Reducing the global burden of depression: a Lancet-World Psychiatric Association Commission

Antidepressant activity of flavones from traditional Chinese medicine: a meta-analysis

CONTEXT

Flavones, the key active components in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), have demonstrated antidepressant activity. Given the numerous animal studies conducted, a systematic analysis is essential to provide a valuable reference for future research.

OBJECT

This study investigated the antidepressant activity of flavones based on animal models and summarized the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

We systematically searched 7 bibliographic Databases as of August 12, 2023, such as Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, etc. The meta-analysis was performed using either the random or fixed-effect model, supplemented by trial sequential analysis (TSA). The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach was used to assess the quality of evidence.

RESULTS

A total of 25 studies involving 458 mice were included, identifying five flavones (baicalin, baicalein, apigenin, luteolin, vitexin) with antidepressant activity. Compared to the control group, flavones significantly reduced immobility time in forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Flavones also decreased serum and hippocampal levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), reduced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels, and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Relative to the positive group, flavones raised IL-6, sucrose preference rate, and corticosterone (CORT) levels, with no significant differences in other factors. The TSA showed the efficacy of flavones for treating depression with adequate 'information size' for the primary outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

The results demonstrate that flavones exert protective effects against depression in mice, primarily by stimulating neurotrophic factors and modulating inflammatory pathways. These findings emphasize their potential as promising candidates for the development of novel antidepressant therapies.

Mediating role of the ratio of family income to poverty in the association between depressive symptoms and stroke: Evidence from a large population-based study

BACKGROUND

Previous investigations have established a notable correlation between depressive symptoms and stroke incidence, as well as the link between stroke occurrence and the ratio of family income-to-poverty ratio (PIR). The intricate dynamics between depressive states and the incidence of stroke mediated by PIR, however, remains inadequately understood.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this research is to scrutinize the link between depressive states and stroke, assessing how PIR functions as a mediator in this dynamic. Through an analysis of the economic status of individuals exhibiting depressive symptoms, this study explores their potential influence on the susceptibility to stroke. Such analysis aims to uncover the intricate interactions among depression, the PIR, and stroke occurrence.

METHODS

Data from 2015 to 2018 NHANES assessed adults' depressive symptoms using PHQ-9 scores. Participants reporting a stroke diagnosis by medical professionals were identified as the stroke cohort. The income levels were assessed using the PIR. To examine the relationship between depressive symptoms and stroke, weighted multivariate linear regression models, curve-fitting analyses, and subgroup assessments were employed, alongside mediation analyses to determine the role of PIR as a mediator.

RESULTS

In the analysis of 7204 participants, the data revealed a robust positive association between depressive symptoms and stroke risk within the comprehensively adjusted model. Additionally, the mediation analysis demonstrated that the PIR contributed to 10.3188 % of the explained variability in the link between depressive symptoms and stroke incidence, serving as a specific mediator of this association.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this research indicate that there is a significant positive link between depressive symptoms and the incidence of stroke, with the PIR serving as a notable mediator.

Potential clinical benefits of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics for depression via the microbiota-gut-brain axis

BACKGROUND

Depression is a common mental-health disorder worldwide. Several studies have demonstrated the effects of gut microbiota-targeting interventions, such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics (PPSP), on depression.

AIM

To assess the potential benefits of PPSP on patients diagnosed with depressive disorder.

METHODS

A literature search of the PubMed, Web of Science, and Elsevier Science Direct databases for relevant studies published from database inception to March 2024 was performed. Studies that used a randomized controlled trial design and evaluated differences in depression between PPSP and placebo were included. Depressive symptoms were assessed using a validated scale. Analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.4 (The Cochrane Collaboration, 2020).

RESULTS

Fourteen studies comprising 906 patients with depressive symptoms were included. PPSP improved depression compared with placebo [SMD: -0.39 (95%CI: -0.60 to -0.17); P < 0.001]. PPSP resulted in significant reductions in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [MD: -1.72 (95%CI: -2.57 to -0.88); P < 0.001] and Beck Depression Inventory [MD: -2.69 (95%CI: -4.67 to -0.71); P < 0.001] scores. Sub-analysis confirmed the antidepressant effects of probiotics on depressive symptoms [SMD: -0.32 (95%CI: -0.48 to -0.16); P < 0.001], with prebiotics exerting no apparent effect [SMD: -0.08 (95%CI: -0.39 to -0.23); P = 0.62], and synbiotics exerting statistically significant benefits [SMD: -1.09 (95%CI: -1.45 to -0.73); P < 0.001].

CONCLUSION

PPSP effectively alleviates depressive symptoms, and subgroup analysis supports the benefits of probiotics and synbiotics. Nevertheless, evidence supporting the use of PPSP for the treatment of depression remains insufficient.

IL-17 enhanced the susceptibility to fluoxetine resistance in depression via the JAK1-STAT6 signaling pathway

AIMS

This study aims to investigate the role of IL-17 in fluoxetine resistance in depression.

METHODS

The Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was utilized to analyze differentially expressed genes between response to antidepressant (GRA) group and the resistance to antidepressant (AR) group. Furthermore, a treatment resistance model of depression was established in Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice administrated with fluoxetine (widely used clinical medication for the treatment of depression) according to sucrose preference rate. Depression-like behaviors in mice were detected in Control group, CUMS group, GRA group, AR group, and SR1001 (Th17 differentiation inhibitor) group. Subsequently, HT22 cells were exposed to IL-17 secreted by Th17 differentiation. Transcriptome sequencing from the Control and IL-17 group was used to screen differential genes. HT22 cells were then transfected with si-JAK1 or si-STAT6. Th17 differentiation, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), JAK1-STAT6 signaling pathway related proteins were detected by western blot, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometric analysis, ELISA experiments, immunofluorescence, and PCR.

RESULT

The WGCNA showed that Th17 differentiation played an important role in the treatment resistance of depression. The results of the following animal experiments showed that fluoxetine resistance resulted in a reduction in total distance and average speed in the Open Field Test (OFT), an increase in immobility time during the Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST). It also regulated the expression of the SERT protein, Th17 differentiation, IL-17 secretion, and compromised the integrity of BBB, yielding similar outcomes in CUMS mice. However, these results could be reversed by SR1001. Moreover, IL-17 effectively elevated the SERT protein level and activated the JAK1-STAT6 signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro.

CONCLUSION

The inhibition of Th17 differentiation and the reduction of peripheral IL-17 release could decrease sensitivity to fluoxetine resistance and relieve the depression-like behavior. This process might be associated with the JAK1-STAT6 pathway.

The efficacy and acceptability of Lactobacillus reuteri for the treatment of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Some preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the positive effect of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) supplementation on depressive symptoms. We conducted an updated systematic review on this topic.

METHOD

PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and international trial registries were searched. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and animal experiments on the use of mixed probiotics containing L. reuteri in the treatment of depression. Analyses were done using Review Manager version 5.4 and Stata 18.0.

RESULTS

In total, 12 RCTs including 1258 patients were included. The efficacy of the mixed probiotics containing L. reuteri in the treatment of depression was superior to the control group (SMD: -0.44, 95 %CI: -0.72 to -0.16). In terms of acceptability, there was no significant difference between the probiotic and control groups (OR: 1.04, 95 %CI: 0.75 to 1.45). In 9 animal experiments, mixed probiotics containing L. reuteri improved the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Subgroup analyses showed patients using multi-strain interventions (SMD: -0.56, 95 %CI: -0.97 to -0.15), having depressive symptoms (SMD: -0.39, 95 %CI: -0.74 to -0.03), and other clinical populations (SMD: -0.59, 95 %CI: -1.06 to -0.13), age < 60 years (SMD: -0.52, 95 %CI: -0.88 to -0.15), female patients (SMD: -0.45, 95 %CI: -0.78 to -0.13) may benefit more.

CONCLUSION

Mixed probiotics containing L. reuteri ameliorated depressive symptoms in patients and depression-like behaviors in animals. Combined microbiota seems to be more effective than single strain intervention in the treatment of depression. Patients with depressive symptoms, other clinical populations, age < 60 years, female patients may benefit more from probiotics. L. reuteri alone did not improve depressive symptoms.

Unlocking the potential of photobiomodulation therapy for brain neurovascular coupling: The biological effects and medical applications

Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy stands as an innovative neurostimulation modality that has demonstrated both efficacy and safety in improving brain function. This therapy exerts multifaceted influences on neurons, blood vessels, and their intricate interplay known as neurovascular coupling (NVC). Growing evidence indicates that NVC may present a promising target for PBM intervention. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying its therapeutic benefits remain to be fully understood. This review aims to elucidate the potential metabolic pathways and signaling cascades involved in the modulatory effects of PBM, while also exploring the extensive repertoire of PBM applications in neurologic and psychiatric conditions. The prospects of PBM within the realm of NVC investigation are intensively considered, providing deeper insights into the powerful capabilities of PBM therapy and its potential to revolutionize neurostimulation treatments.

