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McClintock HF, Edmonds SE, Bogner HR. Adherence patterns to oral hypoglycemic agents among primary care patients with type 2 diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes 2023; 17:180-184. [PMID: 36803970 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine patterns of adherence to oral hypoglycemic agents among primary care patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to assess whether these patterns were associated with baseline intervention allocation, sociodemographic characteristics, and clinical indicators. METHODS Adherence patterns were examined by Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) caps at baseline and 12 weeks. Participants (n = 72) were randomly allocated to a Patient Prioritized Planning (PPP) intervention or a control group. The PPP intervention employed a card-sort task to identify health-related priorities that included social determinants of health to address medication nonadherence. Next, a problem-solving process was used to address unmet needs involving referral to resources. Multinomial logistic regression examined patterns of adherence in relation to baseline intervention allocation, sociodemographic characteristics, and clinical indicators. RESULTS Three patterns of adherence were found: adherent, increasing adherence, and nonadherent. Participants assigned to the PPP intervention were significantly more likely to have a pattern of improving adherence (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)= 11.28, 95% confidence interval (CI)= 1.78, 71.60) and adherence (AOR=4.68, 95% CI=1.15, 19.02) than participants assigned to the control group. CONCLUSION Primary care PPP interventions incorporating social determinants may be effective in fostering and improving patient adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather F McClintock
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Arcadia University, 450 S. Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Sarah E Edmonds
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Arcadia University, 450 S. Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA
| | - Hillary R Bogner
- Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Brooks JR, Taylor RJ, Chatters LM. The Impact of Traumatic Events on Mental Health Among Older African American and Black Caribbean Adults. J Aging Health 2022; 34:390-400. [PMID: 35438578 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221086336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This study examined the frequency and impact of traumatic events on the mental health of older African American and Black Caribbean adults. Methods: The current study used data from the National Survey of American Life of 1,135 African American and 426 Black Caribbean adults aged 50 and older. Analysis examined the impact of traumatic events on both positive (i.e., happiness and life satisfaction) and negative (i.e., depressive symptoms, psychological distress, and 12-month anti-depressant use) domains of mental health. Results: Findings indicate that approximately 80% of older African Americans and Black Caribbeans reported experiencing a traumatic event at some point in their lifetime. Among African Americans assaultive violence was associated with more depressive symptoms, lower levels of life satisfaction, and lower levels of happiness. This was not the case among Black Caribbeans. Conclusions: These findings provide preliminary insight in mental health outcomes for older African American and Black Caribbean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin R Brooks
- Department of Psychology, 14743University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, Program for Research on Black Americans, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Social Work, Program for Research on Black Americans, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,School of Social Work, School of Public Health, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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3
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Boyd DT, Quinn CR, Jones KV, Beer OWJ. Suicidal ideations and Attempts Within the Family Context: The Role of Parent Support, Bonding, and Peer Experiences with Suicidal Behaviors. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 9:1740-1749. [PMID: 34331271 PMCID: PMC8324436 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The rate of suicidality is increasing faster in Black American youth than in any other group in the USA. Researchers have found that family-level factors are important environmental factors for predicting depression and anxiety among Black youth, but less is known about how family- and friendship-level factors are associated with suicidal ideation and attempts among Black youth. This secondary analysis used the data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescents to Adult Health with a sample of Black adolescents (N = 4232) with a mean age of 16 years. The predictors included parental and other contextual factors on the outcome, which was suicidal behaviors. A multinomial analysis was employed to assess which factors contributed to or prevented suicidal behaviors. Our results indicated that parental support was significantly and positively associated with reporting suicidal ideation and attempts. The results indicated that Black youth with a decrease in parental support were 41% more likely to report ideation and 68% more likely to report attempting suicide compared to those reporting no parental support. Findings from our study support the assertion that the influence from the familial microsystem is pronounced in modifying suicidal behavior of Black youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donte T Boyd
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Camille R Quinn
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristian V Jones
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oliver W J Beer
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Alhasan DM, Hirsch JA, Jackson CL, Miller MC, Cai B, Lohman MC. Neighborhood Characteristics and the Mental Health of Caregivers Cohabiting with Care Recipients Diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:913. [PMID: 33494425 PMCID: PMC7908545 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While studies have documented the influence of caregiver and care recipient factors on caregiver health, it is important to address the potential impact of neighborhood contexts. This study estimated the cross-sectional associations between neighborhood characteristics and mental health among caregivers cohabiting with Alzheimer's disease care recipients that were experiencing severe or non-severe neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) (e.g., aggression/anxiety). We obtained data collected in 2010 on caregivers and care recipients (n = 212) from a subset of South Carolina's Alzheimer's Disease Registry. Neighborhood measures (within 1 mile of the residence) came from the American Community Survey and the Rural-Urban Commuting Area Code. We categorized the neighborhood median household income into tertiles, namely, "low" (<$31,000), "medium" ($31,000-40,758), and "high" (>$40,758), and rurality as "large urban," "small urban," and "rural." We used negative binomial regression to estimate the prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for caregiver mental health using neighborhood characteristics. The mean age was 58 ± 10.3 years, 85% were women, and 55% were non-Hispanic Black. Among the caregivers cohabiting with a recipient experiencing severe NPS, higher distress was experienced by caregivers living in low- (PR = 1.61 (95% CI = 1.26-2.04)) and medium- (PR = 1.45 (95% CI = 1.17-1.78)) vs. high-income neighborhoods after an adjustment. These results suggest that neighborhood characteristics may amplify other social stressors experienced by caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M. Alhasan
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Jana A. Hirsch
- Urban Health Collaborative, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Chandra L. Jackson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
- Intramural Program, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Maggi C. Miller
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (M.C.M.); (B.C.); (M.C.L.)
| | - Bo Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (M.C.M.); (B.C.); (M.C.L.)
| | - Matthew C. Lohman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (M.C.M.); (B.C.); (M.C.L.)
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5
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Ardington C, Case A. Interactions Between Mental Health And Socioeconomic Status In The South African National Income Dynamics Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10800379.2010.12097210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Reexamining construct validity of the Short Dark Triad (SD3) scale. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2020.94055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe conceptualization of negative personality has evolved over the last few decades but the scientific assessment of negative traits is still at a nascent stage. The present study aimed to test the construct and external validity of the Short Dark Triad (SD3) scale, one of the most widely used scales to measure the dark triad, by conducting three independent studies.Participants and procedureExploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on 379 participants and confirmatory bifactor analysis was carried out on a sample of 414 participants. Additionally, an independent sample of 168 participants was used to test the external validity of SD3.ResultsIn study 1, after the triarchic model was disconfirmed by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), an EFA was run on the original 27-item scale, which produced a two-factor model consisting of a dark dyad and narcissism. This was followed by a confirmatory bifactor analysis in study 2, which revealed that while Machiavellianism and psychopathy are better measured as manifestations of a general negative disposition, narcissism emerges as a distinct trait which is not significantly captured by the dark core of personality. Moreover, study 3 revealed that dark dyad is a better correlate and predictor of negative traits as com-pared to narcissism.ConclusionsIn keeping with these findings, we propose that narcissism should be measured holistically with equal emphasis on all its con-stituents and facets and that the intrinsic dimensionality of these traits must be captured while scoring. Implications and future directions are duly discussed.
