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Agostini F, Agostinis R, Medina DL, Bisaglia M, Greggio E, Plotegher N. The Regulation of MiTF/TFE Transcription Factors Across Model Organisms: from Brain Physiology to Implication for Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5000-5023. [PMID: 35665902 PMCID: PMC9363479 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The microphthalmia/transcription factor E (MiTF/TFE) transcription factors are responsible for the regulation of various key processes for the maintenance of brain function, including autophagy-lysosomal pathway, lipid catabolism, and mitochondrial homeostasis. Among them, autophagy is one of the most relevant pathways in this frame; it is evolutionary conserved and crucial for cellular homeostasis. The dysregulation of MiTF/TFE proteins was shown to be involved in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the characterization of their function is key in the understanding of the etiology of these diseases, with the potential to develop novel therapeutics targeted to MiTF/TFE proteins and to the autophagic process. The fact that these proteins are evolutionary conserved suggests that their function and dysfunction can be investigated in model organisms with a simpler nervous system than the mammalian one. Building not only on studies in mammalian models but also in complementary model organisms, in this review we discuss (1) the mechanistic regulation of MiTF/TFE transcription factors; (2) their roles in different regions of the central nervous system, in different cell types, and their involvement in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders; (3) the overlap and the compensation that occur among the different members of the family; (4) the importance of the evolutionary conservation of these protein and the process they regulate, which allows their study in different model organisms; and (5) their possible role as therapeutic targets in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rossella Agostinis
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale SSM, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego L Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Department of Medical and Translational, Science, II University, Naples, Federico, Italy
| | - Marco Bisaglia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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2
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Jiang B, Wang L, Luo M, Zhu W, Fu J, Dong Z. Molecular and functional analysis of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (mitf) gene duplicates in red tilapia. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 271:111257. [PMID: 35691494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (mitf) is at the hub of the melanin synthesis regulation network. However, little information is known about its molecular characterization, expression, location, or function in skin color differentiation and variation of red tilapia. The full-length cDNA sequences (1977 bp and 1999 bp) of mitfa and mitfb, encoding polypeptides of 491 and 514 amino acids, were effectively identified from red tilapia in this study. The Mitfa and Mitfb sequences of red tilapia clustered first with O. aureus, then with other teleost fish, according to phylogenetic analysis. Mitfa and mitfb mRNA were highly expressed in the brain, dorsal skin and eye tissues using quantitative real-time PCR. The mRNA expressions of mitfa and mitfb were the highest in the cleavage stage during the early development of red tilapia. Among three different colors of red tilapia, the expression levels of mitfa and mitfb were highest in the PB (pink with scattered black spots) dorsal skin. After overwintering, the mitfa and mitfb mRNA expressions were high in the dorsal skin of PB (color changed from pink to black). Mitfa and mitfb were mostly found in the epidermal layer of the dorsal skin, according to in situ hybridization (ISH) analysis. After injecting mitf-dsRNA duplicates along the tail vein of red tilapia, the activity of tyrosinase and the level of melanin in the dorsal skin both decreased significantly. The mRNA expressions of mitfa and its downstream genes (tyrb, tyrp1a and dct) decreased, whereas the mRNA expression of mitfb increased after mitfa-dsRNA injection. The mRNA expressions of mitfb, tyrb, tyrp1a and dct decreased, whereas the mRNA expression of mitfa increased after injecting mitfb-dsRNA. These findings suggest that mitf gene duplicates may play an important role in red tilapia skin color differentiation and variation via the melanogenesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Jiang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lanmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingkun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianjun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zaijie Dong
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Tau mRNA Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Tangle Journey. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020241. [PMID: 35203451 PMCID: PMC8869323 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau proteins are known to be mainly involved in regulation of microtubule dynamics. Besides this function, which is critical for axonal transport and signal transduction, tau proteins also have other roles in neurons. Moreover, tau proteins are turned into aggregates and consequently trigger many neurodegenerative diseases termed tauopathies, of which Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the figurehead. Such pathological aggregation processes are critical for the onset of these diseases. Among the various causes of tau protein pathogenicity, abnormal tau mRNA metabolism, expression and dysregulation of tau post-translational modifications are critical steps. Moreover, the relevance of tau function to general mRNA metabolism has been highlighted recently in tauopathies. In this review, we mainly focus on how mRNA metabolism impacts the onset and development of tauopathies. Thus, we intend to portray how mRNA metabolism of, or mediated by, tau is associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Zardadi S, Rayat S, Hassani Doabsari M, Keramatipour M, Morovvati S. Waardenburg syndrome type 2A in a large Iranian family with a novel MITF gene mutation. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:230. [PMID: 34544414 PMCID: PMC8451132 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The characteristics of Waardenburg syndrome (WS) as a scarce heritable disorder are sensorineural hearing loss and deficits of pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eye. Here, clinical features and detection of the mutation in the MITF gene of WS2 patients are reported in a sizable Iranian family.
