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He Y, Zhu W, Xu T, Liao Z, Su J. Identification and immune responses of thrombocytes in bacterial and viral infections in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:314-323. [PMID: 35306178 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thrombocytes are an important component in peripheral blood cells and play a crucial role in immune regulation. CD41 is one of the biomarkers of thrombocytes. In this study, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) CD41 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography. Subsequently, New Zealand rabbits were immunized with this protein via subcutaneous injection. The antibody titer examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was 1:12800. The concentration of rabbit polyclonal antibody purified by HiTrap-rprotein-AFF affinity chromatography column was 1.9 mg/mL. The specificity was identified by SDS-PAGE, Western blot, flow cytometry, and indirect immunofluorescence assays. The purified antibody was used to screen grass carp thrombocytes, and CD41+ cells were 14.13%. CD41+ cells were further verified by Giemsa staining, transmission electron microscopy and RT-PCR. mRNA expression of CD41 in thrombocytes was not affected by viral or bacterial challenge in vitro, while CD41 transcripts were remarkably induced post pathogenic infections in vivo, which results from the immature hematopoietic stem cells and thrombocytes. Indirect immunofluorescence assay revealed that grass carp reovirus (GCRV) could not invade thrombocytes; however, mRNA expressions of some representative innate immune genes (IFN1, IL-1β, TNFα and Mx2) were significantly up-regulated post GCRV challenge. Meanwhile, the transcripts of some innate immune genes (IL-6 and TNFα) were swiftly increased post bacterial infection. These results indicated that the rabbit anti-CD41 polyclonal antibody possesses good specificity and can effectively bind to the CD41 protein on the surface of grass carp thrombocytes. Grass carp thrombocytes participate in immune regulation in viral and bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tianbing Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhiwei Liao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Chan JTH, Kadri S, Köllner B, Rebl A, Korytář T. RNA-Seq of Single Fish Cells – Seeking Out the Leukocytes Mediating Immunity in Teleost Fishes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:798712. [PMID: 35140719 PMCID: PMC8818700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.798712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a complex and sophisticated biological system, spanning multiple levels of complexity, from the molecular level to that of tissue. Our current understanding of its function and complexity, of the heterogeneity of leukocytes, is a result of decades of concentrated efforts to delineate cellular markers using conventional methods of antibody screening and antigen identification. In mammalian models, this led to in-depth understanding of individual leukocyte subsets, their phenotypes, and their roles in health and disease. The field was further propelled forward by the development of single-cell (sc) RNA-seq technologies, offering an even broader and more integrated view of how cells work together to generate a particular response. Consequently, the adoption of scRNA-seq revealed the unexpected plasticity and heterogeneity of leukocyte populations and shifted several long-standing paradigms of immunology. This review article highlights the unprecedented opportunities offered by scRNA-seq technology to unveil the individual contributions of leukocyte subsets and their crosstalk in generating the overall immune responses in bony fishes. Single-cell transcriptomics allow identifying unseen relationships, and formulating novel hypotheses tailored for teleost species, without the need to rely on the limited number of fish-specific antibodies and pre-selected markers. Several recent studies on single-cell transcriptomes of fish have already identified previously unnoticed expression signatures and provided astonishing insights into the diversity of teleost leukocytes and the evolution of vertebrate immunity. Without a doubt, scRNA-seq in tandem with bioinformatics tools and state-of-the-art methods, will facilitate studying the teleost immune system by not only defining key markers, but also teaching us about lymphoid tissue organization, development/differentiation, cell-cell interactions, antigen receptor repertoires, states of health and disease, all across time and space in fishes. These advances will invite more researchers to develop the tools necessary to explore the immunology of fishes, which remain non-conventional animal models from which we have much to learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. H. Chan
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Safwen Kadri
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alexander Rebl, ; Tomáš Korytář,
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Alexander Rebl, ; Tomáš Korytář,
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Yamaguchi T, Miyata S, Katakura F, Nagasawa T, Shibasaki Y, Yabu T, Fischer U, Nakayasu C, Nakanishi T, Moritomo T. Recombinant carp IL-4/13B stimulates in vitro proliferation of carp IgM(+) B cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:225-229. [PMID: 26766176 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Teleost IL-4/13B is a cytokine related to mammalian IL-4 and IL-13, of which hitherto the function had not been studied at the protein level. We identified an IL-4/13B gene in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and expressed the recombinant protein (rcIL-4/13B). RcIL-4/13B was shown to stimulate proliferation of IgM(+) B cells, because after four days of stimulation the IgM(+) fraction of carp kidney and spleen leukocytes had formed many cell colonies, whereas such colonies were not found in the absence of rcIL-4/13B stimulation. After nine days of incubation with rcIL-4/13B these cells had proliferated to more than 3-to-7-fold higher numbers when compared to untreated cells. The proliferating cells contained a majority of IgM(+) cells but also other cells, as indicated by FACS and RT-PCR analyses. The important conclusion is that in fish not only IL-4/13A has B cell stimulating properties, as a previous publication has shown, but also IL-4/13B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan; Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Shunsuke Miyata
