1
|
MOBP rs616147 Polymorphism and Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in a Greek Population: A Case-Control Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57121337. [PMID: 34946282 PMCID: PMC8708438 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57121337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: To date, only one study has investigated the association between the rs616147 polymorphism of the Myelin-associated Oligodendrocyte Basic Protein (MOBP) locus and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Materials and Methods: A case-control study was performed. Patients with definite sporadic ALS were prospectively and consecutively recruited from the inpatient and outpatient clinics of the Neurology Department of the General University Hospital of Larissa, Central Greece. Community based, age and sex matched healthy individuals with a free personal and family history constituted the control group. Results: A total of 155 patients with definite sporadic ALS and an equal number of healthy controls were genotyped. The power of our sample size was slightly above 80% and MOBP rs616147 was determined to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium among healthy participants (p = 1.00). According to the univariate analysis, there was no significant relationship between rs616147 and ALS [log-additive OR = 0.85 (0.61, 1.19), over-dominant OR = 0.73 (0.46, 1.15), recessive OR = 1.02 (0.50, 2.09), dominant OR = 0.74 (0.47, 1.16), co-dominant OR1 = 0.71 (0.44, 1.14) and co-dominant OR2 = 0.88 (0.42, 1.84). Additionally, the effect of rs616147 on the age of ALS onset was determined insignificant using both unadjusted and adjusted (sex, site of onset) cox-proportional models. Finally, rs616147 was not related to the site of ALS onset. Conclusions: Our study is the first to report the absence of an association between MOBP rs616147 and ALS among individuals of Greek ancestry. Additional, larger nationwide and multi-ethnic studies are warranted to shed light on the connection between rs616147 and ALS.
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Y, Chu L, Zeng Z, Xu S, Yang H, Zhang X, Jia J, Long N, Hu Y, Liu J. Four specific biomarkers associated with the progression of glioblastoma multiforme in older adults identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:6643-6654. [PMID: 34516348 PMCID: PMC8806527 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1975980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary intracranial malignancy in adults. Owing to individual tolerance and tumor heterogeneity, the therapy methods for young adults do not apply to older adults. The present study aimed to identify specific biomarkers for GBM in older adults using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Gene expression profiles of older adults with GBM were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and set as a discovery cohort to construct WGCNA. Core genes of clinically significant modules were used to perform functional enrichment, protein-protein interaction, and Pearson correlation analyses. Gene expression profiles of young in TCGA and older GBM patients from our research group were set as verification cohorts for hub gene expression and diagnostic value. Four significant gene modules associated clinically with older adults with GBM were identified, whereas 251 genes were core genes with module membership>0.8 and gene significance>0.2. Ermin (ERMN), myelin-associated oligodendrocyte basic protein (MOBP), proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1), and oligodendrocytic myelin paranodal and inner loop protein (OPALIN) genes had significant relationships with the Karnofsky score (KPS) in older GBM patients. ERMN, MOBP, PLP1, and OPALIN had no relationship with KPS in young GBM patients. These genes were upregulated in GBM tissues from older patients with low but not high KPS and had high diagnostic value. In conclusion, ERMN, MOBP, PLP1, and OPALIN may serve as specific biomarkers for the progression of GBM in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Liangzhao Chu
- Department of Cerebral Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhirui Zeng
- College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shu Xu
- Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Cerebral Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuelin Zhang
- Department of Physical Examination Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jun Jia
- College of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Niya Long
- Department of Cerebral Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yaxin Hu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Department of Cerebral Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Animal models with high translational validity are essential tools in understanding disease pathogenesis and in the development of therapeutic strategies. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by progressive neurological deficits and socioeconomic burden. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most extensively utilized animal model of MS, with well-characterized rodent and non-human primate variants. The EAE model is typically induced by either active immunization with myelin-derived proteins or peptides in adjuvant or by passive transfer of activated myelin-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. To date, the EAE model has been an essential tool in the development of at least seven U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved immunomodulatory drugs for the treatment of MS, including glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, and natalizumab. However, the translational validity of the EAE model is frequently compromised due to poor study design, inconsistent clinical scoring endpoints, and inappropriate statistical calculations. No single animal model accurately reflects the complexity of human MS pathogenesis. Beyond EAE, multiple additional animal models are described, including Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus and cuprizone-induced demyelination, which facilitate the study of pathogen-induced CNS autoimmunity and remyelination, respectively. This overview summarizes several of the most frequently used animal models of MS and highlights key factors that significantly influence the experimental outcome and affect translational validity. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Smith
- Incyte Research Institute, Wilmington, Delaware
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaushansky N, Kaminitz A, Allouche-Arnon H, Ben-Nun A. Modulation of MS-like disease by a multi epitope protein is mediated by induction of CD11c +CD11b +Gr1 + myeloid-derived dendritic cells. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 333:476953. [PMID: 31108399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Specific neutralization of the pathogenic autoimmune cells is the ultimate goal in therapy of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, the pathogenic autoimmunity in MS, can be directed against several major target antigens, and therefore targeting pathogenic T-cells directed against a single target antigen is unlikely to be effective. To overcome this multiplicity and the potential complexity of pathogenic autoreactivities in MS, we have put forward the concept of concomitant multi-antigen/multi-epitope targeting as, a conceivably more effective approach to immunotherapy of MS. We constructed an (Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomeylitis (EAE)/MS-related synthetic human Target Autoantigen Gene (MS-shMultiTAG) designed to encode in tandem only EAE/MS related epitopes of all known encephalitogenic proteins. The MS-related protein product (designated Y-MSPc) was immunofunctional and upon tolerogenic administration, it effectively suppressed and reversed EAE induced by a single encephalitogenic protein. Furthermore, Y-MSPc also fully abrogated the development of "complex EAE" induced by a mixture of five encephalitogenic T-cell lines, each specific for a different encephalitogenic epitope of MBP, MOG, PLP, MOBP and