressive efficacy in BDV-infected depressive patients. The antidepressive effect in this open trial appeared to be comparable to standard antidepressives, possibly being a result of its antiviral effect against BDV as a potentially relevant etiopathogenetic factor in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Dietrich
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hannover, Germany.
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