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Mugoya GCT, Witte T, Bolland A, Tomek S, Hooper LM, Bolland J, George Dalmida S. Depression and Intimate Partner Violence Among African American Women Living in Impoverished Inner-City Neighborhoods. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:899-923. [PMID: 29294647 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517691519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mental health correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization including negative physical and mental health outcomes are well documented. However, certain subgroups of African American women, such as those living in impoverished, urban communities, are underrepresented in most studies and may experience IPV at higher rates. Furthermore, the circumstances of this women including poverty makes them at risk to IPV and its consequences. The present study estimated the prevalence of IPV victimization and its association with depression in a sample of low-income African American women participating in the Mobile Youth and Poverty Study. Participants in this study were caregivers of adolescents living in extremely impoverished conditions and were part of the Mobile Youth Survey, a community-based, longitudinal, multiple cohort survey conducted between the years 1998 and 2011. Data for the current study were collected between the years 2001 and 2010. The dependent variable was depressive symptoms as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). The independent variable was IPV measured using a subsample of items from the Conflict Tactics Scale. Nearly three quarters (73.6%, n = 489) of the sample experienced some form of IPV and 49.1% (n = 326) had a CES-D depression score of 16 or greater indicating mild to severe depression symptoms. The highest proportion of women who met the CES-D criteria for depression were those experiencing the most severe IPV irrespective of category (i.e., physical, psychological, or combined). Logistic regression analyses showed that women reporting the most severe abuse, irrespective of category, were significantly more likely to meet the CES-D criteria for depression. In addition, low education and receipt of economic assistance were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. The combination of poor economic conditions and IPV may predispose African American women living in impoverished, urban communities to mental health outcomes such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara Tomek
- The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA
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Mugoya GCT, Mumba MN, Hooper LM, Witte T, Youngblood M. Depression and intimate partner violence among urban Kenyan caregivers of children with disabilities. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2020; 27:41-53. [PMID: 31356714 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Caregivers of children with disabilities are at increased risk of experiencing interpersonal violence and its consequences; however, there is limited research targeting this population. This problem is understudied in Sub-Saharan Africa. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Study examines intimate partner violence and depression among men and women caregivers of children with disabilities. Study findings showed that while a higher proportion of women caregivers of children with disabilities than men reported experiencing intimate partner violence and were at increased risk depression, the differences were not statistically significant. Participants reporting any form of violence (i.e. psychological aggression or physical assault) were at increased risk for depression, with those experiencing a combination of physical assault and psychological aggression having the highest risk for depression. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Professionals working families of individuals with disabilities should be cognizant of the added stress and comorbid factors associated with caring for a child with a disability. Future research should examine whether there is a causal relationship between intimate partner violence and depression among caregivers of children with disabilities and compare this relationship with the general population. ABSTRACT: Introduction Mental health correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization are well documented. However, caregivers of children with disabilities (CCWDs) are underrepresented in empirical investigations and may have an increased risk of experiencing IPV and its consequences. This is particularly important in Sub-Saharan Africa where this problem is understudied. Method The present study estimated the prevalence of IPV victimization and examined the association between IPV and depression in a sample of CCWDs living in Nairobi, Kenya. Results Nearly half (49.8%) of the participants experienced some form of IPV and more than half (51.8%) were at risk of depression. Participants reporting psychological and physical violence were 1.76 and 4.81 times more likely to be at risk for depression, respectively. Those experiencing a combination of physical and psychological violence were 4.85 times more likely to be at risk for depression. Discussion Both men and women CCWDs are at an increased risk for IPV and depression. Social-cultural factors are also important in the prediction of depression risk and should be taken into account when working with CCWDs. Implications Mental health professionals should be cognizant of the added stress of being a CCWD, and the link between CCWDs and comorbid mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C T Mugoya
- Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology and Counseling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Mercy N Mumba
- Capstone College of Nursing, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Lisa M Hooper
- Center for Educational Transformation, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa
| | - Tricia Witte
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, College of Human Environmental Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Madelyn Youngblood
- Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology and Counseling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
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9
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Shen W. A tangled web: The reciprocal relationship between depression and educational outcomes in China. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2020; 85:102353. [PMID: 31789192 PMCID: PMC6901113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Research on depression and education usually focuses on a unidirectional relationship. This paper proposes a reciprocal relationship, simultaneously estimating the effects of depression on education and of education on depression. China, which has the world's largest education system, is used as a case study. This paper applies structural equation modeling to three datasets: the China Family Panel Studies, the China Education Panel Survey, and the Gansu Survey of Children and Families. Analyses reveal a reciprocal and negative relationship between depression and educational outcomes. Specifically, early depression reduces later educational achievement, and higher educational achievement also lowers the level of subsequent depression by resulting in less peers' unfriendliness, less pressure from parents' expectations, and less teachers' criticism. More time spent on studies is not associated with higher educational achievement but significantly increases the level of depression. Children from lower SES families bear more pressure and spend more time on studies, which does not correspond to higher educational achievement but rather to higher levels of depression. In the long term, prior depression lowers educational attainment and, after controlling for prior depression, lower educational attainment is also associated with higher levels of subsequent depression. This paper shows that the lower achievers, not the high achievers, bear the major psychological burden of the education system's quest to produce high achievement. This situation reinforces these students' educational disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensong Shen
- Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, McNeil Building, Ste. 353, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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10
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Zhang L, Fan H, Wang S, Li H. The Effect of Emotional Arousal on Inhibition of Return Among Youth With Depressive Tendency. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1487. [PMID: 31312156 PMCID: PMC6614492 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and development of depressive symptoms were thought to be closely related to excessive attention to negative information. However, the evidences among researchers were inconsistent on whether negative emotional information could induce attention bias in depressed individuals. One possible hypothesis is that the arousal level of stimuli regulates the attention bias of depressed individuals to negative emotional stimuli. In the current study, we directly assessed the attentional inhibition of depression-tendency individuals to different arousal levels of negative emotional faces. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to distinguish the depression-tendency group from the health group. Thirty-three participants in each group completed a simpler cue-target task that comprised four kinds of experimental conditions, in which group was an inter-subject variable, while cue validity, arousal level, and stimulus onset asynchrony were internal variables. By subtracting the reaction time under the valid cue from the reaction time under the invalid cue, we got the magnitudes of inhibition of return (IOR), which reflected the effective suppression of previously noticed irrelevant information. We found that, in health group, the IOR effect was smaller at high arousal level than at low arousal level. This means that even in the normal population, higher arousal level of negative emotional information could weaken the individual's attention inhibition ability. While in the depression-tendency group, the IOR effect only appeared at low arousal level condition, but in the high cue condition it showed the reversal pattern, that was, the cue effect. These results indicated for the first time that the attention bias of depressive individuals to negative emotional stimuli was influenced by the arousal level of stimuli, and the negative stimuli with high arousal level were more difficult to suppress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zhang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Huiyong Fan