OSP. Strikingly, Y-MSPc was consistently more effective than treatment with the single disease-specific peptide or with the peptide cocktail, both in suppressing the development of "classical" or "complex" EAE and in ameliorating ongoing disease. Overall, the modulation of EAE by Y-MSPc was associated with anergizing the pathogenic autoreactive T-cells, downregulation of Th1/Th17 cytokine secretion and upregulation of TGF-β secretion. Moreover, we show that both suppression and treatment of ongoing EAE by tolerogenic administration of Y-MSPc is associated also with a remarkable increase in a unique subset of dendritic-cells (DCs), CD11c+CD11b+Gr1+-myeloid derived DCs in both spleen and CNS of treated mice. These DCs, which are with strong immunoregulatory characteristics and are functional in down-modulation of MS-like-disease displayed increased production of IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β and low IL-12. Functionally, these myeloid DCs suppress the in-vitro proliferation of myelin-specific T-cells and more importantly, the cells were functional in-vivo, as their adoptive transfer into EAE induced mice resulted in strong suppression of the disease, associated with a remarkable induction of CD4 + FoxP3+ regulatory cells. These results, which highlight the efficacy of "multi-epitope-targeting" agent in induction of functional regulatory CD11c+CD11b+Gr1+myeloid DCs, further indicate the potential role of these DCs in maintaining peripheral tolerance and their involvement in downregulation of MS-like-disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - A Kaminitz
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - H Allouche-Arnon
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sinha S, Crawford MP, Ortega SB, Karandikar NJ. Multiparameter Flow Cytometric Assays to Quantify Effector and Regulatory T-Cell Function in Multiple Sclerosis. JOURNAL OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2015; 2:1000130. [PMID: 26137595 PMCID: PMC4484619 DOI: 10.4172/2376-0389.1000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays a major pathological and regulatory role in multiple sclerosis (MS) and, therefore, is a focus of extensive research. Animal models of MS have been crucial in understanding the pathological processes in MS and developing certain treatments, however, all crucial aspects of the human disease may not be appropriately modeled. With the exception of detecting oligoclonal bands and IgG synthesis in cerebrospinal fluids of MS patients, there has not been major progress in the development of immunologic tests that can be used for diagnosis of MS. Further, due to the lack of validated immune assays, routine monitoring of the immune system following therapy initiation is not a part of standard patient care in MS. This is critical since immunomodulatory therapies used for MS treatment are not benign and, more importantly, there is a considerable variation in clinical responses in MS patients initiating such therapies. Flow cytometry is a powerful tool that can be used for studying both the phenotype and function of immune cells. The studies described here will demonstrate how flow cytometry can be used to apply current knowledge about the MS immune system to develop a diagnostic laboratory test for the immunologic monitoring of this disease. Importantly, we will also show that the multiparameter flow cytometry based assay developed by us can also be implemented for the immunologic evaluation of therapeutic success in MS patients.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kaushansky N, Ben-Nun A. DQB1*06:02-Associated Pathogenic Anti-Myelin Autoimmunity in Multiple Sclerosis-Like Disease: Potential Function of DQB1*06:02 as a Disease-Predisposing Allele. Front Oncol 2014; 4:280. [PMID: 25360418 PMCID: PMC4199271 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) has been linked mainly to the HLA-DRB1 locus, with the HLA-DR15 haplotype (DRB1*1501-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602-DRB5*0101) dominating MS risk in Caucasians. Although genes in the HLA-II region, particularly DRB1*1501, DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602, are in tight linkage disequilibrium, genome-wide-association, and gene candidate studies identified the DRB1*15:01 allele as the primary risk factor in MS. Many genetic and immune-functional studies have indicated DRB1*15:01 as a primary risk factor in MS, while only some functional studies suggested a disease-modifying role for the DRB5*01 or DQB1*06 alleles. In this respect, the susceptibility of DRB1*15:01-transgenic (Tg) mice to myelin basic protein- or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced MS-like disease is consistent with primary contribution of DRB1*15:01 to HLA-DR15+ MS. The studies summarized here show that susceptibility to MS-like disease, induced in HLA-“humanized” mice by myelin oligodendrocytic basic protein or by the proteolipid protein, one of the most prominent encephalitogenic target antigens implicated in human MS, is determined by DQB1*06:02, rather than by the DRB1*15:01 allele. These findings not only offer a rationale for a potential role for DQB1*06:02 in predisposing susceptibility to MS, but also suggest a more complex and differential functional role for HLA-DR15 alleles, depending on the primary target myelin antigen. However, the conflict between these findings in HLA-Tg mice and the extensive genome-wide-association studies, which could not detect any significant effect from the DQB1*06:02 allele on MS risk, is rather puzzling. Functional analysis of MS PBLs for DQB1*06:02-associated anti-myelin autoimmunity may indicate whether or not DQB1*06:02 is associated with MS pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Avraham Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ben-Nun A, Kaushansky N, Kawakami N, Krishnamoorthy G, Berer K, Liblau R, Hohlfeld R, Wekerle H. From classic to spontaneous and humanized models of multiple sclerosis: impact on understanding pathogenesis and drug development. J Autoimmun 2014; 54:33-50. [PMID: 25175979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), presents as a complex disease with variable clinical and pathological manifestations, involving different pathogenic pathways. Animal models, particularly experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have been key to deciphering the pathophysiology of MS, although no single model can recapitulate the complexity and diversity of MS, or can, to date, integrate the diverse pathogenic pathways. Since the first EAE model was introduced decades ago, multiple classic (induced), spontaneous, and humanized EAE models have been developed, each recapitulating particular aspects of MS pathogenesis. The advances in technologies of genetic ablation and transgenesis in mice of C57BL/6J background and the development of myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE in C57BL/6J mice yielded several spontaneous and humanized EAE models, and resulted in a plethora of EAE models in which the role of specific genes or cell populations could be precisely interrogated, towards modeling specific pathways of MS pathogenesis/regulation in MS. Collectively, the numerous studies on the different EAE models contributed immensely to our basic understanding of cellular and molecular pathways in MS pathogenesis as well as to the development of therapeutic agents: several drugs available today as disease modifying treatments were developed from direct studies on EAE models, and many others were tested or validated in EAE. In this review, we discuss the contribution of major classic, spontaneous, and humanized EAE models to our understanding of MS pathophysiology and to insights leading to devising current and future therapies for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St. Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St. Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Naoto Kawakami
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried 82152, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Kerstin Berer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried 82152, Germany.
| | | | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Wekerle
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried 82152, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rozenstein-Tsalkovich L, Grigoriadis N, Lourbopoulos A, Nousiopoulou E, Kassis I, Abramsky O, Karussis D, Rosenmann H. Repeated immunization of mice with phosphorylated-tau peptides causes neuroinflammation. Exp Neurol 2013; 248:451-6. [PMID: 23876516 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent studies of others and of us showing robust efficacy of anti-tangle immunotherapy, directed against phosphorylated (phos)-tau protein, may pave the way to clinical trials of phos-tau immunotherapy in Alzheimer's-disease and other tauopathies. At this stage addressing the safety of the phos-tau-immunotherapy is highly needed, particularly since we have previously shown the neurotoxic potential of tau-immunotherapy, specifically of full-length unphosphorylated-tau vaccine under a CNS-proinflammatory milieu [induced by emulsification in complete-Freund's-adjuvant (CFA) and pertussis-toxin (PT)] in young wild-type (WT)-mice. The aim of our current study was to address safety aspects of the phos-tau-immunotherapy in both neurofibrillary-tangle (NFT)-mice as well as in WT-mice, under challenging conditions of repeated immunizations with phos-tau peptides under a CNS-proinflammatory milieu. NFT- and WT-mice were repeatedly immunized (7 injections in adult-, 4 in aged-mice) with phos-tau peptides emulsified in CFA-PT. A paralytic disease was evident in the phos-tau-immunized adult NFT-mice, developing progressively to 26.7% with the number of injections. Interestingly, the WT-mice were even more prone to develop neuroinflammation following phos-tau immunization, affecting 75% of the immunized mice. Aged mice were less prone to neuroinflammatory manifestations. Anti-phos-tau antibodies, detected in the serum of immunized mice, partially correlated with the neuroinflammation in WT-mice. This points that repeated phos-tau immunizations in the frame of a proinflammatory milieu may be encephalitogenic to tangle-mice, and more robustly to WT-mice, indicating that - under certain conditions - the safety of phos-tau immunotherapy is questionable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Rozenstein-Tsalkovich
- The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Levin MC, Lee S, Gardner LA, Shin Y, Douglas JN, Cooper C. Autoantibodies to Non-myelin Antigens as Contributors to the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 4:10.4172/2155-9899.1000148. [PMID: 24363960 PMCID: PMC3866957 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For years, investigators have sought to prove that myelin antigens are the primary targets of autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent experiments have begun to challenge this assumption, particularly when studying the neurodegenerative phase of MS. T-lymphocyte responses to myelin antigens have been extensively studied, and are likely early contributors to the pathogenesis of MS. Antibodies to myelin antigens have a much more inconstant association with the pathogenesis of MS. Recent studies indicate that antibodies to non-myelin antigens such as neurofilaments, neurofascin, RNA binding proteins and potassium channels may contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. The purpose of this review is to analyze recent studies that examine the role that autoantibodies to non-myelin antigens might play in the pathogenesis of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Levin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lidia A. Gardner
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua N. Douglas
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chelsea Cooper
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Han H, Myllykoski M, Ruskamo S, Wang C, Kursula P. Myelin-specific proteins: a structurally diverse group of membrane-interacting molecules. Biofactors 2013; 39:233-41. [PMID: 23780694 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The myelin sheath is a multilayered membrane in the nervous system, which has unique biochemical properties. Myelin carries a set of specific high-abundance proteins, the structure and function of which are still poorly understood. The proteins of the myelin sheath are involved in a number of neurological diseases, including autoimmune diseases and inherited neuropathies. In this review, we briefly discuss the structural properties and functions of selected myelin-specific proteins (P0, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, myelin basic protein, myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein, P2, proteolipid protein, peripheral myelin protein of 22 kDa, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, and periaxin); such properties include, for example, interactions with lipid bilayers and the presence of large intrinsically disordered regions in some myelin proteins. A detailed understanding of myelin protein structure and function at the molecular level will be required to fully grasp their physiological roles in the myelin sheath.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijong Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kaushansky N, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Zilkha-Falb R, Yosef-Hemo R, Cohen L, Ben-Nun A. 'Multi-epitope-targeted' immune-specific therapy for a multiple sclerosis-like disease via engineered multi-epitope protein is superior to peptides. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27860. [PMID: 22140475 PMCID: PMC3226621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-induced peripheral tolerance is potentially one of the most efficient and specific therapeutic approaches for autoimmune diseases. Although highly effective in animal models, antigen-based strategies have not yet been translated into practicable human therapy, and several clinical trials using a single antigen or peptidic-epitope in multiple sclerosis (MS) yielded disappointing results. In these clinical trials, however, the apparent complexity and dynamics of the pathogenic autoimmunity associated with MS, which result from the multiplicity of potential target antigens and “epitope spread”, have not been sufficiently considered. Thus, targeting pathogenic T-cells reactive against a single antigen/epitope is unlikely to be sufficient; to be effective, immunospecific therapy to MS should logically neutralize concomitantly T-cells reactive against as many major target antigens/epitopes as possible. We investigated such “multi-epitope-targeting” approach in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) associated with a single (“classical”) or multiple (“complex”) anti-myelin autoreactivities, using cocktail of different encephalitogenic peptides vis-a-vis artificial multi-epitope-protein (designated Y-MSPc) encompassing rationally selected MS-relevant epitopes of five major myelin antigens, as “multi-epitope-targeting” agents. Y-MSPc was superior to peptide(s) in concomitantly downregulating pathogenic T-cells reactive against multiple myelin antigens/epitopes, via inducing more effective, longer lasting peripheral regulatory mechanisms (cytokine shift, anergy, and Foxp3+ CTLA4+ regulatory T-cells). Y-MSPc was also consistently more effective than the disease-inducing single peptide or peptide cocktail, not only in suppressing the development of “classical” or “complex EAE” or ameliorating ongoing disease, but most importantly, in reversing chronic EAE. Overall, our data emphasize that a “multi-epitope-targeting” strategy is required for effective immune-specific therapy of organ-specific autoimmune diseases associated with complex and dynamic pathogenic autoimmunity, such as MS; our data further demonstrate that the “multi-epitope-targeting” approach to therapy is optimized through specifically designed multi-epitope-proteins, rather than myelin peptide cocktails, as “multi-epitope-targeting” agents. Such artificial multi-epitope proteins can be tailored to other organ-specific autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Rina Zilkha-Falb
