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Xiong F, Yang H, Song YG, Qin HB, Zhang QY, Huang X, Jing W, Deng M, Liu Y, Liu Z, Shen Y, Han Y, Lu Y, Xu X, Holmes TC, Luo M, Zhao F, Luo MH, Zeng WB. An HSV-1-H129 amplicon tracer system for rapid and efficient monosynaptic anterograde neural circuit tracing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7645. [PMID: 36496505 PMCID: PMC9741617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monosynaptic viral tracers are essential tools for dissecting neuronal connectomes and for targeted delivery of molecular sensors and effectors. Viral toxicity and complex multi-injection protocols are major limiting application barriers. To overcome these barriers, we developed an anterograde monosynaptic H129Amp tracer system based on HSV-1 strain H129. The H129Amp tracer system consists of two components: an H129-dTK-T2-pacFlox helper which assists H129Amp tracer's propagation and transneuronal monosynaptic transmission. The shared viral features of tracer/helper allow for simultaneous single-injection and subsequent high expression efficiency from multiple-copy of expression cassettes in H129Amp tracer. These improvements of H129Amp tracer system shorten experiment duration from 28-day to 5-day for fast-bright monosynaptic tracing. The lack of toxic viral genes in the H129Amp tracer minimizes toxicity in postsynaptic neurons, thus offering the potential for functional anterograde mapping and long-term tracer delivery of genetic payloads. The H129Amp tracer system is a powerful tracing tool for revealing neuronal connectomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiong
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Yang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ge Song
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Bin Qin
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Yang Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Huang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Jing
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Manfei Deng
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- grid.410717.40000 0004 0644 5086National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixiang Liu
- grid.410717.40000 0004 0644 5086National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Shen
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153Eye Center, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunyun Han
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153Eye Center, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youming Lu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Todd C. Holmes
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Minmin Luo
- grid.410717.40000 0004 0644 5086National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.510934.a0000 0005 0398 4153Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- grid.510934.a0000 0005 0398 4153Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XSchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Wen-Bo Zeng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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2
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Ting JT, Kalmbach B, Chong P, de Frates R, Keene CD, Gwinn RP, Cobbs C, Ko AL, Ojemann JG, Ellenbogen RG, Koch C, Lein E. A robust ex vivo experimental platform for molecular-genetic dissection of adult human neocortical cell types and circuits. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8407. [PMID: 29849137 PMCID: PMC5976666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The powerful suite of available genetic tools is driving tremendous progress in understanding mouse brain cell types and circuits. However, the degree of conservation in human remains largely unknown in large part due to the lack of such tools and healthy tissue preparations. To close this gap, we describe a robust and stable adult human neurosurgically-derived ex vivo acute and cultured neocortical brain slice system optimized for rapid molecular-genetic manipulation. Surprisingly, acute human brain slices exhibited exceptional viability, and neuronal intrinsic membrane properties could be assayed for at least three days. Maintaining adult human slices in culture under sterile conditions further enabled the application of viral tools to drive rapid expression of exogenous transgenes. Widespread neuron-specific labeling was achieved as early as two days post infection with HSV-1 vectors, with virally-transduced neurons exhibiting membrane properties largely comparable to uninfected neurons over this short timeframe. Finally, we demonstrate the suitability of this culture paradigm for optical manipulation and monitoring of neuronal activity using genetically encoded probes, opening a path for applying modern molecular-genetic tools to study human brain circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Kalmbach
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Chong
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryder P Gwinn
- Epilepsy Surgery and Functional Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles Cobbs
- The Ben and Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew L Ko
