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Yazdanpanah E, Dadfar S, Shadab A, Orooji N, Nemati M, Pazoki A, Esmaeili SA, Baharlou R, Haghmorad D. Berberine: A natural modulator of immune cells in multiple sclerosis. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1213. [PMID: 38477663 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Berberine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid found in such plants as Berberis vulgaris, Berberis aristata, and others, revealing a variety of pharmacological properties as a result of interacting with different cellular and molecular targets. Recent studies have shown the immunomodulatory effects of Berberine which result from its impacts on immune cells and immune response mediators such as diverse T lymphocyte subsets, dendritic cells (DCs), and different inflammatory cytokines. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by the recruitment of autoreactive T cells into the CNS causing demyelination, axonal damage, and oligodendrocyte loss. There have been considerable changes discovered in MS regards to the function and frequency of T cell subsets such as Th1 cells, Th17 cells, Th2 cells, Treg cells, and DCs. In the current research, we reviewed the outcomes of in vitro, experimental, and clinical investigations concerning the modulatory effects that Berberine provides on the function and numbers of T cell subsets and DCs, as well as important cytokines that are involved in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Yazdanpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sepehr Dadfar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Alireza Shadab
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Niloufar Orooji
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - MohammadHossein Nemati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Alireza Pazoki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Rasoul Baharlou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Dariush Haghmorad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Kodosaki E, Watkins WJ, Loveless S, Kreft KL, Richards A, Anderson V, Hurler L, Robertson NP, Zelek WM, Tallantyre EC. Combination protein biomarkers predict multiple sclerosis diagnosis and outcomes. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:52. [PMID: 38368354 PMCID: PMC10874571 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Establishing biomarkers to predict multiple sclerosis diagnosis and prognosis has been challenging using a single biomarker approach. We hypothesised that a combination of biomarkers would increase the accuracy of prediction models to differentiate multiple sclerosis from other neurological disorders and enhance prognostication for people with multiple sclerosis. We measured 24 fluid biomarkers in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of 77 people with multiple sclerosis and 80 people with other neurological disorders, using ELISA or Single Molecule Array assays. Primary outcomes were multiple sclerosis versus any other diagnosis, time to first relapse, and time to disability milestone (Expanded Disability Status Scale 6), adjusted for age and sex. Multivariate prediction models were calculated using the area under the curve value for diagnostic prediction, and concordance statistics (the percentage of each pair of events that are correctly ordered in time for each of the Cox regression models) for prognostic predictions. Predictions using combinations of biomarkers were considerably better than single biomarker predictions. The combination of cerebrospinal fluid [chitinase-3-like-1 + TNF-receptor-1 + CD27] and serum [osteopontin + MCP-1] had an area under the curve of 0.97 for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, compared to the best discriminative single marker in blood (osteopontin: area under the curve 0.84) and in cerebrospinal fluid (chitinase-3-like-1 area under the curve 0.84). Prediction for time to next relapse was optimal with a combination of cerebrospinal fluid[vitamin D binding protein + Factor I + C1inhibitor] + serum[Factor B + Interleukin-4 + C1inhibitor] (concordance 0.80), and time to Expanded Disability Status Scale 6 with cerebrospinal fluid [C9 + Neurofilament-light] + serum[chitinase-3-like-1 + CCL27 + vitamin D binding protein + C1inhibitor] (concordance 0.98). A combination of fluid biomarkers has a higher accuracy to differentiate multiple sclerosis from other neurological disorders and significantly improved the prediction of the development of sustained disability in multiple sclerosis. Serum models rivalled those of cerebrospinal fluid, holding promise for a non-invasive approach. The utility of our biomarker models can only be established by robust validation in different and varied cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Kodosaki
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, WC1E6BT, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N3BG, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - W John Watkins
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sam Loveless
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Karim L Kreft
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aidan Richards
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Valerie Anderson
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Lisa Hurler
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Neil P Robertson
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Wioleta M Zelek
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emma C Tallantyre
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK.
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK.
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Oeztuerk M, Henes A, Schroeter CB, Nelke C, Quint P, Theissen L, Meuth SG, Ruck T. Current Biomarker Strategies in Autoimmune Neuromuscular Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:2456. [PMID: 37887300 PMCID: PMC10605022 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory neuromuscular disorders encompass a diverse group of immune-mediated diseases with varying clinical manifestations and treatment responses. The identification of specific biomarkers has the potential to provide valuable insights into disease pathogenesis, aid in accurate diagnosis, predict disease course, and monitor treatment efficacy. However, the rarity and heterogeneity of these disorders pose significant challenges in the identification and implementation of reliable biomarkers. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of biomarkers currently established in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), myasthenia gravis (MG), and idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM). It highlights the existing biomarkers in these disorders, including diagnostic, prognostic, predictive and monitoring biomarkers, while emphasizing the unmet need for additional specific biomarkers. The limitations and challenges associated with the current biomarkers are discussed, and the potential implications for disease management and personalized treatment strategies are explored. Collectively, biomarkers have the potential to improve the management of inflammatory neuromuscular disorders. However, novel strategies and further research are needed to establish clinically meaningful biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.O.); (A.H.); (P.Q.)
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Li X, Yang L, Wang G, Yuan Y, Wei N, Yang W, Wang X, Wang Z. Extensive cytokine biomarker analysis in serum of Guillain-Barré syndrome patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8354. [PMID: 37221406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35610-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute idiopathic polyneuropathy which is related to infection and immune mechanism. The exact pathogenesis of the disease is unknown and treatment is limited. Thus, the purpose of the study is to identify biomarkers of GBS serum and elucidate their involvement in the underlying pathogenesis of GBS that could help to treat GBS more accurately. Antibody array technology was used to detect the expression levels of 440 proteins in serum of 5 GBS group and 5 healthy control group. Sixty-seven differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified by antibody array, among which FoLR1, Legumain, ErbB4, IL-1α, MIP-1α and IGF-2 were down-regulated, while 61 proteins were up-regulated. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that most DEPs were associated with leukocytes, among which IL-1α, SDF-1b, B7-1, CD40, CTLA4, IL-9, MIP-1α and CD40L were in the center of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Subsequently, the ability of these DEPs to distinguish GBS from healthy control was further evaluated. CD23 was identified by means of Random Forests Analysis (RFA) and verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ROC curve result of CD23 respectively displayed that its sensitivity, specificity and AUC were 0.818, 0.800 and 0.824. We speculate that activation of leukocyte proliferation and migration in circulating blood might be associated with inflammatory recruitment of peripheral nerves, leading to the occurrence and development of GBS, but this conclusion still requires deeper confirmation. More importantly, central proteins may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of GBS. In addition, we detected IL-1α, IL-9, and CD23 in the serum of GBS patients for the first time, which may be promising biomarkers for the treatment of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Li
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Yanping Yuan
