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Fatima I, Safdar N, Akhtar W, Munir A, Saqib S, Ayaz A, Bahadur S, Alrefaei AF, Ullah F, Zaman W. Evaluation of potential inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase, pancreatic lipase, and cancer cell lines using raw leaves extracts of three fabaceae species. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15909. [PMID: 37206037 PMCID: PMC10189167 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the biological potential and phytochemicals of Sophora mollis, Mucuna pruriens, and Indigofera atropurpurea methanolic leaf extracts. In vitro anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-lipase assays were performed using different concentrations of plant extracts, and the IC50 values were determined. The cytotoxic potential of the selected plant extracts was assessed against HeLa, PC3, and 3T3 cell lines using an MTT assay. S. mollis leaf extract displayed the highest inhibition percentage (114.60% ± 19.95 at 1000 μg/mL) for the anti-acetylcholinesterase activity with a prominent IC50 value of 75.9 μg/mL. The anti-lipase potential was highest with the M. pruriens leaf extract (355.5 μg/mL IC50), followed by the S. mollis extract (862.7 μg/mL IC50). Among the cell lines tested, the cytotoxic potential of the I. atropurpurea extract (91.1 ppm IC50) against the PC3 cell line was promising. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, rutin trihydrate, and quercetin dihydrate in varying concentrations in all plant species. The concentration of chlorogenic acid (69.09 ppm) was highest in M. pruriens, and the caffeic acid concentration (45.20 ppm) was higher in S. mollis. This paper reports the presence of bioactive therapeutic compounds in selected species of the Fabaceae family that could be micro-propagated, isolated, and utilized in pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Fatima
- Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Naila Safdar
- Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Akhtar
- Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Munir
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Saddam Saqib
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Asma Ayaz
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 434200, China
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- Wuzhishan Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Monitoring Research Station; College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228 China
| | | | - Fazal Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000 China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Wajid Zaman
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
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Investigation of the kinetic properties of Phyllanthus chamaepeuce Ridl. extracts for the inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity. J Herb Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Wargent ET, Ahmad SJS, Lu QR, Kostenis E, Arch JRS, Stocker CJ. Leanness and Low Plasma Leptin in GPR17 Knockout Mice Are Dependent on Strain and Associated With Increased Energy Intake That Is Not Suppressed by Exogenous Leptin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:698115. [PMID: 34646232 PMCID: PMC8503278 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.698115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that agonists of GPR17 stimulate, while antagonists inhibit feeding. However, whole body knockout of GPR17 in mice of the C57Bl/6 strain did not affect energy balance, whereas selective knockout in oligodendrocytes or pro-opiomelanocortin neurons provided protection from high fat diet-induced obesity and impaired glucose homeostasis. We reasoned that whole body knockout of GPR17 in mice of the 129 strain might elicit more marked effects because the 129 strain is more susceptible than the C57Bl/6 strain to increased sympathetic activity and less susceptible to high fat diet-induced obesity. Consistent with this hypothesis, compared to wild-type mice, and when fed on either a chow or a high fat diet, GPR17 -/- mice of the 129 strain displayed increased expression of uncoupling protein-1 in white adipose tissue, lower body weight and fat content, reduced plasma leptin, non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides, and resistance to high fat diet-induced glucose intolerance. Not only energy expenditure, but also energy intake was raised. Administration of leptin did not suppress the increased food intake in GPR17 -/- mice of the 129 strain, whereas it did suppress food intake in GPR17 +/+ mice. The only difference between GPR17 +/- and GPR17 +/+ mice of the C57Bl/6 strain was that the body weight of the GPR17 -/- mice was lower than that of the GPR17 +/+ mice when the mice were fed on a standard chow diet. We propose that the absence of GPR17 raises sympathetic activity in mice of the 129 strain in response to a low plasma fuel supply, and that the consequent loss of body fat is partly mitigated by increased energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T. Wargent
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom
| | - Suhaib J. S. Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qing Richard Lu
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | | | - Jonathan R. S. Arch
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom
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Stuby J, Gravestock I, Wolfram E, Pichierri G, Steurer J, Burgstaller JM. Appetite-Suppressing and Satiety-Increasing Bioactive Phytochemicals: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092238. [PMID: 31533291 PMCID: PMC6769678 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide. Bioactive phytochemicals in food supplements are a trending approach to facilitate dieting and to improve patients' adherence to reducing food and caloric intake. The aim of this systematic review was to assess efficacy and safety of the most commonly used bioactive phytochemicals with appetite/hunger-suppressing and/or satiety/fullness-increasing properties. To be eligible, studies needed to have included at least 10 patients per group aged 18 years or older with no serious health problems except for overweight or obesity. Of those studies, 32 met the inclusion criteria, in which 27 different plants were tested alone or as a combination, regarding their efficacy in suppressing appetite/hunger and/or increasing satiety/fullness. The plant extracts most tested were derived from Camellia sinensis (green tea), Capsicum annuum, and Coffea species. None of the plant extracts tested in several trials showed a consistent positive treatment effect. Furthermore, only a few adverse events were reported, but none serious. The findings revealed mostly inconclusive evidence that the tested bioactive phytochemicals are effective in suppressing appetite/hunger and/or increasing satiety/fullness. More systematic and high quality clinical studies are necessary to determine the benefits and safety of phytochemical complementary remedies for dampening the feeling of hunger during dieting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Stuby
- Horten Centre for Patient Oriented Research and Knowledge Transfer, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (I.G.); (G.P.); (J.S.); (J.M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-44-255-7503
| | - Isaac Gravestock
- Horten Centre for Patient Oriented Research and Knowledge Transfer, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (I.G.); (G.P.); (J.S.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Evelyn Wolfram
- ZHAW Life Sciences und Facility Management, Phytopharmacy & Natural Product Research Group, 8820 Waedenswil, Switzerland;
| | - Giuseppe Pichierri
- Horten Centre for Patient Oriented Research and Knowledge Transfer, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (I.G.); (G.P.); (J.S.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Johann Steurer
- Horten Centre for Patient Oriented Research and Knowledge Transfer, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (I.G.); (G.P.); (J.S.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Jakob M. Burgstaller
- Horten Centre for Patient Oriented Research and Knowledge Transfer, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (I.G.); (G.P.); (J.S.); (J.M.B.)