Embracing Internal States: A Review of Optimization of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treating Depression

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a rapid and effective therapy for major depressive disorder; however, there is significant variability in therapeutic outcomes both within and across individuals, with approximately 50% of patients showing no response to rTMS treatment. Many studies have personalized the stimulation parameters of rTMS (e.g., location and intensity of stimulation) according to the anatomical and functional structure of the brain. In addition to these parameters, the internal states of the individual, such as circadian rhythm, behavior/cognition, neural oscillation, and neuroplasticity, also contribute to the variation in rTMS effects. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the interaction between rTMS and internal states. We propose two possible methods, multimodal treatment, and adaptive closed-loop treatment, to integrate patients' internal states to achieve better rTMS treatment for depression.

Whole exome sequencing identified six novel genes for depressive symptoms

Previous genome-wide association studies of depression have primarily focused on common variants, limiting our comprehensive understanding of the genetic architecture. In contrast, whole-exome sequencing can capture rare coding variants, helping to explore the phenotypic consequences of altering protein-coding genes. Here, we conducted a large-scale exome-wide association study on 296,199 participants from the UK Biobank, assessing their depressive symptom scores through the Patient Health Questionnaire-4. We identified 22 genes associated with depressive symptoms, including 6 newly discovered genes (TRIM27, UBD, SVOP, ADGRB2, IRF2BPL, and ANKRD12). Both ontology enrichment analysis and plasma proteomics association analysis consistently revealed that the identified genes were associated with immune responses. Furthermore, we identified associations between these genes and brain regions related to depression, such as anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex. Additionally, phenome-wide association analysis demonstrated that TRIM27 and UBD were associated with neuropsychiatric, cognitive, biochemistry, and inflammatory traits. Our findings offer new insights into the potential mechanisms and genetic architecture of depressive symptoms.

G9a an Epigenetic Therapeutic Strategy for Neurodegenerative Conditions: From Target Discovery to Clinical Trials

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of G9a/EHMT2, focusing on its structure and exploring the impact of its pharmacological and/or gene inhibition in various neurological diseases. In addition, we delve into the advancements in the design and synthesis of G9a/EHMT2 inhibitors, which hold promise not only as a treatment for neurodegeneration diseases but also for other conditions, such as cancer and malaria. Besides, we presented the discovery of dual therapeutic approaches based on G9a inhibition and different epigenetic enzymes like histone deacetylases, DNA methyltransferases, and other lysine methyltransferases. Hence, findings offer valuable insights into developing novel and promising therapeutic strategies targeting G9a/EHMT2 for managing these neurological conditions.

Multi-omics reveal the role of nociception-related genes TNXB, CTNND1 and CBL in depression

BACKGROUND

Recent studies have suggested a link between nociception and depression. However, the specific genes involved remain unclear.

METHODS

This study investigates this genetic link using multi-omics data. We collected nociception-related genes from the GeneCards database and integrated quantitative trait loci (mQTLs, eQTLs and pQTLs) data for gene expression, DNA methylation and protein expression. GWAS data from the IEU database served as the discovery cohort for depression, with FinnGen and GWAS Catalog data used for validation. Summary data-based Mendelian Randomization (SMR) analysis was employed to examine the interactions between nociception-related genes and depression, and colocalization analysis identified shared causal variants. The associations between depression and target gene expression in specific tissues and specific cell types were assessed using the GTEx v8 dataset and single-cell eQTL data.

RESULTS

SMR analysis revealed 215 mQTLs, 12 eQTLs, and 1 pQTL associated with depression in the discovery cohort. By integrating multi-omics evidence, we found that the hypermethylation of the TNXB gene (cg02272968, cg02432444, cg27624229) and the hypomethylation of the CTNND1 gene (cg16127573) and the P2RY6 gene (cg12889420) were found to upregulate their expression, potentially increasing the risk of depression. GTEx eQTL analysis confirmed CBL expression in the substantia nigra positively correlates with depression risk. However, none of the key genes were confirmed in the single-cell eQTL analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study emphasizes the importance of nociception-related genes, particularly TNXB, CTNND1 and CBL in the pathogenesis of depression. Future research should build on these findings for potential prevention and treatment strategies.

Effect of Qi-based mindfulness therapy for mild-to-moderate depression

BACKGROUND

Depression is a disorder characterized by significant and persistent depressed mood, cognitive impairment, impaired voluntary activity, working memory, and somatic symptoms.

AIM

To determine the efficacy of Qi-based mindfulness therapy (QMT) in treating anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances in individuals with mild-to-moderate depression.

METHODS

A self-controlled before-after trial was conducted. The study invited online participants for recruitment between May and July 2023. Participants (n = 18) aged 18-65 years with mild-to-moderate depression, who were receiving QMT training for 4 weeks, were included. The primary efficacy indicators were the 17 Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Scale scores. The secondary outcome indicators included the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, the self-rating Anxiety Scale, and the Insomnia Severity Index. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted. The patients' symptoms related to depression, anxiety, and insomnia were reassessed 4 weeks after the post-intervention evaluation.

RESULTS

Patients who underwent the QMT intervention for 4 weeks exhibited a statistically significant reduction in scores on the 17 Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, and the Insomnia Severity Index relative to their pre-intervention scores (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

QMT training for 4 weeks is an effective nonpharmacological treatment for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among patients with mild-to-moderate depression.

Affective state-dependent effects of prefrontal rTMS on the cognitive control of negative stimuli in healthy and depressed individuals

INTRODUCTION

High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) is an established, clinically effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, evidence of the cognitive effects of lDLPFC HF-rTMS, especially those cognitive functions affected by MDD, is mixed.

METHODS

We here assessed the cognitive effects of a single, offline, 10Hz rTMS session on task performance in an emotional faces N-back (EFNBACK) task, in both healthy and depressed individuals. We measured response times, accuracy, and sensitivity, in a sham-controlled, pre-post design. Importantly, using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), we assessed whether the cognitive effects of the stimulation are state-dependent on trait-state depression.

RESULTS

We found lDLPFC HF-rTMS enhanced cognitive control over angry distractors. More importantly, these cognitive control effects were state-dependent on trait-state depression. HF-rTMS produced distinct performance changes dependent on baseline BDI-II scores. As a function of BDI-II scores, we observed either increased or decreased response times on the task. Further, we observed improved accuracy and sensitivity only on angry distractor trials as BDI-II scores increased, as a consequence of lDLPFC stimulation.

CONCLUSION

These results underscore the role of HF-rTMS in enhancing executive control over negative emotional information by modulating lDLPFC, with effects varying according to depression state at the moment of the treatment session. HF-rTMS thus not only enhances inhibitory control over emotional stimuli but also exhibits such cognitive effects contingent on depressive state, contributing to our understanding of the state-dependence of therapeutic rTMS.

Intranasal dantrolene nanoparticles inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced depression and anxiety behavior in mice

This study investigates the therapeutic effectiveness of intranasal dantrolene nanoparticles pretreatment to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pathological inflammation and synapse destruction and depressive and anxiety behavior in mice. B6SJLF1/J adult mice were pretreated with intranasal dantrolene nanoparticles (dantrolene: 5mg/kg), daily, Monday to Friday, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. Then, mice were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5mg/kg) for one time. Behavioral tests for depression and anxiety were performed 24 hours after a one-time LPS injection. Biomarkers for pyroptosis-related inflammation cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) in the blood and brain were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting, respectively. The changes of primary proteins activation inflammatory pyroptosis (NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3, Caspase-1, N-GSDMD: N terminal protein gasdermin D) and synapse proteins (PSD-95 and synpatin-1) in brains were measured using immunoblotting. Intranasal dantrolene nanoparticles robustly inhibited LPS-induced depression and anxiety behavior. Intranasal dantrolene nanoparticles significantly inhibited LPS-induced pathological elevation of IL-1β and IL-18 in the blood and brain and inhibited LPS-induced activation of pyroptosis. Intranasal dantrolene nanoparticles significantly ameliorated decrease of PSD-95 and synpatin-1 proteins in brains. Thus, intranasal dantrolene nanoparticles have demonstrated neuroprotection against inflammation-mediated depression and anxiety behaviors and should be studied further as a future effective drug treatment of major depression disorder or anxiety psychiatric disorder.