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Katakura
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagasawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresourse and Bioenvironment, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shibasaki
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yabu
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Chihaya Nakayasu
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Minami-ise, Mie 516-0193, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Moritomo
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
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Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A, Chaves-Pozo E, Meseguer J. Phagocytosis in Teleosts. Implications of the New Cells Involved. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:907-22. [PMID: 26690236 PMCID: PMC4690022 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is the process by which cells engulf some solid particles to form internal vesicles known as phagosomes. Phagocytosis is in fact a specific form of endocytosis involving the vesicular interiorization of particles. Phagocytosis is essentially a defensive reaction against infection and invasion of the body by foreign substances and, in the immune system, phagocytosis is a major mechanism used to remove pathogens and/or cell debris. For these reasons, phagocytosis in vertebrates has been recognized as a critical component of the innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens. Furthermore, more recent studies have revealed that phagocytosis is also crucial for tissue homeostasis and remodeling. Professional phagocytes in teleosts are monocyte/macrophages, granulocytes and dendritic cells. Nevertheless, in recent years phagocytic properties have also been attributed to teleost lymphocytes and thrombocytes. The possible implications of such cells on this important biological process, new factors affecting phagocytosis, evasion of phagocytosis or new forms of phagocytosis will be considered and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Meseguer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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5
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Nagasawa T, Somamoto T, Nakao M. Carp thrombocyte phagocytosis requires activation factors secreted from other leukocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:107-111. [PMID: 25978929 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thrombocytes are nucleated blood cells in non-mammalian vertebrates, which were recently focused on not only as hemostatic cells but also as immune cells with potent phagocytic activities. We have analyzed the phagocytic activation mechanisms in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) thrombocytes. MACS-sorted mAb(+) thrombocytes showed no phagocytic activity even in the presence of several stimulants. However, remixing these thrombocytes with other anti-thrombocyte mAb(-) leukocyte populations restored their phagocytic activities, indicating that carp thrombocyte phagocytosis requires an appropriate exogenous stimulation. Culture supernatant from anti-thrombocyte mAb(-) leukocytes harvested after PMA or LPS stimulation, but not culture supernatant from unstimulated leukocytes, could activate thrombocyte phagocytosis. This proposed mechanism of thrombocyte phagocytosis activation involving soluble factors produced by activated leukocytes suggests that thrombocyte activation is restricted to areas proximal to injured tissues, ensuring suppression of excessive thrombocyte activation and a balance between inflammation and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tomonori Somamoto
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Miki Nakao
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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6
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Nagasawa T, Nakayasu C, Rieger AM, Barreda DR, Somamoto T, Nakao M. Phagocytosis by Thrombocytes is a Conserved Innate Immune Mechanism in Lower Vertebrates. Front Immunol 2014; 5:445. [PMID: 25278940 PMCID: PMC4165319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytes, nucleated hemostatic blood cells of non-mammalian vertebrates, are regarded as the functional equivalent of anucleated mammalian platelets. Additional immune functions, including phagocytosis, have also been suggested for thrombocytes, but no conclusive molecular or cellular experimental evidence for their potential ingestion and clearance of infiltrating microbes has been provided till date. In the present study, we demonstrate the active phagocytic ability of thrombocytes in lower vertebrates using teleost fishes and amphibian models. Ex vivo, common carp thrombocytes were able to ingest live bacteria as well as latex beads (0.5-3 μm in diameter) and kill the bacteria. In vivo, we found that thrombocytes represented nearly half of the phagocyte population in the common carp total peripheral blood leukocyte pool. Phagocytosis efficiency was further enhanced by serum opsonization. Particle internalization led to phagolysosome fusion and killing of internalized bacteria, pointing to a robust ability for microbe elimination. We find that this potent phagocytic activity is shared across teleost (Paralichthys olivaceus) and amphibian (Xenopus laevis) models examined, implying its conservation throughout the lower vertebrate lineage. Our results provide novel insights into the dual nature of thrombocytes in the immune and homeostatic response and further provide a deeper understanding of the potential immune function of mammalian platelets based on the conserved and vestigial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nagasawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chihaya Nakayasu