- Regional Epilepsy Center at Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Regional Epilepsy Center at Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard G Ellenbogen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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Wouterlood FG, Bloem B, Mansvelder HD, Luchicchi A, Deisseroth K. A fourth generation of neuroanatomical tracing techniques: exploiting the offspring of genetic engineering. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 235:331-48. [PMID: 25107853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The first three generations of neuroanatomical tract-tracing methods include, respectively, techniques exploiting degeneration, retrograde cellular transport and anterograde cellular transport. This paper reviews the most recent development in third-generation tracing, i.e., neurochemical fingerprinting based on BDA tracing, and continues with an emerging tracing technique called here 'selective fluorescent protein expression' that in our view belongs to an entirely new 'fourth-generation' class. Tracing techniques in this class lean on gene expression technology designed to 'label' projections exclusively originating from neurons expressing a very specific molecular phenotype. Genetically engineered mice that express cre-recombinase in a neurochemically specific neuronal population receive into a brain locus of interest an injection of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying a double-floxed promoter-eYFP DNA sequence. After transfection this sequence is expressed only in neurons metabolizing recombinase protein. These particular neurons promptly start manufacturing the fluorescent protein which then accumulates and labels to full detail all the neuronal processes, including fibers and terminal arborizations. All other neurons remain optically 'dark'. The AAV is not replicated by the neurons, prohibiting intracerebral spread of 'infection'. The essence is that the fiber projections of discrete subpopulations of neurochemically specific neurons can be traced in full detail. One condition is that the transgenic mouse strain is recombinase-perfect. We illustrate selective fluorescent protein expression in parvalbumin-cre (PV-cre) mice and choline acetyltransferase-cre (ChAT-cre) mice. In addition we compare this novel tracing technique with observations in brains of native PV mice and ChAT-GFP mice. We include a note on tracing techniques using viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris G Wouterlood
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bernard Bloem
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Luchicchi
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Bioengineering Department, James E. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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4
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Urban A, Rossier J. Genetic targeting of specific neuronal cell types in the cerebral cortex. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 196:163-92. [PMID: 22341326 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59426-6.00009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the structure and function of cortical circuits requires the identification of and control over specific cell types in the cortex. To address these obstacles, recent optogenetic approaches have been developed. The capacity to activate, silence, or monitor specific cell types by combining genetics, virology, and optics will decipher the role of specific groups of neurons within circuits with a spatiotemporal resolution that overcomes standard approaches. In this review, the various strategies for selective genetic targeting of a defined neuronal population are discussed as well as the pros and cons of the use of transgenic animals and recombinant viral vectors for the expression of transgenes in a specific set of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Urban
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, Paris, France.
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5
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Luo L, Callaway EM, Svoboda K. Genetic dissection of neural circuits. Neuron 2008; 57:634-60. [PMID: 18341986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the principles of information processing in neural circuits requires systematic characterization of the participating cell types and their connections, and the ability to measure and perturb their activity. Genetic approaches promise to bring experimental access to complex neural systems, including genetic stalwarts such as the fly and mouse, but also to nongenetic systems such as primates. Together with anatomical and physiological methods, cell-type-specific expression of protein markers and sensors and transducers will be critical to construct circuit diagrams and to measure the activity of genetically defined neurons. Inactivation and activation of genetically defined cell types will establish causal relationships between activity in specific groups of neurons, circuit function, and animal behavior. Genetic analysis thus promises to reveal the logic of the neural circuits in complex brains that guide behaviors. Here we review progress in the genetic analysis of neural circuits and discuss directions for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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6