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Na Wei
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Wanqiu Yang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- The No.1 People's Hospital of Shizuishan, Shizuishan, 753200, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhenhai Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
- Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering Technology Research Center of Nervous System Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
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Malekpour M, Khanmohammadi S, Meybodi MJE, Shekouh D, Rahmanian MR, Kardeh S, Azarpira N. COVID-19 as a trigger of Guillain-Barré syndrome: A review of the molecular mechanism. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e875. [PMID: 37249286 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a pandemic with serious complications. After coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), several post-acute COVID-19 syndromes (PACSs) and long-COVID sequels were reported. PACSs involve many organs, including the nervous, gustatory, and immune systems. One of the PACSs after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination is Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The incidence rate of GBS after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination is low. However, the high prevalence of COVID-19 and severe complications of GBS, for example, autonomic dysfunction and respiratory failure, highlight the importance of post-COVID-19 GBS. It is while patients with simultaneous COVID-19 and GBS seem to have higher admission rates to the intensive care unit, and demyelination is more aggressive in post-COVID-19 GBS patients. SARS-CoV-2 can trigger GBS via several pathways like direct neurotropism and neurovirulence, microvascular dysfunction and oxidative stress, immune system disruption, molecular mimicry, and autoantibody production. Although there are few molecular studies on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of GBS occurrence after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, we aimed to discuss the possible pathomechanism of post-COVID-19 GBS by gathering the most recent molecular evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Malekpour
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Entezari Meybodi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Dorsa Shekouh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahmanian
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sina Kardeh
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Ha J, Park S, Kang H, Kyung T, Kim N, Kim DK, Kim H, Bae K, Song MC, Lee KJ, Lee E, Hwang BS, Youn J, Seok JM, Park K. Real-world data on the incidence and risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a prospective surveillance study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3773. [PMID: 36882454 PMCID: PMC9989583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests an association between SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Nevertheless, little is understood about the contributing risk factors and clinical characteristics of GBS post SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. In this prospective surveillance study of 38,828,691 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses administered from February 2021 to March 2022 in the Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, 55 cases of GBS were reported post vaccination. We estimated the incidence rate of GBS per million doses and the incidence rate ratio for the vaccine dose, mechanism, age, and sex. Additionally, we compared the clinical characteristics of GBS following mRNA-based and viral vector-based vaccinations. The overall incidence of GBS following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was 1.42 per million doses. Viral vector-based vaccines were associated with a higher risk of GBS. Men were more likely to develop GBS than women. The third dose of vaccine was associated with a lower risk of developing GBS. Classic sensorimotor and pure motor subtypes were the predominant clinical subtypes, and demyelinating type was the predominant electrodiagnostic subtype. The initial dose of viral-vector based vaccine and later doses of mRNA-based vaccine were associated with GBS, respectively. GBS following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may not be clinically distinct. However, physicians should pay close attention to the classic presentation of GBS in men receiving an initial dose of viral vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmok Ha
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Suyeon Park
- Department of Biostatistics, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwook Kang
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Taeeun Kyung
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Namoh Kim
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Kim
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyeonjoon Kim
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kihoon Bae
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Min Cheol Song
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kwang June Lee
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Euiho Lee
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Beom Seuk Hwang
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Youn
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea. .,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jin Myoung Seok
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Cheonan, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.
| | - Kunhee Park
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea.
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Ghosh R, Mitra P, Kumar PVSNK, Goyal T, Sharma P. T helper cells in depression: central role of Th17 cells. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2021; 59:19-39. [PMID: 34592888 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1965535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders in the world. While conventional pharmaceutical therapy targets monoaminergic pathway dysfunction, it has not been totally successful in terms of positive outcomes, remission, and preventing relapses. There is an increasing amount of evidence that neuroinflammation may play a significant part in the pathophysiology of depression. Among the key components of the neuroinflammatory pathways already known to be active are the T helper (Th) cells, especially Th17 cells. While various preclinical and clinical studies have reported increased levels of Th17 cells in both serum and brain tissue of laboratory model animals, contradictory results have argued against a pertinent role of Th17 cells in depression. Recent studies have also revealed a role for more pathogenic and inflammatory subsets of Th17 in depression, as well as IL-17A and Th17 cells in non-responsiveness to conventional antidepressant therapy. Despite recent advances, there is still a significant knowledge gap concerning the exact mechanism by which Th17 cells influence neuroinflammation in depression. This review first provides a short introduction to the major findings that led to the discovery of the role of Th cells in depression. The major subsets of Th cells known to be involved in neuroimmunology of depression, such as Th1, Th17, and T regulatory cells, are subsequently described, with an in-depth discussion on current knowledge about Th17 cells in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghumoy Ghosh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prasenjit Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - P V S N Kiran Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Taru Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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Kwiatek M, Gęca T, Kwaśniewska A. Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in the First Trimester-Comparison of Missed Miscarriage and Normal Pregnancy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168538. [PMID: 34444287 PMCID: PMC8393667 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The advantage in response of Th2 over Th1 is observed in normal pregnancy in peripheral blood. A disturbance of this balance can lead to symptoms of miscarriage and pregnancy loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in sera of women who were diagnosed with missed miscarriage in the first trimester and to compare this systemic immune response to the response in women with normal pregnancy. The study group consisted of 61 patients diagnosed with missed miscarriage. In total, 19 healthy women with uncomplicated first trimester created the control group. Cytokines were determined in the maternal serum by ELISA. The analysis included INF-γ, TNF-α, Il-1β, Il-4, Il-5, Il-6, Il-9, Il-10, Il-13 and TGF-β1. Th1 cytokine levels in the study group reached slightly higher values for INF-γ, Il-1β and slightly lower for IL-6 and TNF-α. In turn, Th2 cytokine levels in the study group were slightly higher (Il-9, Il-13), significantly higher (Il4, p = 0.015; Il-5, p = 0.0003) or showed no differences with the control group (Il-10). Slightly lower concentration involved only TGF-β1. Analysis of the correlation between levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines resulted in some discrepancies, without showing predominance of a specific immune response. The results did not confirm that women with missed miscarriage had an advantage in any type of immune response in comparison to women with normal pregnancy.