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Minami-Ise, Japan
| | - Aja M. Rieger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tomonori Somamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Nakao
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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Chen H, Ebner AD, Ritter JA, Kaminski MD, Rosengart AJ. Theoretical Analysis of a Magnetic Separator Device for Ex‐Vivo Blood Detoxification. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390801910609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Fischer U, Koellner B. Cross-reactivity of human leukocyte differentiation antigen monoclonal antibodies on carp and rainbow trout cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 119:142-55. [PMID: 17707517 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred and seventy-seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against human CD antigens and non-classified human leukocyte surface antigens were assayed for their reactivity with common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and thymocytes within the animal homologue section of the 8th International Workshop on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens (HLDA8). Four of the mabs clearly reacted with rainbow trout PBL and two with carp PBL. Positive mabs were investigated further by two-colour flow cytometry with established mabs directed against carp and rainbow trout leukocyte subpopulations. None of these mabs were suitable for Western blotting and immunoprecipitation. Three mabs were found to stain cells in fixed cryostate sections of the lymphatic organs thymus, pronephros and spleen. In this study, for the first time an anti-CD14 mab was found to cross-react with fish cells. This mab could be a valuable tool complementing the limited toolbox of population-specific mabs in fish. The low number of cross-reactive mabs analyzed in this workshop is another indication for the great phylogenetic difference between mammals and osteichthyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Infectiology, Insel Riems, Germany.
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9
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Chen H, Kaminski MD, Liu X, Mertz CJ, Xie Y, Torno MD, Rosengart AJ. A novel human detoxification system based on nanoscale bioengineering and magnetic separation techniques. Med Hypotheses 2006; 68:1071-9. [PMID: 17123743 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe the conceptual approach, theoretical background and preliminary experimental data of a proposed platform technology for specific and rapid decorporation of blood-borne toxins from humans. The technology is designed for future emergent in-field or in-hospital detoxification of large numbers of biohazard-exposed victims; for example, after radiological attacks. The proposed systems is based on nanoscale technology employing biocompatible, superparamagnetic nanospheres, which are functionalized with target-specific antitoxin receptors, and freely circulate within the human blood stream after simple intravenous injection. Sequestration of the blood-borne toxins onto the nanosphere receptors generates circulating nanosphere-toxin complexes within a short time interval; mathematical modeling indicates prevailing of unbound nanosphere receptors over target toxin concentrations at most therapeutic injection dosages. After a toxin-specific time interval nanosphere-toxin complexes are generated within the blood stream and, after simple arterial or venous access, the blood is subsequently circulated via a small catheter through a portable high gradient magnetic separator device. In this device, the magnetic toxin complexes are retained by a high gradient magnetic field and the detoxified blood is then returned back to the blood circulation (extracorporeal circulation). Our preliminary in vitro experiments demonstrate >95% first pass capture efficiency of magnetic spheres within a prototype high gradient magnetic separation device. Further, based on the synthesis of novel hydrophobic magnetite nanophases with high magnetization ( approximately 55 emu/g), the first biodegradable magnetic nanospheres at a size range of approximately 280 nm and functionalized with PEG-maleimide surface groups for specific antibody attachment are described here. In future applications, we envision this technology to be suitable for emergent, in-field usage for acutely biohazard exposed victims as both the injectable toxin-binding magnetic spheres and the separator device are made to be portable, light-weight, zero-power, and self- or helper-employed. Details of the technology are presented and the state-of-knowledge and research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Chen
- Neurocritical Care and Acute Stroke Program, Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2030, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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10