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,College of Educational Science, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Suyan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Mugoya GC, Hooper LM, Tomek S, George Dalmida S, Bolland A, Ufomadu J, Bolland J. The interrelationships among pain interference, depressive symptoms, loneliness, and employment status: a moderated mediation study. Clin Rehabil 2018; 32:967-979. [PMID: 29457478 DOI: 10.1177/0269215518758483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mediating effect of loneliness on the relationship between pain interference and depressive symptoms and to determine whether this mechanism is contingent on employment status. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS A total of 876 adult caregivers of adolescents living in extremely impoverished conditions. ANALYSIS Mediation and moderated mediation analyses using standard path-analytic approaches. RESULTS The mean age of the sample was 39.0 (SD = 12.8) years and 80.7% ( n = 707) identified as female. Almost half (48.9%, n = 425) of the participants did not report any pain, while 32.5% ( n = 285) reported non-disabling pain, and 19.0% ( n = 166) reported disabling pain. The mean depressive symptoms score was 16.20 (SD = 10.6), and the mean loneliness score was 40.09 (SD = 10.5). Loneliness mediated the effect of both non-disabling and disabling pain on depressive symptoms. However, the indirect effect of pain interference on depressive symptoms through loneliness was more pronounced among participants reporting disabling pain (coefficient, 2.11; Boot 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.25-3.01)) than non-disabling pain (coefficient, 0.99; Boot 95% CI (0.25-1.76)). Moderated mediation results showed that the indirect effect of pain interference on depressive symptoms, via loneliness varied in magnitude as a function of employment status among participants reporting disabling pain but not those reporting non-disabling pain. CONCLUSION Loneliness provides an important link in the relationship between depressive symptoms and pain interference. Furthermore, employment status is an important factor to consider, especially among individuals reporting disabling pain with comorbid depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Ct Mugoya
- 1 Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology, and Counseling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Lisa M Hooper
- 2 Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sara Tomek
- 1 Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology, and Counseling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | | | - Anneliese Bolland
- 4 Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Joy Ufomadu
- 1 Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology, and Counseling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - John Bolland
- 4 Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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Abstract
Studies report that African Americans are likely to experience severe, chronic, and disabling depressive symptoms leading to poor depression outcomes. There are several psychosocial and sociocultural factors that individually contribute to depression in African Americans (i.e. chronic stress, negative life events, negative social interaction, social support, and religiosity). However, African Americans are a heterogeneous population and the identification of subpopulations with distinct constellations of multiple co-occurring risk and protective factors may offer greater explanatory potential into depression burden for African Americans. This study used data from the American's Changing Lives Survey to identify risk types for depression in a national sample of African American adults and older adults (n = 1174). Latent class analysis results revealed a risk typology that included 3 distinct risk patterns for African Americans. Individuals in the High Protective/Low Risk Type (41%) had high levels of religiosity and social support. Those in the Moderate Protection/Low Risk Type (44%) had moderate levels of religiosity and social support. The Low Protection/Low Risk Type (15%) had low organizational and non-organizational religiosity and relatively low social support. All three types were marked by relatively low risk factors (i.e. negative events, financial stress, and negative social interaction). Multinomial logistic regression results suggested associations between demographic characteristics (i.e. gender, age, education, marital status), depressive symptoms, and risk type. Study results have implications for the development of depression interventions that are targeted to a specific risk type and tailored to the demographic profile of individuals likely to experience poor depression outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Hays
- a Social Work Program , California Baptist University , Riverside , California , USA
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13
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Wilcox R. Robust ANCOVA: Confidence intervals that have some specified simultaneous probability coverage when there is curvature and two covariates. JOURNAL OF MODERN APPLIED STATISTICAL METHODS 2017. [DOI: 10.22237/jmasm/1493596800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Mouzon DM, Taylor RJ, Keith VM, Nicklett EJ, Chatters LM. Discrimination and psychiatric disorders among older African Americans. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 32:175-182. [PMID: 26924389 PMCID: PMC5002385 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the impact of everyday discrimination (both racial and non-racial) on the mental health of older African Americans. METHODS This analysis is based on the older African American subsample of the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) (n = 773). We examined the associations between everyday discrimination and both general distress and psychiatric disorders as measured by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Six dependent variables were examined: lifetime mood disorders, lifetime anxiety disorders, any lifetime disorder, number of lifetime disorders, depressive symptoms as measured by the 12-item Center for Epidemiological Scale of Depression (CES-D), and serious psychological distress as measured by the Kessler 6 (K6). RESULTS Overall, racial and non-racial everyday discrimination were consistently associated with worse mental health for older African Americans. Older African Americans who experienced higher levels of overall everyday discrimination had higher odds of any psychiatric disorder, any lifetime mood disorder, any lifetime anxiety disorder, and more lifetime DSM-IV disorders, in addition to elevated levels of depressive symptoms and serious psychological distress. These findings were similar for both racial discrimination and non-racial discrimination. CONCLUSIONS This study documents the harmful association of not only racial discrimination, but also non-racial (and overall) discrimination with the mental health of older African Americans. Specifically, discrimination is negatively associated with mood and anxiety disorders as well as depressive symptoms and psychological distress. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,Institute for Social Research, Program for Research on Black Americans, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Verna M. Keith
- Department of Sociology, Race and Ethnic Studies Institute, Texas A & M University
| | | | - Linda M. Chatters
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,Institute for Social Research, Program for Research on Black Americans, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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15
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Wilcox RR. Linear regression: robust heteroscedastic confidence bands that have some specified simultaneous probability coverage. J Appl Stat 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2016.1257591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rand R. Wilcox
- Dept of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Chiriboga DA, Jang Y, Banks S, Kim G. Acculturation and Its Effect on Depressive Symptom Structure in a Sample of Mexican American Elders. HISPANIC JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0739986306295875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we compared the depressive symptoms reported by Mexican American elders who scored higher and lower on a linguistic acculturation scale. Prevalence, equality of covariance matrices, equality of error variances, and factor structures were examined for the 20 items included in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. The sample consisted of 3,050 community-dwelling Mexican Americans from five states. Significant differences were found on all parameters, indicating that level of acculturation is associated with pervasive differences in the way items are endorsed on the most commonly used inventory of depressive symptoms. Results add to literature suggesting that there may not be a universal structure to symptoms. Higher or lower scores may have different implications for people representing different cultures and/or stages of acculturation, something that both researchers and clinicians should be sensitive to when interpreting results of screening tests.