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Saydam O, Saydam N, Glauser DL, Pruschy M, Dinh-Van V, Hilbe M, Jacobs AH, Ackermann M, Fraefel C. HSV-1 amplicon-mediated post-transcriptional inhibition of Rad51 sensitizes human glioma cells to ionizing radiation. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1143-51. [PMID: 17495946 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Standard treatment for glioblastoma multiforme and other brain tumors consists of surgical resection followed by combined radio-/chemotherapy. However, radiation resistance of tumor cells limits the success of this treatment, and the tumors invariably recur. Therefore, the selective inhibition of molecular mediators of radiation resistance may provide therapeutic benefit to the patient. One of these targets is the Rad51 protein, which is a key component of the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Here, we investigated whether post-transcriptional silencing of Rad51 by herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1) amplicon vector-mediated short interfering RNA expression can enhance the antitumor effect of radiation therapy. We demonstrate that these vectors specifically and efficiently inhibited the radiation-induced recruitment of Rad51 into nuclear foci in human glioma cells. The combination of vector-mediated silencing of Rad51 expression and treatment with ionizing radiation resulted in a pronounced reduction of the survival of human glioma cells in culture. In athymyc mice, a single intratumoral injection of Rad51-specific HSV-1 amplicon vector followed by a single radiation treatment resulted in a significant decrease in tumor size. In control animals, including mice that received an intratumoral injection of Rad51-specific amplicon vector but no radiation treatment, the tumor sizes increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Saydam
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Jeong KH, Bakowska JC, Song IO, Fu N, Breakefield XO, Kaiser UB. Improvement in reproductive parameters in hypogonadal female mice by regulated gene replacement therapy in the central nervous system. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1092-101. [PMID: 17476303 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One of the challenges of gene targeting is to achieve regulated transgene expression in specific target cells. The hypogonadal (hpg) mice are genetically deficient in hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) production due to a deletion in the GnRH gene, resulting in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Here we show an improvement in reproductive parameters of adult female homozygous hpg mice by direct infusion into the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) of a herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based amplicon vector containing a 13.5 kb genomic fragment encoding the GnRH gene together with its cognate promoter and regulatory elements. Following vector injection, GnRH-expressing neurons were detected in the POA, and pituitary and plasma gonadotropin levels as well as ovarian and uterine weights increased. In addition, a subset of injected hpg mice demonstrated cyclic estrous changes, consistent with regulated control of GnRH production. Administration of kisspeptin-10 resulted in an increase in plasma luteinizing hormone levels, further supporting appropriate regulation of the introduced GnRH transgene. These findings indicate that delivery of the GnRH gene resulted in selective neuronal expression of GnRH and regulated hypothalamic GnRH release. To our knowledge, this is the first example of the correct targeting of a gene under its cognate promoter to neurons resulting in selective and regulated synthesis of a biologically active peptide, and thus may have a wide range of applications in the treatment of human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-H Jeong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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8
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Sia KC, Wang GY, Ho IAW, Khor HY, Miao L, Hui KM, Lam PYP. Optimal purification method for Herpes-based viral vectors that confers minimal cytotoxicity for systemic route of vector administration. J Virol Methods 2006; 139:166-74. [PMID: 17074404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 amplicon vectors could be packaged in the presence of replication-competent helper virus or in a helper virus-free system. In the latter system, cytotoxicity due to the expression of de novo viral gene expression is greatly reduced due to the absence of helper virus. However, the titers produced are relatively low in the range of 10(7) and 10(8)TU/ml after sucrose gradient concentration. This may become a limitation to certain gene transfer applications, such as brain disorder studies since the volume of vectors that could be administered is restricted. In contrast, amplicon viral vectors of high titers can be easily generated in the presence of helper viruses. Despite the potential cytotoxicity caused by the presence of helper virus in the latter method of viral packaging, studies involving vector targeting would still require the complementing function of helper virus for the generation of recombinant HSV-1 amplicon vectors with modified viral envelopes. In view of this, the optimal method of purifying Herpes-based viral vectors that confers minimal cytotoxicity for systemic route of viral vector administration is examined. Parameters such as the ratio of amplicon versus helper viruses, the percentage of viral lost, and the extent of liver cytotoxicity induced by these viral vectors purified using different methods were investigated. In addition, the maximum recombinant HSV-1 viral dosage was also determined in vivo. Taken together, these findings may be of importance to the efficient production of contaminant-free HSV-1 amplicon viral vectors required for animal and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Chuan Sia
- Gene Vector Laboratory, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, 11, Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610, Singapore
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9