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reut Yosef-Hemo
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lydia Cohen
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avraham Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Boimel M, Grigoriadis N, Lourbopoulos A, Haber E, Abramsky O, Rosenmann H. Efficacy and safety of immunization with phosphorylated tau against neurofibrillary tangles in mice. Exp Neurol 2010; 224:472-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
13
|
Kaushansky N, Eisenstein M, Zilkha-Falb R, Ben-Nun A. The myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP) as a relevant primary target autoantigen in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 9:233-6. [PMID: 19683076 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the human CNS, characterized by perivascular inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage. Although the etiology of MS is unknown, it is believed that the disease results from destructive autoimmune mechanisms, presumably initiated by abnormal activation of potentially pathogenic autoimmune T-cells recognizing CNS components. The myelin-associated oligodendrocyte basic protein (MOBP), a relatively abundant CNS-specific myelin protein, which plays a role in stabilizing the myelin sheath in the CNS, has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of MS. Here we review studies showing that MOBP is as an important candidate target antigen in MS as the other widely studied target antigens, myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The studies summarized below indicate that T-cell autoimmunity against MOBP can be detected in MS patients; T-cells reactive against MOBP can be pathogenic in several mouse strains as well as in the "humanized" HLA-DR15-Tg mice; and, that the HLA-DQ6-restricted, but not HLA-DR15-restricted, MOBP-reactive T-cells cause in HLA-DR15-Tg mice MS-like clinical disease associated with perivascular and parenchymal infiltration, demyelination, axonal loss, and optic neuritis. Accordingly, the MOBP should be considered a bona fide primary target antigen in MS, in addition to MBP, PLP, and MOG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 76000, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kaushansky N, Altmann DM, Ascough S, David CS, Lassmann H, Ben-Nun A. HLA-DQB1*0602 Determines Disease Susceptibility in a New “Humanized” Multiple Sclerosis Model in HLA-DR15 (DRB1*1501;DQB1*0602) Transgenic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3531-41. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
15
|
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a model of the neuroimmune system responding to priming with central nervous system (CNS)-restricted antigens. It is an excellent model of post-vaccinal encephalitis and a useful model of many aspects of multiple sclerosis. EAE has been established in numerous species and is induced by priming with a large number of CNS-derived antigens. As a consequence, the pathogenesis, pathology and clinical signs vary significantly between experimental protocols. As I describe in this Timeline article, the reductionist approach taken in some lines of investigation of EAE resulted in a reliance on results obtained under a narrow range of conditions. Although such studies made important contributions to our molecular understanding of inflammation, T-cell activation, and MHC restriction, they did not advance as effectively our knowledge of the polyantigenic responses that usually occur in CNS immunopathology and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Baxter
- Comparative Genomics Centre, Molecular Sciences Building 21, James Cook University, Townsville, 4,811, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kaushansky N, Zilkha-Falb R, Hemo R, Lassman H, Eisenstein M, Sas A, Ben-Nun A. Pathogenic T cells in MOBP-induced murine EAE are predominantly focused to recognition of MOBP21F and MOBP27P epitopic residues. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:3281-92. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
17
|
Kaushansky N, Hemo R, Eisenstein M, Ben-Nun A. OSP/claudin-11-induced EAE in mice is mediated by pathogenic T cells primarily governed by OSP192Y residue of major encephalitogenic region OSP179-207. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2018-31. [PMID: 17549734 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic autoimmunity against oligodendrocyte-specific protein (OSP/claudin-11), recently implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology, has been poorly investigated as compared to that against other myelin encephalitogens. Using recombinant soluble mouse OSP (smOSP) and overlapping peptides thereof, we show that smOSP-induced chronic EAE in C57BL/6J mice is primarily associated with CD4(+) T cells reactive against OSP179-207 and OSP22-46, the major and minor encephalitogenic regions, respectively, and with a predominant B cell response against OSP22-46. The encephalitogenic OSP179-207-specific T cells recognized OSP190-202 as minimal stimulatory epitope, while minimal encephalitogenic sequence was OSP191-199. Further delineation and structural bioinformatic analysis of the major encephalitogenic region suggested four overlapping potential I-A(b) core epitopes, predicting OSP192Y as major TCR-contact residue shared by OSP 188-196, OSP190-198, and OSP191-199 cores, albeit at different MHC-II pockets. Accordingly, substitution at OSP192Y yielded OSP188-192A-202, a non-stimulatory/non-encephalitogenic altered peptide ligand (APL) that was antagonistic for OSP188-202-specific encephalitogenic T cells. Systemic administration of OSP188-192A-202 suppressed OSP188-202-induced EAE and fully reversed smOSP-induced EAE. These data suggest that a single epitopic residue (OSP192Y) governs the selection and control of most pathogenic T cells associated with smOSP-induced EAE in H-2(b) mice. This may impact profoundly on peripheral self-tolerance to OSP and on potential APL-mediated therapy of OSP-related autoimmune pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Eyles D, Almeras L, Benech P, Patatian A, Mackay-Sim A, McGrath J, Féron F. Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters the expression of genes encoding mitochondrial, cytoskeletal and synaptic proteins in the adult rat brain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:538-45. [PMID: 17293106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology has highlighted the links between season of birth, latitude and the prevalence of brain disorders such as multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia. In line with these data, we have hypothesized that "imprinting" with low prenatal vitamin D could contribute to the risk of these two brain disorders. Previously, we have shown that transient developmental hypovitaminosis D induces permanent changes in adult nervous system. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of prenatal hypovitaminosis D on gene expression in the adult rat brain. Vitamin D deficient female rats were mated with undeprived males and the offspring were fed with a control diet after birth. At Week 10, gene expression in the progeny's brain was compared with control animals using Affymetrix gene microarrays. Prenatal hypovitaminosis D causes a dramatic dysregulation of several biological pathways including oxidative phosphorylation, redox balance, cytoskeleton maintenance, calcium homeostasis, chaperoning, post-translational modifications, synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission. A computational analysis of these data suggests that impaired synaptic network may be a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. Since disruptions of mitochondrial metabolism have been associated with both multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia, developmental vitamin D deficiency may be a heuristic animal model for the study of these two brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Eyles