Methods A man aged 28-years represented with symptoms of mild unilateral hearing loss (right ear), complete heterochromia iridis, premature graying prior to 30 years of age, and synophrys. In this research, there was a sizable family in Iran comprising three generations with seven WS patients and two healthy members. Whole exome sequencing was applied for proband for the identification of the candidate genetic mutations associated with the disease. The detected mutation in proband and investigated family members was validated by PCR-Sanger sequencing. Results A novel heterozygous mutation, NM_198159.3:c.1026dup p.(Asn343Glufs*27), in exon 9 of the MITF gene co-segregated with WS2 in the affected family members. The variant was forecasted as a disease-causing variant by the Mutation Taster. According to the UniProt database, this variant has been located in basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain of the protein with critical role in DNA binding. Conclusions A frameshift was caused by a nucleotide insertion, c.1026dup, in exon 9 of the MITF gene. This mutation is able to induce an early termination, resulting in forming a truncated protein capable of affecting the normal function of the MITF protein. Helpful information is provided through an exactly described mutations involved in WS to clarify the molecular cause of clinical characteristics of WS and have a contribution to better genetic counseling of WS patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-021-01074-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Zardadi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Rayat
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Keramatipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Morovvati
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Zardadi S, Rayat S, Doabsari MH, Alishiri A, Keramatipour M, Shahri ZJ, Morovvati S. Four mutations in MITF, SOX10 and PAX3 genes were identified as genetic causes of waardenburg syndrome in four unrelated Iranian patients: case report. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:70. [PMID: 33557787 PMCID: PMC7869501 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02521-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical and molecular characteristics of WS in four probands from four different Iranian families. Case presentation The first patient was a 1-year-old symptomatic boy with congenital hearing loss and heterochromia iridis with a blue segment in his left iris. The second case was a 1.5-year-old symptomatic girl who manifested congenital profound hearing loss, brilliant blue eyes, and skin hypopigmentation on the abdominal region at birth time. The third patient was an 8-month-old symptomatic boy with developmental delay, mild atrophy, hypotonia, brilliant blue eyes, skin hypopigmentation on her hand and foot, Hirschsprung disease, and congenital profound hearing loss; the fourth patient was a 4-year-old symptomatic boy who showed dystopia canthorum, broad nasal root, synophrys, skin hypopigmentation on her hand and abdomen, brilliant blue eyes, and congenital profound hearing loss. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was used for each proband to identify the underlying genetic factor. Sanger sequencing was performed for validation of the identified mutations in probands and the available family members. A novel heterozygous frameshift mutation, c.996delT (p.K334Sfs*15), on exon 8 of the MITF gene was identified in the patient of the first family diagnosed with WS2A. Two novel de novo heterozygous mutations including a missense mutation, c.950G > A (p.R317K), on exon 8 of the MITF gene, and a frameshift mutation, c.684delC (p.E229Sfs*57), on the exon 3 of the SOX10 gene were detected in patients of the second and third families with WS2A and PCWH (Peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, Central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy, Waardenburg syndrome, Hirschsprung disease), respectively. A previously reported heterozygous frameshift mutation, c.1024_1040del AGCACGATTCCTTCCAA, (p.S342Pfs*62), on exon 7 of the PAX3 gene was identified in the patient of the fourth family with WS1. Conclusions An exact description of the mutations responsible for WS provides useful information to explain the molecular cause of clinical features of WS and contributes to better genetic counseling of WS patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Zardadi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Rayat
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Aliagha Alishiri
- Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Keramatipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Javanfekr Shahri
- School of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Islamic Azad University-Tehran Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Morovvati
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Oppezzo A, Rosselli F. The underestimated role of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MiTF) in normal and pathological haematopoiesis. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:18. [PMID: 33441180 PMCID: PMC7805242 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematopoiesis, the process by which a restrained population of stem cells terminally differentiates into specific types of blood cells, depends on the tightly regulated temporospatial activity of several transcription factors (TFs). The deregulation of their activity or expression is a main cause of pathological haematopoiesis, leading to bone marrow failure (BMF), anaemia and leukaemia. TFs can be induced and/or activated by different stimuli, to which they respond by regulating the expression of genes and gene networks. Most TFs are highly pleiotropic; i.e., they are capable of influencing two or more apparently unrelated phenotypic traits, and the action of a single TF in a specific setting often depends on its interaction with other TFs and signalling pathway components. The microphthalmia-associated TF (MiTF) is a prototype TF in multiple situations. MiTF has been described extensively as a key regulator of melanocyte and melanoma development because it acts mainly as an oncogene. Mitf-mutated mice show a plethora of pleiotropic phenotypes, such as microphthalmia, deafness, abnormal pigmentation, retinal degeneration, reduced mast cell numbers and osteopetrosis, revealing a greater requirement for MiTF activity in cells and tissue. A growing amount of evidence has led to the delineation of key roles for MiTF in haematopoiesis and/or in cells of haematopoietic origin, including haematopoietic stem cells, mast cells, NK cells, basophiles, B cells and osteoclasts. This review summarizes several roles of MiTF in cells of the haematopoietic system and how MiTFs can impact BM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Oppezzo