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Stoian A, Bălașa R, Grigorescu BL, Maier S, Andone S, Cocuz IG, Bajko Z, Filep CR, Stoian M. Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Covid-19: A close relationship or just a coincidence? (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:916. [PMID: 34306190 PMCID: PMC8281479 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several neurological complications affecting the central and peripheral nervous system were described secondary to COVID-19 infection such as hyposmia, headache, nausea, impaired consciousness, psychosis, neurocognitive syndromes and even cerebrovascular accidents. The mechanism of these complications is not fully understood, but heterogenous mechanisms such as cytokine storm, secondary hypercoagulability and direct neurotropism of the virus are thought to be involved. Guillain-Barré syndrome is a heterogeneous disease that frequently follows a bacterial or viral infection. During the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, several isolated case reports and case series have suggested an association between this viral infection and the occurrence of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The main mechanism of Guillain-Barré syndrome is probably post-viral dysregulation of the immune system generated by SARS-CoV-2. The clinical characteristics and disease evolution seem to be similar to those observed in Guillain-Barré syndrome secondary to other etiologies. The aim of the present review is to summarize the relevant literature regarding SARS-CoV-2-related Guillain-Barré syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Stoian
- Department of Pathophysiology, 'George Emil Palade' University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Rodica Bălașa
- Department of Neurology, 'George Emil Palade' University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Bianca Liana Grigorescu
- Department of Pathophysiology, 'George Emil Palade' University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Smaranda Maier
- Department of Neurology, 'George Emil Palade' University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Sebastian Andone
- Department of Neurology, 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Iuliu Gabriel Cocuz
- Department of Pathophysiology, 'George Emil Palade' University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Zoltan Bajko
- Department of Neurology, 'George Emil Palade' University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Cristian Rares Filep
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Mircea Stoian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, 'George Emil Palade' University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
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Rodríguez Mesa XM, Moreno Vergara AF, Contreras Bolaños LA, Guevara Moriones N, Mejía Piñeros AL, Santander González SP. Therapeutic Prospects of Cannabinoids in the Immunomodulation of Prevalent Autoimmune Diseases. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021; 6:196-210. [PMID: 34030476 PMCID: PMC8266560 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabinoids such as ▵-9-THC and CBD can downregulate the immune response by modulating the endocannabinoid system. This modulation is relevant for the treatment of prevalent autoimmune diseases (ADs), such as multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes mellitus type 1 (DMT1), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These conditions require new therapeutic options with fewer side effects for the control of the autoimmune response. Objective: to conduct a literature review of preclinical scientific evidence that supports further clinical investigations for the use of cannabinoids (natural or synthetic) as potential immunomodulators of the immune response in ADs. Methodology: A systematic search was carried out in different databases using different MeSH terms, such as Cannabis sativa L., cannabinoids, immunomodulation, and ADs. Initially, 677 journal articles were found. After filtering by publication date (from 2000 to 2020 for SLE, DMT1, and RA; and 2010 to 2020 for MS) and removing the duplicate items, 200 articles were selected and analyzed by title and summary associated with the use of cannabinoids as immunomodulatory treatment for those diseases. Results: Evidence of the immunomodulatory effect of cannabinoids in the diseases previously mentioned, but SLE that did not meet the search criteria, was summarized from 24 journal articles. CBD was found to be one of the main modulators of the immune response. This molecule decreased the number of Th1 and Th17 proinflammatory cells and the production of the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-12, IL-17, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, in mouse models of MS and DMT1. Additionally, new synthetic cannabinoid-like molecules, with agonist or antagonist activity on CB1, CB2, TRPV1, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ receptors, have shown anti-inflammatory properties in MS, DMT1, and RA. Conclusion: Data from experimental animal models of AD showed that natural and synthetic cannabinoids downregulate inflammatory responses mediated by immune cells responsible for AD chronicity and progression. Although synthetic cannabinoid-like molecules were evaluated in just two clinical trials, they corroborated the potential use of cannabinoids to treat some ADs. Notwithstanding, new cannabinoid-based approaches are required to provide alternative treatments to patients affected by the large group of ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xandy Melissa Rodríguez Mesa
- Phytoimmunomodulation Research Group, Juan N. Corpas University Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia
- Group of Plant Pharmacology and Alternative Therapeutics, Juan N. Corpas University Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Felipe Moreno Vergara
- Phytoimmunomodulation Research Group, Juan N. Corpas University Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Juan N. Corpas University Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Andrés Contreras Bolaños
- Phytoimmunomodulation Research Group, Juan N. Corpas University Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia
- Group of Plant Pharmacology and Alternative Therapeutics, Juan N. Corpas University Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Guevara Moriones
- Phytoimmunomodulation Research Group, Juan N. Corpas University Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Juan N. Corpas University Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Antonio Luis Mejía Piñeros
- Group of Plant Pharmacology and Alternative Therapeutics, Juan N. Corpas University Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra Paola Santander González
- Phytoimmunomodulation Research Group, Juan N. Corpas University Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia
- Group of Plant Pharmacology and Alternative Therapeutics, Juan N. Corpas University Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia
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11
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Shoraka S, Ferreira MLB, Mohebbi SR, Ghaemi A. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Review on Potential Pathogenic Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674922. [PMID: 34040615 PMCID: PMC8141918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, the world has been facing an outbreak of a new disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by a novel beta-coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly affects the respiratory system. Recently, there have been some reports of extra-respiratory symptoms such as neurological manifestations in COVID-19. According to the increasing reports of Guillain-Barré syndrome following COVID-19, we mainly focused on SARS-CoV-2 infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome in this review. We tried to explain the possibility of a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome and potential pathogenic mechanisms based on current and past knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Shoraka
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Low-Dose Exposure to Ganglioside-Mimicking Bacteria Tolerizes Human Macrophages to Guillain-Barré Syndrome-Associated Antigens. mBio 2021; 13:e0385221. [PMID: 35100875 PMCID: PMC8805021 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03852-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in life, commensal bacteria play a major role in immune development, helping to guide the host response toward harmful stimuli while tolerating harmless antigens to prevent autoimmunity. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease caused by errant immune attack of antibody-bound ganglioside receptors on host nerve cells, resulting in paralysis. Lipooligosaccharides enveloping the prevalent enteric pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni, frequently mimic human gangliosides and can trigger GBS by stimulating the autoimmune response. In low- to middle-income countries, young children are consistently exposed to C. jejuni, and it is not known if this impacts GBS susceptibility later in life. Using a macrophage model, we examined the effect of training these cells with low doses of ganglioside-mimicking bacteria prior to challenge with GBS-associated antigens. This training caused decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting tolerance induction. We then screened Campylobacter isolates from 154 infant fecal samples for GM1 ganglioside mimicry, finding that 23.4% of strains from both symptomatic and asymptomatic infants displayed GM1-like structures. Training macrophages with one of these asymptomatic carrier isolates also induced tolerance against GBS-associated antigens, supporting that children can be exposed to the tolerizing antigen early in life. RNA interference of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 suggests that these receptors are not involved in tolerance associated with decreases in tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), or IL-1β levels. The results of this study suggest that exposure to ganglioside-mimicking bacteria early in life occurs naturally and impacts host susceptibility to GBS development. IMPORTANCE In this study, we demonstrated that it is possible to tolerize immune cells to potentially dampen the autoreactive proinflammatory immune response against Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)-associated antigens. The innate immune response functions to arm the host against bacterial attack, but it can be tricked into recognizing the host's own cells when infectious bacteria display sugar structures that mimic human glycans. It is this errant response that leads to the autoimmunity and paralysis associated with GBS. By presenting immune cells with small amounts of the bacterial glycan mimic, we were able to suppress the proinflammatory immune response upon subsequent high exposure to glycan-mimicking bacteria. This suggests that individuals who have already been exposed to the glycan mimics in small amounts are less sensitive to autoimmune reactions against these glycans, and this could be a factor in determining susceptibility to GBS.
