1
|
Ke CH, Du MY, Hsieh WJ, Lin CC, Ting JM, Chiou MT, Lin CN. Implementation of point-of-care platforms for rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e28. [PMID: 38568829 PMCID: PMC10990909 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection is ubiquitous around the world. Diagnosis of the porcine circovirus-associated disease requires clinic-pathological elements together with the quantification of viral loads. Furthermore, given pig farms in regions lacking access to sufficient laboratory equipment, developing diagnostic devices with high accuracy, accessibility, and affordability is a necessity. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate two newly developed diagnostic tools that may satisfy these criteria. METHODS We collected 250 specimens, including 170 PCV2-positive and 80 PCV2-negative samples. The standard diagnosis and cycle threshold (Ct) values were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Then, two point-of-care (POC) diagnostic platforms, convective polymerase chain reaction (cPCR, qualitative assay: positive or negative results are shown) and EZtargex (quantitative assay: Ct values are shown), were examined and analyzed. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of cPCR were 88.23% and 100%, respectively; the sensitivity and specificity of EZtargex were 87.65% and 100%, respectively. These assays also showed excellent concordance compared with the qPCR assay (κ = 0.828 for cPCR and κ = 0.820 for EZtargex). The statistical analysis showed a great diagnostic power of the EZtargex assay to discriminate between samples with different levels of positivity. CONCLUSIONS The two point-of-care diagnostic platforms are accurate, rapid, convenient and require little training for PCV2 diagnosis. These POC platforms can discriminate viral loads to predict the clinical status of the animals. The current study provided evidence that these diagnostics were applicable with high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of PCV2 infection in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Hsu Ke
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Yuan Du
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Ju Hsieh
- Schweitzer Biotech Company Ltd., Taipei 11493, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim K, Choi K, Shin M, Hahn TW. A porcine circovirus type 2d-based virus-like particle vaccine induces humoral and cellular immune responses and effectively protects pigs against PCV2d challenge. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1334968. [PMID: 38274769 PMCID: PMC10808717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1334968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) leads to significant economic losses in pig production. PCV2d is currently the dominant genotype causing porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) worldwide. Therefore, development of a recombinant PCV2d-based vaccine is required to elicit complete protection against PCV2d infection. In this study, we generated virus-like particles of PCV2d-based capsid protein (Bac-2dCP) using a baculovirus expression system and evaluated its protective efficacy against PCV2d infection in specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs. Three-week-old SPF miniature pigs were intramuscularly immunized with purified Bac-2dCP and intranasally challenged with PCV2d at 4 weeks post-vaccination. The Bac-2dCP group showed significantly higher IgG levels and neutralizing antibodies against PCV2b and PCV2d genotypes, as well as increased interferon-γ levels, and increased body weight and average daily weight gain compared with positive (challenged) and negative (unchallenged) controls. In particular, the Bac-2dCP group showed almost complete absence of PCV2d DNA in serum, nasal, and rectal swabs and in lung, lymph node, and kidney tissue samples. However, the positive control group exhibited low levels of neutralizing antibody, and high levels of PCV2 DNA in serum, swab, and tissue samples, resulting in PCV2-associated pathological lesions. The results of this study demonstrated that a recombinant Bac-2dCP vaccine conferred complete protection against a PCV2d challenge in SPF miniature pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiju Kim
- INNOVAC, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- INNOVAC, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Galapero J, Ramos A, Benítez-Medina JM, Martínez R, García A, Hermoso de Mendoza J, Holgado-Martín R, Risco D, Gómez L. Combination with Annual Deworming Treatments Does Not Enhance the Effects of PCV2 Vaccination on the Development of TB in Wild Boar Populations. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3833. [PMID: 38136870 PMCID: PMC10740781 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against PCV2 has been proven to be an effective measure to reduce the severity of TB in wild boar. The combination of this measure with strategies focused on treating other key concomitant pathogens, such as nematodes, could be a useful strategy. This study assesses whether a combination of deworming treatments and PCV2 vaccination may reduce the prevalence and severity of TB in wild boar. The study was conducted on five game estates in mid-western Spain where four groups of wild boar were produced: control, vaccinated, dewormed and vaccinated-dewormed. Wild boars from all groups were hunted between 2017 and 2020, and all of them received a TB diagnosis based on pathological and microbiological tests. Generalised linear models were used to explore the effect of deworming and PCV2 vaccination on TB prevalence and severity. PCV2-vaccinated animals showed lower probabilities of suffering severe TB lesions. However, no differences regarding TB severity were found between dewormed and non-dewormed wild boar. PCV2 vaccination reduces TB severity in wild boar. However, annual deworming does not produce a long-term parasitological reduction that can influence the development of TB in wild boar, nor does it improve the effect of PCV2 vaccination on TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Galapero
- Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy Area, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.); (R.H.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - Alfonso Ramos
- Area Statistics and Operations Research Area, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Benítez-Medina
- Infectious Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.M.B.-M.); (J.H.d.M.)
| | - Remigio Martínez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba (ROR code 05yc77b46), 14014 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Alfredo García
- Animal Production Area, CICYTEX-La Orden, 06187 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Javier Hermoso de Mendoza
- Infectious Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.M.B.-M.); (J.H.d.M.)
| | - Rocío Holgado-Martín
- Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy Area, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.); (R.H.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - David Risco
- Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy Area, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.); (R.H.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - Luis Gómez
- Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy Area, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.); (R.H.-M.); (L.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park SW, Park IB, Kang SJ, Bae J, Chun T. Interaction between host cell proteins and open reading frames of porcine circovirus type 2. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:698-719. [PMID: 37970506 PMCID: PMC10640953 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is caused by a systemic inflammation after porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection. It was one of the most economically important pathogens affecting pig production worldwide before PCV2 vaccine was first introduced in 2006. After the development of a vaccine against PCV2a type, pig farms gradually restored enormous economic losses from PMWS. However, vaccine against PCV2a type could not be fully effective against several different PCV2 genotypes (PCV2b - PCV2h). In addition, PCV2a vaccine itself could generate antigenic drift of PCV2 capsid. Therefore, PCV2 infection still threats pig industry worldwide. PCV2 infection was initially found in local tissues including reproductive, respiratory, and digestive tracks. However, PCV2 infection often leads to a systemic inflammation which can cause severe immunosuppression by depleting peripheral lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues. Subsequently, a secondary infection with other microorganisms can cause PMWS. Eleven putative open reading frames (ORFs) have been predicted to encode PCV2 genome. Among them, gene products of six ORFs from ORF1 to ORF6 have been identified and characterized to estimate its functional role during PCV2 infection. Acquiring knowledge about the specific interaction between each PCV2 ORF protein and host protein might be a key to develop preventive or therapeutic tools to control PCV2 infection. In this article, we reviewed current understanding of how each ORF of PCV2 manipulates host cell signaling related to immune suppression caused by PCV2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Won Park
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - In-Byung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Joonbeom Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Taehoon Chun
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wongchanapai P, Yamsakul P, Arunorat J, Guntawang T, Sittisak T, Srivorakul S, Photichai K, Thanawongnuwech R, Sukmak M, Pringproa K. Comparative Efficacy of Chimeric Porcine Circovirus (PCV) Vaccines against Experimental Heterologous PCV2d Challenges. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020080. [PMID: 36851384 PMCID: PMC9959253 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two multivalent commercial porcine circovirus (PCV) vaccines against heterologous PCV2d challenges. A total of 24 crossbred male pigs aged 26 days selected from a specific pathogen-free herd were randomly divided into four groups (six pigs per group) and assigned as follows: negative control (unvaccinated/sham-challenge), vaccinated with chimeric PCV1-2a vaccine (PCV1-2a/PCV2d-challenge), vaccinated with chimeric PCV1-2a-2b vaccine (PCV1-2a-2b/PCV2d-challenge) and positive control (unvaccinated/PCV2d-challenge). At 21 days after vaccination, the pigs were intranasally and intramuscularly inoculated with either sham or field isolates of PCV2d (PCV2d/149/TH/2020). After being challenged, blood samples were obtained weekly and analyzed for levels of PCV2d viremia, neutralizing antibodies, and IgG against PCV2. At 30 days post-challenge (DPC), the pigs were euthanized and then subjected to pathological evaluations and molecular analysis. The results indicated that pigs in the PCV1-2a-2b/PCV2d-challenge and the PCV1-2a/PCV2d-challenge groups possessed significantly greater levels of PCV2d-neutralizing antibody titer when compared with the positive control group. Moreover, pigs in the PCV1-2a-2b/PCV2d-challenge group exhibited a lower degree of severity in terms of gross lesion scores and lower levels of PCV2 viremia when compared with the positive control group. This study demonstrated that vaccinating pigs with either the PCV1-2a or PCV1-2a-2b chimeric vaccines elicits a potent immune response against PCV2d infection and reduces viremia after PCV2d inoculation in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pichanun Wongchanapai