- CNRS UMR9019, Équipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Université Paris Saclay - Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
| | - Filippo Rosselli
- CNRS UMR9019, Équipe labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Université Paris Saclay - Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
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7
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Vu HN, Dilshat R, Fock V, Steingrímsson E. User guide to MiT-TFE isoforms and post-translational modifications. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:13-27. [PMID: 32846025 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is at the core of melanocyte and melanoma fate specification. The related factors TFEB and TFE3 have been shown to be instrumental for transcriptional regulation of genes involved in lysosome biogenesis and autophagy, cellular processes important for mediating nutrition signals and recycling of cellular materials, in many cell types. The MITF, TFEB, TFE3, and TFEC proteins are highly related. They share many structural and functional features and are targeted by the same signaling pathways. However, the existence of several isoforms of each factor and the increasing number of residues shown to be post-translationally modified by various signaling pathways poses a difficulty in indexing amino acid residues in different isoforms across the different proteins. Here, we provide a resource manual to cross-reference amino acids and post-translational modifications in all isoforms of the MiT-TFE family in humans, mice, and zebrafish and summarize the protein accession numbers for each isoform of these factors in the different genomic databases. This will facilitate future studies on the signaling pathways that regulate different isoforms of the MiT-TFE transcription factor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Nhung Vu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ramile Dilshat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Valerie Fock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Eiríkur Steingrímsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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8
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Integrated Analysis of mRNA Expression, CpG Island Methylation, and Polymorphisms in the MITF Gene in Ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8512467. [PMID: 31662999 PMCID: PMC6778931 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8512467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a key regulator for the development and function of melanocytes in skin, eye, and plumage pigmentations. Thus, the MITF was selected as a candidate gene associated with plumage coloration in ducks. This study analyzed the mRNA expression, promoter methylation, and polymorphisms in the MITF gene in ducks with different plumage colors (Putian Black, Putian White, Liancheng White, and Longsheng Jade-green). No expression of the MITF melanin-specific isoform (MITF-M) was detected in white feather bulbs. By contrast, the mRNA expression levels of MITF-M were high in black feather bulbs. Bioinformatics analysis showed that two CpG islands were present in the promoter region of the MITF gene. The methylation level of the second CpG island was significantly lower in black feather bulbs than in white feather bulbs. However, the methylation level of the first CpG island was not different among the feather bulbs with various colors except Liancheng White feather bulbs. The methylation status of the whole CpG island significantly and negatively correlated with the mRNA expression of MITF-M (P < 0.05). Furthermore, four novel SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) were identified in the 5′UTR, exon 4, intron 7, and intron 8 of the MITF gene. Allele T in g.39807T>G and allele G in g.40862G>A were the predominant alleles only found in Putian White, whereas the variant A allele in g.32813G>A exhibited a high allele frequency in Liancheng White. Collectively, these results contributed to the understanding of the function of the MITF gene in duck plumage coloration.
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9
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Liu S, Wang H, Mu J, Wang H, Peng Y, Li Q, Mao D, Guo L. MiRNA-211 triggers an autophagy-dependent apoptosis in cervical cancer cells: regulation of Bcl-2. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 393:359-370. [PMID: 31637455 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in gynecological malignancies. Although autophagy plays a critical role in affecting cell apoptosis and proliferation, the role of hsa-miR-211-5p (miR-211) in modulating autophagy of cervical cancer cells remains unclear. In the current study, the level of miR-211 was downregulated in cervical cancer specimens, compared to the paired para-carcinoma tissues. While Bcl-2 was upregulated, LC3-II/I was decreased in the tumors, indicating inhibited apoptosis and autophagy. The forced expression of miR-211 inhibited proliferation, and promoted apoptosis in SiHa cervical cancer cells, evidenced by increased expression of apoptotic proteins, caspase-3, and PARP. While the miR-211 inhibitor exerted reverse effects on C-33A cervical cancer cells. Further, miR-211 induced autophagy in cervical cancer cells, as manifested by the presence of LC3 puncta, increased LC3-II/I and Beclin1 levels, and decreased p62 level. The miR-211-induced apoptosis was alleviated by an autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). In addition, Bcl-2 was identified as a target of miR-211. Besides, the apoptosis and autophagy triggered by miR-211 were attenuated by Bcl-2 in SiHa cells. In summary, our work indicates that miR-211 induced autophagy and autophagy-dependent apoptosis by regulating Bcl-2 in cervical cancer cells, which provided further understanding of autophagy in cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Mu
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Peng
- Disease Prevention Center, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongwei Mao
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518034, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Guo
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China.