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD 4076, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kaushansky N, Zhong MC, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Hoeftberger R, Lassmann H, Ben-Nun A. Epitope specificity of autoreactive T and B cells associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and optic neuritis induced by oligodendrocyte-specific protein in SJL/J mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:7364-76. [PMID: 17082656 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The encephalitogenic potential of oligodendrocyte-specific protein (OSP) in mice, its specific localization in the intralamellar tight junctions in CNS myelin, and the detection of autoreactivity against OSP in multiple sclerosis (MS) strongly suggest the relevance of autoreactivity against OSP in the pathogenesis of MS. In this study, we have characterized the autoimmune T and B cells that are associated with clinicopathological manifestations of OSP-induced MS-like disease in mice by using recombinant soluble mouse OSP (smOSP) and synthetic overlapping peptides spanning smOSP. SJL/J mice immunized with smOSP developed chronic relapsing clinical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis accompanied with intense perivascular and parenchymal inflammatory infiltrates, widespread demyelination, axonal loss, and remarkable optic neuritis. The smOSP-primed lymph node cells reacted predominantly against OSP55-80 and to a lesser extent also to OSP22-46 and OSP179-207. Unexpectedly, in vitro selection with smOSP resulted in pathogenic smOSP-specific CD4+ T cells that reacted equally well against OSP55-80, OSP22-46, OSP45-66, and OSP179-207. Fine analysis of the anti-OSP autoimmunity revealed that the disease is primarily associated with CD4+ T cells directed against the major (OSP55-80) and the minor (OSP179-207) encephalitogenic regions that were further delineated, both in vitro and in vivo, to OSP55-66 and OSP194-207, respectively. In contrast, the OSP-induced Abs were predominantly directed against OSP22-46; these Abs were mostly of IgG1 isotype, but high levels of IgG2a and IgG2b and significant levels of IgE were also observed. The reactivity of pathogenic T cells to two encephalitogenic regions, OSP55-80 and OSP179-207, and their diverse TCRVbeta gene repertoire may impose difficulties for epitope-directed or TCR-targeting approaches to immune-specific modulation of OSP-related pathogenesis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Autoantigens/administration & dosage
- Autoantigens/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chronic Disease
- Claudins
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/administration & dosage
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/immunology
- Oligodendroglia/immunology
- Optic Neuritis/immunology
- Optic Neuritis/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kursula P. Structural properties of proteins specific to the myelin sheath. Amino Acids 2006; 34:175-85. [PMID: 17177074 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The myelin sheath is an insulating membrane layer surrounding myelinated axons in vertebrates, which is formed when the plasma membrane of an oligodendrocyte or a Schwann cell wraps itself around the axon. A large fraction of the total protein in this membrane layer is comprised of only a small number of individual proteins, which have certain intriguing structural properties. The myelin proteins are implicated in a number of neurological diseases, including, for example, autoimmune diseases and peripheral neuropathies. In this review, the structural properties of a number of myelin-specific proteins are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Kursula
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Westall FC. Abnormal hormonal control of gut hydrolytic enzymes causes autoimmune attack on the CNS by production of immune-mimic and adjuvant molecules: A comprehensive explanation for the induction of multiple sclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2006; 68:364-9. [PMID: 16978797 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is generally thought to be caused by an autoimmune attack on central nervous system (CNS) myelin. A microorganism containing a mimic of an immunogenic region of a myelin protein initiates the autoimmune process. However, no specific "MS" microorganism has been found. Recently a large number of normal human gut bacteria were found to possess different encephalitogenic mimics. A hypothesis is presented that the autoimmune process is started by abnormal proteolytic digestion of these bacteria. Sufficient quantities of the mimics are produced to be recognized by the immune system. Since proteolytic processes in the gut are strictly controlled, it is proposed that the MS process is triggered by abnormal hormonal control of gut proteolytic enzymes. It has previously been suggested that the recognition of CNS myelin antigens by activated MS immune cells is facilitated by proteolytic processing of myelin proteins. The CNS proteases are also under rigid control and these control processes are the same as is in the gut. Therefore, MS clinical activity is the result of improper hydrolytic degradation in the brain-gut axis caused by an abnormal hormonal variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred C Westall
- Institute for Disease Research, PO Box 890193, Temecula, CA 92589-0193, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ben-Nun A, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Kaushansky N, Eisenstein M, Cohen L, Kaye JF, Mendel I. Anatomy of T cell autoimmunity to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG): Prime role of MOG44F in selection and control of MOG-reactive T cells in H-2b mice. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:478-93. [PMID: 16453383 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is an important myelin target antigen, and MOG-induced EAE is now a widely used model for multiple sclerosis. Clonal dissection revealed that MOG-induced EAE in H-2(b) mice is associated with activation of an unexpectedly large number of T cell clones reactive against the encephalitogenic epitope MOG35-55. These clones expressed extremely diverse TCR with no obvious CDR3alpha/CDR3beta motif(s). Despite extensive TCR diversity, the cells required MOG40-48 as their common core epitope and shared MOG44F as their major TCR contact. Fine epitope-specificity analysis with progressively truncated peptides suggested that the extensive TCR heterogeneity is mostly related to differential recognition of multiple overlapping epitopes nested within MOG37-52, each comprised of a MOG40-48 core flanked at the N- and/or the C-terminus by a variable number of residues important for interaction with different TCR. Abrogation of both the encephalitogenic potential of MOG and T cell reactivity against MOG by a single mutation (MOG44F/MOG44A), together with effective down-regulation of MOG-induced EAE by MOG37-44A-52, confirmed in vivo the primary role for MOG44F in the selection/activation of MOG-reactive T cells. We suggest that such a highly focused T cell autoreactivity could be a selective force that offsets the extensive TCR diversity to facilitate a more "centralized control" of pathogenic MOG-related T cell autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Westall FC. Histo-clinical variation in multiple sclerosis: Heterogeneous proteolytic immunogenic processing. Med Hypotheses 2006; 66:566-9. [PMID: 16236458 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) presents an incredible histo-clinical variation. It consists of an unpredictable series of relapses, remissions and stationary phases. The initial symptoms vary considerably. Any hypothesis of the pathology of MS must include an explanation of this oddity. Current theory suggests that MS is a collection of diseases which produce generally the same result. However, this is not a satisfactory explanation. MS appears as an enormous continuum of disease paths rather than a finite group of well-defined courses. A hypothesis is presented that histo-clinical variation in MS is due to variable proteolytic processing