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Tsou Y, Wang B, Ho W, Hu B, Tang P, Sweet S, Zhang X, Xu X. Nanotechnology-Mediated Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Obesity and Its Related Comorbidities. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801184. [PMID: 30938934 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a serious health issue affecting humanity on a global scale. Recognized by the American Medical Association as a chronic disease, the incidence of obesity continues to grow at an accelerating rate and obesity has become one of the major threats to human health. Excessive weight gain is tied to metabolic syndrome, which is shown to increase the risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes, taxing an already overburdened healthcare system and increasing mortality worldwide. Available treatments such as bariatric surgery and pharmacotherapy are often accompanied by adverse side effects and poor patient compliance. Nanotechnology, an emerging technology with a wide range of biomedical applications, has provided an unprecedented opportunity to improve the treatment of many diseases, including obesity. This review provides an introduction to obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. The most recent developments of nanotechnology-based drug delivery strategies are highlighted and discussed. Additionally, challenges and consideration for the development of nanoformulations with translational potential are discussed. The overall objective of this review is to enhance the understanding of the design and development of nanomedicine for treatments of obesity and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung‐Hao Tsou
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody Ministry of Education School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - William Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody Ministry of Education School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Pei Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody Ministry of Education School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Sydney Sweet
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Xue‐Qing Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody Ministry of Education School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
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Kim Y, Austin SB, Subramanian SV, Kawachi I. Body weight perception, disordered weight control behaviors, and depressive symptoms among Korean adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198841. [PMID: 29902214 PMCID: PMC6002096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/ PURPOSE Despite emerging evidence suggesting harmful influences of accurate weight perception on psychological health among individuals with obesity, little is known about the association in Asian populations. The aim of this study was investigate the association between body weight perception and depressive symptoms among Korean adults, and potential differential associations across gender. METHODS We used data from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2014, comprising 3,318 female (n = 1,876) and male (n = 1,442) participants, aged 19-65 years, with no history of depression and a body-mass index (BMI)> = 18.5kg/m2. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Korean version. Weight perception patterns were categorized by comparing self-perceived and objectively measured weight status. Gender-stratified four-level multilevel linear models adjusted for age, BMI, menopause, education, income, marital status, urbanicity, chronic conditions, exercise, smoking, and alcohol use. Subgroup analyses were performed across BMI category. RESULTS Among women with obesity, those who underperceived their weight status reported fewer depressive symptoms compared to those who accurately perceived their weight status (β = -1.25, p<0.05). Among women with normal weight, those who overperceived their weight status reported more depressive symptoms compared to those who accurately perceived their weight status (β = 1.00, p<0.05). The same associations were not found in men. CONCLUSION Awareness-oriented strategies for obesity prevention and weight management focused on providing information on weight status may need to consider unintended consequences of accurate weight perception on mental health among individuals with obesity, particularly among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjoo Kim
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - S. Bryn Austin
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - S. V. Subramanian
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Zhang Y, Liu Q, Yu J, Yu S, Wang J, Qiang L, Gu Z. Locally Induced Adipose Tissue Browning by Microneedle Patch for Obesity Treatment. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9223-9230. [PMID: 28914527 PMCID: PMC6812556 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most serious public health problems in the 21st century that may lead to many comorbidities such as type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Current treatments toward obesity including diet, physical exercise, pharmacological therapy, as well as surgeries are always associated with low effectiveness or undesired systematical side effects. In order to enhance treatment efficiency with minimized side effects, we developed a transcutaneous browning agent patch to locally induce adipose tissue transformation. This microneedle-based patch can effectively deliver browning agents to the subcutaneous adipocytes in a sustained manner and switch on the "browning" at the targeted region. It is demonstrated that this patch reduces treated fat pad size, increases whole body energy expenditure, and improves type-2 diabetes in vivo in a diet-induced obesity mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Qiongming Liu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Jicheng Yu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Shuangjiang Yu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Li Qiang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Corresponding Authors:.
| | - Zhen Gu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Corresponding Authors:.
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Tidona F, Criscione A, Guastella AM, Zuccaro A, Bordonaro S, Marletta D. Bioactive peptides in dairy products. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mikulášková B, Zemenová J, Pirník Z, Pražienková V, Bednárová L, Železná B, Maletínská L, Kuneš J. Effect of palmitoylated prolactin-releasing peptide on food intake and neural activation after different routes of peripheral administration in rats. Peptides 2016; 75:109-17. [PMID: 26643957 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is an escalating epidemic, but an effective non-invasive therapy is still scarce. For obesity treatment, anorexigenic neuropeptides are promising tools, but their delivery from the periphery to the brain is complicated by their peptide character. In order to overcome this unfavorable fact, we have applied the lipidization of neuropeptide prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP), whose strong anorexigenic effect was demonstrated. A palmitoylated analog of human PrRP (h palm-PrRP31) was injected in free-fed Wistar rats by three routes: subcutaneous (s.c.), intraperitoneal (i.p) (both 5 mg/kg) and intravenous (i.v.) (from 0.01 to 0.5 mg/kg). We found a circulating compound in the blood after all three applications with the highest concentration after i.v. administration. This corresponds to the effect on food intake, which was also strongest after i.v. injection. Moreover, this is in agreement with the fact that the expression of c-Fos in specific brain regions involved in food intake regulation was also highest after intravenous application. Pharmacokinetic data are further supported by results obtained from dynamic light scattering and CD spectroscopy. Human palm-PrRP31 analog showed a strong tendency to micellize, and formation of aggregates suggested lower availability after i.p. or s.c. application. We have demonstrated that palm-PrRP influenced food intake even in free fed rats. Not surprisingly, the maximal effect was achieved after the intravenous application even though two orders of magnitude lower dose was used compared to both two other applications. We believe that palm-PrRP could have a potential as an antiobesity drug when its s.c. application would be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Mikulášková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zemenová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenko Pirník
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Functional Neuromorphology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, SAS, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Human and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Pražienková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bednárová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Del Re AC, Frayne SM, Harris AHS. Antiobesity medication use across the veterans health administration: patient-level predictors of receipt. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1968-72. [PMID: 24931332 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmacotherapy is an effective adjunct to behavioral interventions to treat obesity; although it is unclear how often medications are integrated into obesity treatment plans and for which patients in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted that examined variation in and predictors of antiobesity medication receipt (orlistat) among > 2 million obese Veterans within 140 facilities nationwide. RESULTS One-percent of all obese patients using VHA services filled a prescription for orlistat. Veterans were more likely to be treated with orlistat if they had a higher BMI, were female, unmarried, younger, a minority, had home instability, prescribed obesogenic psychiatric medications, had a psychiatric or obesity-related comorbidity, and used MOVE! weight management services. Among those who likely met the criteria for use, 2.5% had at least one orlistat prescription. Facility-level prescription rates varied from 0 to 1% of all obese patients in a VA facility receiving a prescription and 0 to 21% among those who met the criteria for use. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with guidelines recommending that obesity pharmacotherapy be prescribed in conjunction with behavioral therapy, the strongest predictor of receiving orlistat was being enrolled in the MOVE! weight-loss management program.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Del Re