Impaired unfolded protein response, BDNF and synuclein markers in postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus of patients with depression and Parkinson's disease

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by significant impairment in social, emotional, and cognitive functioning. Its precise pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Alterations in protein homeostasis and some misfolded proteins have been identified within the brains of patients diagnosed with neuropsychiatric disorders. In contrast to neurodegenerative processes such as Parkinson's disease (PD), where the accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein (α-Syn) protein is a primary cause of significant neuronal loss, altered proteostasis in MDD may result in loss-of-function effects by modifying synaptic neuroplasticity. Moreover, aberrant activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathways may intensify the pathological alterations due to altered proteostasis. In this study, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and caudate nucleus from MDD patients and non-psychiatric controls were used. Postmortem samples of same brain areas from PD patients (Braak 2-3 and 5-6) and controls were also included. Protein levels of ER and unfolded protein response (UPR), synucleins (α-, β- and γ-Syn), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured by Western-Blot. Phospho-eIF2α/eIF2α ratio was increased in the dlPFC and caudate nucleus of MDD and PD patients compared to their respective controls. Brain area-dependent changes in BiP and GRP94 levels were also found. We further detected accumulation of immature BDNF precursors and opposite changes in α- and β-Syn levels in the dlPFC of MDD and PD patients compared to controls. Our findings suggest that alterations in proteostasis contribute to the pathophysiology of MDD, as previously described in PD. A deeper understanding of the pathways involved will identify other candidate proteins and new targets with therapeutic potential.

Low-carbohydrate diet macronutrient quality and depression symptoms among US adults

BACKGROUND

The association between the quality of low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) and depression symptoms remains underexplored. This study investigates the effects of LCDs on depression symptoms, with a specific focus on distinguishing the quality and quantity of macronutrients.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, 28,791 participants aged ≥20 were involved. Three LCD scores were constructed based the quality and quantity of macronutrients: overall LCDs (OLCDs), healthy LCDs (HLCDs: characterized by reduced intake of low-quality carbohydrates [e.g., refined sugars], higher plant-based proteins, and unsaturated fats), and unhealthy LCDs (ULCDs: characterized by reduced intake of high-quality carbohydrates [e.g., whole grains], higher animal proteins, and saturated fats). The associations between LCD patterns and depression symptoms were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. A restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression model was used to estimate the dose-response relationship.

RESULTS

Comparing extreme quartiles of HLCDs, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95 % CI) for depression was 0.70 (0.57, 0.86) (P-trend <0.001). No statistical significance was observed in ULCDs and depression symptoms. Non-linear relationships were identified for OLCDs (P-non-linear = 0.017), HLCDs (P-non-linear <0.001), with depression symptoms.

CONCLUSION

Macronutrient quality modifies LCD-depression associations, with healthier patterns showing inverse correlations. Our finding indicates inverse association between HLCDs and depression risk. Further longitudinal or interventional studies are required to validate these findings and explore mechanistic pathways.

Association between urinary trace elements levels and depressive symptoms among the older population

BACKGROUND

Late-life depression is a prevalent public health issue among the elderly. Imbalances in trace elements are increasingly recognized as associated with depression; however, the majority of current research has concentrated on examining the link between blood-based trace elements levels and depressive symptoms. Our objective was to determine if a similar correlation is observed between urinary trace elements levels and depressive symptoms.

METHODS

We employed stratified, multi-stage random sampling to recruit 400 participants, aged 60 years or older, from a community-based population in a city located in southern China. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Items (PHQ-9) was utilized to evaluate depressive symptoms. The concentration of trace elements in urine was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between urinary trace elements levels and depressive symptoms, as well as the interactions between these levels and potential covariates. The Restricted Cubic Spline (RCS) model with four knots to further explore the association between urinary trace elements and depressive symptoms risk after adjusting for the confounders.

RESULTS

A total of 391 participants were investigated, including 50 (12.6 %) in depressive symptom group and 341 (87.4 %) in non-depressive symptom group. Urinary copper levels were positively correlated with depressive symptoms. Compared with the lowest tertile of urinary copper, the multivariate adjusted odds ratios of depressive symptom were 2.58 (1.18-5.64) in tertile 3. Furthermore, we found the interactions between urinary copper and gender were p < 0.05. The multivariate correction OR for T3 versus T1 in males was 21.10 (1.79-248.13) (Pfor trend = 0.002). RCS analysis revealed a positive association between copper levels and depressive symptoms (P-overall association = 0.025, and P-nonlinear = 0.161). No significant difference was observed in the risk of developing depressive symptoms among individuals with urinary copper concentrations below 8.22 μg/g creatinine. However, the risk of depressive symptoms increases progressively as the urinary copper concentration exceeds this threshold.

CONCLUSION

Urinary copper levels are correlated with the development of depressive symptoms, and copper exposure in men is more sensitive to depressive symptoms. Urinary copper, as a non-invasive test, is a promising indicator of depression symptoms in environmental exposure.

Analysis of the prevalence and influencing factors of depression in middle-aged women: A nationwide study from CHARLS

Depression accounts for a large portion of the global burden of disease, and few large-sample studies have investigated the prevalence of depression in middle-aged women. This study examined the prevalence and factors influencing depression in middle-aged women. Cross-sectional data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were used, selecting middle-aged women aged 45-59 years. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors. 3723 middle-aged women were included in the study, 1537 (41.28 %) had depressive symptoms, 2186 (58.72 %) had no depressive symptoms. The results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that sleep duration, old-age insurance, body pain, drinking, fall, self-related health, life satisfaction, residence, education and marital status were the influencing factors for middle-aged women (P<0.05). Depression in middle-aged Chinese women is influenced by a variety of factors. This study suggests that this population can be targeted for prevention in terms of demographic characteristics, behavioral habits, and healthcare configuration for middle-aged women who are in poor health, and with low life satisfaction.

E2F2 induces microglial activation and augments depressive-like behavior in mice by repressing PTPN6 transcription

Depression is the leading contributor to disability and suicide ideation. Informed by the insights from bioinformatics analyses, this study investigates the roles of E2F transcription factor 2 (E2F2) and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 6 (PTPN6) in the activation of microglia and the manifestation of depressive-like behavior in mice. Chronic unpredictable mild stress was applied to induce a mouse model of depression, while a cellular model featuring microglia was established through exposure to lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate. E2F2 was upregulated whereas PTPN6 was downregulated in these models. Notably, E2F2 was found to bind to the PTPN6 promoter, thereby repressing its transcription. Various behavioral tests demonstrated that silencing of E2F2, accomplished via shRNA transfection, led to increased locomotor activity, heightened social interaction rates, enhanced sucrose preference, and reduced immobility time in response to stress stimuli in mice. Furthermore, E2F2 silencing effectively reduced expression of Iba1, a microglial activation marker, and decreased concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines both in vivo and in vitro. However, these mitigating effects were countered by additional PTPN6 silencing. In conclusion, this study investigation underscores the role of E2F2 in promoting inflammatory activation of microglia and exacerbating depressive-like behavior in mice by repressing PTPN6 transcription.

Targeting HINT1 to improve synaptic plasticity: toward loganin as a new antidepressant strategy

Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) is related to depression. However, the underlying mechanisms and whether HINT1 is a therapeutic target for depression remain unclear. In this study, we report that loganin, an antidepressant candidate from our previous research, directly targets HINT1 to alleviate depressive-like behaviors. Overexpression of HINT1 in the hippocampus induces depressive-like behaviors. Mechanistically, HINT1 hinders sigma-1 receptor (Sigma-1R) binding to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), promotes  postsynaptic density protein (PSD95) binding to NMDAR, inhibits  brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, and impairs synaptic plasticity. The interaction between HINT1 and NMDAR is disturbed by loganin. The antidepressant-like effects of loganin are reversed by HINT1 overexpression, Sigma-1R inhibitor and tropomyosin kinase receptor B (TrkB) inhibitor. These results not only indicate that HINT1 induces depression via impairing synaptic plasticity but also provide a candidate targeting HINT1 for depression therapy. Zhang et al. reported that a natural compound, loganin, improves synaptic plasticity and reduces depressive-like behaviors via its direct target HINT1. Mechanistically, overexpressed HINT1 hinders NMDAR/Sigma-1R interactions and increases NMDAR/PSD95 interactions, and HINT1/NMDAR interactions are disrupted by loganin treatment.

Intranasal Delivery of Hydrophobic AC5216 Loaded Nanoemulsion into Brain To Alleviate Chronic Unpredictable Stress-Induced Depressive-like Behaviors

Major depressive disorder (MDD) represents a widespread mental health condition. Efficiently moving therapeutic substances across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a critical obstacle in addressing depressive disorders. AC5216, identified as a translocator protein (TSPO) ligand and considered a potential treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), faces limitations due to its subpar druggability and oral bioavailability. In this context, an amphiphilic polymer composed of polyethylene glycol, poly-l-lysine, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PEG-PLL-PLGA) has been utilized to encapsulate the hydrophobic compound AC5216. This results in the formation of cell-penetrating peptide-modified nanoemulsions (termed CPP-PPP-AC5216), designed to deliver AC5216 directly into the central nervous system via intranasal administration for MDD therapy. Research on animal models has shown that CPP-PPP-AC5216 effectively transports AC5216 to the brain, significantly mitigating chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced depressive behaviors with a dosage as low as 0.03 mg/kg when administered intranasally. Furthermore, it was observed that CPP-PPP-AC5216 substantially reduces microglial activation, prevents BBB leakage, and ameliorates astrocyte dysfunction caused by CUS. The findings suggest a promising potential for using this nanoemulsion approach to deliver hydrophobic compounds through the nasal route for the treatment of MDD.