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Swine Business Unit, Zoetis (Thailand) Limited, Bangkok 10500, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Yamsakul
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Jirapat Arunorat
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Thunyamas Guntawang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Tidaratt Sittisak
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Saralee Srivorakul
- Center of Veterinary Diagnosis and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kornravee Photichai
- Center of Veterinary Diagnosis and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Manakorn Sukmak
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sahoo M, Pathak M, Patel SK, Saikumar G, Upmanyu V, Thakor JC, Kumar P, Singh R, Singh K, Sahoo NR. Pathomorphology, immunohistochemical, and molecular detection of an atypical porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) due to PCV-2d-2 in naturally affected grower pigs of India. Microb Pathog 2022; 171:105738. [PMID: 36038085 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is of great economic significance to porcine industry worldwide. PCV-2 variants and genotypes, alternating world over, are the etiological agent of several clinical syndromes such as porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and others in pigs. This study is reporting an atypical manifestation of PDNS in twelve grower pigs, 3- to - 4.5 months age and either sex, died of the disease, with predominant lesions of nephropathy and no obvious clinical lesions in skin. Necropsy examination of pigs showed lesions of petechial -to- ecchymotic hemorrhages in the kidneys and in the right auricular musculature of the hearts. Microscopic lesions in H & E sections of the kidneys showed acute glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, and vasculitis, but the skin morphology and architecture remained unaltered in contrast to the pathognomonic lesions of PDNS described in the literature. Other syndromic associations of PDNS in these cases included-perimyocarditis, interstitial pneumonia, depleted lymphoid tissues, tonsillitis, enteritis, and meningo-encephalitis. The lesional sites in duplicate paraffin tissue sections of kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen, lymph nodes, intestine, and brain demonstrated PCV-2 antigen in the cytoplasm of cells as highlighted by the intense immunolabeling on IHC staining. The PCV-2 positive organs reconfirmed by PCR, targeting ORF2 gene, which yielded 481bp size of products. The sequencing results of 481bp products on phylogenetic analysis showed 94% similarity with that of PCV-2 sequences in the database that grouped into PCV2d-2 genotype. The present report confirms, probably for the first time, the atypical PDNS cases due to PCV2d-2 genotype in naturally affected grower pigs of India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India.
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - G Saikumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India.
| | - Vikramaditya Upmanyu
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India; Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Karampal Singh
- ICAR-CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Sahoo
- ICAR-DFMD-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nelsen A, Lin CM, Hause BM. Porcine Parvovirus 2 Is Predominantly Associated With Macrophages in Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:726884. [PMID: 34485445 PMCID: PMC8414833 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.726884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a significant source of morbidity and mortality, manifested by pneumonia of multiple etiologies, where a variety of pathogens and environment and management practices play a role in the disease. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza A virus (IAV), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) are well-established pathogens in PRDC. Porcine parvovirus 2 (PPV2) has been identified in both healthy and clinically diseased pigs at a high prevalence worldwide. Despite widespread circulation, the significance of PPV2 infection in PRDC and its association with other co-infections are unclear. Here, PPV2 was detected in the lung tissue in 39 of 100 (39%) PRDC-affected pigs by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Using in situ hybridization (ISH) in conjunction with tissue microarrays (TMA), PPV2 infection was localized in alveolar macrophages and other cells in the lungs with interstitial pneumonia in 28 of 99 (28.2%) samples. Viral load tended to correlate with the number of macrophages in the lungs. Assessment of the frequency, viral titers, and tissue distributions showed no association between infection of PPV2 and other major viral respiratory pathogens. In one-third of the PPV2-positive samples by qPCR, no other known viruses were identified by metagenomic sequencing. The genome sequences of PPV2 were 99.7% identical to the reference genomes. Although intensive intranuclear and intracytoplasmic signals of PPV2 were mainly detected in alveolar macrophages by ISH, no obvious virus replication was noted in in vitro cell culture. Together, these results suggest that PPV2 is associated, but may not be the sole causative agent, with PRDC, warranting the control and prevention of this underdiagnosed virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- April Nelsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Chun-Ming Lin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Ben M Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Assao VS, Santos MR, Pereira CER, Vannucci F, Silva-Júnior A. Porcine circovirus 3 in North and South America: Epidemiology and genetic diversity. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2949-2956. [PMID: 34310859 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a recently discovered virus that has been detected in the swine population worldwide. PCV3 infection has been associated with several signs, but its pathogenicity is currently uncertain. This review article aimed to analyse the PCV3 strains that circulate in different countries in North and South America. We demonstrated the main regions of polymorphisms in the capsid protein structure. Furthermore, we found that PCV3 has at least six different lineages circulating in the Americas. Additional studies are required to determine the role of PCV3 in different clinical syndromes and its epidemiology in swine herds in North and South American countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fabio Vannucci
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
He J, Leng C, Pan J, Li A, Zhang H, Cong F, Wang H. Identification of lncRNAs Involved in PCV2 Infection of PK-15 Cells. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060479. [PMID: 32560439 PMCID: PMC7350310 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can cause severe disease in infected pigs, resulting in massive economic loss for the swine industry. Transcriptomic and proteomic approaches have been widely employed to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms of the PCV2 infection. Numerous differentially expressed mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins, together with their associated signaling pathways, have been identified during PCV2 infection, paving the way for analysis of their biological functions. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators of multiple biological processes. However, little is known regarding their role in the PCV2 infection. Hence, in our study, RNA-seq was performed by infecting PK-15 cells with PCV2. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) suggested that the cytoskeleton, apoptosis, cell division, and protein phosphorylation were significantly disturbed. Then, using stringent parameters, six lncRNAs were identified. Additionally, potential targets of the lncRNAs were predicted using both cis- and trans-prediction methods. Interestingly, we found that the HOXB (Homeobox B) gene cluster was probably the target of the lncRNA LOC106505099. Enrichment analysis of the target genes showed that numerous developmental processes were altered during PCV2 infection. Therefore, our study revealed that lncRNAs might affect porcine embryonic development through the regulation of the HOXB genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China;
| | - Jiazhen Pan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Aoqi Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Huanan Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rajesh JB, Rajkhowa S, Dimri U, Prasad H, Mohan NH, Hmar L, Sarma K, Chethan GE, Behera P, Jaganmohanarao G, Behera S, Zosangpuii. Haemato-biochemical alterations and oxidative stress associated with naturally occurring porcine circovirus2 infection in pigs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2243-2250. [PMID: 32125595 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus2 (PCV2) infection in pigs is one of the major causes of economic loss to the farmers in terms of low production, slow growth and increase post-weaning mortality rate. The effect of PCV2 infection on haemogram, serum biochemical profile and oxidant/anti-oxidant status is not well established in pigs. In the present study, haemogram, serum biochemical profile and oxidant/anti-oxidant status were assessed in pigs confirmed positive for PCV2 infections as evidenced by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (n = 151) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (n = 42) among a total of 306 number of pigs included in the study. Non-infected healthy pigs (n = 6) served as healthy control. The total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total leukocyte count (TLC), differential leukocyte count (DLC) and thrombocyte count were measured. The levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and glucose and enzymes viz. alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. Oxidative stress indicators such as plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and total anti-oxidant activity (TAOA) were measured using commercially available kits. The mean values of TLC, lymphocytes and thrombocyte count were significantly (P < 0.05) low in PCV2-infected pigs. The levels of globulin, AST, GGT, BUN and creatinine were significantly increased (P < 0.05) whereas levels of albumin and glucose significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in PCV2-infected pigs. The significant increase (P < 0.05) in MDA level and significant decrease (P < 0.05) in TAOA level were noticed in PCV2-infected animals as compared with healthy control. The present study supports immunosuppression, possible multiple organ damage and oxidative stress associated with naturally occurring PCV2 infection in pigs. Timely vaccination and managemental practices can reduce PCV2 infection in farms. In spite of many research studies, there is still paucity of detailed systemic study on haemato-biochemical alteration and oxidative stress associated with PCV2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Rajesh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India.