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Fischer U, Utke K, Somamoto T, Köllner B, Ototake M, Nakanishi T. Cytotoxic activities of fish leucocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 20:209-26. [PMID: 15939625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Like mammalian leucocytes, white blood cells of fish are able to kill altered (e.g. virus-infected) and foreign (allogeneic or xenogeneic) cells. The existence of natural killer (NK)-like and specific cytotoxic cells in fish was first shown using allogeneic and xenogeneic effector/target cell systems. In addition to in vivo and ex vivo studies, very important contributions were made by in vitro analysis using a number of different long-term cytotoxic cell lines established from channel catfish. In mammals, specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) as part of the adaptive immune response requires a number of key molecules expressed on effector leucocytes and target cells. CD8+ T lymphocytes kill infected cells only, if their antigen receptor (TCR) matches the MHC class I with bound peptide of the target cell. Expression patterns of the fish gene homologues for TCR, CD8 and MHC class I, as well as related genes, are in agreement with similar function. Convenient systems for the analysis of specific CMC have only recently become available for fish with the combination of clonal fish with syngeneic or allogeneic but MHC class I matching cell lines. It was demonstrated that both, NK- and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells are involved in the killing of virus infected MHC class I matching and mismatching target cells. Analysis of these lymphocyte subsets is only starting for fish. There is also evidence that the different viral proteins trigger different subsets of killer cells. This review further discusses findings on fish CMC with regard to temperature/seasons and ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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11
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Nakayasu C, Somamoto T, Hasegawa S, Yoshitomi T, Okamoto N. Differential spontaneous killing of human and murine tumour cell lines by leucocyte subpopulations from carp peripheral blood leucocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 19:115-126. [PMID: 15752650 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell populations from carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) were examined for nonspecific cytotoxicities. By using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against carp thrombocytes (TCL-HB8) and both neutrophils and monocytes (TCL-BE8), PBLs with a density of 1.08 g ml-1 were separated into three fractions: thrombocytes, a mixture of neutrophils and monocytes, and other cells (mainly lymphocytes), and the separated cells were tested for cytotoxic activities against mammalian tumour cell lines (K562, HeLa, P815 and Yac-1 cell). Consequently, the mixture of neutrophils and monocytes exhibited cytolysis against these target cells, whereas the lymphocyte-rich and thrombocyte fractions did not show any cytolysis. To isolate only neutrophils, which do not contain monocytes, the MAb (TCL-BE8) positive cells from PBLs with a density of 1.08-1.09 g ml-1 were separated. Pure isolated neutrophils showed cytotoxic activities against K562 cells, but not P815 cells. Furthermore, analysis of the cytolytic mechanisms indicated that killing of these cells depended on H2O2 or HOCl. These results suggest that both neutrophils and monocytes are effectors for nonspecific cytotoxicity in carp PBLs, and neutrophils may be distinct from monocytes in their reactivity in cytolysis, including target cell selectivity and/or target cell sensitivity, and the cytolytic pathway. In carp, cytotoxicity of target cells can be mediated by several populations of their leucocytes which have cytotoxic capacities with various recognition and cytolytic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihaya Nakayasu
- Inland Station, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Tamaki, Mie 519-0423, Japan.
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12
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Köllner B, Fischer U, Rombout JHWM, Taverne-Thiele JJ, Hansen JD. Potential involvement of rainbow trout thrombocytes in immune functions: a study using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and RT-PCR. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 28:1049-62. [PMID: 15236934 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The functional relationship between fish and mammalian thrombocytes is relatively unknown. In this study, a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was used to investigate the functional properties of rainbow trout thrombocytes. The mAbs recognize cell-surface molecules on thrombocytes with molecular weights ranging from 17 to 160 kDa. Flow cytometric and immuno-electron microscopic analyses demonstrate that these molecules are expressed at different levels and that surface expression increased upon activation with bovine collagen. Two of these cell-surface molecules (17 and 21 kDa) were directly involved in collagen-induced aggregation of thrombocytes since aggregation was blocked upon pre-treatment with mAbs that recognize the two surface markers. Interestingly, the percentage of thrombocytes in blood increased after stimulation using different antigens. The transcriptional profile of trout thrombocytes was then examined after immuno-magnetic enrichment using the described mAbs to assess potential roles of trout thrombocytes in immune functions. Trout thrombocytes express components of the MHC class Ia pathway, IL1beta, TNFalpha, TGFbeta, the interleukin receptor common gamma chain as well as CXC and CC chemokines. MHC class IIB and TNFalpha were expressed at low levels in resting thrombocytes. No evidence was found for the expression of TCRalphabeta, Ig heavy chain, CD8alpha or CK1 mRNA. Taken together, these results suggest that rainbow trout thrombocytes express molecules involved in activation, aggregation and genes encoding proteins, that are involved in antigen presentation and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Köllner
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Center for Virus Diseases of Animals, 17493 Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany.