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17
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Wilcox RR. ANCOVA: a heteroscedastic global test when there is curvature and two covariates. Comput Stat 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00180-015-0640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Assari S, Moazen-Zadeh E. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the 12-Item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale among Blacks and Whites. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:178. [PMID: 27872599 PMCID: PMC5098257 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale is one of the most widely used tools to measure depressive symptoms in epidemiological studies. Given the importance of cross-racial measurement equivalence of the CES-D scale for research, we performed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the 12-item CES-D in a nationally representative sample of Black and White adults in the United States. METHODS We used data from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 2001-2003. A total number of 3570 Blacks (African-Americans) and 891 non-Hispanic Whites were included in the present study. CFA was carried out on the 12-item CES-D scale using multi-group structural equation modeling. RESULTS For both Blacks and Whites, the best fitting model was found to be the 3-factor model, indicating invariance of factor structure between Blacks and Whites. A statistically different fit of the models with and without constraints indicated lack of invariance of factor loadings between Blacks and Whites. Some of the positive (i.e., "as good" and "hopeful") and interpersonal (i.e., "people were unfriendly") items showed poor loadings, even in the 3-factor solution that allowed separate domains for positive affect, negative affect, and interpersonal problems. Despite the good fit of our final model, more items (i.e., "as good," "hopeful," "keeping mind," and "everything effort") had poorer loadings in Blacks than Whites (i.e., "as good"). CONCLUSION There is invariance in factor structure but lack of invariance in factor/item loadings between Blacks and Whites. These findings have implications for cross-racial studies of depressive symptoms using CES-D scale among Blacks and Whites. Further research is warranted to scrutinize the role of socioeconomics and culture in explaining the lack of invariance of the CES-D scale between Blacks and Whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ehsan Moazen-Zadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Psychiatric Institute, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bulls HW, Goodin BR, McNew M, Gossett EW, Bradley LA. Minority Aging and Endogenous Pain Facilitatory Processes. PAIN MEDICINE 2015; 17:1037-48. [PMID: 26814250 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to examine the relationships among age, ethnicity, and endogenous pain facilitation using temporal summation (TS) responses to mechanical and heat stimuli. DESIGN The present study assessed hyperalgesia and pain facilitation to thermal and mechanical stimuli at the knee and distal sites in 98 pain-free men and women. Participants were drawn from two ethnic groups [African-American (AA) and non-Hispanic white (NHW)] and two age groups (19-35 and 45-85). RESULTS Significant main effects of ethnicity were demonstrated for both mechanical and heat modalities (all P's ≤ 0.05), suggesting that AA participants, relative to NHW counterparts, demonstrated enhanced hyperalgesia. Age differences (older > younger) in hyperalgesia were found in mechanical pain ratings only. Results indicated that mechanical pain ratings significantly increased from first to maximal pain as a function of both age group and ethnicity (all P's ≤ 0.05), and a significant ethnicity by age interaction for TS of mechanical pain was found at the forearm (P < 0.05) and trended toward significance at the knee (P = 0.071). Post-hoc tests suggested that results were primarily driven by the older AA participants, who demonstrated the greatest mechanical TS. Additionally, evidence of differences in heat TS due to both ethnicity alone (all P's ≤ 0.05) and minority aging was also found. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence suggesting that older AAs demonstrate enhanced pain facilitatory processes, which is important because this group may be at increased risk for development of chronic pain. These results underscore the necessity of testing pain modulatory mechanisms when addressing questions related to pain perception and minority aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Burel R Goodin
- *Department of Psychology Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology
| | | | | | - Laurence A Bradley
- *Department of Psychology Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Malakouti SK, Pachana NA, Naji B, Kahani S, Saeedkhani M. Reliability, validity and factor structure of the CES-D in Iranian elderly. Asian J Psychiatr 2015; 18:86-90. [PMID: 26442988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In developing countries such as Iran, elder populations are growing. Due to the high prevalence of depressive disorders among elders, reliable screening instruments for this population are required. The main purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Farsi version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale-10 (CES-D) among Iranian elderly persons. METHODS The investigators created the Farsi version of the CES-D-10 by translation and back translation. Two hundred and four cases aged 59 and above completed the questionnaire. The reliability and validity of the translated CES-D-10 was established through comparison with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), a recognized gold standard method for diagnosing major depressive disorder. We used a receiver operating curve (ROC) to determine the optimum cutoff score. RESULTS The Farsi version of the CED-D-10 displayed acceptable psychometric characteristics, as reflected in internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha, split-half coefficients and test-retest reliability of 0.85, 0.65 and 0.49, respectively. Factor analysis and the varimax rotation resulted in two factors including 'depression' and 'interpersonal relationships'. The Depression factor (introduced as CES-D-8 of the scale) had significant correlation with the 10 items form (r=0.99) with 0.87 alpha coefficient. The ROC showed that the optimum cutoff point is 5 with sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 70%, and positive and negative predictive values of 26% and 98%, respectively, for both of the forms. CONCLUSION Both the 10 and 8 items form of the Farsi version have desirable characteristics to be useful as a screening instrument for depressive disorders in Iranian elders, especially in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Kazem Malakouti
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nancy A Pachana
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Psychology, Australia.
| | - Borzooyeh Naji
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shamsoddin Kahani
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mozhdeh Saeedkhani
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Wilcox RR, Ma J. Heteroscedastic Methods for Performing All Pairwise Comparisons of Regression Lines Associated With J Independent Groups. METHODOLOGY-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH METHODS FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-2241/a000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The paper compares methods that allow both within group and between group heteroscedasticity when performing all pairwise comparisons of the least squares lines associated with J independent groups. The methods are based on simple extension of results derived by Johansen (1980) and Welch (1938) in conjunction with the HC3 and HC4 estimators. The probability of one or more Type I errors is controlled using the improvement on the Bonferroni method derived by Hochberg (1988) . Results are illustrated using data from the Well Elderly 2 study, which motivated this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand R. Wilcox
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jinxia Ma
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Tomitaka S, Kawasaki Y, Furukawa T. A distribution model of the responses to each depressive symptom item in a general population: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008599. [PMID: 26369801 PMCID: PMC4577953 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some researchers have reported that distribution of total depressive symptom scores in the general population may follow an exponential pattern except at the lowest end of the scores. To understand the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon, we investigated the mathematical patterns of the individual distributions for each item of a depressive symptom scale. METHODS We analysed data from 32,022 participants in the general population who participated in the Active Survey of Health and Welfare, Japan. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Japanese version of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). CES-D has 20 items, each of which is scored in 4 grades: 'Rarely', 'Some', 'Much' and 'Most of the time'. RESULTS The individual distributions of 16 negative items belonging to the depressive mood, somatic symptoms and retarded activities, and interpersonal relations categories, followed a common mathematical pattern, which displayed different distributions with a boundary at 'Some'. The distributions for the 16 items between 'Rarely' and 'Some' appeared to cross at a single point. On the other hand, the distributions of the 16 items between 'Some' and 'Most' followed a linear pattern when plotted using a log-normal scale. The remaining 4 items in the positive affect subscale showed non-specific patterns. CONCLUSIONS The common mathematical pattern of the 16 negative item distributions may contribute to the exponential pattern of the distribution of total depressive symptom scores except at the lowest end of the scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Tomitaka
- Department of Mental Health, Panasonic Health Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Furukawa
- Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
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Nadimpalli SB, James BD, Yu L, Cothran F, Barnes LL. The association between discrimination and depressive symptoms among older African Americans: the role of psychological and social factors. Exp Aging Res 2015; 41:1-24. [PMID: 25494668 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2015.978201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT: Several studies have demonstrated a link between perceived discrimination and depression in ethnic minority groups, yet most have focused on younger or middle-aged African Americans and little is known about factors that may moderate the relationship. METHODS Participants were 487 older African Americans (60-98 years old) enrolled in the Minority Aging Research Study. Discrimination, depressive symptoms, and psychological and social resources were assessed via interview using validated measures. Ordinal logistic regression models were used to assess (1) the main relationship between discrimination and depression and (2) resilience, purpose in life, social isolation, and social networks as potential moderators of this relationship. RESULTS In models adjusted for age, sex, education, and income, perceived discrimination was positively associated with depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR]: 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-1.31; p < .001). However, there was no evidence of effect modification by resilience, purpose in life, social isolation, or social networks (all ps ≤ .05). CONCLUSION Findings provide support for accumulating evidence on the adverse mental health effects of discrimination among older African Americans. Because the association was not modified by psychological or social factors, these findings do not support a role for a buffering effect of resources on discrimination and depressive symptoms. Further studies are needed to examine a wider range of coping resources among older adults.