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13
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Hussain FS, Eldeeb MA, Blackmore D, Siddiqi ZA. Guillain Barré syndrome and COVID-19: Possible role of the cytokine storm. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102681. [PMID: 33099040 PMCID: PMC7577871 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faraz S Hussain
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohamed A Eldeeb
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Derrick Blackmore
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zaeem A Siddiqi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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14
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A review of the role of genetic factors in Guillain–Barré syndrome. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:902-920. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Smagina IV, Elchaninova SA, Palashchenko AS, Galaktionova LP. [Pathological and protective effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in multiple sclerosis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 119:14-20. [PMID: 31934984 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20191191014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is involved in the regulation of both physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). The effects of TNF-α on CNS reported in clinical trials and experimental studies, evidence of involvement of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis are analyzed. Possible causes of failures of non-selective pharmacological inhibition of TNF-α effects in MS are considered in view of current concepts on mechanisms of TNF-α action.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Smagina
- Altai State Medical University, Barnaul, Russia; Regional Clinical Hospital, Barnaul, Russia
| | | | - A S Palashchenko
- Altai State Medical University, Barnaul, Russia; Regional Clinical Hospital, Barnaul, Russia
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16
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Khoury O, Atala A, Murphy SV. Stromal cells from perinatal and adult sources modulate the inflammatory immune response in vitro by decreasing Th1 cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 9:61-73. [PMID: 31638323 PMCID: PMC6954711 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many immune-mediated conditions are associated with a dysregulated imbalance toward a Th1 response leading to disease onset, severity, and damage. Many of the therapies such as immunomodulators or anti-TNF-α antibodies often fall short in preventing disease progression and ameliorating disease conditions. Thus, new therapies that can target inflammatory environments would have a major impact in preventing the progression of inflammatory diseases. We investigated the role of human stromal cells derived from the amniotic fluid (AFSCs), the placenta (PLSCs), and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) in modulating the inflammatory response of in vitro-stimulated circulating blood-derived immune cells. Immune cells were isolated from the blood of healthy individuals and stimulated in vitro with antigens to activate inflammatory responses to stimuli. AFSC, BM-MSCs, and PLSCs were cocultured with stimulated leukocytes, neutrophils, or lymphocytes. Inflammatory cytokine production, neutrophil migration, enzymatic degranulation, T cell proliferation, and subsets were evaluated. Coculture of all three stromal cell types decreased the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and enzymes such as IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, neutrophil elastase, and the transcription factor NF-κB in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated leukocytes. With isolated phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cells coculture leads to a decrease in lymphocyte proliferation. This effect correlated with decreased numbers of Th1 lymphocytes and decreased secreted levels of IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oula Khoury
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sean V Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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17
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Li C, Luo T, Cheng Y, Liu S, Qiao L, Wu X, Liu K. The effects of IVIg therapy on serum levels of neuropeptide Y and cytokines in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurol Sci 2019; 41:295-303. [PMID: 31494821 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a common acute immune-mediated inflammatory disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of humans. Studies in humans and in animal models revealed that neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels are altered in some neurodegenerative and neuroimmune disorders. Herein, we investigated the levels of NPY and cytokines in the serum of GBS patients and explored the roles of NPY in the disease severity and its short-term prognosis. METHODS Twenty patients with GBS (case group) and twenty healthy individuals (control group) were enrolled in this study. NPY levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) were analyzed using cytometric beads array (CBA). The clinical characteristics, disease severity, and short-term prognosis were compared between the two groups. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the levels of NPY and cytokines were significantly increased in the serum of patients with GBS. NPY levels in the serum of GBS patients were correlated with the disease severity. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that NPY and cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of GBS. The levels of NPY can help to predict the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Li
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Tianfei Luo
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yanwei Cheng
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lifan Qiao
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Kangding Liu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.
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18
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Tahani S, Dehghani L, Jahanbani-Ardakani H, Shaygannejad V, Fazli A, Hamidavi A, Eskandari N. Elevated serum level of IL-4 in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis patients. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2019; 40:555-563. [PMID: 31422745 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2019.1655649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mediators have important roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is one of the most important cytokines that has a regulatory effect on immune cells. In the current study, the serum level of IL-4 was assessed in the newly diagnosed neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients compared to healthy subjects. ELISA technique was used for assessment of the serum level of IL-4, and data analysis was performed by SPSS software. Serum level of IL-4 was elevated in both NMO and MS patients compared with healthy individuals (P < .001), but no statistically significant difference was identified between MS and NMO patients (P = .071). Furthermore, gender (female) and AQP4-Ab had significant impacts on the level of IL-4 in NMO patients (P < .001). These data show the crucial role of IL-4 in the pathogenesis of NMO and MS diseases. However, we suggest future studies to investigate the serum level of IL-4 in NMO and MS patients to clarify more roles of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Tahani
- Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Leila Dehghani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Ali Fazli
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Azin Hamidavi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
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19
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Sun T, Chen X, Shi S, Liu Q, Cheng Y. Peripheral Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Levels in Guillain Barré Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:717. [PMID: 31379477 PMCID: PMC6646663 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Guillain Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disorder caused by the immune-mediated damage of the peripheral nervous system. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokines are important mediators for the onset and progression of GBS. A number of clinical studies have demonstrated elevated levels of T helper-1 (Th1-), Th2-, and Th17-related cytokines in patients with GBS; however, the results were inconsistent across studies. Methods: We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of studies comparing the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood between patients with GBS and healthy individuals, using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2 software. A database search identified 30 studies comprising 1,302 patients with GBS and 1,073 healthy controls. Results: The random-effects meta-analysis demonstrated that peripheral blood tumor necrosis factor-α (Hedges g, 1.544; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.923–2.165; p < 0.001), interleukin-1β (IL-1β; Hedges g, 0.678; 95% CI, 0.183–1.172; p = 0.007), IL-6 (Hedges g, 0.630; 95% CI, 0.100–1.160; p = 0.02), IL-4 (Hedges g, 0.822; 95% CI, 0.220–1.423; p = 0.007), IL-17 (Hedges g, 1.452; 95% CI, 0.331–2.573; p = 0.011), interferon-γ (Hedges g, 1.104; 95% CI, 0.490–1.719; p < 0.001), and C-reactive protein (Hedges g, 0.909; 95% CI, 0.453–1.365; p < 0.001) levels were significantly increased in patients with GBS when compared with healthy controls. Contrastingly, the blood IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β levels were not significantly associated with GBS. Furthermore, the meta-analysis found that cerebrospinal fluid IL-17 levels were significantly associated with GBS (Hedges g, 1.882; 95% CI, 0.104–3.661; p = 0.038). Conclusion: Altogether, our results clarified the circulating inflammatory cytokine profile in patients with GBS, and revealed that Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-related cytokines were highly elevated in the GBS patients, suggesting the potential use of these cytokines as biomarkers for GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qingshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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20
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Mahmoodi M, Ayoobi F, Aghaei A, Rahmani M, Taghipour Z, Hosseini A, Jafarzadeh A, Sankian M. Beneficial effects of Thymus vulgaris extract in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Clinical, histological and cytokine alterations. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:2100-2108. [PMID: 30551467 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The imbalance between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Thymus vulgaris (thyme) as a traditional medicinal plant has been reported to exert antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study evaluated the modulatory effects of Thymus vulgaris on the clinical symptoms, histopathological scores, and the production of some anti-inflammatory (TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-10) and pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-17) cytokines in EAE model. EAE was induced by MOG35-55 peptide and mice were treated intra-peritoneally (i.p) with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in the control group or thyme extract (50 or 100 mg/kg of body weight, every other day) in thyme-treated EAE groups, from day 0 to +21 of post MOG immunization. Mice were sacrificed at day 22, and splenocytes were isolated and re-stimulated in vitro with MOG in order to measure the cytokine production and proliferation of re-stimulated cells by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and WST-1 reagent, respectively. The clinical symptoms and histopathological scores of the CNS were lower in thyme-treated than EAE control group. Furthermore, the production of IFN-γ and IL-6 by splenocytes was lower in thyme-treated EAE than in the control group. The production of IL-10 and TGF-β increased in mice treated with thyme extract compared to the control group. In this study, we showed for the first time that the immunomodulatory effects of Thymus vulgaris in EAE model. Thus, the possible therapeutic potential of thyme for treatment of MS could be considered in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merat Mahmoodi