of several potential immunogens. MS is generally thought to be caused by an autoimmune attack on myelin components. Several myelin proteins, myelin basic protein, lipoprotein, oligodendrocyte related glycoprotein and oligodendrocyte basic protein, are encephalitogenic. Within these proteins are short sequences, which themselves are encephalitogenic. In order for potential immunogens to be "seen" by the immune system they first must be processed. This processing is performed by intracellular and extracellular proteases. A large number of different proteases are located throughout the central nervous system. Their concentrations vary with location and time. Most are under strict control. While myelin has a consistent structure, the action of proteases can present variable concentrations of immunogenic peptides. Because of the differences in location, concentration and control of the central nervous system's (CNS) proteases, the same potential immunogen could be presented to the immune system in different locations within the CNS at different times. At a given time and location, the immune system may be presented with no potential immunogens, one potential immunogen or possibly many immunogens. Therefore, because of the dynamic characteristic of presentation, one would expect to see the initial MS symptoms to be variable. This variability would be continued with subsequent symptoms. This is what is seen in multiple sclerosis. A procedure for testing this hypothesis is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred C Westall
- Institute for Disease Research, P.O. Box 890193, Temecula, CA 92589-0193, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease associated with chronic inflammatory demyelination of the central nervous system in genetically susceptible individuals. Because of the disease complexity and heterogeneity, its pathogenesis remains unknown despite extensive research efforts, and specific effective treatments have not yet been developed. Peptide-based research has been important in attempts to unravel particular aspects of this complex disease, including the characterization of the different molecular mechanisms of MS, with the goal of providing useful products for immune-mediated therapies. In fact, in the past decade, peptide-based research has been predominant in research aimed to identify and/or develop target antigens as synthetic probes for specific biomarkers as well as innovative immunomodulating therapies. This review presents an overview of the contributions of peptide science to MS research and discusses future directions of peptide-based investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Claudia Alcaro
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, University of Firenze, Polo Scientifico, via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) develops in young adults with a complex predisposing genetic trait and probably requires an inciting environmental insult such as a viral infection to trigger the disease. The activation of CD4+ autoreactive T cells and their differentiation into a Th1 phenotype are a crucial events in the initial steps, and these cells are probably also important players in the long-term evolution of the disease. Damage of the target tissue, the central nervous system, is, however, most likely mediated by other components of the immune system, such as antibodies, complement, CD8+ T cells, and factors produced by innate immune cells. Perturbations in immunomodulatory networks that include Th2 cells, regulatory CD4+ T cells, NK cells, and others may in part be responsible for the relapsing-remitting or chronic progressive nature of the disease. However, an important paradigmatic shift in the study of MS has occurred in the past decade. It is now clear that MS is not just a disease of the immune system, but that factors contributed by the central nervous system are equally important and must be considered in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Sospedra
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1400, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cavallotti D, D'Andrea V, Pastore FS, Leali FMT, Cavallotti C. Pathogenesis of some neurological immune ultrastructural and morphometrical observations on rat thymus. Neurol Res 2005; 27:41-6. [PMID: 15829157 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x18197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies on neuro-immuno-modulation indicate that the thymus is involved in many neurological diseases, including experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Twenty Lewis rats were induced for EAE. At X, XII, XX and XXX days post-inoculation the animals were killed, and the thymus was recovered and harvested. Specimens of thymus were submitted to morphological light microscopy analysis (1% toluidine blue) and ultra-structural analysis (transmission electron microscopy). Significant morphometric data were collected by examining the images quantitatively and by statistically analysing the values. Our results show that the microenvironment of the thymus is severally involved in acute EAE. Thymocytes and reticular epithelial cells show many changes which are closely related to the pathogenesis of EAE. In particular we observed: (1) inside the cell an increase in intra-cytoplasmic vacuoles, and changes in the thickness of the nuclear membrane, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, cellular inter-digitations and cellular electron-density; (2) outside the cell an increase in pericellular translucent halo, intercellular spaces, intercellular contacts and apoptotic and necrotic figures. The evidence of a thymic role in MS may suggest the intriguing therapeutic concept of thymectomy in the management of this neurological disease.
Collapse
|
27
|
de Rosbo NK, Kaye JF, Eisenstein M, Mendel I, Hoeftberger R, Lassmann H, Milo R, Ben-Nun A. The Myelin-Associated Oligodendrocytic Basic Protein Region MOBP15–36 Encompasses the Immunodominant Major Encephalitogenic Epitope(s) for SJL/J Mice and Predicted Epitope(s) for Multiple Sclerosis-Associated HLA-DRB1*1501. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1426-35. [PMID: 15240739 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune response to the myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP), a CNS-specific myelin constituent, was recently suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The pathogenic autoimmune response to MOBP and the associated pathology in the CNS have not yet been fully investigated. In this study, we have characterized the clinical manifestations, pathology, T cell epitope-specificity, and TCRs associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in SJL/J mice with recombinant mouse MOBP (long isoform, 170 aa). Analysis of encephalitogenic MOBP-reactive T cells for reactivity to overlapping MOBP peptides defined MOBP15-36 as their major immunodominant epitope. Accordingly, MOBP15-36 was demonstrated to be the major encephalitogenic MOBP epitope for SJL/J mice, inducing severe/chronic clinical EAE associated with intense perivascular and parenchymal infiltrations, widespread demyelination, axonal loss, and remarkable optic neuritis. Molecular modeling of the interaction of I-A(s) with MOBP15-36, together with analysis of the MOBP15-36-specific T cell response to truncated peptides, suggests MOBP20-28 as the core sequence for I-A(s)-restricted recognition of the encephalitogenic region MOBP15-36. Although highly focused in their epitope specificity, the encephalitogenic MOBP-reactive T cells displayed a widespread usage of TCR Vbeta genes. These results would therefore favor epitope-directed, rather than TCR-targeted, approaches to therapy of MOBP-associated pathogenic autoimmunity. Localization by molecular modeling of a potential HLA-DRB1*1501-associated MOBP epitope within the encephalitogenic MOBP15-36 sequence suggests the potential relevance of T cell reactivity against MOBP15-36 to MS. The reactivity to MOBP15-36 detected in MS shown here and in another study further emphasizes the potential significance of this epitope for MS.