Advancing the diagnosis of major depressive disorder: Integrating neuroimaging and machine learning

Major depressive disorder (MDD), a psychiatric disorder characterized by functional brain deficits, poses considerable diagnostic and treatment challenges, especially in adolescents owing to varying clinical presentations. Biomarkers hold substantial clinical potential in the field of mental health, enabling objective assessments of physiological and pathological states, facilitating early diagnosis, and enhancing clinical decision-making and patient outcomes. Recent breakthroughs combine neuroimaging with machine learning (ML) to distinguish brain activity patterns between MDD patients and healthy controls, paving the way for diagnostic support and personalized treatment. However, the accuracy of the results depends on the selection of neuroimaging features and algorithms. Ensuring privacy protection, ML model accuracy, and fostering trust are essential steps prior to clinical implementation. Future research should prioritize the establishment of comprehensive legal frameworks and regulatory mechanisms for using ML in MDD diagnosis while safeguarding patient privacy and rights. By doing so, we can advance accuracy and personalized care for MDD.

Identification of DIO2 as a Molecular Therapeutic Target for Depression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Comprehensive Bioinformatics and Experimental Study

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and depression are both common conditions with significant socioeconomic impact. The high co-occurrence of depression in CRS patients suggests a common pathophysiology, but the mechanisms are unclear. This study aimed to identify potential molecular links between the two conditions. We retrieved gene expression datasets for CRS and depression from the GEO database. Using differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we identified co-expression genes associated with CRS and depression. Enrichment analyses including GO, KEGG, and GSEA were performed to explore biological pathways. Machine learning algorithms including random forest and LASSO regression were engaged to screen for shared hub genes predictive of CRS and depression. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data were analyzed to delineate the expression profiles of the shared hub genes across different cell types. Animal experiments were employed to validate the role of core genes in CRS-related depression. We identified five shared hub genes: CHRDL1, DIO2, HSD17B6, PDE3A, and PLA2G5, with the TGF-β signaling, cytokine-cytokine interaction receptors, and cell adhesion as key biological pathways. DIO2, as identified by machine learning, is a promising diagnostic biomarker for CRS and depression. The scRNA-seq analysis showed that DIO2 is primarily expressed in neurons and astrocytes. Animal experiments showed that overexpression of DIO2 improved the depressive-like behaviors in CRS mice. This study sheds new light on the molecular basis of the comorbidity between CRS and depression. DIO2 is a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for CRS patients with comorbid depression.

Association of sleep quality and its change with the risk of depression in middle-aged and elderly people: A 10-year cohort study from England

BACKGROUND

Persistently poor sleep quality in young adults is linked to a higher risk of depression. However, the impact of changes in sleep quality on depression risk in middle-aged and older adults remain unclear. This study investigates the association between sleep quality, its changes, and the risk of depression in middle-aged and elderly people.

METHODS

We included 4007 participants (mean age 63.0 ± 7.6 years, 53.0 % women) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Sleep quality was assessed using the Jenkins Sleep Problems Scale and a global sleep quality question. Depression was evaluated with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and self-reported doctor-diagnosed depression. Multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic spline curve, and mediation analysis was employed.

RESULTS

After 10 years of follow-up, 777 individuals developed depression. Sleep quality scores positively correlated with depression risk. Among those with good sleep quality, worsening sleep quality increased depression risk (OR = 1.67, 95 % CI: 1.21-2.31). For those with intermediate sleep quality, improved sleep quality reduced depression risk (OR = 0.70, 95 % CI: 0.50-0.98). Conversely, worsening sleep quality increased depression risk (OR = 2.11, 95 % CI: 1.47-3.02). Pain and functional disability partially mediated the association between intermediate/poor sleep quality and depression (9.8 % and 4.2 %, respectively).

LIMITATIONS

Sleep quality is based on self-reported.

CONCLUSIONS

Intermediate, poor, and worsening sleep quality are linked to higher depression risk. Improving sleep quality mitigates depression risk in those with intermediate sleep quality. Sleep quality may influence depression indirectly through pain and functional disability.

Understanding structural-functional connectivity coupling in patients with major depressive disorder: A white matter perspective

PURPOSE

To elucidate the structural-functional connectivity (SC-FC) coupling in white matter (WM) tracts in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).

METHODS

A total of 178 individuals diagnosed with MDD and 173 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited for this study. The Euclidean distance was calculated to assess SC-FC coupling. The primary analyses focused on investigating alterations in SC-FC coupling in WM tracts of individuals with MDD. Additionally, we explored the association between coupling and clinical symptoms. Secondary analyses examined differences among three subgroups of MDD: those with suicidal ideation (SI), those with a history of suicidal attempts (SA), and those non-suicidal (NS).

RESULTS

The study revealed increased SC-FC coupling mainly in the middle cerebellar peduncle and bilateral corticospinal tract (PFDR < 0.05) in patients with MDD compared with HCs. Additionally, right cerebral peduncle coupling strength exhibited a significant positive correlation with Hamilton Anxiety Scale scores (r = 0.269, PFDR = 0.041), while right cingulum (hippocampus) coupling strength showed a significant negative correlation with Nurses' Global Assessment of Suicide Risk scores (r = -0.159, PFDR = 0.036). An increase in left anterior limb of internal capsule (PBonferroni < 0.01) and left corticospinal tract (PBonferroni < 0.05) coupling has been observed in MDD with SI. Additionally, a decrease in right posterior limb of internal capsule coupling has been found in MDD with SA (PBonferroni < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

This study emphasizes the variations in SC-FC coupling in WM tracts in individuals with MDD and its subgroups, highlighting the crucial role of WM networks in the pathophysiology of MDD.

Intranasal dantrolene nanoparticles inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced helplessness and anxiety behavior in mice

This study investigates the therapeutic effectiveness of intranasal dantrolene nanoparticles pretreatment to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pathological inflammation and synapse destruction and depressive and anxiety behavior in mice. B6SJLF1/J adult mice were pretreated with intranasal dantrolene nanoparticles (dantrolene: 5mg/kg), daily, Monday to Friday, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. Then, mice were treated with intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5mg/kg) for one time. Behavioral tests for depression and anxiety were performed 24 hours after a one-time LPS injection. Biomarkers for pyroptosis-related inflammation cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) in blood and brains were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting, respectively. The changes of primary proteins activation inflammatory pyroptosis (NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3, Caspase-1, N-GSDMD: N terminal protein gasdermin D) and synapse proteins (PSD-95 and synpatin-1) in brains were measured using immunoblotting. Intranasal dantrolene nanoparticles robustly inhibited LPS-induced depression and anxiety behavior. Intranasal dantrolene nanoparticles significantly inhibited LPS-induced pathological elevation of IL-1β and IL-18 in the blood and brain and inhibited LPS induced activation of pyroptosis. Intranasal dantrolene nanoparticles significantly ameliorated decrease of PSD-95 and synpatin-1 proteins in brains. Thus, intranasal dantrolene nanoparticles has demonstrated neuroprotection against inflammation mediated depression and anxiety behaviors and should be studied furthermore as a future effective drug treatment of major depression disorder or anxiety psychiatric disorder.

Combining internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy and attention bias modification for reducing depressive symptoms in firefighters: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Firefighters are frequently exposed to traumatic events and stressful environments and are at particularly high risk of depressive symptoms.

AIMS

The present study aimed to examine the impact of a combined internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) and attention bias modification (ABM) intervention to reduce depressive symptoms in firefighters.

METHOD

The study was a randomized controlled trial carried out in Kunming, China, and involved the recruitment of 138 active firefighters as participants. The intervention lasted for an 8-week duration, during which participants participated in ABM exercises on alternating days and concurrently underwent eight modules of iCBT courses delivered through a smartphone application. Baseline and post-intervention assessments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the intervention.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results indicated that the combined iCBT and ABM intervention was significantly effective in reducing symptoms of depression compared with the no intervention control group (U=1644, p<0.001, Wilcoxon r=0.280). No significant change was observed in attention bias post-intervention (U=2460, p=0.737, Wilcoxon r=0.039), while a significant increase was observed in attention-bias variability (U=3172, p<0.001, Wilcoxon r=-0.287). This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of the combined iCBT and ABM intervention in reducing depressive symptoms among firefighters. This study provides conceptual support and preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of the combined iCBT and ABM intervention in reducing depressive symptoms among firefighters.

Distinguished multimodal imaging features affected by COVID-19 in major depressive disorder patients

OBJECTIVES

Growing attention has been directed toward the structural and functional alterations among individuals infected with COVID-19. However, data on its impact on patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) remain limited.