| | - S Rajkhowa
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - U Dimri
- Division of Medicine, Indian Council for Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - H Prasad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - N H Mohan
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - L Hmar
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Pigs, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - K Sarma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - G E Chethan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - P Behera
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry and Physiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - G Jaganmohanarao
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry and Physiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - S Behera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - Zosangpuii
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Pigs, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Strain-Dependent Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Entry and Replication in T-Lymphoblasts. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090813. [PMID: 31480752 PMCID: PMC6783876 DOI: 10.3390/v11090813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent of PCV2-associated diseases (PCVAD). PCV2 targets lymphoblasts, and pigs suffering from PCVAD display lymphocyte depletion in lymphoid tissues. PCV2 infection of lymphoblasts has not been studied. Here, the replication cycle of PCV2 (abortion strain 1121 and PMWS strain Stoon1010) in T-lymphoblasts was examined. The expression of Rep and Cap were found for both viral strains, while progeny virus was detected for Stoon1010 but not for 1121. PCV2 attached to 11–26% (1121-Stoon1010) of the T-lymphoblasts while 2.6–12.7% of cells showed virus internalization. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) was present on 25% of T-lymphoblasts, and colocalized with PCV2 on 31–32% of the PCV2+ cells. Enzymatic removal of CS reduced PCV2 infection. PCV2 infection was decreased by chlorpromazine, cytochalasin D and Clostridium difficile toxin B for both viral strains and by amiloride for 1121 but not for Stoon1010. Inhibiting either endosome acidification or serine proteases strongly reduced PCV2 infection. Three-dimensional analysis of Cap structure demonstrated a better Cap-nucleic acid affinity for Stoon1010 than for 1121. Taken together, PCV2 binds to T-lymphoblasts partially via CS, enters via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and disassembles under functions of a pH-drop and serine proteases. Strain Stoon1010 displayed an enhanced viral binding, a specific receptor-mediated endocytosis, an increased Cap-nucleic acid affinity, and a more productive infection in T-lymphoblasts than 1121 did, indicating an evolution from 1121 to Stoon1010.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wei R, Trus I, Yang B, Huang L, Nauwynck HJ. Breed Differences in PCV2 Uptake and Disintegration in Porcine Monocytes. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100562. [PMID: 30326643 PMCID: PMC6213064 DOI: 10.3390/v10100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with various diseases which are designated as PCV2-associated diseases (PCVADs). Their severity varies among breeds. In the diseased pigs, virus is present in monocytes, without replication or full degradation. PCV2 entry and viral outcome in primary porcine monocytes and the role of monocytes in PCV2 genetic susceptibility have not been studied. Here, virus uptake and trafficking were analyzed and compared among purebreds Piétrain, Landrace and Large White and hybrid Piétrain × Topigs20. Viral capsids were rapidly internalized into monocytes, followed by a slow disintegration to a residual level. PCV2 uptake was decreased by chlorpromazine, cytochalasin D and dynasore. The internalized capsids followed the endosomal trafficking pathway, ending up in lysosomes. PCV2 genome was nicked by lysosomal DNase II in vitro, but persisted in monocytes in vivo. Monocytes from purebred Piétrain and the hybrid showed a higher level of PCV2 uptake and disintegration, compared to those from Landrace and Large White. In conclusion, PCV2 entry occurs via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. After entry, viral capsids are partially disintegrated, while viral genomes largely escape from the pathway to avoid degradation. The degree of PCV2 uptake and disintegration differ among pig breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Wei
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ivan Trus
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Bo Yang
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Liping Huang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Maduan Street 427, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wilfred E, Mutebi F, Mwiine FN, James OA, Lonzy O. Porcine Circovirus type 2 - Systemic disease on pig farms and associated knowledge of key players in the pig industry in Central Uganda. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:178-185. [PMID: 30564593 PMCID: PMC6286401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections and associated diseases have been rarely studied in Africa. There is no report of PCV2 infection-associated morbidity and the level of awareness of stakeholders has never been investigated in Uganda. This cross sectional survey investigated the occurrence of Porcine Circovirus type 2 - systemic disease (PCV2-SD) among pigs and the associated level of awareness of stakeholders in Central Uganda. Data were collected using questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews and laboratory investigations. All respondents (n = 131) and farmers attending FGDs (n = 31) had never heard of PCV2-SD and only 16.7% (n = 2) of the interviewed animal health workers (n = 12) knew about the disease. Among the farms, 20 piglets presenting with a chronic wasting and a persistent diarrhea were detected and sampled for laboratory investigations. Severe lymphoid depletion with histiocytic and macrophage infiltration in lymphoid organs (n = 8), shortening of intestinal villi (n = 9), abscesses in various organs (n = 15) and granulomatous pneumonia (n = 2) were the major histopathological lesions described. Immunohistochemistry and PCR assays on organs with implicating lesions confirmed PCV2 infection in 25% (n = 5) of the 20 pigs. The study confirmed the occurrence of PCV2 infections among piglets with persistent diarrhea on pig farms in central Uganda and revealed a low level of associated knowledge among farmers and veterinary practitioners. The study arouses the need for systematic studies on prevalence of PCV2 infections and sensitization of stakeholders on occurrence of PCV2 infections in Uganda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eneku Wilfred
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Francis Mutebi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Frank Norbert Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Okwee-Acai James
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ojok Lonzy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang N, Li J, Yang Q, Qiao J, Cui D, Liu F, Li H, Zhou S. Reduced antigen presentation capability and modified inflammatory/immunosuppressive cytokine expression of induced monocyte-derived dendritic cells from peripheral blood of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type 2. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1231-1239. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
15
|
Fu YF, Jiang LH, Zhao WD, Xi-Nan M, Huang SQ, Yang J, Hu TJ, Chen HL. Immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of total flavonoids of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn on PCV2 infected mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8676. [PMID: 28819143 PMCID: PMC5561176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of virus infection and antioxidants are becoming promising candidates as therapeutic agents. This study is designed to investigate the effect of total flavonoids of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (TFSD) on oxidative stress in mice induced by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection. The PCV2 infection leads to significant decrease in thymus and spleen indices, elevation of xanthine oxidase (XOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, reduction in GSH level and GSH to GSSG ratio and decline of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, indicating the formation of immunosuppression and oxidative stress. TFSD treatment recovered the alteration of viscera index, antioxidant content and activities of oxidative-associated enzymes to a level similar to control. Our findings suggested that PCV2 induced immunosuppression and oxidative stress in mice and TFSD might be able to protect animals from virus infection via regulation of immune function and inhibition of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Fang Fu
- Animal Science and Technological College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-He Jiang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Guilin 181st Hospital, 541002, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dan Zhao
- Animal Science and Technological College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Xi-Nan
- Animal Science and Technological College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Qi Huang
- Animal Science and Technological College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- Animal Science and Technological College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Jun Hu
- Animal Science and Technological College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Lan Chen