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ayoobi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Azita Aghaei
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rahmani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Taghipour
- Department of Anatomy, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Azar Hosseini
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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21
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Hrdý J, Vlasáková K, Černý V, Súkeníková L, Novotná O, Petrásková P, Boráková K, Lodinová-Žádníková R, Kolářová L, Prokešová L. Decreased allergy incidence in children supplemented with E. coli O83:K24:H31 and its possible modes of action. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:2015-2030. [PMID: 30306557 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The growing knowledge of the key role of microbiota in the maturation of neonatal immune system suggests that manipulation of microbiota could be exploited in hampering allergy development. In this study, Escherichia coli O83:K24:H31 (EcO83) was administered to newborns that were followed prospectively. Several immunological characteristics (cytokines, specific IgE, total T regulatory cells (Treg) and subpopulation of natural Treg (nTreg) and induced Treg (iTreg)) were tested in peripheral blood of 8-year-old children. Incidence of allergic disease was decreased in EcO83 supplemented children and significantly elevated levels of IL-10 and IFN-ɣ were detected in serum of EcO83 supplemented children. Probiotic supplementation did not influence the numbers of the total Treg population but their functional capacity (intracellular expression of IL-10) was significantly increased in children supplemented with EcO83 in comparison to non-supplemented children. Morover, decreased proportion of iTreg was present in peripheral blood of non-supplemented in comparison to EcO83 supplemented children. Finally, stimulation of cord blood cells with EcO83 promoted both gene expression and secretion of IL-10 and IFN-ɣ suggesting that beneficial effect of EcO83 in prevention of allergy development could be mediated by promotion of regulatory responses (by IL-10) and Th1 immune response (by IFN-ɣ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Hrdý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vlasáková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Černý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Súkeníková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Novotná
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Petrásková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Libuše Kolářová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Prokešová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Motamed-Gorji N, Matin N, Tabatabaie O, Pavone P, Romano C, Falsaperla R, Vitaliti G. Biological Drugs in Guillain-Barré Syndrome: An Update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:938-950. [PMID: 27964705 PMCID: PMC5652014 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666161213114904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is currently considered the most common global cause of acute flaccid paralysis. Currently, standard therapy for Guillain-Barré Syndrome includes intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange. Despite medical advances regarding these treatments, many treated patients do not reach full recovery. Therefore several biological agents have attracted the attentions from researchers during the last decades, and various studies have investigated their role in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Objective: The present study aims to address emerging biological approaches to GBS while considering their efficiency and safety in treating the disease. Materials and Methods: An extensive electronic literature search was conducted by two researchers from April 2016 to July 2016. Original articles, clinical trials, systematic reviews (with or without meta-analysis) and case reports were selected. Titles and abstracts of papers were screened by reviewers to determine whether they met the eligibility criteria, and full texts of the selected articles were retrieved. Results: Herein authors focused on the literature data concerning emerging biological therapeutic agents, namely anti-C5 monoclonal antibody (Eculizumab), anti-C1q monoclonal antibody, anti-T cell monoclonal antibody, anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody, anti L-selectin monoclonal antibody, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab), anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody (Alemtuzumab) and cytokine targets. By far, none of these agents have been approved for the treatment of GBS by FDA. Conclusion: Literature findings represented in current review herald promising results for using these biological targets. Current review represents a summary of what is already in regards and what progress is required to improve the immunotherapeutic approach of treating GBS via future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nassim Matin
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. United States
| | - Omidreza Tabatabaie
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. United States
| | - Piero Pavone
- General Paediatrics Operative Unit, Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital, University of Catania, Catania. Italy
| | - Catia Romano
- General Paediatrics Operative Unit, Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital, University of Catania, Catania. Italy
| | - Raffaele Falsaperla
- General Paediatrics Operative Unit, Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital, University of Catania, Catania. Italy
| | - Giovanna Vitaliti
- General Paediatrics Operative Unit, Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital, University of Catania, Catania. Italy
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23
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Debnath M, Nagappa M, Talukdar PM, Subbanna M, Sundaravadivel P, Shivakumar V, Dutta D, Wahatule R, Sinha S, Bindu PS, Periyavan S, Umamaheswara Rao GS, Taly AB. Comprehensive cytokine profiling provides evidence for a multi-lineage Th responses in Guillain Barré Syndrome. Cytokine 2018; 110:58-62. [PMID: 29704819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Guillain Barré Syndrome (GBS) is one of the commonest acquired immune-mediated neuropathies, often preceded by infections. Although cellular immune responses are shown to substantially account for the pathophysiology of GBS, the precise mechanistic basis of risk and disease course remains enigmatic till date. Cytokines are best known for their abilities to drive cellular immunity and inflammation through their co-ordinated actions. Data obtained from clinical and animal model studies suggest important implications of some of the cytokines in the progression and recovery of GBS. However, these studies were performed on few cytokines and small set of GBS patients, thereby lacking a complete understanding of the patterns of association of cytokines representing Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses with GBS. We studied 65 well-characterized GBS patients and 73 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. A panel of 15 cytokines representing Th1, Th2 and Th17 pathways was assayed using Multiplex Suspension Array platform. Plasma levels of five cytokines were found to be altered in GBS patients compared to healthy control subjects: (i) IL-1β exhibited reduced levels, and (ii) IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-21 and IL-33 were elevated in GBS patients. The most important finding of this study was up-regulated expression of IL-21 and IL-33 in patients with GBS. Given the role of IL-33 as an alarmin, the elevated level of this cytokine provides important indication about a much broader role of cytokines in GBS. This study also provides evidence towards a multi-lineage Th cells (Th1, Th2 and Th17) associated cytokine responses in the pathophysiology of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
| | - Madhu Nagappa
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Pinku Mani Talukdar
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Manjula Subbanna
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - P Sundaravadivel
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Debprasad Dutta
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Rahul Wahatule
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjib Sinha
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Parayil Sankaran Bindu
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sundar Periyavan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haematology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - G S Umamaheswara Rao
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia and Neurocritical Care, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Arun B Taly
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Sestito C, Brevé JJP, van Eggermond MCJA, Killestein J, Teunissen CE, van Rossum J, Wilhelmus MMM, Drukarch B, van den Elsen PJ, van Dam AM. Monocyte-derived tissue transglutaminase in multiple sclerosis patients: reflecting an anti-inflammatory status and function of the cells? J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:257. [PMID: 29268771 PMCID: PMC5740592 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukocyte infiltration into the central nervous system is an important feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology. Among the infiltrating cells, monocytes comprise the largest population and are considered to play a dual role in the course of the disease. The enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2), produced by monocytes, plays a central role in monocyte adhesion/migration in animal models of MS. In the present study, we questioned whether TG2 expression is altered in monocytes from MS patients compared to healthy control (HC) subjects. Moreover, we determined the inflammatory status of these TG2-expressing monocytes, what inflammatory factor regulates TG2 expression, and whether TG2 can functionally contribute to their adhesion/migration processes. METHODS Primary human monocytes from MS patients and HC subjects were collected, RNA isolated and subjected to qPCR analysis. Human THP-1 monocytes were lentivirally transduced with TG2 siRNA or control and treated with various cytokines. Subsequently, mRNA levels of inflammatory factors, adhesion properties, and activity of RhoA were analyzed in interleukin (IL)-4-treated monocytes. RESULTS TG2 mRNA levels are significantly increased in monocytes derived from MS patients compared to HC subjects. In addition, correlation analyses indicated that TG2-expressing cells display a more anti-inflammatory, migratory profile in MS patients. Using THP-1 monocytes, we observed that IL-4 is a major trigger of TG2 expression in these cells. Furthermore, knockdown of TG2 expression leads to a pro-inflammatory profile and reduced adhesion/migration properties of IL-4-treated monocytes. CONCLUSIONS TG2-expressing monocytes in MS patients have a more anti-inflammatory profile. Furthermore, TG2 mediates IL-4-induced anti-inflammatory status in THP-1 monocytes, adhesion, and cytoskeletal rearrangement in vitro. We thus propose that IL-4 upregulates TG2 expression in monocytes of MS patients, driving them into an anti-inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sestito