METHODS

This study investigates the effects of COVID-19 on patients with MDD and healthy controls (HCs) using MRI scans. Participants were categorized into four groups: MDD patients before (n = 165) and after COVID-19 infection (n = 70), HCs before (n = 108) and after COVID-19 infection (n = 57). All participants underwent T1-weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and resting-state functional MRI from January 2022 to August 2023.

RESULTS

Structural alterations associated with COVID-19 were predominantly observed in the white matter (WM) rather than the gray matter (GM), with specific involvement noted in the superior longitudinal fasciculus tract, Forceps minor tract, and cingulum-cingulate gyrus tract among patients with MDD. Functional changes were spread from GM to WM. The bilateral supplementary motor area, the left angular gyrus, the left subcortical regions (amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus), and various WM tracts showed significant infection-related changes across groups.

CONCLUSION

COVID-19 infection induces significant microstructural damage of WM in healthy individuals and exacerbates white matter microstructural injury of MDD. These findings suggest that WM might be more susceptible to COVID-19 effects than GM in both MDD patients and HCs.

Randomized controlled study of a digital data driven intervention for depressive and generalized anxiety symptoms

As mental health disorders like Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder rise globally, effective, scalable, and personalized treatments are urgently needed. This 16-week prospective, decentralized, randomized, waitlist-controlled study investigated the effectiveness of a digital data-driven therapeutic integrating wearable sensor data with a mobile app to deliver personalized CBT-based interventions for individuals with depressive and generalized anxiety symptoms. 200 adults were randomized to intervention or control groups, with 164 completing the study. The intervention group demonstrated significant reductions in depressive (mean change = -5.61, CI = -7.14, -4.08) and anxiety symptoms (mean change = -5.21, CI = -6.66, -3.76), compared to the control group, with medium-to-large effect sizes (r = 0.64 and r = 0.62, P < 0.001). Notably, these improvements were also observed in participants with clinically significant depression and anxiety, further reinforcing the potential of digital therapeutics in targeting more severe cases. These findings, combined with high engagement levels, suggest that data-driven digital health interventions could complement traditional treatments, though further research is needed to assess their long-term impact.

Global trends of purinergic receptors and depression: A bibliometric analysis from 2003 to 2023

BACKGROUND

Depression significantly threatens human health. Purinergic receptors are reported to be associated with depression. However, there is no bibliometric research in this field have been published.

AIM

To provide some reference for the further research in the field of purinergic receptors and depression utilizing bibliometric analysis.

METHODS

Relevant researches were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. The period of the search was from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2023. The CiteSpace (6.2.R7) and VOSviewer (1.6.19) were applied to identify the main contributors of countries, authors, institutions, references and journals. Besides, we evaluate keywords to assess the hotspots and trends over the previous 2 decades.

RESULTS

Totally, 247 articles were identified, showing an increasing trend over time. The most productive country, institution, and journal in this field are China, Harvard University, and Biological Psychiatry, respectively. Liang SD and Rodrigues, Ana Lucia S were the most prolific authors. Burnstock G ranked first among the cited authors. The cooperation among countries and disciplines is crucial. The P2X7 receptor provides promising prospects for treating depression and further studies are warranted to validate the scope and significance of depression therapeutic strategies.

CONCLUSION

This study provides an overview of the worldwide research status and future trends in purinergic receptors and depression. P2X7 receptor is considered an appropriate target for the treatment of depression, as well as neurological diseases. It is implied that based on purinergic system, the future prospects for interventions aimed at depression treatment are promising, showing the way for both augmentation strategies and new drug treatments in the context of the pharmacology of depression.

Association between serum apolipoprotein B and depression: A cross-sectional and Mendelian randomization analysis study

BACKGROUND

Depression is a pervasive mental illness that has a significant impact on public health globally. This study aimed to identify risk factors for depression and elucidate their causal relationships.

METHODS

Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Serum ApoB was log-transformed and further divided into 4 groups. Multifactorial logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between serum ApoB and depression. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were used to observe the stability of the association between them. Smooth curve fitting was used to investigate nonlinear correlations. The causal effect of serum ApoB on depression was assessed using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 6531 participated in the study. After adjusting for all covariates, serum ApoB levels were positively associated with depression after adjustment for all covariates (OR = 1.40, 95 % CI = 1.06-1.84; P = 0.0176). Unfortunately, there was no significant causal relationship between serum ApoB and depression (OR = 0.9985,95 % CI = 0.9962-1.0008; P = 0.1923). Sensitivity analysis verified the reliability of the results.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum ApoB was positively associated with an increased risk of depression, but MR analysis did not show a genetic causal relationship between ApoB and depression. Based on the results of the current study, no indication maintaining high levels of ApoB contributes to the management of depression.

LIMITATIONS

The main limitation of this study is the inconsistency of the cross-sectional study and the MR population.

Effectiveness of an Internet-Based, Self-Guided, Short-Term Mindfulness Training (ISSMT) Program for Relieving Depressive Symptoms in the Adult Population in China: Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Depression is a significant global public health issue, and in China, access to mental health services remains limited despite high demand. Research has shown that mindfulness can effectively alleviate depressive symptoms and that telehealth solutions offer a promising avenue for addressing this service gap. Despite this potential, there are currently few studies in China focusing on short-term online mindfulness training. Most existing online mindfulness studies relied on traditional 8-week programs, which can be challenging for participant adherence due to limited accessibility and high dropout rates. Additionally, limited research exists on short-term online mindfulness interventions, and findings remain inconsistent.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to develop and evaluate an internet-based, self-guided, short-term mindfulness training (ISSMT) program based on the Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT) to reduce depression symptoms.

METHODS

The ISSMT program was delivered via an online platform, "Hi Emotion," and was accessible to the general public. Interested individuals aged 18 years and older were randomized into either the ISSMT group or a wait-list control group. Participants in the ISSMT group received daily reminders to participate in a 15- to 20-minute session over a 14-day training period. Measurements, including mindfulness and depressive symptoms, were collected at baseline and weekly for the subsequent 3 weeks.

RESULTS

A total of 205 adults participated in the 14-day online intervention. Linear mixed models were used to analyze both per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) samples. Compared with the wait-list control group, participants in the ISSMT group showed significant improvements in mindfulness (Cohen d=0.44 for ITT; Cohen d=0.55 for PP) and reductions in depressive symptoms (Cohen d=0.50 for ITT; Cohen d=0.53 for PP). Furthermore, participants expressed high acceptance of this training format with a relatively low dropout rate (<40%).

CONCLUSIONS

The ISSMT program based on the MAT effectively enhanced mindfulness and alleviated depressive symptoms. This intervention could be considered for integration into psychosocial service systems to improve mental health outcomes and help bridge the gap between limited resources and the high demand for services in China. Future research should focus on personalizing these programs and incorporating advanced technologies to enhance their effectiveness and user engagement.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Open Science Framework; https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/8P4V6.

Six-compound combo remedy ameliorates corticosterone-induced depressive behaviors in mice via targeting 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A signaling

Dysregulation of brain innate immunity involving microglia is implicated in the pathology of neurological disorders including depression. Depression is a prominent medical challenge to global public health systems. Synthetic antidepressant drugs are limited by severe side effects. The present study aimed to identify the active compounds from the well-documented herbal medicine formula Banxia-Houpo decoction (BHD) and discover the underlying mechanisms for tuning microglia. We initially employed Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) profiling and network pharmacology analysis to predict the active compound-target interaction networks. We subsequently validated the potential active compounds and targets in a mouse model of corticosterone (CORT)-induced depression and postsynaptic microglia BV2 cells. As a result, 64 compounds were identified in the ethanolic Banxia-Houpo decoction extract and predicted to target 25 depression-related genes. Interestingly, the serotonergic synapse pathway received the highest enrichment score while 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (HTR1A) was targeted by 6 compounds (i.e. baicalein, luteolin, N-nornuciferine, roemerine, scutellarin, and 6-shogaol). In parallel assays, a six-compound combo (SCC) and Banxia-Houpo decoction markedly ameliorated the depressive-like behaviors in corticosterone-lesioned mice and well-protected highly differentiated (HD) PC12 cells against corticosterone challenge. Moreover, six-compound combo and Banxia-Houpo decoction effectively induced hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A expression in mice and postsynaptic microglia BV2 cells. Hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A antagonist WAY-100635 at 1 mg/kg/d via intraperitoneal injection attenuated the effects of six-compound combo and Banxia-Houpo decoction on the depressive behaviors in mice. These results suggest that six-compound combo might be a potential remedy against depression and other neurological disorders via targeting hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A in microglia.