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System & Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
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Boughton CK, Murphy KG. Can neuropeptides treat obesity? A review of neuropeptides and their potential role in the treatment of obesity. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1333-48. [PMID: 23121386 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity is a major worldwide public health issue. The physiological systems that regulate body weight are thus of great interest as targets for anti-obesity agents. Peptidergic systems are critical to the regulation of energy homeostasis by key regions in the hypothalamus and brainstem. A number of neuropeptide systems have therefore been investigated as potential treatments for obesity. Blocking orexigenic peptide signals such as neuropeptide Y, melanin-concentrating hormone, orexins, relaxin-3 and galanin-like peptide or stimulating anorectic signalling pathways used by peptides such as the melanocortins, ciliary neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, are approaches that have shown some promise, but which have also highlighted possible concerns. Manipulation of central peptidergic systems poses a number of therapeutic problems, including brain access and side effects. Given that the homeostatic defence of body weight may limit the effectiveness of any single-target therapy developed, a combination therapy approach may offer the best hope for the effective prevention and treatment of obesity. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Neuropeptides. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Boughton
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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Antiobesity effect of a jelly food containing the L-tryptophan derivative of Monascus pigment in mice. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Could capsaicinoids help to support weight management? A systematic review and meta-analysis of energy intake data. Appetite 2014; 73:183-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Misra M. Obesity pharmacotherapy: current perspectives and future directions. Curr Cardiol Rev 2013; 9:33-54. [PMID: 23092275 PMCID: PMC3584306 DOI: 10.2174/157340313805076322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising tide of obesity and its related disorders is one of the most pressing health concerns worldwide, yet existing medicines to combat the problem are disappointingly limited in number and effectiveness. Recent advances in mechanistic insights into the neuroendocrine regulation of body weight have revealed an expanding list of molecular targets for novel, rationally designed antiobesity pharmaceutical agents. Antiobesity drugs act via any of four mechanisms: 1) decreasing energy intake, 2) increasing energy expenditure or modulating lipid metabolism, 3) modulating fat stores or adipocyte differentiation, and 4) mimicking caloric restriction. Various novel drug candidates and targets directed against obesity are currently being explored. A few of them are also in the later phases of clinical trials. This review discusses the development of novel antiobesity drugs based on current understanding of energy homeostasis
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Misra
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India.
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Qinna NA, Akayleh FT, Al Remawi MM, Kamona BS, Taha H, Badwan AA. Evaluation of a functional food preparation based on chitosan as a meal replacement diet. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Hernández-Vázquez E, Méndez-Lucio O, Hernández-Luis F. Activity landscape analysis, CoMFA and CoMSIA studies of pyrazole CB1 antagonists. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ortmann S, Kampe J, Gossel M, Bickel M, Geisen K, Jähne G, Lang HJ, Klaus S. The Novel Antiobesic HMR1426 Reduces Food Intake without Affecting Energy Expenditure in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:1290-7. [PMID: 15340112 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of acute and chronic administration of a new food intake-reducing compound (HMR1426) with novel mode of action (retardation of gastric emptying) on body weight development, food intake, and energy metabolism in rats. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Adult male Shoe-Wistar rats were implanted with transponders allowing registration of body temperature (Tb) and locomotor activity. HMR1426 (10 or 50 mg/kg) was given orally, and acute (8 hours) and chronic (15 days) effects were measured on food intake, Tb, activity, total energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), and epididymal adipose tissue mass. The effect of chronic treatment was compared with the effect of sibutramine (10 mg/kg). RESULTS HMR1426 (50 mg/kg) caused an acute and chronic decrease of food intake. There was no effect on the level and daily pattern of total energy expenditure, Tb, and locomotor activity. Respiratory quotient was acutely decreased by HMR1426 due to reduced food intake. Chronic treatment with HMR1426 decreased weight gain by 31% and epididymal white fat by 24%. Sibutramine caused a respective reduction of 48% and 35%. Energy efficiency was not affected by HMR1426 in contrast to sibutramine, which reduced energy efficiency and transiently increased activity. DISCUSSION HMR1426 showed an anorectic potential in rats and decreased body weight and fat mass. This was achieved solely by reducing food intake without influencing overall energy expenditure or behavior suggesting a peripheral mode of action. Thus, HMR1426 can be considered a potential new drug for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Ortmann
- Group of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
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Lee NK, Kim HS, Kim KH, Kim EB, Cho CS, Kang SK, Choi YJ. Identification of a novel peptide ligand targeting visceral adipose tissue via transdermal route by in vivo phage display. J Drug Target 2012; 19:805-13. [PMID: 21999821 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.572974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To find novel peptide ligands targeting visceral adipose tissue (visceral fat) via transdermal route, in vivo phage display screening was conducted by dermal administration of a phage-peptide library to rats and a peptide sequence, CGLHPAFQC (designated as TDA1), was identified as a targeting ligand to visceral adipose tissue through the consecutive transdermal biopannings. Adipocyte-specific affinity and transdermal activity of the TDA1 were validated in vitro and targeting ability of the dermally administered TDA1 to visceral adipose tissue was also confirmed in vivo. TDA1 was effectively translocated into systemic circulation after dermal administration and selectively targeted visceral adipose tissue without any preference to other organs tested. Fluorescent microscopic analysis revealed that the TDA1 could be specifically localized in the hair follicles of the skin, as well as in the visceral adipose tissue. Thus, we inferred that dermally administered TDA1 would first access systemic circulation via hair follicles as its transdermal route and then could target visceral fat effectively. The overall results suggest that the TDA1 peptide could be potentially applied as a homing moiety for delivery of anti-obesity therapeutics to visceral fat through the convenient transdermal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Kyung Lee
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Targeting thermogenesis and related pathways in anti-obesity drug discovery. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:295-308. [PMID: 21514319 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The health consequences of the obesity epidemic are a huge burden on patients and society. Yet it remains an unmet therapeutic need. Lifestyle or behaviour modification, although desirable, seems to benefit only a few and bariatric surgery is not an option for all and not without risks. Nevertheless, bariatric surgery is currently the gold standard in terms of weight loss therapy and any weight loss agent will be in combination with management of lifestyle modification. Sadly, there is a poor history for the pharmacological treatment of obesity and repeated safety concerns have attracted intense regulatory scrutiny. Indeed, recent market withdrawals leave us with just one agent approved for the long term treatment of obesity and that is only mildly efficacious in terms of weight loss, although it is beneficial in terms of metabolic health. There are two broad pharmacological approaches that can be applied in obesity drug discovery: reduce intake (or absorption) or increase expenditure (thermogenesis) of calories. In this review we will look at the latter approach. We will cover regulatory requirements and the rationale for this approach. We believe that post-obese subjects display abnormal metabolic responses to weight loss that almost inevitably leads to weight regain. We will then explore a number of approaches that potentially increase thermogenesis in humans. The challenge we have is in accumulating enough human data to validate this approach using drugs.