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13
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Inoue T, Moritomo T, Tamura Y, Mamiya S, Fujino H, Nakanishi T. A new method for fish leucocyte counting and partial differentiation by flow cytometry. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 13:379-390. [PMID: 12458744 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2002.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method for analysis of fish blood cells is presented. Carp (Cyprinus carpio) blood was diluted 200 times with Hanks' solution containing 1 microg/ml of DiOC6(3) which is a fluorescent, lipophilic dye. After staining for 10 min, the blood cells were measured by a flow cytometer (FACS). Several blood cell populations were identified by different FL-1 (green fluorescence), FSC (forward scatter), and SSC (side scatter) properties. FL-1 v. SSC or FSC v. SSC dot-plot of stained blood cells displayed five separate cell populations: erythrocytes: a mixture of thrombocytes plus lymphocytes; monocytes; neutrophils; and basophils. The number of each type of blood cell counted by the FACS was in good agreement with those counted microscopically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Inoue
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-8510 Japan
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14
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Kurata O, Hatai K. Activation of carp leukocytes by a galactose-binding protein from Aphanomyces piscicida. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 26:461-469. [PMID: 11906725 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that a galactose-binding protein (GBP) produced by a fish pathogenic water mold, Aphanomyces piscicida, activates carp leukocytes. Leukocytes were separated from the head kidney and peripheral blood using Percoll density centrifugation. A flow cytometric analysis revealed that GBP binds with many cells and a variety of cell types including lymphocytes, granulocytes and thrombocytes. Intracellular calcium flux of the peripheral blood leukocytes induced by stimulation with GBP was confirmed by counting the fluo-3 loaded cells whose fluorescence increased after the stimulation using flow cytometry. The percentage of cells in which a calcium flux was induced peaked 1 min after the stimulation. Approximately 6% of the cells specifically responded 1 min after the stimulation. The proliferation response was determined by the level of BrdU uptake by the leukocytes after the stimulation. Cell proliferation was observed 2, 4 and 6 days after stimulation with GBP. The expression of cytokines IL-1beta and TGF-beta1 in the peripheral blood leukocytes, after the stimulation was evaluated by a semi-quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Increased expression of IL-1beta was observed 4h after stimulation with GBP. Variation of TGF-beta1 expression under the same conditions was not observed. The kinetics of intracellular calcium flux and the level of IL-1beta expression induced by GBP stimulation were different from those induced by phytohemagglutinin stimulation. These results confirmed that GBP is a pathogenic microbial component that can induce cell activation. GBP seems to induce the inflammatory response observed in the Aphanomyces infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kurata
- Division of Fish Diseases, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
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15
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Sasaki Y, Maita M, Okamoto N. Rainbow trout neutrophils are responsible for non-specific cytotoxicity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 12:243-252. [PMID: 11931019 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2001.0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report that rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) neutrophils are responsible for non-specific cytotoxicity. A monoclonal antibody (mab) for rainbow trout leucocytes was produced. Using this mab (TTL-5E9), neutrophils (5E9-positive cells) were isolated from the pronephros by a panning technique. The isolated neutrophils showed high viability (approximately 95%) and purity (92-95%), and were functional in cytotoxic activity assays. The neutrophils demonstrated significantly higher cytotoxic activities against YAC-1 target cells than the other cells (5E9-negative cells, predominantly lymphocytes). The number of neutrophils contaminating the 5E9-negative fraction and their non-specific cytotoxicities were positively correlated. These findings demonstrate that rainbow trout neutrophils possess non-specific cytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Sasaki
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Japan
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16