The U-Shape Association Between Noise and Individual Depression: Nationwide Longitudinal Evidence from Three Waves of CHARLS

Depression is a common mental disorder formed by a combination of various factors. Existing researches have already demonstrated that noise indeed impacts the level of depression, but their results were inconsistent. To reconcile seemingly contradictory findings, this study aims to investigate how noise affects individual depression using big data mining and analysis techniques. The individual data was obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) over 3 years (2013, 2015, and 2018) totaling 9693 participants coming from 125 different cities. The Chinese version of the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was employed to assess depression scores, while the search index for noise-related keywords was obtained from Baidu Index to measure noise levels across different cities. A curvilinear model with fixed effects was applied to analyze the relationship between noise and depression. Additionally, moderating effect analyses were conducted to examine the influence of city size and green space. The results indicate a U-shaped relationship between depression and noise, wherein depression initially decreases with increased noise, then subsequently rises. The moderating effect analysis suggests that both city size and green space influence this U-shaped curve; notably, in cities with larger populations or higher green coverage rates, the curve flattens. This study reveals that the impact of noise on depression is complex, which is the result of a multifactorial synergy. It underscores the necessity for urban planning and management to prioritize the creation of friendly sound environments, which could enhance the physical and mental health of urban residents.

Impact of dietary magnesium intake on depression risk in American adults: a cross-sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2020

Introduction

Depression is a major global mental health challenge. Previous research suggests a link between magnesium consumption and depression, but the dose-response relationship remains unclear. This study investigates the relationship between dietary magnesium intake and depression risk among American adults.

Methods

Data from the 2005-2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were examined. Depression was measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and dietary magnesium consumption was calculated from two 24-h meal recalls. We used restricted cubic spline models, logistic regression, and sensitivity analyses to assess the connection.

Results

Among 35,252 participants (mean age: 49.5 ± 17.6 years; 49.9% women), we observed a nonlinearity in the relationship between dietary magnesium intake and depression. Below the inflection point (366.7 mg/day), the odds ratio (OR) was 0.998 (95% CI: 0.997-0.999, p < 0.001). Above this point, the OR was 1.001 (95% CI: 1.000-1.002, p = 0.007). In participants aged ≥60 years, the association was inverse L-shaped, with magnesium intake ≥270.7 mg/day increasing depression incidence by 0.1% per 1 mg/d increase.

Conclusion

A nonlinear dose-response relationship exists between dietary magnesium intake and depression risk among US adults. Age significantly moderates this association, suggesting dietary recommendations should be tailored to different age groups.

5-HT1B receptor activation produces rapid antidepressant-like effects in rodents

Ketamine is noted for its rapid onset antidepressant response and effectiveness in patients with treatment resistant depression. While most research has focused on glutamatergic mechanisms, recent studies show that antidepressant-like effects in rodents are dependent upon the serotonergic (5-HT) system and suggest a potential contribution of the 5-HT1B receptor. In this study we utilized CP-94253 to examine whether 5-HT1B receptor agonism produces rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects, focusing on rodent models and treatment approaches commonly used to demonstrate the differentiated response to ketamine. We first confirmed that CP-94253 is a potent 5-HT1B agonist in vitro and that CP-94253 occupies brain 5-HT1B receptors at the doses tested. CP-94253 reduced immobility in the mouse forced swim test (FST) and exhibited a prominent antidepressant signature in the mouse-behavior phenotyping platform SmartCube®. When examined 24 h after acute treatment, CP-94253 reduced FST immobility in both naïve rats and in rats receiving chronic interferon alpha treatment. Ex vivo hippocampal long-term potentiation was also enhanced in naïve rats receiving acute CP-94253 treatment, 24 h prior to the recordings. In mice exposed to chronic social defeat stress, antidepressant-like effects in the tail suspension and sucrose preference tests were seen 1 h and 24 h after acute treatment, respectively. Finally, whole brain c-fos imaging in mice showed that CP-94253 modulates neuronal activity in discrete brain regions including the lateral habenula circuit implicated in depression and the ketamine treatment response. Collectively these results support the further investigation of 5-HT1B agonism as a novel treatment approach for major depressive disorder.

Individualized psychiatric care: integration of therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacogenomics, and biomarkers

Personalized treatment optimization considers individual clinical, genetic, and environmental factors influencing drug efficacy and tolerability. As evidence accumulates, these approaches may become increasingly integrated into standard psychiatric care, potentially transforming the treatment landscape for mental health disorders. While personalized treatment optimization shows promise in enhancing therapeutic outcomes and minimizing adverse effects, further research is needed to establish its clinical utility and cost-effectiveness across various psychiatric disorders. This review examines the potential utility of personalized treatment optimization in psychiatry, addressing the challenge of suboptimal effectiveness and variable patient responses to psychiatric medications. It explores how therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacogenomics, and biomarker testing can be used to individualize and optimize pharmacotherapy for mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.

Evidence for the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of three semi-synthetic derivatives of xylopic acid in mice

PURPOSE

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common and burdensome psychiatric disorders worldwide. This study evaluated the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like activity of three semi-synthetic derivatives of xylopic acid (XA) to identify the most promising derivative based on mechanism(s) of action, in vivo pharmacokinetics and in vitro cytotoxicity.

METHODS

The anxiolytic potential and the involvement of GABAergic mechanisms were assessed in the elevated plus-maze and open field tests in mice. The antidepressant-like effects were also investigated in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). Possible mechanism(s) of antidepressant-effect was assessed by selective depletion of monoamines, using either reserpine, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine or para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) prior to repeating the TST and FST. A single oral (100 mg kg-1) and intravenous bolus dose (100 mg kg-1) of XA or deacetylated XA (dXA) was administered separately to mice and the plasma concentration of each compound subjected to non-compartmental analyses. The potential cytotoxic effect of XA and dXA was also assessed with the MTT assay using HepG2 and Caco-2 cells.

RESULTS

XA and all the derivatives (10-100 mg kg-1) reduced anxiety- and depression-related behaviours. The anxiolytic-like effect of dXA was attenuated by pentylenetetrazole while its antidepressant-like properties were reversed in reserpine and pCPA pre-treated mice. In comparison to XA, dXA had lower oral clearance, longer half-life, shorter time to reach peak plasma concentration and was less toxic to hepG2 cells.

CONCLUSION

All the semi-synthetic derivatives of XA exert varying degrees of anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in mice. The anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of dXA and XA are mediated, at least partly, through GABAergic and serotoninergic systems, respectively. In comparison with XA, dXA has a much lower clearance, longer half-life, shorter time to reach peak plasma concentration and was less toxic to HepG2 cells.

A predictive model for depression risk in individuals with hypertension: evidence from NHANES 2007-2020

OBJECTIVE

Hypertension increases the prevalence of depression to a certain extent and identification and diagnosis of depression frequently pose challenges for clinicians. The study aimed to construct and validate a scoring model predicting the prevalence of depression with hypertension.

METHODS

6124 individuals with hypertension were utilized from the 2007 to 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database (NHANES), including 645 subjects that were assessed to have depressive symptoms, 390 in the development group and 255 in the validation group. Univariable and multivariable analyses were applied to analyze the impact of each parameter on depression with hypertension, resulting in establishment of a predictive model. Finally, the discriminability, calibration ability, and clinical efficacy of the model were verified for both the derivation set and validation set.

RESULTS

Ten variables comprised this model: age, gender, race, poverty to income ratio (PIR), smoke, sleep hours, exercise, diabetes, congestive heart failure, stroke. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the derivation and validating sets was 0.790 and 0.723, respectively, which showed excellent discriminability. The model also fitted well with the actual prevalence of depression with hypertension in calibration and decision curve analysis (DCA) demonstrated that the depression model was practically useful.

CONCLUSION

This scoring model may provide an additional perspective for evaluating the underlying risk factors of depression for hypertensive individuals.

Machine learning algorithms to predict depression in older adults in China: a cross-sectional study

Objective

The 2-fold objective of this research is to investigate machine learning's (ML) predictive value for the incidence of depression among China's older adult population and to determine the noteworthy aspects resulting in depression.

Methods

This research selected 7,880 older adult people by utilizing data from the 2020 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Thereafter, the dataset was classified into training and testing sets at a 6:4 ratio. Six ML algorithms, namely, logistic regression, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, decision tree, LightGBM, and random forest, were used in constructing a predictive model for depression among the older adult. To compare the differences in the ROC curves of the different models, the Delong test was conducted. Meanwhile, to evaluate the models' performance, this research performed decision curve analysis (DCA). Thereafter, the Shapely Additive exPlanations values were utilized for model interpretation on the bases of the prediction results' substantial contributions.

Results

The range of the area under the curve (AUC) of each model's ROC curves was 0.648-0.738, with significant differences (P < 0.01). The DCA results indicate that within various probability thresholds, LightGBM's net benefit was the highest. Self-rated health, nighttime sleep, gender, age, and cognitive function are the five most important characteristics of all models in terms of predicting the occurrence of depression.

Conclusion

The occurrence of depression among China's older adult population and the critical factors leading to depression can be predicted and identified, respectively, by ML algorithms.