Collapse
|
28
|
Crawford MP, Yan SX, Ortega SB, Mehta RS, Hewitt RE, Price DA, Stastny P, Douek DC, Koup RA, Racke MK, Karandikar NJ. High prevalence of autoreactive, neuroantigen-specific CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis revealed by novel flow cytometric assay. Blood 2004; 103:4222-31. [PMID: 14976054 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-11-4025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with features suggestive of T-cell-mediated pathology. Most prior reports have focused on CD4(+) T cells with the underlying assumption that MS is predominantly a CD4(+) T helper 1 (Th1)-mediated disease. In this report, we used a novel flow cytometric approach to evaluate autoreactive T-cell responses against a large variety of neuroantigenic targets. We found that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells targeted against several CNS autoantigens were widely prevalent in patients with MS and healthy individuals. Whereas the distribution of CD4(+) responses was similar in different groups, patients with relapsing-remitting MS showed a higher proportion of CNS-specific CD8(+) responses. Autoreactive CD4(+) T cells from patients with MS exhibited a more differentiated Th1 phenotype compared with healthy subjects. Similarly, CNS-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses from patients with MS were functionally distinct from those in healthy individuals. Collectively, these studies reveal the high prevalence of class I-restricted autoreactive CD8(+) T-cell responses in MS that has been underappreciated thus far. The results emphasize the need to evaluate both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in MS and to make both subsets a consideration in the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Crawford
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. It is believed to be an autoimmune disease arising from a breakdown of immune tolerance in T cells specific for myelin antigens. The heterogeneity in clinical signs and pathology observed in MS patients suggests a complex pathogenesis in which the specificity of the pathogenic T cells and the tolerance mechanisms that are compromised vary among individual patients. In this review, we summarize some of the features of the diverse immune pathology observed in MS and the animal models used to study this disease. We then describe the current state of knowledge regarding the expression of the major myelin protein antigens believed to be targeted in MS and the mechanisms of immune tolerance that operate on T cells that recognize these antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Seamons
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98125, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Arbour N, Holz A, Sipe JC, Naniche D, Romine JS, Zyroff J, Oldstone MBA. A new approach for evaluating antigen-specific T cell responses to myelin antigens during the course of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 137:197-209. [PMID: 12667664 PMCID: PMC5050032 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We used a flow cytometry assay to measure proliferation and cytokine production of self-antigen-specific T cells in individual patients during the clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS). Myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP) was selected for proof of principles in the assay, along with myelin basic protein (MBP) to assess specific activated T cells in 10 MS patients over an 18-month period, in parallel with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and clinical rating scale. A positive correlation occurred between antigen-specific T cell proliferation and interferon-gamma production with clinical relapses and MRI lesion activity that was absent when the same patients were in remission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Arbour
- Division of Virology, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute (IMM-6), 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
An autoimmune response to one or more myelin-protein components is thought to be part of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The immunodominant-autoantibody epitope may be localized on a linear peptide segment, on a conformation-sensitive epitope, or on an epitope resulting from post-translational modifications. Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of myelin proteins may determine the specific site for binding of autoantibodies. A myelin protein-specific autoantibody can bind to either a linear or conformational epitope, whereas all of the T cell epitopes are linear. At present, the conformational epitopes of myelin proteins have not been identified; most of the methods used to identify the myelin-protein epitopes corresponding to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis are involved in the linear epitope mapping. Polymorphism or mutations may cause inappropriate expression of the myelin proteins with alterations to their linear and/or conformational epitopes, and make them susceptible to autoantibody binding, especially if these changes occur at the surface of the protein. This review focuses on the specificity of autoantibodies to the epitopes of myelin proteins and correlates this to the structures of proteins. Factors that influence the expression of myelin-protein epitopes such as the alpha-helical or beta-sheet structure of the protein, the tri-proline site, and the post-translational modifications as well as physicochemical properties of amino acid changed are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Permphan Dharmasaroja
- Faculty of Science, Department of Anatomy, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mor F, Quintana F, Mimran A, Cohen IR. Autoimmune encephalomyelitis and uveitis induced by T cell immunity to self beta-synuclein. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:628-34. [PMID: 12496452 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Beta-synuclein is a neuronal protein that accumulates in the plaques that characterize neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. It has been proposed that immunization to peptides of plaque-forming proteins might be used therapeutically to help dissociate pathogenic plaques in the brain. We now report that immunization of Lewis rats with a peptide from beta-synuclein resulted in acute paralytic encephalomyelitis and uveitis. T cell lines and clones reactive to the peptide adoptively transferred the disease to naive rats. Immunoblotting revealed the presence of beta-synuclein in heavy myelin, indicating that the expression of beta-synuclein is not confined to neurons. These results add beta-synuclein to the roster of encephalitogenic self Ags, point out the potential danger of therapeutic autoimmunization to beta-synuclein, and alert us to the unsuspected possibility that autoimmunity to beta-synuclein might play an inflammatory role in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Mor
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Desplat-Jégo S, Varriale S, Creidy R, Terra R, Bernard D, Khrestchatisky M, Izui S, Chicheportiche Y, Boucraut J. TWEAK is expressed by glial cells, induces astrocyte proliferation and increases EAE severity. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 133:116-23. [PMID: 12446014 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
TWEAK is a new TNF family member with proinflammatory and proliferative effects on different cell types, mediated by the recently identified Fn14 receptor. TWEAK expression was analyzed on mouse microglial cells and astrocytes. Both cell types express TWEAK mRNA. Astrocytes expressed Fn14 and proliferated in the presence of rTWEAK. TWEAK mRNA is expressed in normal CNS and its steady state level increases in spinal cord during EAE. Finally, EAE severity is enhanced in soluble TWEAK-overexpressing transgenic mice. These results support the contention that TWEAK is involved in CNS inflammation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Astrocytes/immunology
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/pharmacology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/growth & development
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Cytokine TWEAK
- Disease Progression
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Inflammation Mediators/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Desplat-Jégo
- NICN CNRS FRE 2533, IFR Jean Roche, Université de la Méditerranée, 13 916 Cedex 20, Marseilles, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the etiology of MS. MS is widely believed to be an autoimmune disease that results from aberrant immune responses to CNS antigens. T cells are considered to be crucial in orchestrating an immunopathological cascade that results in damage to the myelin sheath. This review summarizes the currently available data supporting the idea that myelin reactive T cells are actively involved in the immunopathogenesis of MS. Some of the therapeutic strategies for MS are discussed with a focus on immunotherapies that aim to specifically target the myelin reactive T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hellings