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Present Address: Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John J P Brevé
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marja C J A van Eggermond
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joep Killestein
- Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joram van Rossum
- Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J van den Elsen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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25
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Phan DTT, Bender RHF, Andrejecsk JW, Sobrino A, Hachey SJ, George SC, Hughes CCW. Blood-brain barrier-on-a-chip: Microphysiological systems that capture the complexity of the blood-central nervous system interface. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1669-1678. [PMID: 28195514 PMCID: PMC5786363 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217694100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a dynamic and highly organized structure that strictly regulates the molecules allowed to cross the brain vasculature into the central nervous system. The blood-brain barrier pathology has been associated with a number of central nervous system diseases, including vascular malformations, stroke/vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and various neurological tumors including glioblastoma multiforme. There is a compelling need for representative models of this critical interface. Current research relies heavily on animal models (mostly mice) or on two-dimensional (2D) in vitro models, neither of which fully capture the complexities of the human blood-brain barrier. Physiological differences between humans and mice make translation to the clinic problematic, while monolayer cultures cannot capture the inherently three-dimensional (3D) nature of the blood-brain barrier, which includes close association of the abluminal side of the endothelium with astrocyte foot-processes and pericytes. Here we discuss the central nervous system diseases associated with blood-brain barrier pathology, recent advances in the development of novel 3D blood-brain barrier -on-a-chip systems that better mimic the physiological complexity and structure of human blood-brain barrier, and provide an outlook on how these blood-brain barrier-on-a-chip systems can be used for central nervous system disease modeling. Impact statement The field of microphysiological systems is rapidly evolving as new technologies are introduced and our understanding of organ physiology develops. In this review, we focus on Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) models, with a particular emphasis on how they relate to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, cancer, and vascular malformations. We emphasize the importance of capturing the three-dimensional nature of the brain and the unique architecture of the BBB - something that until recently had not been well modeled by in vitro systems. Our hope is that this review will provide a launch pad for new ideas and methodologies that can provide us with truly physiological BBB models capable of yielding new insights into the function of this critical interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc TT Phan
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - R Hugh F Bender
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jillian W Andrejecsk
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Agua Sobrino
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Stephanie J Hachey
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Christopher CW Hughes
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Annunziata P, Cioni C, Mugnaini C, Corelli F. Potent immunomodulatory activity of a highly selective cannabinoid CB2 agonist on immune cells from healthy subjects and patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 303:66-74. [PMID: 28041663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
COR167, a novel CB2-selective high affinity agonist, was found to significantly inhibit, in a dose-dependent manner, the proliferation of both peripheral blood mononuclear cells and myelin basic protein-reactive T cell lines from normal healthy subjects and patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, a significantly higher inhibition was observed in patients on treatment with disease modifying drugs compared to those naive to treatment. The inhibitory activity of COR167 was exerted through a mixed mechanism involving atypical and incomplete shift of Th1 phenotype towards Th2 phenotype associated with slight reduction of IL-4 and IL-5 as well as strongly reduced levels of Th17-related cytokines. COR167 was also able to reduce in vitro migration of stimulated immunocompetent cells through human brain endothelium associated with a significant reduction of levels of several chemokines. These findings demonstrate that COR167 exerts potent immunomodulatory effects and confirm the cannabinoid CB2 receptor as a novel pharmacological target to counteract neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Annunziata
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cioni
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Mugnaini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federico Corelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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27
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Wang Y, Cao Y, Mangalam AK, Guo Y, LaFrance-Corey RG, Gamez JD, Atanga PA, Clarkson BD, Zhang Y, Wang E, Angom RS, Dutta K, Ji B, Pirko I, Lucchinetti CF, Howe CL, Mukhopadhyay D. Neuropilin-1 modulates interferon-γ-stimulated signaling in brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3911-3921. [PMID: 27591257 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.190702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory response of blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells plays an important role in pathogenesis of many central nervous system inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis; however, the molecular mechanism mediating BBB endothelial cell inflammatory response remains unclear. In this study, we first observed that knockdown of neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a co-receptor of several structurally diverse ligands, suppressed interferon-γ (IFNγ)-induced C-X-C motif chemokine 10 expression and activation of STAT1 in brain microvascular endothelial cells in a Rac1-dependent manner. Moreover, endothelial-specific NRP1-knockout mice, VECadherin-Cre-ERT2/NRP1flox/flox mice, showed attenuated disease progression during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse neuroinflammatory disease model. Detailed analysis utilizing histological staining, quantitative PCR, flow cytometry and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that deletion of endothelial NRP1 suppressed neuron demyelination, altered lymphocyte infiltration, preserved BBB function and decreased activation of the STAT1-CXCL10 pathway. Furthermore, increased expression of NRP1 was observed in endothelial cells of acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Our data identify a new molecular mechanism of brain microvascular endothelial inflammatory response through NRP1-IFNγ crosstalk that could be a potential target for intervention of endothelial cell dysfunction in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ying Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa city, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D Gamez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | - Yuebo Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Enfeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ramcharan Singh Angom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Kirthica Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Baoan Ji
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Istvan Pirko
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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28
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Liu H, Zhang W, Tian FF, Kun A, Zhou WB, Xiao B, Li J. IL-35 Is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Through Its Influence on the Function of CD4+ T Cells. Immunol Invest 2016. [PMID: 26225474 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1043671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells and many cytokines play critical roles in the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), an immune-mediated inflammatory disease. However, the role of IL-35, a novel member of the IL-12 cytokine family, in this kind of disease has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the functional changes of CD4+ T cells from GBS patients with IL-35 treatment in vitro. This study involved 21 GBS patients and an equal number of healthy controls (HCs). The results indicated that the average concentration of IL-35 in the plasma of GBS patients was lower than that of healthy controls (HCs). Increased levels of STAT1, STAT3 and STAT4 proteins and T-bet, ROR γt, IFN-γ and IL-17A mRNA were observed in CD4+ T cells from GBS patients. In contrast, the levels of STAT5 and STAT6 proteins and GATA3, Foxp3, IL-4 and TGF-β1 mRNAs were decreased in GBS patients in comparison with those of HCs. In addition, treatment of CD4+ T cells from GBS patients with IL-35 upregulated IL-35, STAT5 and STAT6 protein and T-bet, GATA3, Foxp3, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17A and TGF-β1 mRNA while inhibited levels of STAT3 and STAT4 protein and RORγt and IL-17A mRNA. These results indicate that IL-35 might play a potential role in GBS pathogenesis. Further studies are required in order to evaluate its role in GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , PR China
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29
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Administration of Myelin Basic Protein Peptides Encapsulated in Mannosylated Liposomes Normalizes Level of Serum TNF-α and IL-2 and Chemoattractants CCL2 and CCL4 in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2847232. [PMID: 27239100 PMCID: PMC4864531 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2847232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that immunodominant MBP peptides encapsulated in mannosylated liposomes (Xemys) effectively suppressed experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Within the frames of the successfully completed phase I clinical trial, we investigated changes in the serum cytokine profile after Xemys administration in MS patients. We observed a statistically significant decrease of MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1β/CCL4, IL-7, and IL-2 at the time of study completion. In contrast, the serum levels of TNF-α were remarkably elevated. Our data suggest that the administration of Xemys leads to a normalization of cytokine status in MS patients to values commonly reported for healthy subjects. These data are an important contribution for the upcoming Xemys clinical trials.