A Serum Pharmacochemistry and Network Pharmacology-based Approach to Study the Anti-depressant Effect of Chaihu-Shugan San

AIMS

The aim of this study is to explore the anti-depressant mechanism of Chaihu- Shugan San based on serum medicinal chemistry and network pharmacology methods.

BACKGROUND

Depression lacks effective treatments, with current anti-depressants ineffective in 40% of patients. Chaihu-Shugan San (CHSGS) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine compound to treat depression. However, the chemical components and the underlying mechanisms targeting the liver and brain in the anti-depressant effects of CHSGS need to be elucidated.

METHODS

The chemical components of CHSGS in most current network pharmacology studies are screened from TCMSP and TCMID databases. In this study, we investigated the mechanism and material basis of soothing the liver and relieving depression in the treatment of depression by CHSGS based on serum pharmacochemistry. The anti-depressant mechanism of CHSGS was further verified by proteomics and high-throughput data.

RESULTS

Through serum medicinal chemistry, we obtained 9 bioactive substances of CHSGS. These ingredients have good human oral bioavailability and are non-toxic. Based on liver ChIPseq data, CHSGS acts on 8 targets specifically localized in the liver, such as FGA, FGB, and FGG. The main contributors to CHSGS soothing the liver qi targets are hesperetin, nobiletin, ferulic acid, naringin and albiflorin. In addition, network pharmacology analysis identified 9 blood components of CHSGS that corresponded to 63 anti-depressant targets in the brain. Among them, nobiletin has the largest number of anti-depressant targets, followed by glycyrrhizic acid, ferulic acid, albiflorin and hesperetin. We also validated the anti-depressant mechanism of CHSGS based on hippocampal proteomics. CHSGS exerts anti-depressant effects on synaptic structure and neuronal function by targeting multiple synapse related proteins.

CONCLUSION

This study not only provides a theoretical basis for further expanding the clinical application of CHSGS, but also provides a series of potential lead compounds for the development of depression drugs.

Lactic acid contributes to the emergence of depression-like behaviors triggered by blue light exposure during sleep

The threat posed by light pollution to human health is increasing remarkably. As demand for high-efficiency and bright lighting increases, so does the blue light content from artificial sources. Although animal studies suggested blue light induced depression-like behaviors, human evidence remained limited, and the mechanisms by which blue light affects depression remained elusive. This study aimed to investigate the association between blue light exposure and depression in humans, and explored the underlying mechanisms that driving depression-like behaviors induced by blue light. Our population findings showed that the high-blue-light exposure at night was positively associated with depressive symptoms. Lactic acid was relevant to depression with Mendelian randomization analysis. Moreover, animal studies demonstrated that exposure to blue light during sleep (BLS) induced depression-like behaviors in the animals. Metabolomics and colorimetric analyses revealed elevated levels of lactic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid and lateral habenula (LHb) of rats with depression-like behaviors induced by BLS. The administration of a lactate inhibitor (Oxamate) alleviated these behaviors, along with changes in neuronal excitability, synaptic function, and morphology in the LHb. Overall, our study suggests that excessive exposure to high blue light-content artificial light at night links to increased depressive symptoms, revealing possible molecular mechanisms and prevention strategies, which are crucial for addressing environmentally related mental health issues.

Brain region-specific roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in social stress-induced depressive-like behavior

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a key factor in stress adaptation and avoidance of a social stress behavioral response. Recent studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in stressed mice is brain region-specific, particularly involving the corticolimbic system, including the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. Determining how brain-derived neurotrophic factor participates in stress processing in different brain regions will deepen our understanding of social stress psychopathology. In this review, we discuss the expression and regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in stress-sensitive brain regions closely related to the pathophysiology of depression. We focused on associated molecular pathways and neural circuits, with special attention to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling pathway and the ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens dopamine circuit. We determined that stress-induced alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are likely related to the nature, severity, and duration of stress, especially in the above-mentioned brain regions of the corticolimbic system. Therefore, BDNF might be a biological indicator regulating stress-related processes in various brain regions.

Cross sectional associations of physical activity and sleep with mental health among Chinese university students

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine the levels of physical activity (PA), sleep, and mental health (MH), specifically depression, anxiety, and stress, among Chinese university students. It also aimed to analyze the influencing factors of MH, providing a theoretical foundation for developing intervention programs to improve college students' mental health.

METHODS

A stratified, clustered, and phased sampling method was employed. In September 2022, a survey was conducted among 36,756 university students from 104 higher education institutions across 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in China. The participants' PA behaviors, sleep patterns, depressive symptoms (use the CES-D), anxiety symptoms (use the GAD-7), smoking and drinking behaviors, and demographic information were assessed through an online questionnaire using Questionnaire Star software.

RESULTS

A total of 30,475 valid questionnaires were completed. The proportion of university students engaging in light-intensity PA was 77.6%. The prevalence of insufficient sleep was 39.5%, whereas the prevalence of poor sleep quality was 16.7%. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 10%, and the prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 23.3%. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that engaging in moderate to high-intensity PA and having sufficient and high-quality sleep were associated with a lower likelihood of depressive symptoms (OR = 0.207-0.800, P < 0.01), whereas appropriate sleep duration and higher sleep quality were associated with a lower likelihood of anxiety symptoms (OR = 0.134-0.827, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The intensity of PA among university students is predominantly light, and the reported rate of insufficient sleep is relatively high. Moderate to high-intensity PA and sufficient high-quality sleep may alleviate MH issues among college students, with an interaction effect observed among PA, sleep, and depression symptoms. Future studies should further explore targeted interventions combining PA and sleep behaviors to enhance the MH of university students.

Construction and validation of a risk prediction model for depressive symptoms in a middle-aged and elderly arthritis population

BACKGROUND

Arthritis is a prevalent and debilitating condition that affects a significant proportion of middle-aged and older adults worldwide. Characterized by chronic pain, inflammation, and joint dysfunction, arthritis can severely impact physical function, quality of life, and mental health. The overall burden of arthritis is further compounded in this population due to its frequent association with depression. As the global population both the prevalence and severity of arthritis are anticipated to increase.

AIM

To investigate depressive symptoms in the middle-aged and elderly arthritic population in China, a risk prediction model was constructed, and its effectiveness was validated.

METHODS

Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2018 data on middle-aged and elderly arthritic individuals, the population was randomly divided into a training set (n = 4349) and a validation set (n = 1862) at a 7:3 ratio. Based on 10-fold cross-validation, least absolute shrinkage and selection regression was used to screen the model for the best predictor variables. Logistic regression was used to construct the nomogram model. Subject receiver operating characteristic and calibration curves were used to determine model differentiation and accuracy. Decision curve analysis was used to assess the net clinical benefit.

RESULTS

The prevalence of depressive symptoms in the middle-aged and elderly arthritis population in China was 47.1%, multifactorial logistic regression analyses revealed that gender, age, number of chronic diseases, number of pain sites, nighttime sleep time, education, audiological status, health status, and place of residence were all predictors of depressive symptoms. The area under the curve values for the training and validation sets were 0.740 (95% confidence interval: 0.726-0.755) and 0.731 (95% confidence interval: 0.709-0.754), respectively, indicating good model differentiation. The calibration curves demonstrated good prediction accuracy, and the decision curve analysis curves demonstrated good clinical utility.

CONCLUSION

The risk prediction model developed in this study has strong predictive performance and is useful for screening and assessing depression symptoms in middle-aged and elderly arthritis patients.

Intranasal Delivery of Lithium Salt Suppresses Inflammatory Pyroptosis in the brain and Ameliorates Memory Loss and Depression-like Behavior in 5XFAD mice

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease (AD) and has no treatment that can cure or halt the disease progression. This study explored the therapeutic potential of lithium salt dissolved in Ryanodex formulation vehicle (RFV) and delivered to the brain by intranasal application. We first compared lithium concentrations in the brain and blood of wild-type mice following intranasal or oral administration of lithium chloride (LiCl) dissolved in either RFV or water. The beneficial and side effects of intranasal versus oral LiCl in RFV in these mice were assessed and potential mechanisms underlying the efficacy of anti-inflammation and anti-pyroptosis in the brains were also investigated in both wild-type (WT) and 5XFAD Alzheimer's Disease (AD) mice brains.

Methods

For the study of brain versus blood lithium concentrations, WT B6SJLF1/J mice at 2 months of age were treated with intranasal or oral LiCl (3 mmol/kg) dissolved in RFV or in water. Brain and blood lithium concentrations were measured at various times after drugs administration. Brain/blood lithium concentration ratios were then determined. For studying therapeutic efficacy versus side effects and their underlying mechanisms, 5XFAD and WT B6SJLF1/J mice were treated with intranasal LiCl (3 mmol/kg) daily, Monday to Friday each week, in RFV beginning at 2 or 9 months of age with a 12-week treatment duration. Animal behaviors were assessed for depression (tail suspension), cognition (fear conditioning and Y maze), olfaction (buried food test), and motor functions (rotarod) at the age of 5 and 12 months. Blood and brain tissue were harvested from these mice at 13 months. Blood biomarkers for the functions of thyroid (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH) and kidney (creatinine) were measured using ELISA. Changes in protein expression levels of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channels type 1 InsP3 receptors (InsP3R-1), malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified proteins and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), pyroptosis regulatory proteins (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), cleaved caspase-1, N-terminal of Gasdermin D (GSDMD)), cytotoxic (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, TNF-α) and cytoprotective (IL-10) cytokines and synapse proteins (PSD-95, synapsin-1) were determined using immunoblotting. Mouse body weights were monitored regularly.