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Esteban MA, Muñoz J, Meseguer J. Blood cells of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Flow cytometric and microscopic studies. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2000; 258:80-9. [PMID: 10603451 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(20000101)258:1<80::aid-ar9>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Studies of fish blood cells made to date presented numerous problems derived from both the nomenclature and the techniques used. A combination of quantitative and morphological methods is needed if the classification of fish blood cells is to advance from it present provisional state. The aim of the present paper was first to isolate sea bass blood cell populations by flow cytometry and second to characterize then microscopically. Blood cell populations from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) were isolated according to their FSC (size) and SSC (granularity) properties by flow cytometry. The isolated populations were then processed for light and transmission and scanning electron microscopic characterization. Sea bass blood leukocytes isolated by flow cytometry consisted of two main cell subpopulations. Subsequent microscopic study of these cells revealed that the first subpopulation was composed of small cells (3-5 microm) of low granularity and consisted of thrombocytes and lymphocytes whereas, the second subpopulation was formed of 6-9 microm sized cells of high granularity consisting of granulocytes and monocyte/macrophages. The combined use of flow cytometry and electron microscopy makes it possible to characterize the different cell types present in sea bass peripheral blood with a high degree of certainty. Although sea bass basically follows the common vertebrate hematological pattern, significant modifications such as the presence of circulating immature erythrocytes, plasma cells and monocyte/macrophages and different forms of thrombocytes can be established with respect to this pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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17
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Kfoury JR, Nakayasu C, Rodrigues Souza JC, Okamoto N. Characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific to rainbow trout thrombocytes. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1999; 284:309-16. [PMID: 10404122 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19990801)284:3<309::aid-jez8>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for rainbow trout thrombocytes was produced and its reactivity was demonstrated by flow cytometry and immuno-electron microscopy. Flow cytometry analysis showed that this MAb (TTL-7D11) reacted positively with about 30% of the peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) and about 1%, 2%, and 11% of the pronephros, mesonephros, and spleen cells, respectively. Electron microscopy using immunogold labeling demonstrated that this MAb reacted strongly with thrombocytes, where gold beads could be seen attached only to the membrane and canalicular system of these cells. Positive and negative leucocytes for this MAb were obtained by magnetic cell separation. In the positive fraction, 96% of the cells were thrombocytes, while in the negative fraction no more than 3% were, which clearly showed a high purity of the positive fraction. Aggregation studies showed that about 75% of the positive fraction cells aggregated after being mixed with U-46619 thromboxane-mimetic, whereas in the negative fraction only 10% of the cells did so. Thus, utilizing the TTL-7D11 we have succeeded in isolating a pure thrombocyte population, and this would facilitate further studies, particularly on their characteristics and function(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kfoury
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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18
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Hill DJ, Griffiths DH, Rowley AF. Trout thrombocytes contain 12- but not 5-lipoxygenase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1437:63-70. [PMID: 9931438 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(98)00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fish thrombocytes are thought to be the evolutionary forerunners of mammalian platelets. Thrombocyte preparations made by conventional methods, such as density gradient centrifugation, contain other cell types such as neutrophilic granulocytes and lymphocytes that could interfere with subsequent experiments. In this study, rainbow trout thrombocytes were separated by density gradient centrifugation and further purified by magnetic cell sorting (MACS) using the thrombocyte specific monoclonal antibody, 30D8. Thrombocyte purity was assessed by reactivity to 30D8 using flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Following purification by density gradient centrifugation, thrombocytes were 66.9+/-9.2% (mean value+/-S.E.M., n=3) pure. Further purification by MACS significantly increased thrombocyte purity to 97.3+/-0.6%, whereas only 1.4% of the MACS -ve fraction were identified as these cells. Incubation of thrombocytes isolated by density gradient alone with calcium ionophore, A23187, generated a range of eicosanoids derived from arachidonic or eicosapentaenoic acids, namely, leukotriene (LT)B4, LTB5, lipoxin (LX)A4, LXA5, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (12-HEPE). A similar eicosanoid generation profile was observed for cells in the MACS -ve fraction; however, MACS +ve cells (thrombocytes) generated no 4 or 5 series LT or LX but did generate significant amounts of the 12-lipoxygenase (LO) products, 12-HETE and 12-HEPE. These results indicate that trout thrombocytes contain no demonstrable 5-LO activity and like their mammalian counterparts possess 12-LO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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