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Chatters LM, Taylor RJ, Woodward AT, Nicklett EJ. Social support from church and family members and depressive symptoms among older African Americans. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 23:559-67. [PMID: 24862679 PMCID: PMC4216772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the influence of church- and family-based social support on depressive symptoms and serious psychological distress among older African Americans. METHODS The analysis is based on the National Survey of American Life. Church- and family-based informal social support correlates of depressive symptoms (CES-D) and serious psychological distress (K6) were examined. Data from 686 African Americans aged 55 years or older who attend religious services at least a few times a year are used in this analysis. RESULTS Multivariate analysis found that social support from church members was significantly and inversely associated with depressive symptoms and psychological distress. Frequency of negative interactions with church members was positively associated with depressive symptoms and psychological distress. Social support from church members remained significant but negative interaction from church members did not remain significant when controlling for indicators of family social support. Among this sample of churchgoers, emotional support from family was a protective factor and negative interaction with family was a risk factor for depressive symptoms and psychological distress. CONCLUSION This is the first investigation of the relationship between church- and family-based social support and depressive symptoms and psychological distress among a national sample of older African Americans. Overall, the findings indicate that social support from church networks was protective against depressive symptoms and psychological distress. This finding remained significant when controlling for indicators of family social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Chatters
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Program for Research on Black Americans, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Program for Research on Black Americans, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Gomez R, McLaren S. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale: Measurement and structural invariance across ratings of older adult men and women. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhang AY, Gary F, Zhu H. Exploration of depressive symptoms in African American cancer patients. J Ment Health 2015; 24:351-6. [PMID: 25564890 DOI: 10.3109/09638237.2014.998806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurately assessing depression in African American cancer patients is difficult because of the similarities of physical symptoms observed in cancer and depression. AIM To identify universal and distinctive depressive symptoms in African American cancer patients. METHODS Seventy-four cancer patients (34 depressed and 23 non-depressed African Americans, and 17 depressed Whites) were interviewed. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted. RESULTS Compared to non-depressed African Americans, depressed African Americans reported irritability, social isolation, insomnia, fatigue and crying (p ≤ 0.05) more frequently over time. Compared to depressed Whites, they reported sadness, frustration and intrusive thoughts less frequently (p ≤ 0.05), but insomnia and fatigue more frequently (p ≤ 0.05) during cancer treatment. There was little racial difference at the time of interview. CONCLUSION Depressed African American cancer patients may benefit from more culturally sensitive depression measures that consider symptoms of irritability, social isolation and altered expressions of depressive mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y Zhang
- a Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing and
| | - Faye Gary
- a Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing and
| | - Hui Zhu
- b School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
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Wilcox RR. Within groups analysis of covariance: multiple comparisons at specified design points using a robust measure location when there is curvature. J STAT COMPUT SIM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00949655.2014.962536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wilcox RR, Clark F. Heteroscedastic Global Tests that the Regression Parameters for Two or More Independent Groups are Identical. COMMUN STAT-SIMUL C 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/03610918.2013.784986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gomez R, McLaren S. The center for epidemiologic studies depression scale: support for a bifactor model with a dominant general factor and a specific factor for positive affect. Assessment 2014; 22:351-60. [PMID: 25085880 DOI: 10.1177/1073191114545357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) ratings, the study examined support for a bifactor model, and also the internal consistency reliability and external validity of the factors in this model. METHOD Participants (N = 1,178) were older adults from the general community who completed the CES-D. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis of their ratings indicated support for the bifactor model. For this model, the general factor explained most of the covariance in the scores of the CES-D items for Depressed Affect, Somatic Symptoms and Retarded Activity, and Interpersonal Difficulties items. Most of the covariance in the scores of the Positive Affect (PA) scale was explained by its own specific factor. Additional analyses showed support for internal consistencies and external validities of general factors based on all the CES-D items, and when PA items were excluded, and also the PA-specific factor. DISCUSSION The findings support the use of a total CES-D score without the PA items and also the concurrent use of the PA scale score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapson Gomez
- Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne McLaren
- Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
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Gamaldo AA, Gamaldo CE, Allaire JC, Aiken-Morgan AT, Salas RE, Szanton S, Whitfield KE. Sleep complaints in older blacks: do demographic and health indices explain poor sleep quality and duration? J Clin Sleep Med 2014; 10:725-31. [PMID: 25024649 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between measures of sleep quality and the presence of commonly encountered comorbid and sociodemographic conditions in elderly Black subjects. METHOD Analyses included participants from the Baltimore Study of Black Aging (BSBA; n = 450; mean age 71.43 years; SD 9.21). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) measured overall sleep pattern and quality. Self-reported and objective measures of physical and mental health data and demographic information were collected for all participants. RESULTS Sociodemographic and comorbid health factors were significantly associated with sleep quality. Results from regression analyses revealed that older age, current financial strain, interpersonal problems, and stress were unique predictors of worse sleep quality. Sleep duration was significantly correlated with age, depressive affect, interpersonal problems, and stress; only age was a unique significant predictor. While participants 62 years or younger had worse sleep quality with increasing levels of stress, there was no significant relationship between sleep quality and stress for participants 81 years and older. CONCLUSIONS Several potential mechanisms may explain poor sleep in urban, community dwelling Blacks. Perceived stressors, including current financial hardship or hardship experienced for an extended time period throughout the lifespan, may influence sleep later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Gamaldo
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL ; National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Jason C Allaire
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Rachel E Salas
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sarah Szanton
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Keith E Whitfield
- Center on Biobehavioral Health Disparities, Duke University, Durham, NC ; Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC
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Fisher FD, Reitzel LR, Nguyen N, Savoy EJ, Advani PS, Cuevas AG, Vidrine JI, Wetter DW, McNeill LH. Loneliness and self-rated health among church-attending African Americans. Am J Health Behav 2014; 38:481-91. [PMID: 24636110 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.38.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore relations between loneliness and self-rated health among African-American adults of diverse ages. METHODS Associations between loneliness and self-rated health were investigated using covariate-adjusted linear regression models. Perceived social support was examined as a moderator. The potential indirect effects of stress and/or depressive symptoms were examined using nonparametric bootstrapping procedures. RESULTS Greater loneliness was associated with poorer self-rated health (p = .008), and social support did not moderate. Stress and depressive symptoms yielded significant indirect effects in single and multiple mediator models (p values ≤ .05). CONCLUSIONS Loneliness may contribute to poorer health among African Americans. Results suggest that greater stress and depressive symptoms might underlie these associations, but longitudinal studies are needed to assess causal relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia D Fisher
- Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lorraine R Reitzel
- Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elaine J Savoy
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pragati S Advani
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, USA
| | - Adolfo G Cuevas
- Department of Psychology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer I Vidrine
- Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David W Wetter
- Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lorna H McNeill
- Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Missinne S, Vandeviver C, Van de Velde S, Bracke P. Measurement equivalence of the CES-D 8 depression-scale among the ageing population in eleven European countries. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2014; 46:38-47. [PMID: 24767588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in later life. However, despite considerable research attention, great confusion remains regarding the association between ageing and depression. There is doubt as to whether a depression scale performs identically for different age groups and countries. Although measurement equivalence is a crucial prerequisite for valid comparisons across age groups and countries, it has not been established for the eight-item version of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D8). Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, we assess configural, metric, and scalar measurement equivalence across two age groups (50-64 years of age and 65 or older) in eleven European countries, employing data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement (SHARE). Results indicate that the construct of depression is comparable across age and country groups, allowing the substantive interpretation of correlates and mean levels of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Missinne
- HeDeRa (Health and Demographic Research), Department of Sociology, Ghent University, Belgium; Research Foundation (FWO), Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Department of Penal Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Van de Velde
- HeDeRa (Health and Demographic Research), Department of Sociology, Ghent University, Belgium; Research Foundation (FWO), Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Piet Bracke
- HeDeRa (Health and Demographic Research), Department of Sociology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Bryant K, Haynes T, Greer-Williams N, Hartwig MS. "Too blessed to be stressed": a rural faith community's views of African-American males and depression. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2014; 53:796-808. [PMID: 23288483 PMCID: PMC3639295 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-012-9672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Among African-Americans, the faith community has a long history of providing support to its members. Because African-American men tend to delay and decline traditional depression treatment, the faith community may be an effective source of support. The aim of this study was to determine how a rural African-American faith community describes and perceives experiences of depression among African-American males. A convenience sample of 24 men and women participated in focus groups and interview. Four themes were identified: defining depression, etiology of depression, denial of depression, and effect of masculine roles on depression experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keneshia Bryant
- Translational Research Institute KL2 Scholar College of Nursing University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 4301 West Markham Street, Slot #529 Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 Phone: (501) 296-1896 Fax: (501) 296-1765
| | - Tiffany Haynes
- Translational Research Institute KL2 Scholar University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 4301 West Markham Street Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 Phone: 501-257-1795
| | - Nancy Greer-Williams
- Division of Research Practice and Improvement University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 4021 West 8 Street Little Rock, AR 72205 Phone: (501) 686-7364
| | - Mary S. Hartwig
- Area Health Education Center-Northeast University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 223 East Jackson Jonesboro, AR 72401 Phone: (870)972-9603 X 254 Fax: (870)931-0839
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O’Halloran A, Kenny R, King-Kallimanis B. The latent factors of depression from the short forms of the CES-D are consistent, reliable and valid in community-living older adults. Eur Geriatr Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wilcox RR, Granger DA, Szanton S, Clark F. Cortisol diurnal patterns, associations with depressive symptoms, and the impact of intervention in older adults: results using modern robust methods aimed at dealing with low power due to violations of standard assumptions. Horm Behav 2014; 65:219-25. [PMID: 24468639 PMCID: PMC3960304 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Advances in salivary bioscience enable the widespread integration of biological measures into the behavioral and social sciences. While theoretical integration has progressed, much less attention has focused on analytical strategies and tactics. The statistical literature warns that common methods for comparing groups and studying associations can have relatively poor power compared to more modern robust techniques. Here we illustrate, in secondary data analyses using the USC Well Elderly II study (n=460, age 60-95, 66% female), that modern robust methods make a substantial difference when analyzing relations between salivary analyte and behavioral data. Analyses that deal with the diurnal pattern of cortisol and the association of the cortisol awakening response with depressive symptoms and physical well-being are reported. Non-significant results become significant when using improved methods for dealing with skewed distributions and outliers. Analytical strategies and tactics that employ modern robust methods have the potential to reduce the probability of both Type I and Type II errors in studies that compare salivary analytes between groups, across time, or examine associations with salivary analyte levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand R Wilcox
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, Arizona State University, USA
| | - Sarah Szanton
- School of Nursing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA; School of Medicine, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Florence Clark
- Division of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, USA
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36
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Lacasse JJ, Forgeard MJC, Jayawickreme N, Jayawickreme E. The factor structure of the CES-D in a sample of Rwandan genocide survivors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014; 49:459-65. [PMID: 24173407 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-013-0766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past research suggests that culture shapes the way psychopathology is experienced and expressed. Standard psychiatric assessment instruments may therefore not capture the same underlying constructs in different contexts. The present study investigated the factor structure of a standard depression scale in a sample of Rwandan genocide survivors. METHODS One hundred ninety six Rwandan adults provided socio-demographic information and completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D), one of the most widely used self-report instruments assessing depressive symptoms, as part of a larger study on well-being and mental health in Rwanda. RESULTS A two-factor solution provided the best fit for these CES-D data. The first factor corresponded to general depressive symptoms (including depressed affect, somatic symptoms, and interpersonal concerns) and explained 37.20% of the variance. The second factor included items assessing positive affect and explained 8.68% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS The two-factor solution found in the present study deviates from the commonly reported four-factor structure, but is consistent with studies showing that depressed affect and somatic symptoms may not be experienced as distinct in certain non-Western and minority cultural groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lacasse
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Stratford, USA
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Ward EC, Mengesha MM, Issa F. Older African American women's lived experiences with depression and coping behaviours. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2014; 21:46-59. [PMID: 23742034 PMCID: PMC4114393 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about older African American women's lived experiences with depression. What does depression mean to this group? What are they doing about their depression? Unfortunately, these questions are unanswered. This study examined older African American women's lived experiences with depression and coping behaviours. The common sense model provided the theoretical framework for present study. Thirteen community-dwelling African American women aged 60 and older (M = 71 years) participated. Using qualitative phenomenological data analysis, results showed the women held beliefs about factors that can cause depression including experiences of trauma, poverty and disempowerment. Results also indicated the women believed that depression is a normal reaction to life circumstances and did not see the need to seek professional treatment for depression. They coped by use of culturally sanctioned behaviours including religious practices and resilience. It appears these women's beliefs about depression and use of culturally sanctioned coping behaviours might potentially be a barrier to seeking professional mental healthcare, which could result in missed opportunities for early diagnosis and treatment of depression among this group. Implications for research, educational and clinical interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Ward
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Bryant K, Wicks MN, Willis N. Recruitment of older African American males for depression research: lessons learned. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2014; 28:17-20. [PMID: 24506982 PMCID: PMC4259097 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Depression is projected to become the leading cause of disability and the second leading contributor to the global burden of disease in approximately 10years. Few studies have explored the signs and symptoms of depression experienced by older African American men. Therefore, a pilot study was developed with the goal of addressing this gap in knowledge. Despite a variety of recruitment strategies, the study yielded no participants after 9months of effort. Lessons learned from the recruitment efforts and other researchers' successful techniques and strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keneshia Bryant
- Translational Research Institute KL2 Scholar, College of Nursing, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
| | - Mona Newsome Wicks
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Nursing, Memphis, TN.