Results

Compared to oral LiCl in RFV nanoparticles, intranasal treatment of WT mice with LiCl in RFV markedly decreased blood concentrations at the time frame of 30-120 minutes. The ratio of brain/blood lithium concentration after Intranasal lithium chloride in RFV significantly increased, in comparison to those after oral administration lithium chloride in RFV or intranasal administration of lithium chloride in water. Intranasal lithium chloride in RFV inhibited both memory loss and depressive behavior in adult and aged 5XFAD mice. Additionally intranasal treatment of aged 5XFAD mice with LiCl in RFV effectively suppressed the increases in InsP3R-1, intracellular oxidative stress markers (4-HNE-bound and MDA-modified proteins), pyroptosis activation proteins (NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, N-terminal GSDMD) and cytotoxic cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), but reversed the down-regulation of cytoprotective cytokine IL-10. Intranasal LiCl in RFV also alleviated the loss of the postsynaptic synapse protein PSD-95, but not synapsin-1, in aged 5XFAD mice. Blood level of the kidney function marker creatinine was significantly increased in 5XFAD than in WT mice in an age-dependent manner and this elevation was abolished by intranasal delivery of LiCl in RFV. Intranasal LiCl in RFV for 12 weeks in both WT or 5XFAD mice did not affect blood biomarkers for thyroid function, nor did it affect smell or muscle function or body weight.

Conclusion

Intranasal administration of LiCl in RFV significantly decreased lithium blood concentrations and increased brain/blood lithium concentration ratio, in comparison to its oral administration. Intranasal administration of LiCl in RFV robustly protected against both memory loss and depressive-like behavior, while had no side effects concerning thyroid and kidney toxicity in 5XFAD mice. These lithium-induced beneficial effects were strongly associated with lithium's suppression of InsP3R-1 Ca2+ channel receptor increase, pathological neuroinflammation and activation of the pyroptosis pathway, as well as the loss of some synaptic proteins. Intranasal delivery of lithium salt in RFV could become an effective and potent inhibitor of pathological inflammation/pyroptosis in the CNS and serve as a new treatment for both AD-associated dementia and depression with minimal unwanted side effects including peripheral organ toxicity.

Elevated brain pulsations in depression: insights from a pooled ultrasound cohort study

Excessive brain tissue pulsations (BTP), measured by ultrasound, have been associated with depression and are hypothesized to contribute to brain damage in this population at risk for cerebrovascular lesions. However, previous research has been limited by small sample sizes. To address this issue, our study pooled data from three separate investigations, resulting in the largest cohort of depressed participants with BTP measurements to date. We analysed 123 participants (74 individuals with depression and 49 healthy controls) using ultrasound tissue pulsatility imaging (TPI) to assess resting BTP. Results showed that both MeanBTP and MaxBTP were significantly associated with depression, as determined by multiple linear regression models that included age, sex and blood pressure as covariates. Additionally, we found that age, sex and diastolic blood pressure were significant predictors of BTP. Specifically, BTP decreased with age, was higher in men, and was more strongly predicted by diastolic blood pressure than by systolic blood pressure. In this large cohort, we replicated the association between depression and increased BTP, supporting the notion that elevated BTP may be a potential mechanism underlying brain damage over time. Our findings suggest that TPI could serve as a valuable surrogate marker for brain health in clinical practice.

5-Hydroxytryptophan artificial synaptic vesicles across the blood-brain barrier for the rapid-acting treatment of depressive disorder

Conventional antidepressants are slow to work and have serious side effects and poor response rates. As a precursor to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) can be safely increased in concentration and rapidly metabolized into 5-HT in the brain, but the effectiveness of 5-HTP is severely limited due to its short half-life and lack of targeting. To traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and achieve effective targeting, we designed a near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive artificial synaptic vesicles functionalized with an aptamer and loaded with 5-HTP and IR780. Photothermal approaches could improve the BBB permeability, and photothermal-triggered 5-HTP release could also be achieved. The ability to penetrate the BBB and enhance cerebral drug enrichment could be observed by fluorescence imaging. In addition, the nanoplatform incorporating the NIR laser considerably reduced depressive-like behaviors in chronic unpredictable moderate stress model mice in only 4 weeks, suggesting a potential approach for rapid-acting depression treatment.

The combined effect of diabetes mellitus and sarcopenia on depression and cognitive function: insights from the CHARLS cohort, 2011-2020

BACKGROUND

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and sarcopenia are bidirectionally linked and commonly co-occur among middle-aged and elderly individuals. This study aims to examine the combined effect of DM and sarcopenia on depressive symptoms and cognitive function.

METHODS

This was a nationwide cohort study using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The definition of DM was self-reported and based on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5% or fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 126 mg/dL. The diagnosis of sarcopenia was based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 algorithm. The outcomes included depressive symptoms assessed using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) and cognitive function. Multi-adjusted linear and logistic regression models were conducted to evaluate the combined effect of DM and sarcopenia on depression and cognitive performance.

RESULTS

9148 participants were included in the longitudinal analysis, with 45.5% being men and an average age of 57.4 years. 6987 (76.4%) participants had neither DM nor sarcopenia, 1076 (11.8%) had DM only, 983 (10.8%) had sarcopenia only, and 102 (1.1%) had both DM and sarcopenia. In the cross-sectional analysis, the DM (+)/Sarcopenia (+) group exhibited the highest CES-D-10 score (β: 2.23, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26, 3.19) and the lowest cognitive score (β: - 1.02, 95% CI - 1.79, - 0.26) (P for trend < 0.05). In the longitudinal analysis, individuals in the DM (+)/Sarcopenia ( +) group had higher risks of moderate-to-severe depression (odds ratio (OR): 2.09, 95% CI 1.18, 3.71) and cognitive decline (OR: 1.87, 95% CI 1.19, 2.95) compared to the DM (-)/Sarcopenia (-) group. The population attributable fractions of DM and sarcopenia were 42.2% (95% CI 6.3, 90.4) for moderate-to-severe depression and 23.0% (95% CI 8.6, 39.3) for cognitive decline.

CONCLUSION

DM and sarcopenia additively increase the risk of moderate-to-severe depression and cognitive impairment, highlighting the importance of vigilant monitoring and management of these conditions to preserve mental health in middle-aged and elderly individuals.

Glycosylation changes of vWF in circulating extracellular vesicles to predict depression

The clinical diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) still depends on subjective information in terms of various symptoms regarding mood. Detecting the characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in blood may result in finding a diagnostic biomarker that reflects the depressive stage of patients with MDD. Here, we report the results on the glycosylation pattern of enriched plasma EVs from patients with MDD. We compared glycosylation patterns by lectin blotting expressed in EVs isolated from the plasma of both patients with MDD and age-matched healthy control participants (HCs) using size-exclusion chromatography. The levels of Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), and N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, sialic acid) - binding lectin, were significantly decreased in patients with MDD in the depressive state compared to HCs and in remission state. Furthermore, proteome analysis revealed that the von Willebrand factor (vWF) was a significant factor recognized by WGA. WGA-binding vWF antigen differentiated patients with MDD versus HCs and the same patients with MDD in a depressive versus remission state. In this study, the change patterns in the glycoproteins contained in plasma EVs support the usability of testing to identify patients who are at increased risk of depression during antidepressant treatment.

The Role of Alpha-Linolenic Acid and Other Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Mental Health: A Narrative Review

The present review investigates the relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and mental health disorders, such as dementia, psychosis, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, anorexia nervosa, and impairment problems in animals and human models. Data were collected from a variety of studies: randomized intervention trials, observational and interventional studies, case reports, and epidemiological studies. The evidence suggests that PUFAs are beneficial for mental health, brain function, and behavior. ALA, EPA, and DHA have very significant neuroprotective properties, particularly in inducing changes to the synaptic membrane and modulating brain cell signaling. In the case of neurodegenerative disorders, PUFAs incorporated into cellular membranes have been shown to protect against cell atrophy and death. The formal analyses of the included studies pointed to a decrease in ALA, EPA, and DHA levels in various populations (e.g., children, adolescents, adults, and seniors) presenting with different types of mental disorders. These results indicate that PUFA supplementation may be considered as an innovative therapeutic strategy to reduce the risk of neuronal degeneration.