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30
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Liang PY, Diao LH, Huang CY, Lian RC, Chen X, Li GG, Zhao J, Li YY, He XB, Zeng Y. The pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in peripheral blood of women with recurrent implantation failure. Reprod Biomed Online 2015; 31:823-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Biomarkers of Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Some Recent Progress, More Still to Be Explored. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:564098. [PMID: 26451079 PMCID: PMC4588351 DOI: 10.1155/2015/564098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), the axonal subtype of which is mainly triggered by C. jejuni with ganglioside-mimicking lipooligosaccharides (LOS), is an immune-mediated disorder in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) accompanied by the disruption of the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (B-CSF-B). Biomarkers of GBS have been extensively explored and some of them are proved to assist in the clinical diagnosis and in monitoring disease progression as well as in assessing the efficacy of immunotherapy. Herein, we systemically review the literature on biomarkers of GBS, including infection-/immune-/BNB, B-CSF-B, and PNS damage-associated biomarkers, aiming at providing an overview of GBS biomarkers and guiding further investigations. Furthermore, we point out further directions for studies on GBS biomarkers.
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Wu X, Wang J, Liu K, Zhu J, Zhang HL. Are Th17 cells and their cytokines a therapeutic target in Guillain–Barré syndrome? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:209-22. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1086751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pennisi M, Russo G, Motta S, Pappalardo F. Agent based modeling of the effects of potential treatments over the blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis. J Immunol Methods 2015; 427:6-12. [PMID: 26343337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system that involves the destruction of the insulating sheath of axons, causing severe disabilities. Since the etiology of the disease is not yet fully understood, the use of novel techniques that may help to understand the disease, to suggest potential therapies and to test the effects of candidate treatments is highly advisable. To this end we developed an agent based model that demonstrated its ability to reproduce the typical oscillatory behavior observed in the most common form of multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The model has then been used to test the potential beneficial effects of vitamin D over the disease. Many scientific studies underlined the importance of the blood-brain barrier and of the mechanisms that influence its permeability on the development of the disease. In the present paper we further extend our previously developed model with a mechanism that mimics the blood-brain barrier behavior. The goal of our work is to suggest the best strategies to follow for developing new potential treatments that intervene in the blood-brain barrier. Results suggest that the best treatments should potentially prevent the opening of the blood-brain barrier, as treatments that help in recovering the blood-brain barrier functionality could be less effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzio Pennisi
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Russo
- Department of Drug Science, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Santo Motta
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Farrokhi M, Etemadifar M, Jafary Alavi MS, Zarkesh-Esfahani SH, Behjati M, Rezaei A, Amani-Beni A. TNF-alpha Production by Peripheral Blood Monocytes in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Healthy Controls. Immunol Invest 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1059851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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35
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Lukens JR, Gurung P, Shaw PJ, Barr MJ, Zaki MH, Brown SA, Vogel P, Chi H, Kanneganti TD. The NLRP12 Sensor Negatively Regulates Autoinflammatory Disease by Modulating Interleukin-4 Production in T Cells. Immunity 2015; 42:654-64. [PMID: 25888258 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Missense mutations in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain containing family of gene 12 (Nlrp12) are associated with periodic fever syndromes and atopic dermatitis in humans. Here, we have demonstrated a crucial role for NLRP12 in negatively regulating pathogenic T cell responses. Nlrp12(-/-) mice responded to antigen immunization with hyperinflammatory T cell responses. Furthermore, transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(hi)Nlrp12(-/-) T cells into immunodeficient mice led to more severe colitis and atopic dermatitis. NLRP12 deficiency did not, however, cause exacerbated ascending paralysis during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); instead, Nlrp12(-/-) mice developed atypical neuroinflammatory symptoms that were characterized by ataxia and loss of balance. Enhanced T-cell-mediated interleukin-4 (IL-4) production promotes the development of atypical EAE disease in Nlrp12(-/-) mice. These results define an unexpected role for NLRP12 as an intrinsic negative regulator of T-cell-mediated immunity and identify altered NF-κB regulation and IL-4 production as key mediators of NLRP12-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Lukens
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Maggie J Barr
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Md Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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36
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Wong N, Nguyen T, Brenu EW, Broadley S, Staines D, Marshall-Gradisnik S. A Comparison of Cytokine Profiles of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2015.610103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Raphael I, Nalawade S, Eagar TN, Forsthuber TG. T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Cytokine 2014; 74:5-17. [PMID: 25458968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells are critical for proper immune cell homeostasis and host defense, but are also major contributors to pathology of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Since the discovery of the Th1/Th2 dichotomy, many additional Th subsets were discovered, each with a unique cytokine profile, functional properties, and presumed role in autoimmune tissue pathology. This includes Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, Th9, and Treg cells which are characterized by specific cytokine profiles. Cytokines produced by these Th subsets play a critical role in immune cell differentiation, effector subset commitment, and in directing the effector response. Cytokines are often categorized into proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and linked to Th subsets expressing them. This article reviews the different Th subsets in terms of cytokine profiles, how these cytokines influence and shape the immune response, and their relative roles in promoting pathology in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we will discuss whether Th cell pathogenicity can be defined solely based on their cytokine profiles and whether rigid definition of a Th cell subset by its cytokine profile is helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Raphael
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Saisha Nalawade
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Todd N Eagar
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, TX 77030, United States
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States.
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38
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The contribution of immune and glial cell types in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Int 2014; 2014:285245. [PMID: 25374694 PMCID: PMC4211315 DOI: 10.1155/2014/285245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterised by widespread areas of focal demyelination. Its aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear despite substantial insights gained through studies of animal models, most notably experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS is widely believed to be immune-mediated and pathologically attributable to myelin-specific autoreactive CD4+ T cells. In recent years, MS research has expanded beyond its focus on CD4+ T cells to recognise the contributions of multiple immune and glial cell types to the development, progression, and amelioration of the disease. This review summarises evidence of T and B lymphocyte, natural killer cell, macrophage/microglial, astrocytic, and oligodendroglial involvement in both EAE and MS and the intercommunication and influence of each cell subset in the inflammatory process. Despite important advances in the understanding of the involvement of these cell types in MS, many questions still remain regarding the various subsets within each cell population and their exact contribution to different stages of the disease.