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Saydam O, Glauser DL, Heid I, Turkeri G, Hilbe M, Jacobs AH, Ackermann M, Fraefel C. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Amplicon Vector-Mediated siRNA Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibits Growth of Human Glioma Cells in Vivo. Mol Ther 2005; 12:803-12. [PMID: 16112910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.07.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In primary glioblastomas and other tumor types, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently observed with alterations, such as amplification, structural rearrangements, or overexpression of the gene, suggesting an important role in glial tumorigenesis and progression. In this study, we investigated whether posttranscriptional gene silencing by vector-mediated RNAi to inhibit EGFR expression can reduce the growth of cultured human gli36 glioma cells. To "knock down" EGFR expression, we have created HSV-1-based amplicons that contain the RNA polymerase III-dependent H1 promoter to express double-stranded hairpin RNA directed against EGFR at two different locations (pHSVsiEGFR I and pHSVsiEGFR II). We demonstrate that both pHSVsiEGFR I and pHSVsiEGFR II mediated knock-down of transiently transfected full-length EGFR or endogenous EGFR in a dose-dependent manner. The knock-down of EGFR resulted in the growth inhibition of human glioblastoma (gli36-luc) cells both in culture and in athymic mice in vivo. Cell cycle analysis and annexin V staining revealed that siRNA-mediated suppression of EGFR induced apoptosis. Overall HSV-1 amplicons can mediate efficient and specific posttranscriptional gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okay Saydam
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Rueger MA, Winkeler A, Miletic H, Kaestle C, Richter R, Schneider G, Hilker R, Heneka MT, Ernestus RI, Hampl JA, Fraefel C, Jacobs AH. Variability in infectivity of primary cell cultures of human brain tumors with HSV-1 amplicon vectors. Gene Ther 2005; 12:588-96. [PMID: 15674397 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the variability in infectivity of cells in primary brain tumor samples from different patients using an HSV-1 amplicon vector. We studied the infectivity of HSV-1 amplicon vectors in tumor samples derived from neurosurgical resections of 20 patients. Cells were infected with a definite amount of HSV-1 amplicon vector HSV-GFP. Transduction efficiency in primary tumor cell cultures was compared to an established human glioma line. Moreover, duration of transgene expression was monitored in different tumor cell types. All primary cell cultures were infectable with HSV-GFP with variable transduction efficiencies ranging between 3.0 and 42.4% from reference human Gli36 Delta EGFR glioma cells. Transduction efficiency was significantly greater in anaplastic gliomas and meningiomas (26.7+/-17.4%) compared to more malignant tumor types (glioblastomas, metastases; 11.2+/-8.5%; P=0.05). To further investigate the possible underlying mechanism of this variability, nectin-1/HevC expression was analyzed and was found to contribute, at least in part, to this variability in infectability. The tumor cells expressed the exogenous gene for 7 to 61 days with significant shorter expression in glioblastomas (18+/-13 d) compared to anaplastic gliomas (42+/-24 d; P<0.05). Interindividual variability of infectivity by HSV-1 virions might explain, at least in part, why some patients enrolled in gene therapy for glioblastoma in the past exhibited a sustained response to HSV-1-based gene- and virus therapy. Infectivity of primary tumor samples from respective patients should be tested to enable the development of efficient and safe herpes vector-based gene and virus therapy for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rueger
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Max-Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, European Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Cologne 50931, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Neural circuits are composed of a meshwork of numerous neuron types, each with their own distinctive morphological and intrinsic physiological properties, connectivity and biochemistry. How do distinct neural subcircuits, composed of different classes of neuron, contribute to brain function? Approaching this question requires methods that can target specific neurons types. This can be achieved by harnessing the same machinery that builds sophistication into the brain and using it to make novel tools for investigating and manipulating the brain: molecular and genetic technology. These tools can be used to target gene expression to specific neuron types within complicated neuronal circuits, and the transgenes that are expressed can be used to elucidate and manipulate these circuits with unprecedented precision and control. These methods are likely to become the archetype for future studies linking perception, cognition and behavior to specific components of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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12
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Oehmig A, Fraefel C, Breakefield XO. Update on herpesvirus amplicon vectors. Mol Ther 2005; 10:630-43. [PMID: 15451447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.06.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Oehmig
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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13
