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Taber R, Pankowski A, Ludwig AL, Jensen M, Magsamen V, Lashnits E. Bartonellosis in Dogs and Cats, an Update. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:1163-1192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Castel A, Olby NJ, Breitschwerdt EB, Thomas B, Maggi RG, Shelton GD. Co-infection with Bartonella henselae and Sarcocystis sp. in a 6-year-old male neutered domestic longhair cat with progressive multifocal neurological signs. Vet Q 2020; 39:168-173. [PMID: 31822209 PMCID: PMC6913637 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1697012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aude Castel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Natasha J Olby
- The Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- The Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,The Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Brittany Thomas
- The Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ricardo G Maggi
- The Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - G Diane Shelton
- The Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Choi EW, Lee HW, Lee JS, Kim IY, Shin JH, Seong JK. Ahnak-knockout mice show susceptibility to Bartonella henselae infection because of CD4+ T cell inactivation and decreased cytokine secretion. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 30940323 PMCID: PMC6507843 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.4.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the role of AHNAK in Bartonella henselae infection. Mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 2 × 108 colony-forming units of B. henselae Houston-1 on day 0 and subsequently on day 10. Blood and tissue samples of the mice were collected 8 days after the final B. henselae injection. B. henselae infection in the liver of Ahnak-knockout and wild-type mice was confirmed by performing polymerase chain reaction, with Bartonella adhesion A as a marker. The proportion of B. henselae-infected cells increased in the liver of the Ahnak-knockout mice. Granulomatous lesions, inflammatory cytokine levels, and liver enzyme levels were also higher in the liver of the Ahnak-knockout mice than in the liver of the wild-type mice, indicating that Ahnak deletion accelerated B. henselae infection. The proportion of CD4+interferon-γ (IFN-γ)+ and CD4+interleukin (IL)-4+ cells was significantly lower in the B. henselae-infected Ahnak-knockout mice than in the B. henselae-infected wild-type mice. In vitro stimulation with B. henselae significantly increased IFN-γ and IL-4 secretion in the splenocytes obtained from the B. henselae-infected wild-type mice, but did not increase IFN-γ and IL-4 secretion in the splenocytes obtained from the B. henselae-infected Ahnak-KO mice. In contrast, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, RANTES, and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion was significantly elevated in the splenocytes obtained from both B. henselae-infected wild-type and Ahnak-knockout mice. These results indicate that Ahnak deletion promotes B. henselae infection. Impaired IFN-γ and IL-4 secretion in the Ahnak-knockout mice suggests the impairment of Th1 and Th2 immunity in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Wha Choi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Hee Woo Lee
- Institute of Research and Development, Chaon Corp., Seongnam 13493, Korea
| | - Jun Sik Lee
- Department of Biology, Immunology Research Lab., College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Il Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Plus Program for Advanced Veterinary Science, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Korea Mouse Phenotyp
| | - Jae Hoon Shin
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Plus Program for Advanced Veterinary Science, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Korea Mouse Phenotyp
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Plus Program for Advanced Veterinary Science, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Korea Mouse Phenotyp
- Interdiscplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Brunt J, Guptill L, Kordick DL, Kudrak S, Lappin MR. American Association of Feline Practitioners 2006 Panel report on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Bartonella spp. infections. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 8:213-26. [PMID: 16846781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Brunt
- Cat Hospital At Towson (CHAT), 6701 York Road, Baltimore, MD 21212, USA
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Fleischman DA, Chomel BB, Burgos K, Kasten RW, Stuckey MJ, Durden MR, Mirrashed H, Diniz PPVP. Impact of queen infection on kitten susceptibility to different strains of Bartonella henselae. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:268-72. [PMID: 26454564 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Domestic cats are the natural reservoir of Bartonella henselae, the agent of cat scratch disease in humans. In kittens, maternal IgG antibodies are detectable within two weeks postpartum, weaning in six to ten weeks postpartum and kittens as young as six to eight weeks old can become bacteremic in a natural environment. The study's objective was to evaluate if maternal antibodies against a specific B. henselae strain protect kittens from infection with the same strain or a different strain from the same genotype. Three seronegative and Bartonella-free pregnant queens were infected with the same strain of B. henselae genotype II during pregnancy. Kittens from queens #1 and #2 were challenged with the same strain used to infect the queens while kittens from queen #3 were challenged with a different genotype II strain. All queens gave birth to non-bacteremic kittens. After challenge, all kittens from queens infected with the same strain seroconverted, with six out of the seven kittens presenting no to very low levels of transitory bacteremia. Conversely, all four kittens challenged with a different strain developed high bacteremia (average 47,900 CFU/mL by blood culture and 146,893 bacteria/mL by quantitative PCR). Overall, qPCR and bacterial culture were in good agreement for all kittens (Kappa Cohen's agreement of 0.78). This study demonstrated that young kittens can easily be infected with a different strain of B. henselae at a very young age, even in the presence of maternal antibodies, underlining the importance of flea control in pregnant queens and young kittens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew A Fleischman