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Minagar A. Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, Neuroimaging, and Treatment Options. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4199/c00116ed1v01y201408isp055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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40
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Trenova AG, Slavov GS, Manova MG, Kostadinova II. Cytokines and Disability in Interferon-β-1b Treated and Untreated Women with Multiple Sclerosis. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:495-500. [PMID: 25130430 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Angiogenesis in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:84. [PMID: 25047180 PMCID: PMC4149233 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new vessels, is found in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) demyelinating lesions following Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) release and the production of several other angiogenic molecules. The increased energy demand of inflammatory cuffs and damaged neural cells explains the strong angiogenic response in plaques and surrounding white matter. An angiogenic response has also been documented in an experimental model of MS, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), where blood–brain barrier disruption and vascular remodelling appeared in a pre-symptomatic disease phase. In both MS and EAE, VEGF acts as a pro-inflammatory factor in the early phase but its reduced responsivity in the late phase can disrupt neuroregenerative attempts, since VEGF naturally enhances neuron resistance to injury and regulates neural progenitor proliferation, migration, differentiation and oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) survival and migration to demyelinated lesions. Angiogenesis, neurogenesis and oligodendroglia maturation are closely intertwined in the neurovascular niches of the subventricular zone, one of the preferential locations of inflammatory lesions in MS, and in all the other temporary vascular niches where the mutual fostering of angiogenesis and OPC maturation occurs. Angiogenesis, induced either by CNS inflammation or by hypoxic stimuli related to neurovascular uncoupling, appears to be ineffective in chronic MS due to a counterbalancing effect of vasoconstrictive mechanisms determined by the reduced axonal activity, astrocyte dysfunction, microglia secretion of free radical species and mitochondrial abnormalities. Thus, angiogenesis, that supplies several trophic factors, should be promoted in therapeutic neuroregeneration efforts to combat the progressive, degenerative phase of MS.
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Li S, Jin T, Zhang HL, Yu H, Meng F, Concha Quezada H, Zhu J. Circulating Th17, Th22, and Th1 cells are elevated in the Guillain-Barré syndrome and downregulated by IVIg treatments. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:740947. [PMID: 24899787 PMCID: PMC4036596 DOI: 10.1155/2014/740947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is considered a T helper 1 (Th1) cells-mediated acute inflammatory peripheral neuropathy. However, some changes in GBS could not be explained completely by Th1 cells pathogenic role. Recently, Th17 cells have been identified and can mediate tissue inflammation and autoimmune response. Therefore, a study on the role of Th17 and Th22 cells and their cytokines in GBS is necessary for exploring the pathogenesis of GBS. Here, we detected the frequency of Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells by using 4-color flow cytometry and we detected the plasma levels of IL-17 and IL-22 by ELISA in GBS patients, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients at the acute phase of relapse, viral encephalitis or meningitis patients and healthy controls. Our data showed that the frequency of circulating Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells was significantly increased in GBS patients. The plasma levels of IL-17 and IL-22 in GBS and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis at the acute phase of relapse were also markedly elevated. Enhanced circulating Th22 cells were correlated with GBS severity. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy downregulated Th17, and Th22 cells and the plasma levels of IL-17 and IL-22 in GBS patients. Th17 and Th22 cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of GBS, and intravenous immunoglobulin mediates therapeutic effects by downregulating these cells and their cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Fanhua Meng
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hernan Concha Quezada
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Zhang HL, Wu L, Wu X, Zhu J. Can IFN-γ be a therapeutic target in Guillain-Barré syndrome? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:355-63. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.882899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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44
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Sanoobar M, Eghtesadi S, Azimi A, Khalili M, Khodadadi B, Jazayeri S, Gohari MR, Aryaeian N. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation ameliorates inflammatory markers in patients with multiple sclerosis: a double blind, placebo, controlled randomized clinical trial. Nutr Neurosci 2014; 18:169-76. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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45
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Zhang HL, Zheng XY, Zhu J. Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg cytokines in Guillain–Barré syndrome and experimental autoimmune neuritis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.05.005 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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46
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Zhang HL, Zheng XY, Zhu J. Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg cytokines in Guillain–Barré syndrome and experimental autoimmune neuritis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:443-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Ydens E, Lornet G, Smits V, Goethals S, Timmerman V, Janssens S. The neuroinflammatory role of Schwann cells in disease. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 55:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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48
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Zhang HL, Azimullah S, Zheng XY, Wang XK, Amir N, Mensah-Brown EP, Al Shamsi M, Shahin A, Press R, Zhu J, Adem A. IFN-γ deficiency exacerbates experimental autoimmune neuritis in mice despite a mitigated systemic Th1 immune response. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 246:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Christophi GP, Gruber RC, Panos M, Christophi RL, Jubelt B, Massa PT. Interleukin-33 upregulation in peripheral leukocytes and CNS of multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Immunol 2012; 142:308-19. [PMID: 22189043 PMCID: PMC3288946 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Here we document for the first time that the cytokine IL-33 is upregulated in both the periphery and the CNS of MS patients. Plasma IL-33 was elevated in MS patients compared to normal subjects and a three-month treatment of MS patients with interferon β-1a resulted in a significant decrease of IL-33 levels. Similarly, stimulated cultured lymphocytes and macrophages from MS patients had elevated IL-33 levels compared to normal subjects. In parallel, the transcription factor NF-κB that mediates IL-33 transcription was also elevated in leukocytes of MS patients. IL-33 was elevated in normal-appearing white matter and plaque areas from MS brains and astrocytes were identified as an important source of IL-33 expression in the CNS. In summary, IL-33 levels are elevated in the periphery and CNS of MS patients, implicating IL-33 in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P. Christophi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ross C. Gruber
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Michael Panos
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Christophi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Burk Jubelt
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Paul T. Massa
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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50
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Christophi GP, Christophi JA, Gruber RC, Mihai C, Mejico LJ, Massa PT, Jubelt B. Quantitative differences in the immunomodulatory effects of Rebif and Avonex in IFN-β 1a treated multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci 2011; 307:41-5. [PMID: 21658727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-β (IFN-β) is a current effective treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) and exerts its therapeutic effects by down-modulating the systemic immune response and cytokine signaling. In clinical practice there are several formulations of interferon including a low dose of IFN-β 1a formulation of 30 μg IM once weekly (Avonex) and a high dose formulation of 44 μg SC three times weekly (Rebif). Recent studies suggest that Rebif is more efficacious compared to Avonex in preventing relapses and decreasing MRI activity in relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) patients. This study examines whether there are quantitative gene expression changes in interferon-treated RRMS patients that can explain the difference in efficacy and side effects between Rebif and Avonex. Herein, RRMS patients were treated for three months with IFN-β 1a and the levels of plasma cytokines and gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were examined. Thirty-two normal subjects were compared to thirty-two RRMS patients, of which ten were treated with Rebif and ten with Avonex. Rebif and Avonex both significantly and equally suppressed plasma TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Rebif suppressed IL-13 significantly more than Avonex. Rebif also significantly suppressed the levels of the chemokines CCL17 and RANTES, the protease ADAM8, and COX-2 at a higher degree compared to Avonex. The STAT1-inducible genes IP-10 and caspase 1 were significantly increased with Rebif compared to Avonex. In conclusion, the higher dosed, more frequently administered IFN-β 1a Rebif when compared to IFN-β 1a Avonex has more potent immunomodulatory effects. These quantitative results might relate to efficacy and side-effect profile of the two IFN-β 1a formulations and provide prospective practical clinical tools to monitor treatment and adjust dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Christophi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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