- Animal Science and Technological College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Marruchella G, Valbonetti L, Bernabò N, Ligios C. Depletion of follicular dendritic cells in tonsils collected from PMWS-affected pigs. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1281-1287. [PMID: 28132107 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is a relevant, worldwide disease caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Microscopically, PMWS is mainly characterized by lymphocytic depletion, macrophage infiltration and syncytia in lymphoid tissues. Some data suggest that follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) could be infected by PCV2, thus likely playing a role in the pathogenesis of PMWS. The present paper aims at assessing, qualitatively and quantitatively, the FDCs' network in the soft palate tonsils of clinically healthy and PMWS-affected pigs. Consecutive tissue sections were tested by immunohistochemistry to detect PCV2, FDCs and macrophages. FDCs and PCV2 antigens were quantitatively assessed by means of the Image J software and results submitted to statistical analysis. Our data demonstrated that FDCs are significantly reduced in PMWS-affected pigs compared with healthy pigs and that FDCs' depletion should be considered among microscopic features of PMWS. It is reasonable to hypothesize that depletion of FDCs further compromises the immune response and enhances the occurrence and the severity of secondary infections, which are relevant for the clinical manifestation of PMWS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Marruchella
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Luca Valbonetti
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola Bernabò
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ciriaco Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Opriessnig T, Thacker EL, Yu S, Fenaux M, Meng XJ, Halbur PG. Experimental Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Pigs by Dual Infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Vet Pathol 2016; 41:624-40. [PMID: 15557072 DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-6-624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the interactions between Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and to establish a model for studying the pathogenesis of and testing intervention strategies for the control of PCV2-associated porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Sixty-seven pigs were randomly assigned to four groups. Group 1 ( n = 17) pigs served as controls, group 2 ( n = 17) pigs were inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae, group 3 ( n = 17) pigs were dual infected with M. hyopneumoniae and PCV2, and group 4 ( n = 16) pigs were inoculated with PCV2. Pigs were inoculated intratracheally with M. hyopneumoniae at 4 weeks of age followed by intranasal inoculation with PCV2 at 6 weeks of age. Dual-infected pigs had moderate dyspnea, lethargy, and reduced weight gain. The overall severity of macroscopic lung lesions, PCV2-associated microscopic lesions in lung and lymphoid tissues, and the amount of PCV2-antigen associated with these lesions were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in dual-infected pigs compared with all other groups. Four of 17 (23.5%) dual-infected pigs had decreased growth rate and severe lymphoid depletion and granulomatous lymphadenitis associated with high amounts of PCV2-antigen consistent with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). PCV2-antigen in lung tissue was most often associated with M. hyopneumoniae-induced peribronchial lymphoid hyperplasia, suggesting that this is an important site for PCV2 replication in the lung. This study indicates that M. hyopneumoniae potentiates the severity of PCV2-associated lung and lymphoid lesions, increases the amount and prolongs the presence of PCV2-antigen, and increases the incidence of PMWS in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mandrioli L, Sarli G, Zengarini M, Panarese S, Marcato PS. Immunohistochemical MHC-II and Interleukin 2-R (CD25) Expression in Lymph Nodes of Pigs with Spontaneous Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS). Vet Pathol 2016; 43:993-7. [PMID: 17099157 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-6-993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical expression of immunocompetent cells bearing major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) and interleukin 2-R (IL2-R) (CD25) molecules was performed on lymph nodes with spontaneous postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). control lymph nodes displayed intense diffuse immunoreactivity to MHC-II in both follicles and interfollicular areas. A marked reduction of follicular MHC-II immunoreactivity and inconsistent staining of histiocytes in interfollicular areas was observed in PMWS cases with a slight lymphoid depletion; in those cases with moderate to severe lymphoid depletion, there was a progressive decrease in MHC-II expression. In controls and in slightly depleted nodes, IL2-R was equally expressed in interfollicular tissue and in follicles, whereas in moderate and severe cases, it was detected in interfollicular remnants only. Immunohistochemical staining was scored semiquantitatively. The mean MHC-II score was significantly reduced in PMWS cases compared with controls (Spearman test), whereas there was no difference in the IL2-R score. The evident reduction of MHC-II immunoreactivity suggests an impairment in MHC-II linked antigen presenting cell expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Mandrioli
- Section of General Pathology and Anatomic Pathology, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee Y, Lin CM, Jeng CR, Chang HW, Chang CC, Pang VF. The pathogenic role of torque teno sus virus 1 and 2 and their correlations with various viral pathogens and host immunocytes in wasting pigs. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:186-95. [PMID: 26390821 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic role of torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) in swine is controversial among different studies. The present study intended to evaluate the potential pathogenicity of TTSuV based on its correlations with the histopathological changes, various common concurrently infected viral pathogens including porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and porcine parvovirus (PPV), as well as changes in the distribution and population of host immunocytes such as B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and macrophages by using the superficial inguinal lymph nodes (siLNs) of wasting pigs. A tissue microarray consisting of 270 available siLNs collected from 262 clinically wasting and 8 healthy pigs, respectively, were used for the detection of TTSuV1, TTSuV2, PCV2, PRRSV, and PPV by either in situ hybridization (ISH) or immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and for the detection of various subsets of immunocytes by IHC staining with monoclonal antibodies to CD3, CD79a, and lysozyme. The slides were then subject to digital scanning followed by a semi-quantitative positive pixel evaluation for further statistical analysis. Although a high prevalence of TTSuV1 and/or TTSuV2 infection was noted in both wasting and healthy pigs, the wasting pigs had a significantly higher intensity in both TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 ISH-positive signals than healthy ones did. In the wasting pigs, a significant positive correlation in the tissue viral load was noted between TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 and between TTSuV2 and PCV2, but not between TTSuV1 and PCV2. Conversely, a significant negative correlation in the tissue viral load was revealed between TTSuV2, but not TTSuV1, and PRRSV. The tissue viral load of TTSuV1 was significantly correlated with B cell hyperplasia, while the tissue viral load of TTSuV2 was significantly correlated with increased macrophage population. The ISH positivity of TTSuV2 was significantly correlated with lymphoid depletion and granulomatous inflammation, which are the characteristic histopathological findings in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome-affected pigs. These findings suggest that both TTSuV species may have the potential involving the development of porcine circovirus-associated lymphoid lesions via alternating the host immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lee
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Chun-Ming Lin
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chian-Ren Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Cheng Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Victor Fei Pang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cibulski SP, Pasqualim G, Teixeira TF, Varela APM, Dezen D, Holz CL, Franco AC, Roehe PM. Porcine cytomegalovirus infection is not associated to the occurrence of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Vet Med Sci 2015; 1:23-29. [PMID: 29067171 PMCID: PMC5645812 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) is a Betaherpesvirus that causes lifelong latent infections in swine; occasionally, it may be associated with inclusion body rhinitis in piglets and reproductive disorders in pregnant sows. Post‐weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) a condition where porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection is necessary – though not sufficient – to trigger disease, has become one of the major health problems to the porcine productive chain. Despite the high expected prevalence of both PCMV and PCV2 in swine‐raising farms, no links between PCMV and PMWS have been investigated so far. In view of that, the present study was conducted to search for relations between PCMV infections and the occurrence of PMWS. Spleen and sera of PMWS‐affected and non‐PWMS‐affected animals were examined. In PMWS‐affected animals, PCMV DNA was detected in 88.4% of the spleen samples and 7.6% of the sera, whereas in non‐PMWS‐affected pigs, PCMV DNA was detected in 72.7% of the spleens and 10% of sera. Such differences were not statistically significant. These findings showed despite the high prevalence of PCMV infections in the swine population examined, no positive or negative association could be inferred from the presence of PCMV DNA and the occurrence of PMWS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Paulo Cibulski