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruno B Chomel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Katlin Burgos
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Rickie W Kasten
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Stuckey
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Monica R Durden
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Mirrashed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Paulo V P Diniz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
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Cohen C, Einav M, Hawlena H. Path analyses of cross-sectional and longitudinal data suggest that variability in natural communities of blood-associated parasites is derived from host characteristics and not interspecific interactions. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:429. [PMID: 26286391 PMCID: PMC4545369 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The parasite composition of wild host individuals often impacts their behavior and physiology, and the transmission dynamics of pathogenic species thereby determines disease risk in natural communities. Yet, the determinants of parasite composition in natural communities are still obscure. In particular, three fundamental questions remain open: (1) what are the relative roles of host and environmental characteristics compared with direct interactions between parasites in determining the community composition of parasites? (2) do these determinants affect parasites belonging to the same guild and those belonging to different guilds in similar manners? and (3) can cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses work interchangeably in detecting community determinants? Our study was designed to answer these three questions in a natural community of rodents and their fleas, ticks, and two vector-borne bacteria. METHODS We sampled a natural population of Gerbillus andersoni rodents and their blood-associated parasites on two occasions. By combining path analysis and model selection approaches, we then explored multiple direct and indirect paths that connect (i) the environmental and host-related characteristics to the infection probability of a host by each of the four parasite species, and (ii) the infection probabilities of the four species by each other. RESULTS Our results suggest that the majority of paths shaping the blood-associated communities are indirect, mostly determined by host characteristics and not by interspecific interactions or environmental conditions. The exact effects of host characteristics on infection probability by a given parasite depend on its life history and on the method of sampling, in which the cross-sectional and longitudinal methods are complementary. CONCLUSIONS Despite the awareness of the need of ecological investigations into natural host-vector-parasite communities in light of the emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne diseases, we lack sampling methods that are both practical and reliable. Here we illustrated how comprehensive patterns can be revealed from observational data by applying path analysis and model selection approaches and combining cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. By employing this combined approach on blood-associated parasites, we were able to distinguish between direct and indirect effects and to predict the causal relationships between host-related characteristics and the parasite composition over time and space. We concluded that direct interactions within the community play only a minor role in determining community composition relative to host characteristics and the life history of the community members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Cohen
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
| | - Monica Einav
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
| | - Hadas Hawlena
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel.
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7
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Bartonella Infection among Cats Adopted from a San Francisco Shelter, Revisited. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6446-50. [PMID: 26162871 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01864-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella infection among cats from shelters can pose a health risk to adopters. Bartonella henselae is the most common species, with B. clarridgeiae and B. koehlerae being less common. The lower rates of infection by the latter species may reflect their rarity or an inefficiency of culture techniques. To assess the incidence of infection, blood cultures, serology, and PCR testing were performed on 193 kittens (6 to 17 weeks old) and 158 young adult cats (5 to 12 months old) from a modern regional shelter. Classical B. henselae culture medium was compared to a medium supplemented with insect cell growth factors. Bartonella colonies were isolated from 115 (32.8%) animals, including 50 (25.9%) kittens and 65 (41.1%) young adults. Therefore, young adults were twice as likely to be culture positive as kittens. Enhanced culture methods did not improve either the isolation rate or species profile. B. henselae was isolated from 40 kittens and 55 young adults, while B. clarridgeiae was cultured from 10 animals in each group. B. koehlerae was detected in one young adult by PCR only. B. henselae genotype II was more commonly isolated from young adults, and genotype I was more frequently isolated from kittens. Kittens were 4.7 times more likely to have a very high bacterial load than young adults. A significantly higher incidence of bacteremia in the fall and winter than in the spring and summer was observed. Bartonella antibodies were detected in 10% (19/193) of kittens and 46.2% (73/158) of young adults, with culture-positive kittens being 9.4 times more likely to be seronegative than young adults.