- Biomedical Research Institute, Limburg University Center, School for Life Sciences, Transnational University Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yool D, Montague P, McLaughlin M, McCulloch MC, Edgar JM, Nave KA, Davies RW, Griffiths IR, McCallion AS. Phenotypic analysis of mice deficient in the major myelin protein MOBP, and evidence for a novel Mobp isoform. Glia 2002; 39:256-67. [PMID: 12203392 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP) is a recently identified major component of central nervous system (CNS) myelin. We previously reported a detailed characterization of the genomic region encompassing the Mobp gene, elucidating the complex series of transcript splicing responsible for the generation of its diverse family of protein isoforms. These basic, positively charged polypeptides display spatial and temporal expression patterns consistent with a potential role in the compaction and maintenance of the myelin sheath. MOBP isoforms have also been localized to the nucleus and the microtubular network of oligodendrocytes; transcript corresponding to one isoform is present during embryonic development. Recent reports have identified a role for this protein family in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, but a clear function for the wild-type protein has remained unclear. We report a detailed analysis of a targeted mutation of Mobp, which results in the deletion of the translational start site and most of the coding sequence of MOBP, and the deletion of the entire coding sequence corresponding to a novel, putative MOBP isoform. Our analyses clearly demonstrate that MOBP-deficient mice develop normally, generate intact compact CNS myelin, and demonstrate no obvious clinical phenotype. Furthermore, in contrast with another recent study, we find that Mobp null mice demonstrate no significant influence on the axonal diameter of myelinated axons. Although MOBP is not essential for myelination, it appears that its absence is not simply compensated for by increased expression of the "classic" myelin basic protein (MBP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Yool
- Applied Neurobiology Group, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhong MC, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Ben-Nun A. Multiantigen/multiepitope-directed immune-specific suppression of "complex autoimmune encephalomyelitis" by a novel protein product of a synthetic gene. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:81-90. [PMID: 12093891 PMCID: PMC151033 DOI: 10.1172/jci15692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic administration of antigen/peptide for peripheral T cell tolerance has long been investigated as a potential approach to therapy of autoimmune diseases. The multiple antimyelin T cell reactivities likely to be associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) impose major difficulties in devising such an immune-specific therapeutic approach to the disease, because targeting T cells specific for a single autoantigen/epitope is unlikely to be sufficiently effective. Here, we present a pilot study on the possibility of concomitantly inhibiting multiple potentially pathogenic antimyelin T cell reactivities by tolerogenic administration of an artificial "multiantigen/multiepitope" protein. A synthetic gene was constructed to encode selected disease-relevant epitopes of myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The protein product, hmTAP (synthetic human multitarget autoantigen protein), was adequately processed for antigenic presentation of the relevant integral epitopes, in vitro and in vivo. Systemic administration of hmTAP not only suppressed and treated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) initiated by autoreactivity to a PLP epitope, but also abrogated complex EAE transferred by multispecific line T cells reactive against encephalitogenic epitopes of MBP, PLP, and MOG. These data indicate that multiantigen/multiepitope-directed therapy of complex autoimmune diseases is effective and can be mediated by the protein product of a specifically designed synthetic gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chao Zhong
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhong MC, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Ben-Nun A. Multiantigen/multiepitope–directed immune-specific suppression of “complex autoimmune encephalomyelitis” by a novel protein product of a synthetic gene. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0215692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
38
|
Iglesias A, Bauer J, Litzenburger T, Schubart A, Linington C. T- and B-cell responses to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Glia 2001; 36:220-34. [PMID: 11596130 DOI: 10.1002/glia.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The identification of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) as a target for autoantibody-mediated demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) resulted in the re-evaluation of the role of B cell responses to myelin autoantigens in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. MOG is a central nervous system specific myelin glycoprotein that is expressed preferentially on the outermost surface of the myelin sheath. Although MOG is only a minor component of CNS myelin it is highly immunogenic, inducing severe EAE in both rodents and primates. In rat and marmoset models of MOG-induced EAE demyelination is antibody-dependent and reproduces the immunopathology seen in many cases of MS. In contrast, in mice inflammation in the CNS can result in demyelination in the absence of a MOG-specific B cell response, although if present this will enhance disease severity and demyelination. Clinical studies indicate that autoimmune responses to MOG are enhanced in many CNS diseases and implicate MOG-specific B cell responses in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. This review provides a summary of our current understanding of MOG as a target autoantigen in EAE and MS, and addresses the crucial question as to how immune tolerance to MOG may be maintained in the healthy individual.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Iglesias
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Affiliation(s)
- A van der Goes
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Van den Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The present review of the recent literature focuses on antigen-specific immune reactions in multiple sclerosis. New techniques have allowed precise quantitative analysis of the antigen-receptor repertoire of infiltrating T cells in the multiple sclerosis brain. Novel candidate autoantigens, including B-cell autoantigens, have been identified. 'Humanized' animal models allow the functional characterization of human immune molecules in vivo. Finally, several therapeutic trials have recently assessed the clinical benefit of selective immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Hohlfeld
- Institute for Clinical Neuroimmunology, University of Munich, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Martin R, Bielekova B, Gran B, McFarland HF. Lessons from studies of antigen-specific T cell responses in Multiple Sclerosis. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2001:361-73. [PMID: 11205154 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6301-6_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is considered a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of central nervous system myelin. Based on elegant experiments in an animal model of MS, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a number of myelin proteins and peptides derived from these can induce inflammatory demyelinating lesions. Recent studies with transgenic mice expressing human HLA-DR molecules and a myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cell receptor as well as data from a phase II clinical trial with an altered peptide ligand based on MBP peptide (83-99) provide convincing evidence that the pathogenetic concepts which largely stem from the above EAE studies are valid in MS, too.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Martin
- Neuroimmunology Branch, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1400, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhong MC, Cohen L, Meshorer A, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Ben-Nun A. T-cells specific for soluble recombinant oligodendrocyte-specific protein induce severe clinical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in H-2(b) and H-2(s) mice. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 105:39-45. [PMID: 10713362 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the immunogenicity and encephalitogenicity of oligodendrocyte-specific protein (OSP), recombinant soluble mouse OSP (smOSP) was produced from a synthetic gene engineered to lack the sequences coding for the hydrophobic transmembrane domains of the native molecule. SmOSP was immunogenic and encephalitogenic for SJL/J, C3H.SW and C57BL/6J mice, but not PL/J or BALB/c mice. SmOSP-specific T-cells from SJL/J, C3H.SW and C57BL/6J mice induced severe chronic clinical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis upon transfer. These findings indicate that autoimmune T-cell responses to OSP should be investigated in the context of multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Zhong
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|