- FEPAGRO - Saúde Animal - Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF)Estrada do Conde 6000Eldorado do SulCEP 92990-000Rio Grande do SulBrazil.,Laboratório de VirologiaDepartamento de MicrobiologiaImunologia e ParasitologiaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGSAv. Sarmento Leite 500, sala 208Porto AlegreCEP 90050-170Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Gabriela Pasqualim
- FEPAGRO - Saúde Animal - Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF)Estrada do Conde 6000Eldorado do SulCEP 92990-000Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Thais Fumaco Teixeira
- FEPAGRO - Saúde Animal - Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF)Estrada do Conde 6000Eldorado do SulCEP 92990-000Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- FEPAGRO - Saúde Animal - Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF)Estrada do Conde 6000Eldorado do SulCEP 92990-000Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Diogenes Dezen
- Instituto Federal CatarinenseSC 283, Km 8, Vila FragososConcórdiaCEP 89700-000Santa CatarinaBrazil
| | - Carine Lidiane Holz
- CIRADDépartament Systèmes BiologiquesUR-15, Campus International de Baillarguet34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Ana Cláudia Franco
- Laboratório de VirologiaDepartamento de MicrobiologiaImunologia e ParasitologiaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGSAv. Sarmento Leite 500, sala 208Porto AlegreCEP 90050-170Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Paulo Michel Roehe
- FEPAGRO - Saúde Animal - Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF)Estrada do Conde 6000Eldorado do SulCEP 92990-000Rio Grande do SulBrazil.,Laboratório de VirologiaDepartamento de MicrobiologiaImunologia e ParasitologiaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGSAv. Sarmento Leite 500, sala 208Porto AlegreCEP 90050-170Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fu Q, Hou L, Xiao P, Guo C, Chen Y, Liu X. CD44 deficiency leads to decreased proinflammatory cytokine production in lung induced by PCV2 in mice. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:498-504. [PMID: 25294252 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). CD44 is a widely expressed class I transmembrane glycoprotein implicated in immunological and inflammatory responses. In previous studies, the role of CD44 in host defense against microorganism infection remains controversial. The role of CD44 in host defense against PCV2 infection has never been studied before. In this study, we investigated the role of CD44 in the development of pneumonia induced by PCV2 in mice model. Upon infection, CD44 mRNA level in lung tissue was upregulated, and we confirmed a detrimental role of CD44 in host defense against PCV2 infection. The results demonstrated that CD44 deficiency could result in decreased proinflammatory cytokine production in lung induced by PCV2 in mice, suggesting a previously unrecognized role for CD44 in the development of pneumonia response to PCV2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Linbing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Pingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Walia R, Dardari R, Chaiyakul M, Czub M. Porcine circovirus-2 capsid protein induces cell death in PK15 cells. Virology 2014; 468-470:126-132. [PMID: 25169152 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that Porcine circovirus (PCV)-2 induces apoptosis in PK15 cells. Here we report that cell death is induced in PCV2b-infected PK15 cells that express Capsid (Cap) protein and this effect is enhanced in interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-treated cells. We further show that transient PCV2a and 2b-Cap protein expression induces cell death in PK15 cells at rate similar to PCV2 infection, regardless of Cap protein localization. These data suggest that Cap protein may have the capacity to trigger different signaling pathways involved in cell death. Although further investigation is needed to gain deeper insights into the nature of the pathways involved in Cap-induced cell death, this study provides evidence that PCV2-induced cell death in kidney epithelial PK15 cells can be mapped to the Cap protein and establishes the need for future research regarding the role of Cap-induced cell death in PCV2 pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Walia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rkia Dardari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Mark Chaiyakul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Markus Czub
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jones CK, Madson DM, Main RG, Gabler NK, Patience JF. Poor weaning transition average daily gain in pigs is not correlated with pathological or immunological markers of enteric disease during a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus outbreak1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2568-77. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. K. Jones
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - D. M. Madson
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - R. G. Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - N. K. Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J. F. Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Docampo MJ, Cabrera J, Segalés J, Bassols A. Immunohistochemical investigation of extracellular matrix components in the lymphoid organs of healthy pigs and pigs with systemic disease caused by circovirus type 2. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:1-9. [PMID: 24813154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a scaffold for cell growth, impacts on cellular behaviour and plays an important role in pathological conditions. Several components of the ECM of lymphoid tissues have been shown to be crucial in the maturation, differentiation and migration of lymphocytes and other immune cells and, therefore, in the development of immune responses. Little is known of the composition and function of the ECM in porcine lymphoid tissues. The present study characterizes immunohistochemically the expression of several ECM-related molecules (i.e. hyaluronan [HA] and its receptor CD44, tenascin-C [TN-C] and versican) in primary and secondary lymphoid organs of healthy pigs and animals affected by porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD). These ECM molecules displayed a highly defined expression pattern in healthy animals, suggesting that they may have a role in the compartmentalization of immune cells within lymphoid tissues. HA was abundant in the medulla of the thymus and follicles of secondary organs; CD44 and TN-C were present in the thymic medulla and parafollicular areas of secondary lymphoid organs; however, there was minimal expression of versican in healthy tissues. In PCV2-SD-affected animals, HA and CD44 showed a similar but more diffuse distribution. TN-C was increased in the T-cell-dependent areas and in tonsillar crypts, and versican was more abundantly expressed, with expression restricted to vascular structures and trabeculae and also surrounding tonsillar crypts. The altered expression in PCV2-SD-affected pigs was most probably related to a higher content of connective tissue secondary to tissue destruction and remodelling attempts as part of the disease process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Docampo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Cabrera
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lin CM, Jeng CR, Liu JP, Lin EC, Chang CC, Huang YL, Tsai YC, Chia MY, Wan CH, Pang VF. Immune gene expression profiles in swine inguinal lymph nodes with different viral loads of porcine circovirus type 2. Vet Microbiol 2013; 162:519-529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
26
|
Liu J, Bai J, Lu Q, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Michal JJ, He Q, Jiang P. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry coupled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling approach revealed first proteome profiles of pulmonary alveolar macrophages infected with porcine circovirus type 2. J Proteomics 2013; 79:72-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
27
|
Zhu B, Zhou Y, Xu F, Shuai J, Li X, Fang W. Porcine circovirus type 2 induces autophagy via the AMPK/ERK/TSC2/mTOR signaling pathway in PK-15 cells. J Virol 2012; 86:12003-12. [PMID: 22915817 PMCID: PMC3486458 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01434-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) uses autophagy machinery to enhance its replication in PK-15 cells. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. By the use of specific inhibitors, RNA interference, and coimmunoprecipitation, we show that PCV2 induces autophagy in PK-15 cells through a pathway involving the kinases AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), the tumor suppressor protein TSC2, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). AMPK and ERK1/2 positively regulate autophagy through negative control of the mTOR pathway by phosphorylating TSC2 in PCV2-infected PK-15 cells. Thus, PCV2 might induce autophagy via the AMPK/ERK/TSC2/mTOR signaling pathway in the host cells, representing a pivotal mechanism for PCV2 pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Zhu
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingshan Zhou
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xu
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangbing Shuai
- Zhejiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Opriessnig T, Langohr I. Current State of Knowledge on Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Associated Lesions. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:23-38. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985812450726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a small single-stranded DNA virus, was initially discovered in 1998 and is highly prevalent in the domestic pig population. Disease manifestations associated with PCV2 include postweaning multisystemic wasting disease (PMWS), enteric disease, respiratory disease, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), and reproductive failure. Although these clinical manifestations involve different organ systems, there is considerable overlap in clinical expression of disease and presence of lesions between pigs and within herds. It is now widely accepted that PCV2 can be further subdivided into different types, of which PCV2a and PCV2b are present worldwide and of greatest importance. This review will focus on PCV2-associated lesions in different organ systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - I. Langohr
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cheng S, Zhang M, Li W, Wang Y, Liu Y, He Q. Proteomic analysis of porcine alveolar macrophages infected with porcine circovirus type 2. J Proteomics 2012; 75:3258-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
30
|
Subclinical porcine circovirus type 2 infection does not modulate the immune response to an Aujeszky's disease virus vaccine. Vet J 2012; 194:84-8. [PMID: 22464756 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) negatively modulates the immune response in vitro. The objective of this study was to investigate if PCV2 interferes with the development of the immune response to Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) vaccine, using an in vivo experimental subclinical model. Pigs were divided into four groups: (group CC) not infected with PCV2 and not vaccinated against ADV; (group IC) infected with PCV2 but not vaccinated against ADV; (group CV) not infected with PCV2 but vaccinated against ADV, and (group IV) infected with PCV2 and vaccinated against ADV. Pigs in groups IC and IV were inoculated intranasally with PCV2 and 14 days later, pigs in the CV and IV groups were vaccinated IM with a gE(-)tk(-) attenuated ADV vaccine. Clinical signs and weight gains were recorded from days 0 to 35 post-PCV2 inoculation (PI), at which point the pigs were euthanased and examined post-mortem. Throughout the experiment the PCV2 load was quantified in serum, antibodies to PCV2 and ADV were determined and antigen-specific cellular responses against both viruses were measured using an interferon-γ ELISPOT. PCV2 inoculated animals developed subclinical infection and had lower weight gain relative to non-infected controls. No differences were observed between the CV and IV groups in terms of the humoral or cellular immune responses to vaccination against Aujeszky's disease, suggesting that subclinical infection with PCV2 does not alter the response to this vaccine.
Collapse
|
31
|
Wei YY, Hu TJ, Su ZJ, Zeng Y, Wei XJ, Zhang SX. Immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of carboxymethylpachymaran on the mice infected with PCV2. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:713-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
32
|
Lin CM, Jeng CR, Hsiao SH, Lee Y, Tsai YC, Chia MY, Pang VF. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells enhance cell proliferation and porcine circovirus type 2 replication in concanavalin A-stimulated swine peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:368-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
33
|
Darwich L, Mateu E. Immunology of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Virus Res 2011; 164:61-7. [PMID: 22178803 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) associated diseases and particularly postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) was a shock for the swine industry and formulated a considerable challenge for researchers in the area of viral immunology in swine. The unique features of PMWS of which emaciation and lymphoid depletion were the most evident indicated a deep involvement of the immune system of the pig in the pathogenesis of this condition and indicated that PCV2 was a singular pathogen. Also, the multifactorial nature of the disease complicated the understanding of PMWS pathogenesis. Nowadays, it is known that PCV2 deeply affects the functionality of the immune system of the pig but also the industry has been able to produce efficacious vaccines. In the present paper some of the most relevant immunological features of PMWS and of PCV2 infection in general will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Porcine Circovirus-2 Viral Load versus Lesions in Pigs: Perspectives for Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome. J Comp Pathol 2011; 144:296-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
35
|
Zlotowski P, Corrêa A, Castro L, Koerich P, Barcellos D, Driemeier D. Porcine circovirus-2 load in the gastrointestinal tract, mesenteric lymph node, tonsil, and feces of wasted pigs with and without diarrhea. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000600036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
36
|
Becskei Z, Aleksić-Kovačević S, Rusvai M, Balka G, Jakab C, Petrović T, Knežević M. Distribution of porcine circovirus 2 cap antigen in the lymphoid tissue of pigs affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Acta Vet Hung 2010; 58:483-98. [PMID: 21087918 DOI: 10.1556/avet.58.2010.4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic organs of 50 pigs from a total of eight farms located at different sites in the epizootiological region of North Bačka County were studied to obtain data on the prevalence of circoviral infections in Serbia. All of the pigs examined had clinical signs suggestive of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). All pigs underwent necropsy and tissue samples were taken for histopathological, immunohistochemical (IHC) and PCR analysis. The presence of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) was established by PCR analysis in the organs of the pigs tested. The most frequent histopathological lesions of lymphoid tissue linked with the presence of positive immunostaining for PCV2 Cap antigen confirmed the existence of PMWS in all farms tested in North Bačka County. Using PCR, histopathological and IHC techniques, the presence of PMWS was proved in the Republic of Serbia. During necropsy, generalised enlargement of the lymph nodes was evident. The most common histopathological finding was lymphocyte depletion in the follicular and perifollicular areas of lymph nodes. Infiltration by macrophages was also recorded. By IHC analysis, the cytoplasm of macrophages was shown to contain a large amount of the ORF2-coded Cap antigen of PCV2. Lymphocyte depletion and large numbers of macrophages were recorded in the tonsils, spleen, intestinal lymphatic tissue, Peyer's patches and ileocaecal valve. The presence of typical granulomatous lesions with multinuclear giant cells (MGCs) was also recorded in the lymphatic tissue. Cap antigen was shown to be present in macrophages and less often in lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Becskei
- 1 Veterinary Specialised Institute ‘Subotica’ Segedinski put 88 24000 Subotica Serbia
| | - Sanja Aleksić-Kovačević
- 2 Belgrade University Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Belgrade Serbia
| | - Miklós Rusvai
- 3 Szent István University Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
| | - Gyula Balka
- 3 Szent István University Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
| | - Csaba Jakab
- 3 Szent István University Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- 4 Scientific Veterinary Institute ‘Novi Sad’ Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Milijana Knežević
- 2 Belgrade University Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Belgrade Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Immunopathological characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 infection-associated follicular changes in inguinal lymph nodes using high-throughput tissue microarray. Vet Microbiol 2010; 149:72-84. [PMID: 21126833 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection in conventional pigs is complicated by various environmental factors and individual variation and is difficult to be completely reproduced experimentally. In the present field-based study, a tissue microarray (TMA) consisting of a series of lymphoid follicles having different PCV2-loads was constructed using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded superficial inguinal lymph nodes (LNs) from 102 pigs. Using the TMA, a wide range of parameters, including co-infected viral pathogens, immune cell subsets, and cell apoptosis/proliferation activity by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining or in situ hybridization (ISH) were measured, characterized, and compared. The signal location and area extent of each parameter were interpreted by pathologists, semi-quantified by automated image analysis software, and analyzed statistically. The results herein demonstrated a significant negative correlation between PCV2 and CD79a (p<0.001) and a significant positive correlation between PCV2 and lysozyme (p<0.001) or TUNEL (p<0.001) using Pearson correlation analysis. The amount of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine parvovirus antigens did not correlate with the tissue loads of PCV2 nucleic acid. Multiple regression analysis further predicted that PCV2 contributed major effects on CD79a, lysozyme, and TUNEL but PRRSV showed relatively less effects on these parameters. In addition, the total signal intensity of Ki67 (index of cell proliferation activity) did not change significantly among cases with different PCV2 loads; however, as the loading of PCV2 nucleic acid increased, the main contribution of Ki67 signal gradually shifted from B cells in the germinal center to T cells and macrophages in the interfollicular regions. In the present study, the use of TMA to establish a mathematical model with a wider range of statistical analysis can bring us a step forward to understand the immunopathogenesis of PCV2 infection-associated follicular changes in LNs.