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Gutiérrez R, Krasnov B, Morick D, Gottlieb Y, Khokhlova IS, Harrus S. Bartonella infection in rodents and their flea ectoparasites: an overview. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:27-39. [PMID: 25629778 PMCID: PMC4307031 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies worldwide have reported a high prevalence and a great diversity of Bartonella species, both in rodents and their flea parasites. The interaction among Bartonella, wild rodents, and fleas reflects a high degree of adaptation among these organisms. Vertical and horizontal efficient Bartonella transmission pathways within flea communities and from fleas to rodents have been documented in competence studies, suggesting that fleas are key players in the transmission of Bartonella to rodents. Exploration of the ecological traits of rodents and their fleas may shed light on the mechanisms used by bartonellae to become established in these organisms. The present review explores the interrelations within the Bartonella-rodent-flea system. The role of the latter two components is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gutiérrez
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Boris Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Danny Morick
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Gottlieb
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Irina S. Khokhlova
- Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Shimon Harrus
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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10
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Abstract
Bartonella infection is common among domestic cats, but the role of Bartonella species as feline pathogens requires further study. Most Bartonella species that infect cats are zoonotic. Cats are the mammalian reservoir and vector for Bartonella henselae, an important zoonotic agent. Cat fleas transmit Bartonella among cats, and cats with fleas are an important source of human B henselae infections. New information about Bartonella as feline pathogens has recently been published, and this article summarizes much of that information. Issues surrounding diagnosis and treatment of feline Bartonella infections are described, and prevention of zoonotic transmission of Bartonella is discussed.
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11
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Bradbury CA, Lappin MR. Evaluation of topical application of 10% imidacloprid–1% moxidectin to preventBartonella henselaetransmission from cat fleas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:869-73. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.8.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Pitassi LHU, Cintra ML, Ferreira MRM, Magalhães RF, Velho PENF. Blood cell findings resembling Bartonella spp. Ultrastruct Pathol 2010; 34:2-6. [PMID: 20070147 DOI: 10.3109/01913120903372761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Some Bartonella species are able to invade red blood cells (RBC) and may cause persistent infection in the susceptible host. Use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrates, inside erythrocytes, the typical triple-walled agents. However, when examining ultrathin sections of blood cells, the authors have, on several occasions, detected intraerythrocytic abnormalities that mimic but are not typical of Bartonella spp. Small endovesicles, pseudoinclusions, cavities, and irregular hemoglobin granules distribution, resulting in regions of increased or decreased electron density, may be observed in the erythrocytes and platelets, which may be confused with bartonellas. So far, detailed ultrastructural findings of Bartonella spp. in blood cells have not yet been described. Aiming to improve TEM interpretation of blood cells changes, in routine examination of blood sections of patients with suspected bartonellosis, the authors studied the morphological findings they have observed, and present their putative nature, according to information in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Helena Urso Pitassi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
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Marignac G, Barrat F, Chomel B, Vayssier-Taussat M, Gandoin C, Bouillin C, Boulouis HJ. Murine model for Bartonella birtlesii infection: New aspects. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 33:95-107. [PMID: 20097421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As a model of persistent infection, various aspects of Bartonella birtlesii infection in laboratory mice, including some immunodeficient mice, are presented, particularly focusing on conditions mimicking natural infection. Bacteraemia was explored using different mice strains routes and inoculum doses (3.4-5x10(7)CFU/mouse). Mice became bacteraemic for 5 (C57Bl6/6) to 10 weeks (Balb/c, Swiss) with peaks ranging from 2x10(3) to 10(5)CFU/mL of blood. The ID route induced the most precocious bacteraemia (day 3) while the higher and longer bacteraemia in immunocompetent mice was obtained with SC when infecting Balb/c with approximately 10(3) CFU/mouse. As opposed to ID, SC and IV routes, bacteraemia was obtained with the oral and ocular routes only for high doses (10(7)) and in 33-66% mice. It was significantly higher and longer in CD4-/- mice compared to CD8-/- and double KO mice at most time points. CD8-/- mice and the control group had near to superimposed kinetics. These results confirm the relevance of the present model.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Marignac