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20
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Abstract
Exercise, together with a low-energy diet, is the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes type 2 diabetes . Exercise improves insulin sensitivity insulin sensitivity by increasing the number or function of muscle mitochondria mitochondria and the capacity for aerobic metabolism, all of which are low in many insulin-resistant subjects. Cannabinoid 1-receptor antagonists and β-adrenoceptor agonists improve insulin sensitivity in humans and promote fat oxidation in rodents independently of reduced food intake. Current drugs for the treatment of diabetes are not, however, noted for their ability to increase fat oxidation, although the thiazolidinediones increase the capacity for fat oxidation in skeletal muscle, whilst paradoxically increasing weight gain.There are a number of targets for anti-diabetic drugs that may improve insulin sensitivity insulin sensitivity by increasing the capacity for fat oxidation. Their mechanisms of action are linked, notably through AMP-activated protein kinase, adiponectin, and the sympathetic nervous system. If ligands for these targets have obvious acute thermogenic activity, it is often because they increase sympathetic activity. This promotes fuel mobilisation, as well as fuel oxidation. When thermogenesis thermogenesis is not obvious, researchers often argue that it has occurred by using the inappropriate device of treating animals for days or weeks until there is weight (mainly fat) loss and then expressing energy expenditure energy expenditure relative to body weight. In reality, thermogenesis may have occurred, but it is too small to detect, and this device distracts us from really appreciating why insulin sensitivity has improved. This is that by increasing fatty acid oxidation fatty acid oxidation more than fatty acid supply, drugs lower the concentrations of fatty acid metabolites that cause insulin resistance. Insulin sensitivity improves long before any anti-obesity effect can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R S Arch
- Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, MK18 1EG, UK
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21
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Ligand-based targeted delivery of a peptide modified nanocarrier to endothelial cells in adipose tissue. J Control Release 2010; 147:261-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Lim HT, Balakrishnan P, Oh DH, Joe KH, Kim YR, Hwang DH, Lee YB, Yong CS, Choi HG. Development of novel sibutramine base-loaded solid dispersion with gelatin and HPMC: Physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs. Int J Pharm 2010; 397:225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Czernichow S, Lee CMY, Barzi F, Greenfield JR, Baur LA, Chalmers J, Woodward M, Huxley RR. Efficacy of weight loss drugs on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 2010; 11:150-8. [PMID: 19573052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Weight loss drugs have been developed to reduce the comorbidities associated with excess weight. We conducted a meta-analysis of the efficacy of orlistat and sibutramine on weight, body mass index, waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight adolescents. MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant articles using MESH terms and keywords. Studies were included if they had reported quantitative estimates and standard deviations of the association between each weight loss drug and weight, with information on at least one cardiovascular risk factor. A total of eight trials (three orlistat and five sibutramine) with information on 1391 individuals was included in the present analysis. The mean decrease in weight between the intervention and control groups was 5.25 kg (95% confidence interval: 3.03-7.48) after a minimum follow-up of 6 months. There was evidence of statistical heterogeneity between the studies (I(2) = 76%) that was no longer apparent after exclusion of trials of orlistat (mean weight decrease = 5.32 kg; I(2) = 38%). There was little evidence that treatment was associated with adverse effects on cardiovascular risk factors but this requires verification from future large trials with longer study follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Czernichow
- The George Institute for International Health, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Tallett AJ, Blundell JE, Rodgers RJ. Effects of acute low-dose combined treatment with rimonabant and sibutramine on appetite and weight gain in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 97:92-100. [PMID: 20026165 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In view of its potential advantages, drug polytherapy is currently attracting significant interest in the field of obesity research. In this context, concurrent manipulation of serotonergic and cannabinoid pathways in rodents has been found to reduce food and fluid intake in both an additive or synergistic manner. To further assess the value of this polytherapeutic approach, the current study examined the acute effects of low-dose combinations of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant (0.5 mg/kg) and the dual serotonin- and noradrenaline-reuptake inhibitor sibutramine (0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg) in male rats. Ethological analysis was used to generate comprehensive behavioural profiles, including the behavioural satiety sequence (BSS). Findings confirmed that, although neither drug given alone significantly altered food intake, feeding behaviour or weight gain, rimonabant per se tended to reduce consumption and time spent feeding while significantly increasing scratching and grooming responses. However, none of these effects of the CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist was significantly altered by the presence of either dose of sibutramine. In striking contrast to recent reports of acute low-dose interactions (enhanced appetite suppression and reduced side-effects) between rimonabant and naloxone, present results would not appear to support the clinical potential of rimonabant/sibutramine polytherapy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Tallett
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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25
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Sargent BJ, Moore NA. New central targets for the treatment of obesity. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 68:852-60. [PMID: 20002079 PMCID: PMC2810796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The review focuses on the central neuronal circuits involved in energy homeostasis and the opportunities these offer for pharmacological intervention to decrease feeding behaviour and reduce weight. This article is based on the presentation 'New central targets for the treatment of obesity' (Sargent, British Pharmacological society, Clinical Section Symposium, December 2008). Central neuronal substrates controlling weight offer numerous opportunities for pharmacological intervention. These opportunities range from non-specific enhancement of monoamine signalling (triple reuptake inhibitors) to targeting specific monoamine receptor subtypes (5-HT(2c) and 5-HT(6)). The data reviewed suggest that these approaches will lead to weight loss; whether this is sufficient to produce clinically meaningful effect remains to be determined. Combination therapy targeting more than one mechanism may be a means of increasing the magnitude of the response. Preclinical studies also suggest that novel approaches targeting specific neuronal pathways within the hypothalamus, e.g. MCH(1) receptor antagonism, offer an opportunity for weight reduction. However, these approaches are at an early stage and clinical studies will be needed to determine if these novel approaches lead to clinically meaningful weight loss and improvements in co-morbid conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders.