Collapse
|
38
|
Increased numbers of myeloid and lymphoid IL-10 producing cells in spleen of pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 136:305-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
39
|
Immune responses and vaccine-induced immunity against Porcine circovirus type 2. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 136:185-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
40
|
Tsai YC, Jeng CR, Hsiao SH, Chang HW, Liu JJ, Chang CC, Lin CM, Chia MY, Pang VF. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) induces cell proliferation, fusion, and chemokine expression in swine monocytic cells in vitro. Vet Res 2010; 41:60. [PMID: 20492892 PMCID: PMC2889373 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatous lymphadenitis is one of the pathognomonic lesions in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected pigs. This unique lesion has not been reported in direct association with viral infection in pigs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) alone is able to induce functional modulation in porcine monocytic cells in vitro to elucidate its possible role in the development of granulomatous inflammation. It was found that the proliferation activity of blood monocytes (Mo) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) was significantly enhanced by PCV2. During monocyte-macrophage differentiation, the PCV2 antigen-containing rate and formation of multinucleated giant cells (MGC) were significantly increased in MDM when compared to those in Mo. The MDM-derived MGC displayed a significantly higher PCV2 antigen-containing rate than did the mono-nucleated MDM. Supernatants from PCV2-inoculated MDM at 24 h post-inoculation induced an increased tendency of chemotactic activity for blood Mo. At the same inoculation time period, levels of mRNA expression of the monocytic chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1, also significantly increased in PCV2-inoculated MDM. The results suggest that PCV2 alone may induce cell proliferation, fusion, and chemokine expression in swine monocytic cells. Thus, PCV2 itself may play a significant role in the induction of granulomatous inflammation in PMWS-affected pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chieh Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jensen VF, Enøe C, Wachmann H, Nielsen EO. Antimicrobial use in Danish pig herds with and without postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Prev Vet Med 2010; 95:239-47. [PMID: 20471123 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2007] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective cohort study was performed on 130 pig herds in Denmark, to assess the effect of PMWS on the use of antimicrobial drug. The study comprised 65 herds diagnosed with PMWS during 2003-2004, and matched by the veterinary practitioner with 65 herds free from PMWS. Information on antimicrobial use 1 year before and 1 year after the diagnosis was achieved from the National Prescription Medicine Monitoring Database, VetStat, and summarized on quarter within age group and herd. The multiple linear regression analysis comprised antimicrobial use as the outcome variable with (1) quarter relative to diagnosis of PMWS in the positive herd (same date for the negative match), (2) diagnosis of PMWS (same date used for matched PMWS(-) herd), (3) season and (4) temporal trend as fixed effects. Relative to the unaffected herds, the antimicrobial use in the sow units in the PMWS(+) herds was elevated significantly by 35% in the last quarter and 43% in the fourth quarter before positive diagnosis in the herds (p<0.05). In weaner pigs, the antimicrobial use increased significantly two quarters before, and one quarter after the positive diagnosis, by 68%, 91% and 124% respectively. In weaner pigs, effects were seen of herd size and season. The study support that increased morbidity occur for an extended period prior to the diagnosis of PMWS, both in the sow units and the weaner pig units and further indicate that the syndrome cease after the diagnosis, with a decrease in need for antimicrobial treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Frøkjaer Jensen
- National Food Institute, Technological University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ballester M, Galindo-Cardiel I, Gallardo C, Argilaguet JM, Segalés J, Rodríguez JM, Rodríguez F. Intranuclear detection of African swine fever virus DNA in several cell types from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues using a new in situ hybridisation protocol. J Virol Methods 2010; 168:38-43. [PMID: 20417663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new in situ hybridisation (ISH) protocol has been developed to identify African swine fever virus (ASFV) genome in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Different digoxigenin labelled ASFV-probes were tested, including single ASFV-specific oligonucleotides, an 18.5kb restriction fragment from the viral genome and the entire ASFV genome. The latter showed the highest sensitivity in all tissues tested, independently of the virus used for challenge: E75L or Ba71L. Although a similar ASFV genome distribution was observed, the number of ISH-positive cells was higher for Ba71L compared to E75L infected tissues. As expected, the monocyte-macrophage cell lineage was the main target cell for ASFV infection. Corresponding with the last stages of infection, ISH-positive signals were also found in other cell types, including endothelial cells, hepatocytes and neutrophils. Furthermore, two unexpected findings were also noticed: the detection of a specific ISH-signal in lymphocytes and a tendency to find the signal in the nucleus of infected cells. In summary, the present findings demonstrate the utility of this new ISH protocol to study ASFV pathogenesis and its potential use as a diagnostic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ballester
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hansen M, Pors S, Bille-Hansen V, Kjerulff S, Nielsen O. Occurrence and Tissue Distribution of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Identified by Immunohistochemistry in Danish Finishing Pigs at Slaughter. J Comp Pathol 2010; 142:109-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
44
|
Tomás A, Fernandes LT, Sánchez A, Segalés J. Time course differential gene expression in response to porcine circovirus type 2 subclinical infection. Vet Res 2009; 41:12. [PMID: 19825344 PMCID: PMC2781716 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at characterizing the potential differences in gene expression in piglets inoculated with Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), the essential causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Seven-day-old caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets were distributed into two groups: control (n = 8) and pigs inoculated with 105.2 TCID50 of the Burgos PCV2 isolate (n = 16). One control and three inoculated pigs were necropsied on days 1, 2, 5, and 8 post-infection (p.i.). The remaining pigs (four of each group) were sequentially bled on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 29 p.i. (necropsy). Total RNA from the mediastinal lymph node (MLN) and lysed whole blood (LWB) samples were hybridized to Affymetrix Porcine GeneChip®. Forty-three probes were differentially expressed (DE) in MLN samples (FDR < 0.1, fold change > 2) and were distributed into three clusters: globally down-regulated genes, and up-regulated genes at early (first week p.i.) and late (day 29 p.i.) stages of infection. In LWB samples, maximal differences were observed at day 7 p.i., with 54 probes DE between control and inoculated pigs. Main Gene Ontology biological processes assigned to up-regulated genes were related to the immune response. Six common genes were found in both types of samples, all of which belonged to the interferon signaling antiviral effector pathway. Down-regulated genes were mainly related to cell adhesion and migration in MLN, and cellular organization and biogenesis in LWB. Microarray results were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. This study provides, for the first time, the characterization of the early and late molecular events taking place in response to a subclinical PCV2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tomás