| | - Nathaniel Willis
- College of Nursing, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
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Abstract
To examine the psychometric properties of the 20-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies - Depression scale (CES-D). Data were collected from 400 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years and above, residing in Chennai, India. The instruments including the CES-D scale were translated into Tamil language. The sample was randomly split for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), respectively. EFA on a subsample (n = 200) yielded two factors, depressed affect and positive affect. CFA with another subsample (n = 200) indicated a good fit for the two-factor structure. In addition, the two-factor model evinced a superior fit to one-, three- and four-factor models. The internal consistency was high for the total scale and its subscales. The convergent validity of the scale was supported by significant correlations with theoretically related measures. The results indicate acceptable measurement properties of the CES-D scale. However, some items appear to be problematic for Indian older adults. Therefore, there is a need for further studies among Indian older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Chokkanathan
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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40
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Factorial structure of the Spanish center for epidemiologic studies depression scales in HIV patients. Community Ment Health J 2013; 49:492-7. [PMID: 23756721 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-013-9618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The factor structure of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (Radloff in Appl Psychol Meas 1(3):385-401, 1977) was examined in two independent samples of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. The first sample, composed of HIV patients undergoing hospital follow-up, was used to explore the factor structure of the CES-D. The second sample, composed of HIV patients confined in prison, was used to confirm the factor structure previously found. In both samples the best structure accounting for data was three 1st-order factors with a general 2nd-order factor of depression. We found a strong factorial invariance of this structure across samples, pointing out a high consistency of results in HIV patients. Additionally, the cut-off score for depression screening in this population was studied.
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41
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Wang M, Armour C, Wu Y, Ren F, Zhu X, Yao S. Factor Structure of the CES-D and Measurement Invariance Across Gender in Mainland Chinese Adolescents. J Clin Psychol 2013; 69:966-79. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yan Wu
- Guangdong University of Foreign Studies; Guangzhou; China
| | - Fen Ren
- Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
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Zhang AY, Gary F. Discord of Measurements in Assessing Depression among African Americans with Cancer Diagnoses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 6:58-71. [PMID: 23682296 DOI: 10.1080/17542863.2011.623042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the level of agreement among the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and Observers' Rating on assessing depression of African American adults with cancer. METHODS 75 breast and prostate cancer patients (57 African Americans and 18Whites) were interviewed and administered the depression measures. Nonparametric tests were performed to examine the level of measurement agreement by group and the symptom items of CES-D, HAM-D and BDI-II to which African American patients responded differently across measures. RESULTS The four measures showed agreement on approximately 75% of the cases in both racial groups. However, the difference between measures in identifying depressive cases is marked. The item analysis indicated that most measurement disagreements about African American patients occurred on two items: self-report of depression and sleeping disturbance. CONCLUSION Measurement discord may be explained by African American's reporting behavior that varies from a self-reported measure to an interviewer-administrated measure of depression. African American patients showed a reluctance to use the word "depression" and a tendency to report sleep disturbance. The findings suggest that accurately assessing depression in these patients requires a consideration of their culturally shaped life experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y Zhang
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44106-4904
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Ayotte BJ, Allaire JC, Whitfield KE. Understanding within-group variability of everyday cognition in aging Black/African American adults: a mimic (multiple indicators, multiple causes) model approach. Exp Aging Res 2013; 38:488-510. [PMID: 23092220 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2012.726022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT: Everyday cognition represents the ability to solve problems within domains that are representative of issues faced by adults on a daily basis. The current study examined individual differences in everyday cognitive ability among aging Black/African American adults. METHODS Demographic data on age, gender, education, physical functioning, chronic illnesses, self-reported health, and depression were collected from 248 African American adults (mean age = 67.8 years, standard deviation = 8.47 years). A multiple indicators, multiple causes (MIMIC) modeling approach was used to examine the associations of individual characteristics with latent everyday cognitive ability and composite score indicators. RESULTS Age, depressive symptoms, and number of chronic illnesses were negatively related to latent everyday cognition. The individual characteristics of age, depressive symptoms, self-rated health, and education were directly associated with composite indicators of latent everyday cognition. This suggests that within this sample of older Black/African American adults that certain composite scores (i.e., telephone use, food preparation, and finances) may be particularly sensitive to these individual characteristics. CONCLUSION These results identify specific sources of variability in everyday cognitive ability among aging Blacks/African Americans. These individual differences should be accounted for when studying everyday cognition among Blacks/African Americans and when comparing the everyday cognitive ability of Blacks/African Americans with other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Ayotte
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA.
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Matthews DD, Hammond WP, Cole-Lewis Y, Nuru-Jeter A, Melvin T. Racial Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among African-American Men: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Masculine Self-Reliance and John Henryism. PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN & MASCULINITY 2013; 14:35-46. [PMID: 30364828 PMCID: PMC6197817 DOI: 10.1037/a0028436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite well-documented associations between everyday racial discrimination and depression, mechanisms underlying this association among African-American men are poorly understood. Guided by the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, we frame masculine self-reliance and John Henryism as appraisal mechanisms that influence the relationship between racial discrimination, a source of significant psychosocial stress, and depressive symptoms among African-American men. We also investigate whether the proposed relationships vary by reported discrimination-specific coping responses. Participants were 478 African-American men recruited primarily from barbershops in the West and South regions of the United States. Multiple linear regression and Sobel-Goodman mediation analyses were used to examine direct and mediated associations between our study variables. Racial discrimination and masculine self-reliance were positively associated with depressive symptoms, though the latter only among active responders. John Henryism was negatively associated with depressive symptoms, mediated the masculine self-reliance-depressive symptom relationship, and among active responders moderated the racial discrimination-depressive symptoms relationship. Though structural interventions are essential, clinical interventions designed to mitigate the mental health consequences of racial discrimination among African-American men should leverage masculine self-reliance and active coping mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick D Matthews
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Wizdom Powell Hammond
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Amani Nuru-Jeter
- Divisions of Community Health and Human Development and Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Travis Melvin
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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45
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Gamaldo AA, Allaire JC, Whitfield KE. Intraindividual variability in psychometrically defined mild cognitive impairment status in older African Americans. Psychol Aging 2012; 27:989-97. [PMID: 22708537 PMCID: PMC3730493 DOI: 10.1037/a0028557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examines day-to-day variability in psychometrically defined mild cognitive impairment (MCI) status and potential predictors of changes in MCI status in an independent-living sample of urban dwelling older adults in Baltimore, Maryland. The participant sample consisted of 50 older adults, ranging in age from 50 to 80 years. Participants completed health and cognitive measures (i.e., executive function, language, memory, and global cognition) over 8 occasions within a 2-3-week period. After each testing occasion, a post hoc classification of MCI status was determined using psychometrically defined criteria based on cognitive performance. Participants who classified as MCI after one assessment often did not meet MCI criteria at subsequent occasions. Daily fluctuations in sleep duration were associated with an increased risk for MCI classification. These results demonstrate that changes in sleep may explain changes in MCI status, particularly for African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Gamaldo