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26
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The role of ATF-2 family transcription factors in adipocyte differentiation: antiobesity effects of p38 inhibitors. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 30:613-25. [PMID: 19948881 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00685-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ATF-2 is a member of the ATF/CREB family of transcription factors and is activated by stress-activated protein kinases, such as p38. To analyze the physiological role of ATF-2 family transcription factors, we have generated mice with mutations in Atf-2 and Cre-bpa, an Atf-2-related gene. The trans-heterozygotes of both mutants were lean and had reduced white adipose tissue (WAT). ATF-2 and CRE-BPa were required for bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)-and p38-dependent induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPARgamma2), a key transcription factor mediating adipocyte differentiation. Since stored fat supplies have been recognized as a possible target for antiobesity treatments, we tested whether inhibition of the p38-ATF-2 pathway suppresses adipocyte differentiation and leads to reduced WAT by treating mice with a p38 inhibitor for long periods of time. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity was significantly reduced in mice fed the p38 inhibitor. Furthermore, the p38 inhibitor alleviated HFD-induced insulin resistance. In p38 inhibitor-treated mice, macrophage infiltration into WAT was reduced and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were lower than control mice. Thus, p38 inhibitors may provide a novel antiobesity treatment.
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27
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Tallett A, Blundell J, Rodgers R. Effects of acute low-dose combined treatment with naloxone and AM 251 on food intake, feeding behaviour and weight gain in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 91:358-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Ellerby HM, Bredesen DE, Fujimura S, John V. Hunter-killer peptide (HKP) for targeted therapy. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5887-92. [PMID: 18828573 DOI: 10.1021/jm800495u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Michael Ellerby
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University, Mare Island, Vallejo, California 94592, USA
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29
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Lloret-Linares C, Greenfield JR, Czernichow S. Effect of weight-reducing agents on glycaemic parameters and progression to Type 2 diabetes: a review. Diabet Med 2008; 25:1142-50. [PMID: 19046191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Weight loss is associated with improvements in glycaemic control and cardiovascular disease risk factors. However, in the diabetic population, weight management is more challenging, in part because of the weight-promoting effects of the majority of glucose-lowering therapies. This review summarizes evidence from 23 placebo-controlled randomized trials, of at least 1 year duration, on the effects of drugs promoting weight loss (orlistat, sibutramine and rimonabant) on glycaemic variables, diabetes incidence and diabetes control. Fifteen studies of non-diabetic subjects were found, eight of which included a longer treatment period. Eight studies in diabetic patients were reviewed. In non-diabetic subjects, weight loss agents led to a significant improvement in fasting glucose, fasting insulin and insulin resistance. In the diabetic population, glycated haemoglobin decreased by 0.28-1.1% with orlistat and 0.6% with sibutramine and rimonabant. Orlistat reduces progression to diabetes in patients with glucose intolerance treated for 4 years (risk reduction of 45%). In summary, despite leading to only modest weight loss after 12 months, agents promoting weight loss have beneficial effects on glycaemic parameters, glycaemic control and progression to diabetes. These additional benefits of weight loss agents need to be highlighted in order to increase their judicious use in clinical practice, although this may be limited by their well-known adverse side effects. The longer-term safety of these agents beyond a few years is yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lloret-Linares
- Nutrition Department, Pitíe-Salpetriàre Hospital (AP-HP), Paris, France
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30
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Cardiometabolic abnormalities in the polycystic ovary syndrome: Pharmacotherapeutic insights. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 119:223-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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31
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Tallett AJ, Blundell JE, Rodgers RJ. Endogenous opioids and cannabinoids: system interactions in the regulation of appetite, grooming and scratching. Physiol Behav 2008; 94:422-31. [PMID: 18394662 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests substantial crosstalk between endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems in the regulation of appetite. Not only is cannabinoid-induced hyperphagia abolished by opioid receptor antagonists (and vice versa), but several laboratories have reported supra-additive anorectic responses following co-administration of opioid and CB1 receptor antagonists. In the present study, videoanalysis has been used to characterise the acute effects of sub-anorectic doses of rimonabant (0.25, 0.75 mg/kg) and naloxone (0.1 mg/kg), alone and in combination, on mash intake, ingestive and non-ingestive behaviour, and post-treatment weight gain in male rats. The results confirmed that, when administered alone, none of these treatments significantly altered mash consumption, various measures of feeding behaviour, or weight gain. Although most non-ingestive behaviours were also unaffected, 0.75 mg/kg rimonabant induced compulsive scratching and grooming. However, when naloxone was given in combination with either dose of rimonabant, both food intake and time spent feeding were significantly decreased while the behavioural satiety sequence (BSS) was accelerated. On further analysis, the co-treatment reductions in food intake and feeding behaviour were found to be of an additive rather than supra-additive nature. Intriguingly, the co-administration of naloxone also virtually abolished the compulsive scratching response to the higher dose of rimonabant. Findings are discussed in relation to current views on the molecular bases of opioid-cannabinoid system interactions and the unexpected 'dual' advantage (reduction in appetite plus attenuation of side-effect) of low-dose combinations of opioid and cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Tallett
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK
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32
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Shimokawa K, Mashima I, Asai A, Ohno T, Yamada K, Kita M, Uemura D. Biological Activity, Structural Features, and Synthetic Studies of (−)-Ternatin, a Potent Fat-Accumulation Inhibitor of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Chem Asian J 2008; 3:438-46. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200700243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tallett AJ, Blundell JE, Rodgers RJ. Grooming, scratching and feeding: role of response competition in acute anorectic response to rimonabant in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 195:27-39. [PMID: 17639351 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although the CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant acutely suppresses food intake in rodents, the behavioural specificity of this effect remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To profile the behavioural effects of rimonabant in a free-feeding context. MATERIALS AND METHODS Videoanalysis was employed to characterise the effects of acute rimonabant (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg, IP) on the behaviour of non-deprived male rats exposed to palatable mash. Data were also collected on post-treatment weight gain, and, as prolonged appetite suppression has been found after single dosing with compounds of this series, rats were reassessed (drug-free) for food intake 7 days after initial testing. RESULTS Both doses of rimonabant not only decreased mash consumption (44-55%) but also reduced 24-h weight gain. Although videoanalysis confirmed the inhibitory effects of rimonabant on feeding behaviour, it also revealed concurrent reductions in locomotion, rearing and sniffing as well as substantial (up to tenfold) and dose-dependent increases in grooming and scratching. Timecourse analyses further revealed that rimonabant dose-dependently induced frequent episodes of atypical scratching that waned over the test but which were succeeded by prolonged and behaviourally disruptive grooming. Finally, as groups did not differ in mash consumption on retest, any prolonged anorectic effect of acute rimonabant dissipates within 7 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS The anorectic response to rimonabant in male rats would appear to be due largely to response competition. This parsimonious conclusion is supported by the less profound (although still significant) increases in scratching and grooming observed in rats treated with a sub-anorectic dose (0.5 mg/kg) of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Tallett