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ellis JA, Allan G, Krakowka S. Effect of coinfection with genogroup 1 porcine torque teno virus on porcine circovirus type 2-associated postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in gnotobiotic pigs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 69:1608-14. [PMID: 19046008 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.12.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether genogroup 1 porcine torque teno virus (g1-TTV) can potentiate clinical disease associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). SAMPLE POPULATION 33 gnotobiotic baby pigs. PROCEDURES Pigs were allocated into 7 groups: group A, 5 uninoculated control pigs from 3 litters; group B, 4 pigs oronasally inoculated with PCV2 alone; group C, 4 pigs inoculated IP with first-passage g1-TTV alone; group D, 4 pigs inoculated IP with fourth-passage g1-TTV alone; group E, 6 pigs inoculated IP with first-passage g1-TTV and then oronasally inoculated with PCV2 7 days later; group F, 6 pigs inoculated IP with fourth-passage g1-TTV and then inoculated oronasally with PCV2 7 days later; and group G, 4 pigs inoculated oro-nasally with PCV2 and then inoculated IP with fourth-passage g1-TTV 7 days later. RESULTS 6 of 12 pigs inoculated with g1-TTV prior to PCV2 developed acute onset of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). None of the pigs inoculated with g1-TTV alone or PCV2 alone or that were challenge exposed to g1-TTV after establishment of infection with PCV2 developed clinical illness. Uninoculated control pigs remained healthy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data implicated g1-TTV as another viral infection that facilitates PCV2-induced PMWS. This raises the possibility that torque teno viruses in swine may contribute to disease expression currently associated with only a single infectious agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Ellis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Butler JE, Zhao Y, Sinkora M, Wertz N, Kacskovics I. Immunoglobulins, antibody repertoire and B cell development. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:321-333. [PMID: 18804488 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Swine share with most placental mammals the same five antibody isotypes and same two light chain types. Loci encoding lambda, kappa and Ig heavy chains appear to be organized as they are in other mammals. Swine differ from rodents and primates, but are similar to rabbits in using a single VH family (VH3) to encode their variable heavy chain domain, but not the family used by cattle, another artiodactyl. Distinct from other hoofed mammals and rodents, Ckappa:Clambda usage resembles the 1:1 ratio seen in primates. Since IgG subclasses diversified after speciation, same name subclass homologs do not exist among swine and other mammals unless very closely related. Swine possess six putative IgG subclasses that appear to have diversified by gene duplication and exon shuffle while retaining motifs that can bind to FcgammaRs, FcRn, C1q, protein A and protein G. The epithelial chorial placenta of swine and the precosial nature of their offspring have made piglets excellent models for studies on fetal antibody repertoire development and on the postnatal role of gut colonization, maternal colostrum and neonatal infection on the development of adaptive immunity during the "critical window" of immunological development. This chapter traces the study of the humoral immune system of this species through its various eras of discovery and compiles the results in tables and figures that should be a useful reference for educators and investigators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Isolator and other neonatal piglet models in developmental immunology and identification of virulence factors. Anim Health Res Rev 2009; 10:35-52. [DOI: 10.1017/s1466252308001618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe postnatal period is a ‘critical window’, a time when innate and passive immunity protect the newborn mammal while its own adaptive immune system is developing. Neonatal piglets, especially those reared in isolators, provide valuable tools for studying immunological development during this period, since environmental factors that cause ambiguity in studies with conventional animals are controlled by the experimenter. However, these models have limited value unless the swine immune system is first characterized and the necessary immunological reagents developed. Characterization has revealed numerous features of the swine immune system that did not fit mouse paradigms but may be more generally true for most mammals. These include fetal class switch recombination that is uncoupled from somatic hypermutation, the relative importance of the molecular mechanisms used to develop the antibody repertoire, the role of gut lymphoid tissue in that process, and the limited heavy chain repertoire but diverse IgG subclass repertoire. Knowledge gained from studies of adaptive immunity in isolator-reared neonatal pigs suggests that isolator piglets can be valuable in identification of virulence factors that are often masked in studies using conventional animals.
Collapse
|
48
|
Yu S, Halbur P, Thacker E. Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 infection and replication on activated porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 127:350-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
49
|
Harding JCS, Baker C, Rhodes C, McIntosh KA, Bonneau M. Ring tests to evaluate the performance of Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays used in North American diagnostic laboratories. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2009; 73:7-14. [PMID: 19337389 PMCID: PMC2613600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two laboratory studies involving 11 laboratories were undertaken to assess the performance of North American Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Laboratories received identical submissions containing randomly coded positive and negative control samples, and serially diluted PCV-2-spiked samples. In study 1 and 2, respectively, spiked samples contained measured amounts of PCV-2 virus or DNA. All but 1 assay detected DNA in the most concentrated spiked sample. There were no statistical differences in the proportion of positive or negative samples reported by quantitative (n = 7) versus non-quantitative (n = 6) assays. Across both studies, the false positive rate was 17% (4 out of 23), and 17% (2 out of 12) of assays cross-reacted with PCV-1. The most sensitive assay detected PCV-2 DNA levels about 100 000 times lower the least sensitive assay. This study demonstrated that the PCR assays available in North American diagnostic labs vary considerably in their detection limits and quantification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Harding JCS, Baker CD, Tumber A, McIntosh KA, Parker SE, Middleton DM, Hill JE, Ellis JA, Krakowka S. Porcine circovirus-2 DNA concentration distinguishes wasting from nonwasting pigs and is correlated with lesion distribution, severity, and nucleocapsid staining intensity. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:274-82. [PMID: 18460612 DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe porcine circoviral disease in North America is associated with Porcine circovirus-2 genotype b (PCV-2b), which has led to speculation that PCV-2b is more virulent than PCV-2a. The objectives of this study were to 1) correlate the PCV-2 DNA concentration and lesions in wasting (WST) and age-matched healthy (HLTH) pigs from 2 clinically affected farms, and unaffected (UNFCT) pigs from a farm with no prior clinical or diagnostic history of PCVD; and 2) to determine the initial estimates of sensitivity and specificity of PCV-2 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). PCV-2b was confirmed in all 3 farms. Compared with HLTH pigs, WST pigs demonstrated significantly more prevalent thymic atrophy, failure of normal pulmonary collapse, and ascites (P < 0.017 for all). The HLTH and UNFCT pigs had significantly more pronounced lymphoid germinal centers and proliferative paracortical T-dependent zones, compared with WST pigs (P < 0.017). Across all tissues, PCV-2 DNA concentrations were significantly higher in WST compared with HLTH and UNFCT pigs (P < 0.017 for all). The PCV-2 DNA concentrations were strongly correlated with PCV-2 nucleocapsid staining intensity in lymph node, spleen, Peyer's patches, lung, liver, and kidney (0.60 < or = r < or = 0.84). In the current study, the PCV-2 DNA log10 cutoff concentrations best able to distinguish WST from HLTH and UNFCT pigs were between 7.0 and 8.0 per gram for tissues, and between 4.0 and 5.0 per milliliter for sera. The presence of PCV-2b in UNFCT pigs is evidence that PCV-2b by itself is not sufficient to induce severe disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|