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based vectors have primarily been developed for neuronal gene delivery, taking advantage of the virus' natural neurotropism. Two types of vector are available: replication defective viruses, whose cytotoxicity has been abolished by deleting viral gene products, and amplicon vectors, which are plasmids packaged into HSV particles with the aid of a helper virus. In this review I discuss how the cytotoxicity of the wild-type virus has been abolished, the progress which has been made toward defining promoter elements capable of directing long-term transgene expression form the latent viral genome and some of the potential clinical uses of these versatile vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lachmann
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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14
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Rumpel S, LeDoux J, Zador A, Malinow R. Postsynaptic receptor trafficking underlying a form of associative learning. Science 2005; 308:83-8. [PMID: 15746389 DOI: 10.1126/science.1103944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate molecular, cellular, and circuit changes that occur in the brain during learning, we investigated the role of a glutamate receptor subtype in fear conditioning. In this form of learning, animals associate two stimuli, such as a tone and a shock. Here we report that fear conditioning drives AMPA-type glutamate receptors into the synapse of a large fraction of postsynaptic neurons in the lateral amygdala, a brain structure essential for this learning process. Furthermore, memory was reduced if AMPA receptor synaptic incorporation was blocked in as few as 10 to 20% of lateral amygdala neurons. Thus, the encoding of memories in the lateral amygdala is mediated by AMPA receptor trafficking, is widely distributed, and displays little redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Rumpel
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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15
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Seijffers R, Woolf CJ. Utilization of an HSV-based amplicon vector encoding the axonal marker hPLAP to follow neurite outgrowth in cultured DRG neurons. J Neurosci Methods 2004; 132:169-76. [PMID: 14706714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of genes into DRG neurons by viral vectors is a powerful tool for the study of axonal outgrowth. In order to achieve efficient transfer of growth-related genes and simultaneously label neuronal processes, we have utilized the HSV-based amplicon vector system. A bicistronic expression cassette encoding the growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and the axonal marker human placental alkaline phosphatase (hPLAP) reporter gene under translation control of an internal ribosomal entry site was cloned into the HGCX amplicon vector. This hPLAP reporter enabled efficient labeling of neurites in both dissociated adult DRG neurons and embryonic DRG explants. Using this reporter, the effect of GAP-43 on neurite outgrowth in transduced DRG neurons could be demonstrated. HSV-based amplicon vectors can contribute to the study of axonal growth and guidance in cultured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhona Seijffers
- Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 4309, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Jerusalmi A, Morris-Downes MM, Sheahan BJ, Atkins GJ. Effect of intranasal administration of semliki forest virus recombinant particles expressing reporter and cytokine genes on the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Ther 2003; 8:886-94. [PMID: 14664790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2003.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have initiated studies to determine the feasibility of employing the Semliki Forest virus (SFV) expression system as a central nervous system (CNS) vector. We investigated the effects of infecting Balb/c mice intranasally (i.n.) with recombinant SFV particles expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene. EGFP expression was detected by fluorescence microscopy in the olfactory bulb as early as 1 day postinfection. No pathological changes were associated with infection. Viral RNA could be detected in the olfactory mucosa only, whereas fluorescence was detected in axons in the olfactory bulb, indicating that only the expressed protein was present. A vector expressing interleukin 10 (IL-10) was constructed and shown to induce good cytokine expression in cultured cells. IL-10 expression in the nasal passage and olfactory bulb of infected mice was enhanced following i.n. administration of such particles. Mice induced for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) were treated i.n. with vectors expressing EGFP and IL-10 and with empty vector. The EGFP-expressing and empty vectors were found to exacerbate EAE, whereas that expressing IL-10 ameliorated EAE. It is concluded that the mice showed a significant biological response when treated i.n. with recombinant SFV particles and that such particles administered by the i.n. route have potential as a noninvasive vector for protein delivery to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Jerusalmi
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Davidson BL, Breakefield XO. Viral vectors for gene delivery to the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003; 4:353-64. [PMID: 12728263 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beverly L Davidson
- Program in Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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