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Tallett AJ, Blundell JE, Rodgers JR. Acute anorectic response to cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist AM 251 in rats: indirect behavioural mediation. Behav Pharmacol 2007; 18:591-600. [PMID: 17912043 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3282eff0a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite a large and consistent literature on the suppressant effects of cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists (e.g. rimonabant, AM 251) on food intake and weight gain in rodents, surprisingly little is known about the behavioural selectivity of such effects. In this study, ethological scoring was used to characterize the acute behavioural effects of the rimonabant analogue AM 251 (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) in nondeprived male rats during a 1-h test with palatable mash. Data were also collected on daily weight gain and on retest food intake 7 days after dosing. Results showed that the higher dose of AM 251 significantly inhibited mash consumption (32% decrease relative to vehicle control), reduced time spent feeding during the test and suppressed body weight gain over the 48-h period that followed acute dosing. No effects on mash consumption were observed when the animals were retested drug-free 1 week after drug treatment. Detailed video analysis of the test sessions showed that, over the dose range tested, AM 251 did not significantly interfere with the vast majority of noningestive behaviours. Both doses of the compound, however, significantly increased the incidence of and the time spent on scratching, whereas the higher dose additionally increased both the number and duration of grooming episodes. The latter effect in particular disrupted the normal structure of behaviour (behavioural satiety sequence) with atypically high levels of grooming displacing feeding during the middle part of the test session. Overall, the behavioural profile of AM 251 in a free-feeding context is very similar to (but approximately two-fold less potent than) that recently reported for the parent molecule, rimonabant. Together, these data strongly suggest that the acute anorectic response to CB1 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists is indirectly mediated via major alterations to other components of the behavioural repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Tallett
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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35
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Abstract
Antiobesity drugs that target peripheral metabolism may avoid some of the problems that have been encountered with centrally acting anorectic drugs. Moreover, if they cause weight loss by increasing fat oxidation, they not only address a cause of obesity but also should promote loss of fat rather than lean tissue and improve insulin sensitivity. Weight loss may be slow but more sustained than with anorectic drugs, and thermogenesis may be insufficient to cause any discomfort. Some thermogenic approaches are the activation of adrenergic, thyroid hormone or growth hormone receptors and the inhibition of glucocorticoid receptors; the modulation of transcription factors [e.g. peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta) activators] or enzymes [e.g. glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) inhibitors] that promote mitochondrial biogenesis, and the modulation of transcription factors (PPAR alpha activators) or enzymes (AMP-activated protein kinase) that promote fatty acid oxidation. More surprisingly, studies on genetically modified animals and with enzyme inhibitors suggest that inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis [e.g. ATP citrate lyase, fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)], fatty acid interconversion [stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)] and triglyceride synthesis (e.g. acyl-CoA : diacylglycerol acyltransferase) may all be thermogenic. Some targets have been validated only by deleting genes in the whole animal. In these cases, it is possible that deletion of the protein in the brain is responsible for the effect on adiposity, and therefore a centrally penetrant drug would be required. Moreover, whilst a genetically modified mouse may display resistance to obesity in response to a high fat diet, it requires a tool compound to demonstrate that a drug might actually cause weight loss. Even then, it is possible that differences between rodents and humans, such as the greater thermogenic capacity of rodents, may give a misleading impression of the potential of a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Clapham
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R & D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
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36
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YU L, SUZUKI H. Effects of tsao-ko, Turmeric and Garlic on Body Fat Content and Plasma Lipid Glucose and Liver Lipid Levels in Mice (A comparative Study of Spices). FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.13.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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37
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Development of lipase inhibitors from various derivatives of monascus pigment produced by Monascus fermentation. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Zheng CJ, Han LY, Yap CW, Ji ZL, Cao ZW, Chen YZ. Therapeutic targets: progress of their exploration and investigation of their characteristics. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:259-79. [PMID: 16714488 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern drug discovery is primarily based on the search and subsequent testing of drug candidates acting on a preselected therapeutic target. Progress in genomics, protein structure, proteomics, and disease mechanisms has led to a growing interest in and effort for finding new targets and more effective exploration of existing targets. The number of reported targets of marketed and investigational drugs has significantly increased in the past 8 years. There are 1535 targets collected in the therapeutic target database compared with approximately 500 targets reported in a 1996 review. Knowledge of these targets is helpful for molecular dissection of the mechanism of action of drugs and for predicting features that guide new drug design and the search for new targets. This article summarizes the progress of target exploration and investigates the characteristics of the currently explored targets to analyze their sequence, structure, family representation, pathway association, tissue distribution, and genome location features for finding clues useful for searching for new targets. Possible "rules" to guide the search for druggable proteins and the feasibility of using a statistical learning method for predicting druggable proteins directly from their sequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Zheng
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Computational Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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39
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Greasley PJ, Clapham JC. Inverse agonism or neutral antagonism at G-protein coupled receptors: A medicinal chemistry challenge worth pursuing? Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 553:1-9. [PMID: 17081515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The identification of constitutive, or intrinsic, activity of G-protein coupled receptors has had major impact on receptor theory, the identification of agents that inhibit this ligand-independent receptor activity has led, in turn, to the concept of inverse agonism. It has subsequently emerged that the majority, around 85%, of all known G-protein coupled receptor antagonists are, in fact, inverse agonists. Agents that affect only ligand-dependent receptor activation, i.e. have no effect on constitutive receptor signalling, are termed neutral antagonists and turn out to be relatively rare in pharmacology. Is this relevant for medicinal chemistry? That question is difficult to answer with certainty because there has been little or no effort to understand the structure activity relationships of neutral antagonist vs. inverse agonist molecules. In this review, we suggest that these pharmacological differences may well be translated to differential effects in the whole animal and in medicine. We argue that having either option to inhibit a particular receptor may reveal differences in efficacy and tolerability thus increasing the potential value of a G-protein coupled receptor inhibitor programme. However, since inverse agonists appear to constitute a default inhibitor mode, a systematic survey of the structure activity relationships around what makes a neutral antagonist will be an essential first step towards this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Greasley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