- UMR BIPAR INRA-AFSSA-ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Guptill L. Bartonellosis. Vet Microbiol 2010; 140:347-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Quimby JM, Elston T, Hawley J, Brewer M, Miller A, Lappin MR. Evaluation of the association of Bartonella species, feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus with chronic feline gingivostomatitis. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10:66-72. [PMID: 17766156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gingivostomatitis (GS) is a significant condition in cats because of oral discomfort and associated periodontal disease. Several infectious agents have been associated with the presence of GS, but a causal relationship is unclear. The cats in this study were housed together, had a history of flea exposure, and were vaccinated with a modified live FVRCP product. There were nine cats with active GS and 36 unaffected cats at the time of sample collection. Serum was tested for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen and antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus, feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), and Bartonella species (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot immunoassay). PCR assays for Bartonella species and FHV-1 and a reverse transcriptase PCR assay for FCV were performed on blood and throat swabs. All cats were negative for FeLV. Assay results failed to correlate to the presence of GS in the group of cats studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Quimby
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Berghoff J, Viezens J, Guptill L, Fabbi M, Arvand M. Bartonella henselae exists as a mosaic of different genetic variants in the infected host. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:2045-2051. [PMID: 17600049 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/006379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bartonella henselae is a fastidious bacterium associated with infections in humans and cats. The mechanisms involved in the long-term survival of bartonellae despite vigorous host immune responses are poorly understood. Generation of genetic variants is a possible strategy to circumvent the host specific immune responses. The authors have recently demonstrated the coexistence of different genetic variants within the progeny of three primary B. henselae isolates from Berlin by PFGE analysis. Aims of the present study were to determine whether coexistence of different variants is a common feature of B. henselae isolates worldwide and whether the genetic variants originally emerged in vivo. Thirty-four primary isolates from different geographical regions were analysed by subjecting multiple single-colony-derived cultures to PFGE analysis. Up to three genetic variants were detected within 20 (58.8 %) isolates, indicating that most primary isolates display a mosaic-like structure. The close relatedness of the genetic variants within an isolate was confirmed by multi-locus sequence typing. In contrast to the primary isolates, no genetic variants were detected within the progeny of 20 experimental clones generated in vitro from 20 primary isolates, suggesting that the variants were not induced in vitro during the procedure of PFGE analysis. Hence, the genetic variants within a primary isolate most likely originally emerged in vivo. Consideration of the mosaic structure of primary isolates is essential when interpreting typing studies on B. henselae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Berghoff
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Juliane Viezens
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lynn Guptill
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Massimo Fabbi
- Sezione Diagnostica di Pavia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mardjan Arvand
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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17
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Arvand M, Schubert H, Viezens J. Emergence of distinct genetic variants in the population of primary Bartonella henselae isolates. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1315-20. [PMID: 16697237 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bartonella henselae isolates from different hosts display a marked genetic heterogeneity, as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The aim of the present study was to determine whether different genetic variants may coexist within the population of distinct B. henselae isolates and could be detected by PFGE. Three primary B. henselae isolates and the B. henselae reference strains ATCC 49793 and 49882 were subjected as single colony derived cultures in quadruplicate to PFGE analysis upon restriction with SmaI or NotI. Up to 4 fragment differences were found among the cultures obtained from each primary isolate, indicating the coexistence of genetic variants in the population of primary B. henselae isolates. The clonal relatedness of the genetic variants was confirmed by arbitrarily primed PCR and multi-locus sequence typing. In contrast to the primary isolates, no variants were detected among the single colony derived cultures of the high-passage ATCC strains. We hypothesized that the coexistence of different genetic variants may represent a feature that is restricted to primary or low-passage B. henselae isolates. The primary isolates were serially passed in vitro and then subjected as single colony derived cultures to PFGE analysis, which now revealed identical patterns among the quadruplicate cultures of each high-passage isolate. These results suggest that the population of a primary B. henselae isolate is composed of distinct genetic variants, which may disappear upon repeated passages on artificial culture media. Generation of genetic variants by B. henselae may represent an escape mechanism to circumvent the host specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardjan Arvand
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universität Rostock, Schillingallee 70, D-18057 Rostock, Germany.