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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46
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Schneider RH, Grim CE, Rainforth MV, Kotchen T, Nidich SI, Gaylord-King C, Salerno JW, Kotchen JM, Alexander CN. Stress reduction in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: randomized, controlled trial of transcendental meditation and health education in Blacks. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2012; 5:750-8. [PMID: 23149426 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.112.967406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blacks have disproportionately high rates of cardiovascular disease. Psychosocial stress may contribute to this disparity. Previous trials on stress reduction with the Transcendental Meditation (TM) program have reported improvements in cardiovascular disease risk factors, surrogate end points, and mortality in blacks and other populations. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a randomized, controlled trial of 201 black men and women with coronary heart disease who were randomized to the TM program or health education. The primary end point was the composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Secondary end points included the composite of cardiovascular mortality, revascularizations, and cardiovascular hospitalizations; blood pressure; psychosocial stress factors; and lifestyle behaviors. During an average follow-up of 5.4 years, there was a 48% risk reduction in the primary end point in the TM group (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.29-0.92; P=0.025). The TM group also showed a 24% risk reduction in the secondary end point (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.1.13; P=0.17). There were reductions of 4.9 mmHg in systolic blood pressure (95% confidence interval -8.3 to -1.5 mmHg; P=0.01) and anger expression (P<0.05 for all scales). Adherence was associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS A selected mind-body intervention, the TM program, significantly reduced risk for mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in coronary heart disease patients. These changes were associated with lower blood pressure and psychosocial stress factors. Therefore, this practice may be clinically useful in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov Unique identifier: NCT01299935.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Schneider
- Institute for Natural Medicine and Prevention, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, IA, USA
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47
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Barnes DM, Meyer IH. Religious affiliation, internalized homophobia, and mental health in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2012; 82:505-15. [PMID: 23039348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most religious environments in the United States do not affirm homosexuality. The authors investigated the relationship between exposure to nonaffirming religious environments and internalized homophobia and mental health in a sample of lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) in New York City. Guided by minority stress theory, the authors hypothesized that exposure to nonaffirming religious settings would lead to higher internalized homophobia, more depressive symptoms, and less psychological well-being. The authors hypothesized that Black and Latino LGBs would be more likely than White LGBs to participate in nonaffirming religious settings and would therefore have higher internalized homophobia than White LGBs. Participants were 355 LGBs recruited through community-based venue sampling and evenly divided among Black, Latino, and White race or ethnic groups and among age groups within each race or ethnic group, as well as between women and men. Results supported the general hypothesis that nonaffirming religion was associated with higher internalized homophobia. There was no main effect of nonaffirming religion on mental health, an unexpected finding discussed in this article. Latinos, but not Blacks, had higher internalized homophobia than Whites, and as predicted, this was mediated by their greater exposure to nonaffirming religion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Barnes
- Department of Epidemiology, Room 720D, 722 W. 168th St., Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Williams MT, Chapman LK, Wong J, Turkheimer E. The role of ethnic identity in symptoms of anxiety and depression in African Americans. Psychiatry Res 2012; 199:31-6. [PMID: 22513043 PMCID: PMC3445759 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ethnic identity has been identified as a factor contributing to resilience and coping in African Americans. Ethnic identity includes positive feelings of ethnic affirmation and belonging, appreciation for one's ethnic identity, and increased ethnic behaviors. This study examines the role of ethnic identity in symptoms of anxiety and depression. Participants were an adult student and community sample (N=572), administered the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D), State Trait Anxiety Inventory-state portion (STAI-S), and Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM). Compared to European Americans, African Americans reported significantly greater depression and more negative state anxiety, as well as higher levels of ethnic identity. For African Americans, higher ethnic identity was correlated to reduced anxiety and depression, whereas this was not true for European Americans. Findings support the proposition that a strong, positive ethnic identity may serve a protective role among African Americans by moderating the relationship between discriminatory experiences and psychological well-being. An Afrocentric perspective may also contribute to reduced anxiety due to a greater emphasis on a present versus future-oriented worldview. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monnica T. Williams
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Mental Health Disparities, University of Louisville, 2301 South Third Street, Louisville, KY 40292,
- Corresponding Author: Monnica Williams, Ph.D., Center for Mental Health Disparities, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, 2301 South Third Street, Louisville, KY 40292, m.williams@louisville, Phone: (502) 852-2521, Fax: (502) 852-8904
| | - L. Kevin Chapman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Mental Health Disparities, University of Louisville, 2301 South Third Street. Louisville, KY 40292,
| | - Judy Wong
- Department of Psychology, Adult Anxiety Clinic of Temple, Temple University, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6085,
| | - Eric Turkheimer
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA,
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Hammond WP. Taking it like a man: masculine role norms as moderators of the racial discrimination-depressive symptoms association among African American men. Am J Public Health 2012; 102 Suppl 2:S232-41. [PMID: 22401515 PMCID: PMC3477917 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES I examined the association between everyday racial discrimination and depressive symptoms and explored the moderating role of 2 dimensions of masculine role norms, restrictive emotionality and self-reliance. METHODS Cross-sectional survey data from 674 African American men aged 18 years and older recruited primarily from barbershops in 4 US regions (2003-2010) were used. Direct and moderated associations were assessed with multivariate linear regression analyses for the overall sample and different age groups. Models were adjusted for recruitment site, sociodemographics, masculine role norms salience, and general social stress. RESULTS Everyday racial discrimination was associated with more depressive symptoms across all age groups. Higher restrictive emotionality was associated with more depressive symptoms among men aged 18 to 29 and 30 to 39 years. Self-reliance was associated with fewer depressive symptoms among men aged 18 to 29 years and 40 years and older. The positive association between everyday racial discrimination and depressive symptoms was stronger among men with high restrictive emotionality, but this moderated effect was limited to men older than 30 years. CONCLUSIONS Interventions designed to reduce African American men's depression instigated by racism should be life-course specific and address masculine role norms that encourage emotion restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wizdom Powell Hammond
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, Gillings School of Global Public Health and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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50
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Miller ST. Diabetes and psychological profile of younger rural African American women with type 2 diabetes. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2012; 22:1239-52. [PMID: 22080706 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2011.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe diabetes self-care behaviors, diabetes-related distress, depressive symptoms, and diabetes-related needs among rural African American women with type 2 diabetes ages 21-50. METHODS A cross-sectional survey, including questionnaires and a single, open-ended question, was used to assess constructs of interest. FINDINGS Taking medication was the most frequently reported (5.5 days/week) self-care activity and exercise the least (3.0 days/week). Nearly half (44%) reported worrying about diabetes complications. Approximately one-third (31%) felt guilty about inconsistent self-care or fearful about living with diabetes. Seventy percent had a depression score suggestive of significant depressive symptomatology. Most diabetes-related concerns were about diet (34%) (i.e., what to eat), exercise (30%), taking medications (10%), and finances (8%). CONCLUSIONS Future research should explore specific diabetes self-care barriers/enablers and interventions should provide women with diabetes education, barrier management, and psychological support. Innovative delivery strategies are needed to provide this support in resource-limited rural communities.
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