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40
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Erhardt E, Zibetti LCE, Godinho JM, Bacchieri B, Barros HMT. Behavioral changes induced by cocaine in mice are modified by a hyperlipidic diet or recombinant leptin. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39:1625-35. [PMID: 17160272 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006001200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine if the acute behavioral effects of cocaine acutely administered intraperitoneally (ip) at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg on white male CF1 mice, 90 days of age, would be influenced by leptin acutely administered ip (at doses of 5, 10 and 20 microg/kg) or by endogenous leptin production enhanced by a high-fat diet. The acute behavioral effects of cocaine were evaluated in open-field, elevated plus-maze and forced swimming tests. Results were compared between a group of 80 mice consuming a balanced diet and a high-fat diet, and a group of 80 mice fed a commercially available rodent chow formula (Ralston Purina) but receiving recombinant leptin (rLeptin) or saline ip. Both the high-fat-fed and rLeptin-treated mice showed decreased locomotion in the open-field test, spent more time in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze and showed less immobility time in the forced swimming test (F(1,68) = 7.834, P = 0.007). There was an interaction between diets and cocaine/saline treatments in locomotion (F(3,34) = 3.751, P = 0.020) and exploration (F(3,34) = 3.581, P = 0.024). These results suggest that anxiolytic effects and increased general activity were induced by leptin in cocaine-treated mice and that low leptin levels are associated with behavioral depression. Chronic changes in diet composition producing high leptin levels or rLeptin treatment may result in an altered response to cocaine in ethologic tests that measure degrees of anxiety and depression, which could be attributed to an antagonistic effect of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Erhardt
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade Federal de Ciencias Medicas de Porto Alegre, Av. Neuza G. Brizola 495, 90460-230 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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41
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Abstract
Pharmacotherapy for the management of obesity is primarily aimed at weight loss, weight loss maintenance and risk reduction, and has included thyroid hormone, amphetamines, phentermine, amfepramone (diethylpropion), phenylpropanolamine, mazindol, fenfluramines and, more recently, sibutramine and orlistat. These agents decrease appetite, reduce absorption of fat or increase energy expenditure. Primary endpoints used to evaluate anti-obesity drugs most frequently include mean weight loss, percentage weight loss and proportion of patients losing >or=5% and >or=10% of initial bodyweight. Secondary endpoints may include reduction in body fat, risk factors for cardiovascular disease and the incidences of diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Most pharmacotherapies have demonstrated significantly greater weight loss in patients on active treatment than those receiving placebo in short-term (<or=1 year) randomised controlled trials of pharmacological treatment in conjunction with a calorie-controlled diet or lifestyle intervention. The evidence of long-term efficacy is limited to sibutramine (2 years) and orlistat (4 years). These are the only drugs currently approved for the long-term management of obesity in adults. Sibutramine recipients randomised following 6 months' treatment to either sibutramine or placebo demonstrated significantly better weight maintenance at 2 years than those taking placebo (p<0.001), with >or=10% loss of initial bodyweight in 46% of patients. For patients taking orlistat, weight loss was 2.2 kg greater than those on placebo at 4 years (p<0.001), with significantly more patients achieving >or=10% loss of initial bodyweight (26.2% and 15.6%, respectively; p<0.001). Other drugs that have been evaluated for weight loss include ephedrine, the antidepressants fluoxetine and bupropion, and the antiepileptics topiramate and zonisamide. Two clinical trials with fluoxetine both reported no significant difference in weight loss compared with placebo at 52 weeks. Clinical trials evaluating ephedrine, bupropion, topiramate and zonisamide have demonstrated significantly greater weight loss than placebo but have been limited to 16-26 weeks' treatment. A major obstacle to the evaluation of the clinical trials is the potential bias resulting from low study completion rates. Completion rates varied from 52.8% of phentermine recipients in a 9-month study, to 40% of fenfluramine recipients in a 24-week comparative study with phentermine and 18% of amfepramone recipients in a 24-week study. One-year completion rates range from 51% to 73% for sibutramine and from 66% to 85% for orlistat. Other potential sources of bias include run-in periods and subsequent patient selection based on compliance or initial weight loss. Several potential new therapies targeting weight loss and obesity through the CNS pathways or peripheral adiposity signals are in early phase clinical trials. Over the next decade the drug treatment of obesity is likely to change significantly because of the availability of new pharmacotherapies to regulate eating behaviours, nutrient partitioning and/or energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Ioannides-Demos
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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42
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Zheng C, Han L, Yap CW, Xie B, Chen Y. Progress and problems in the exploration of therapeutic targets. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:412-20. [PMID: 16635803 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Drugs exert their therapeutic effect by binding and regulating the activity of a particular protein or nucleic acid target. A large number of targets have been explored for drug discovery. Continuous effort has been directed at the search for new targets and more-extensive exploration of existing targets. Knowledge of these targets facilitates the understanding of molecular mechanisms of drugs and the effort required for drug discovery and target searches. Areas of progress, current focuses of research and development and the difficulties in target exploration are reviewed. The characteristics of the currently explored targets and their correlation to the level of difficulty for target exploration are analyzed. From these characteristics, simple rules can be derived for estimating the difficulty level of target exploration. The feasibility of predicting druggable proteins by using simple rules and sequence-derived physicochemical properties is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Zheng
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
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43
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Bhandari K, Srivastava S, Shankar G, Nath C. Synthesis and appetite suppressant activity of 1-aryloxy-2-substituted aminomethyltetrahydronaphthalenes as conformationally rigid analogues of fluoxetine. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2535-44. [PMID: 16337129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several 1-aryloxy-2-substituted aminomethyltetrahydronaphthalenes (7-21) as conformationally rigid analogues of fluoxetine were synthesized and evaluated for their anorexigenic and antidepressant activities. For SAR studies the related acyclic analogues (22-27) were also prepared. Out of the 21 synthesized compounds, 10 compounds (9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23 and 27) exhibited significant anorexigenic activity (at 75 micromol/kg). Interestingly, all the compounds (7-20, 22-26) were devoid of antidepressant effect, except for compounds 21 and 27 in which the antidepressant activity was retained. Compound 16 emerged as the most active compound of the series with better anorexigenic activity (97.92%) compared to fluoxetine (76.25%) and even with a clinically used drug sibutramine, thus providing a new structural lead for appetite suppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Bhandari
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.