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18
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Kosoy M, Mandel E, Green D, Marston E, Jones D, Childs J. Prospective studies of Bartonella of rodents. Part II. Diverse infections in a single rodent community. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2005; 4:296-305. [PMID: 15671736 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2004.4.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Bartonella species within a small mammal community and in individual cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) was examined by trapping, capturing, sampling, and releasing of marked animals over a 17-month interval. Based on sequence analyses of the Bartonella gltA gene, amplicons separated into four genogroups (A, B, C, and Pin) containing 11 variants. Although the prevalence of bacteremia due to different genogroups/variants of Bartonella was temporally variable, variants of genogroup A predominated during each sampling period. Multiple gltA variants were often (20.5% of individuals) isolated from a single cotton rat blood sample; a maximum of five variants was recovered from an individual during its sampling history. Among 92 cotton rats bacteremic at two or more sampling dates, 34 rats retained a single genetic variant, alone or in mixed infection, throughout their sampling history. The temporal course of individual infections was complex as the succession of gltA variants was variable and detectable bacteremia was often intermittent. No antibodies (titer of >1:8) were detected to homologous strains of Bartonella recovered from individual cotton rats during their sampling history. The temporal course of Bartonella infections could result from a single, persistent, and potentially multi-genogroup/variant infection, during which variants differentially dominate the detectable bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kosoy
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA.
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Abstract
The role of Bartonella species as pathogens in dogs and cats is being defined. Diagnosis and treatment of Bartonella infections of dogs and cats remain challenging. As new information regarding Bartonella infections of companion animals becomes available, the understanding of the pathogenesis of these infections will improve. Most Bartonella species infecting dogs and cats are zoonotic, with B henselae the most important zoonotic species. B henselae bacteremia is common in domestic cats, and cats transmit B henselae to people. Transmission of Bartonella infections among cats and dogs is believed to occur primarily by way of arthropod vectors. Control of arthropod vectors and avoiding interactions with pets that result in scratches or bites are the most effective means to prevent transmission between animals and people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Guptill
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Yamamoto K, Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Hew CM, Weber DK, Lee WI, Droz S, Koehler JE. Experimental infection of domestic cats with Bartonella koehlerae and comparison of protein and DNA profiles with those of other Bartonella species infecting felines. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:466-74. [PMID: 11825958 PMCID: PMC153398 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.2.466-474.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bartonella koehlerae, a recently described feline Bartonella species, was isolated from two naturally infected cats in northern California. We experimentally infected domestic cats with B. koehlerae to establish the microbiological and immunological characteristics of this infection in cats and to compare it to infections with those caused by B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae. Four cats were inoculated intradermally with B. koehlerae (8.6 x 10(7) to 3.84 x 10(8) CFU/ml). None of the cats presented any obvious clinical signs, but all cats developed bacteremia, which peaked at 3.36 x 10(4) to 1.44 x 10(6) CFU/ml of blood between day 14 and day 36 postinoculation. B. koehlerae-inoculated cats had a bacteremia duration (mean, 74 days) shorter than did cats inoculated with B. clarridgeiae (mean, 324 days) (P = 0.03). None of the four cats inoculated with B. koehlerae had bacteremia relapse. As shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using B. koehlerae outer membrane protein (OMP) antigens, the four cats developed a species-specific antibody response, and ELISA testing using other feline Bartonella OMP antigens showed statistically lower optical density values. All four cats developed similar antibody reactivity patterns to B. koehlerae OMP antigens as seen by Western blotting, each with at least 20 seroreactive protein bands. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, protein profile differences were observed for both whole-cell lysate and OMPs from B. koehlerae, compared with B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae. B. koehlerae was more closely related to B. henselae than to B. clarridgeiae by protein profile, and this relatedness was also confirmed by analysis of the genomic DNA profiles by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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21
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Jacomo V, Kelly PJ, Raoult D. Natural history of Bartonella infections (an exception to Koch's postulate). CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:8-18. [PMID: 11777823 PMCID: PMC119901 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.1.8-18.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Jacomo
- Unité des Rickettsies, CNRS, UPRESA 6020, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Blvd. Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Shaw
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
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23