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44
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Hervieu GJ. Further insights into the neurobiology of melanin-concentrating hormone in energy and mood balances. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2006; 10:211-29. [PMID: 16548771 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.10.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a critical hypothalamic anabolic neuropeptide, with key central and peripheral actions on energy balance regulation. The actions of MCH are, so far, known to be transduced through two seven-transmembrane-like receptor paralogues, named MCH1R and MCH2R. MCH2R is not functional in rodents. MCH1R is an important receptor involved in mediating feeding behaviour modulation by MCH in rodents. Pharmacological antagonism at MCH1R in rodents diminishes food intake and results in significant and sustained weight loss in fat tissues, particularly in obese animals. Additionally, MCH1R antagonists have been shown to have anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent numerous pieces of evidence showing that pharmacological blockade at MCH1R could be a potential treatment for obesity and its related metabolic syndrome, as well as for various psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume J Hervieu
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Neurology Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, NFSP-North, HW1713 Building H17, L1-130 C06 Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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45
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Dhal PK, Holmes-Farley SR, Huval CC, Jozefiak TH. Polymers as Drugs. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/12_020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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46
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Kim YJ, Shin YO, Ha YW, Lee S, Oh JK, Kim YS. Anti-obesity Effect of Pinellia ternata Extract in Zucker Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1278-81. [PMID: 16755034 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pinellia ternata is known as the herb effective in removing dampness-phlegm, one of the causes of obesity in traditional Korean medicine. Pinellia ternata water extract (PE) was fed to rats after mixing with diet once a day (400 mg x kg(-1)) for 6 weeks. We investigated its effect on the thermogenesis and fatty acids oxidation with obese Zucker rats. We also determined the gene expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), and PPARgamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC1alpha). The PE treatment lowered the levels of triglyceride and free fatty acids (p<0.05) in blood of the obese rats and the body weight was also reduced slightly. It was also observed that PE significantly increased the expression of both UCP1 mRNA in brown adipose tissue (BAT) (p<0.001) and PPARalpha and PGC1alpha mRNA in white visceral adipose tissue (WAT) (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively), which may cause a reduction of obesity. These results suggested that PE would be able to affect anti-obesity through thermogenesis and fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Jeong Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
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47
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Swaab DF. The human hypothalamus in metabolic and episodic disorders. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2006; 153:3-45. [PMID: 16876566 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)53001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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48
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Yu SF, Shun CT, Chen TM, Chen YH. 3-O-.BETA.-D-Glucosyl-(1.RAR.6)-.BETA.-D-glucosyl-kaempferol Isolated from Sauropus androgenus Reduces Body Weight Gain in Wistar Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:2510-3. [PMID: 17142992 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The young sticks and leaves of Sauropus androgynus (SA) that had been used as a health food for body weight reduction, led to an outbreak of obliterative bronchiolitis in Taiwan. This study tested the toxicity and anti-obesity features of the SA-isolated compound, 3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucosyl-kaempferol (GGK), on male Wistar rats receiving 6 or 60 mg/kg of GGK orally as well as partial purified EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions of SA extract daily for 28 d. Sixty milligrams per kilogram GGK treatment significantly reduced food intake in rats by 15% (p<0.05). The reduced food intake corresponded to decreases in body weight in the high or low dose GGK groups, as compared to the control groups. The serum levels of free triglyceride significantly decreased in GGK-treated rats. GGK treatment led to succesive reductions in daily food intake and body weight without obvious histopathological changes in Wistar rats. Thus, GGK may be potentially to be developed as a safe and novel compound for anti-obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Fing Yu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and Department of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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49
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Beck B, Fernette B, Stricker-Krongrad A. Peptide S is a novel potent inhibitor of voluntary and fast-induced food intake in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 332:859-65. [PMID: 15919054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peptide S (NPS or PEPS) and its cognate receptor have been recently identified both in the central nervous system and in the periphery. NPS/PEPS promotes arousal and has potent anxiolytic-like effects when it is injected centrally in mice. In the present experiment, we tested by different approaches its central effects on feeding behaviour in Long-Evans rats. PEPS at doses of 1 and 10 microg injected in the lateral brain ventricle strongly inhibited by more than 50% chow intake in overnight fasted rats with effects of longer duration with the highest dose (P<0.0001). A similar decrease was observed for the spontaneous intake of a high-energy palatable diet (-48%; P<0.0001). This anorexigenic effect was comparable to that induced by corticotropin-releasing hormone in fasted rats at equimolar doses. However, peptide S did not modify food intake stimulated by neuropeptide Y (NPY) at equimolar doses. It also did not affect the fasting concentrations of important modulators of food intake like leptin, ghrelin, and insulin in circulation. This study therefore showed that peptide S is a new potent anorexigenic agent when centrally injected. Its inhibitory action appears to be independent of the NPY, ghrelin, and leptin pathways. Development of peptide S agonists could constitute a new approach for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Beck
- University Henri Poincaré, Neurocal, 38 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France.
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50
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Hanumantharao P, Sambasivarao SV, Soni LK, Gupta AK, Kaskhedikar SG. QSAR analysis of thiazole benzenesulfonamide substituted 3-pyridylethanolamines as beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3167-73. [PMID: 15908203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative structure-activity relationship study on a series of substituted benzene sulfonamide-3-pyridylethanolamines with beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist activity was made using a combination of various physiochemical descriptors. Several significant equations with good co-efficients of correlation (0.930) were obtained; the two models were selected using predictive ability of equations for test set. Both models highlight some common important structural features, that is, high electrostatic potential energy and the lipophilic nature of the molecule, favorable for beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hanumantharao
- Molecular Modelling Study Group, CADD Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, S.G.S.I.T.S., 23 Park Road, Indore 452003, M.P., India
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