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Koesling J, Aebischer T, Falch C, Schülein R, Dehio C. Cutting edge: antibody-mediated cessation of hemotropic infection by the intraerythrocytic mouse pathogen Bartonella grahamii. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:11-4. [PMID: 11418625 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genus Bartonella includes important human-specific and zoonotic pathogens which cause intraerythrocytic bacteremia in their mammalian reservoir host(s). It is accepted that cellular immunity plays a decisive role in the host's defense against most intracellular bacteria. Bartonella sp. infection in the immunocompetent host typically leads to immunity against homologous challenge. The basis of this immunity, be it cellular or humoral, is unclear. In this study, the course of Bartonella grahamii bacteremia in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice was compared. In immunocompetent hosts, the bacteremia is transient and induces a strong humoral immune response. In contrast, bacteremia persists in immunocompromised B and T cell-deficient mice. Immune serum transfer beginning with day 6 postinfection to B cell-deficient mice unable to produce Igs converted the persistent bacteremia to a transient course indistinguishable from that of immunocompetent animals. These data demonstrate an essential role for specific Abs in abrogating the intraerythrocytic bacteremia of B. grahamii in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Koesling
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Schülein R, Seubert A, Gille C, Lanz C, Hansmann Y, Piémont Y, Dehio C. Invasion and persistent intracellular colonization of erythrocytes. A unique parasitic strategy of the emerging pathogen Bartonella. J Exp Med 2001; 193:1077-86. [PMID: 11342592 PMCID: PMC2193435 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.9.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanding genus Bartonella includes zoonotic and human-specific pathogens that can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations. A productive infection allowing bacterial transmission by blood-sucking arthropods is marked by an intraerythrocytic bacteremia that occurs exclusively in specific human or animal reservoir hosts. Incidental human infection by animal-adapted bartonellae can cause disease without evidence for erythrocyte parasitism. A better understanding of the intraerythrocytic lifestyle of bartonellae may permit the design of strategies to control the reservoir and transmittable stages of these emerging pathogens. We have dissected the process of Bartonella erythrocyte parasitism in experimentally infected animals using a novel approach for tracking blood infections based on flow cytometric quantification of green fluorescent protein-expressing bacteria during their interaction with in vivo-biotinylated erythrocytes. Bacteremia onset occurs several days after inoculation by a synchronous wave of bacterial invasion into mature erythrocytes. Intracellular bacteria replicate until reaching a stagnant number, which is sustained for the remaining life span of the infected erythrocyte. The initial wave of erythrocyte infection is followed by reinfection waves occurring at intervals of several days. Our findings unravel a unique bacterial persistence strategy adapted to a nonhemolytic intracellular colonization of erythrocytes that preserves the pathogen for efficient transmission by blood-sucking arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Schülein
- Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Department of Molecular Microbiology, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Biology, Department of Infection Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Seubert
- Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Department of Molecular Microbiology, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Biology, Department of Infection Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gille
- Max Planck Institute for Biology, Department of Infection Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christa Lanz
- Max Planck Institute for Biology, Department of Infection Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yves Hansmann
- Institute of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, University Louis Pasteur, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yves Piémont
- Institute of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, University Louis Pasteur, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christoph Dehio
- Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Department of Molecular Microbiology, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Biology, Department of Infection Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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25
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Abstract
Bartonella species have been recognized as important human pathogens only recently. Until the early 1990s, this genus was represented by one species, Bartonella bacilliformis. The recent identification of other Bartonella species as the agents of cat-scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis has left little doubt of their emerging importance as opportunistic human pathogens. Over the last decade, extensive research has been performed on Bartonella species, resulting in an explosion in our knowledge of the genetic diversity of this genus. Unusual aspects of disease sequelae have fueled worldwide interest in defining the natural history, pathology, and molecular biology of Bartonella species. While much information about these interests has been presented, the advancement of immunological knowledge regarding Bartonella species has been slow. This review discusses immunological data on Bartonella species, focusing on the three primary human pathogens of this genus: B. bacilliformis, B. quintana, and B. henselae.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Karem
- Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Ser
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26
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Karem KL, Paddock CD, Regnery RL. Bartonella henselae, B. quintana, and B. bacilliformis: historical pathogens of emerging significance. Microbes Infect 2000; 2:1193-205. [PMID: 11008109 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bartonella species were virtually unrecognized as modern pathogens of humans until the last decade. However, identification of Bartonella species as the agents of cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, urban trench fever, and possible novel presentations of Carrion's disease has left little doubt of the emerging medical importance of this genus of organisms. The three primary human pathogenic bartonellae, Bartonella bacilliformis (Carrion's disease), B. henselae (cat-scratch disease), and B. quintana (trench fever), present noteworthy comparisons in the epidemiology, natural history, pathology, and host-microbe interaction that this review will briefly explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Karem
- Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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