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Flesher JL, Paterson-Coleman EK, Vasudeva P, Ruiz-Vega R, Marshall M, Pearlman E, MacGregor GR, Neumann J, Ganesan AK. Delineating the role of MITF isoforms in pigmentation and tissue homeostasis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 33:279-292. [PMID: 31562697 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
MITF, a gene that is mutated in familial melanoma and Waardenburg syndrome, encodes multiple isoforms expressed from alternative promoters that share common coding exons but have unique amino termini. It is not completely understood how these isoforms influence pigmentation in different tissues and how the expression of these independent isoforms of MITF is regulated. Here, we show that melanocytes express two isoforms of MITF, MITF-A and MITF-M. The expression of MITF-A is partially regulated by a newly identified retinoid enhancer element located upstream of the MITF-A promoter. Mitf-A knockout mice have only subtle changes in melanin accumulation in the hair and reduced Tyr expression in the eye. In contrast, Mitf-M-null mice have enlarged kidneys, lack neural crest-derived melanocytes in the skin, choroid, and iris stroma, yet maintain pigmentation within the retinal pigment epithelium and iris pigment epithelium of the eye. Taken together, these studies identify a critical role for MITF-M in melanocytes, a minor role for MITF-A in regulating pigmentation in the hair and Tyr expression in the eye, and a novel role for MITF-M in size control of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Flesher
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Center for Cancer Systems Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Priya Vasudeva
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rolando Ruiz-Vega
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michaela Marshall
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Grant R MacGregor
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Irvine Transgenic Mouse Facility, University Laboratory Animal Resources, Office of Research, Universitiy of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Neumann
- Irvine Transgenic Mouse Facility, University Laboratory Animal Resources, Office of Research, Universitiy of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anand K Ganesan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Center for Cancer Systems Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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11
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Zavala G, Sandoval C, Meza D, Contreras R, Gubelin W, Khoury M. Differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells to functional CD105 neg CD73 low melanocyte precursors guided by defined culture condition. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:249. [PMID: 31399041 PMCID: PMC6688240 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The generation of functional human epidermal melanocytes (HEM) from stem cells provides an unprecedented source for cell-based therapy in vitiligo. Despite the important efforts exerted to obtain melanin-producing cells from stem cells, pre-clinical results still lack the safety and scalability characteristics essential for their translational application. Methods Here, we report a rapid and efficient protocol based on defined culture conditions capable of differentiating adult adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) to scalable amounts of proliferative melanocyte precursors (PreMel) within 30 days. PreMel were characterized in vitro through qPCR, Western blot, flow cytometry, biochemical assays, and in vivo assays in immunocompromised mice (NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ, or NSG). Results After 30 days of differentiation, the stem cell-derived PreMel were defined as CD105neg CD73low according to immunophenotypic changes in comparison with parental stem cell markers. In addition, expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), active tyrosinase (TYR), and the terminal differentiation-involved premelanosome protein (PMEL) were detected. Furthermore, PreMel had the potential to synthesize melanin and package it into melanosomes both in vitro and in vivo in NSG mice skin. Conclusions This study proposes a rapid and scalable protocol for the generation of proliferative melanocyte precursors (PreMel) from ADSC. These PreMel display the essential functional characteristics of bona fide HEM, opening a new path for an autologous cellular therapy for vitiligo patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1364-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Zavala
- Consorcio Regenero, La Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Research Center (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Sandoval
- Biomedical Research Center (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Meza
- Consorcio Regenero, La Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Research Center (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Contreras
- Cells for Cells, La Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Research Center (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Walter Gubelin
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Consorcio Regenero, La Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. .,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. .,Cells for Cells, La Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. .,Biomedical Research Center (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.
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12
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Fukuzawa T. A wide variety of Mitf transcript variants are expressed in the Xenopus laevis periodic albino mutant. Genes Cells 2018; 23:638-648. [PMID: 29920861 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The periodic albino mutant of Xenopus laevis has been used to study the development of pigment cells because both the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and melanophores are affected. In this mutant, "white pigment cells" containing both melanophore-specific and iridophore-specific pigment organelles appear. The present experiments were designed to investigate the structural organization and expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) in the mutant since Mitf is known to regulate the development of melanocytes and RPE. The exon structures of X. laevis mitf genes (mitf.L and mitf.S) were defined using newly obtained Mitf transcripts and X. laevis genomic data. Compared to mouse mitf, exons 3 and 6a were absent in X. laevis mitf. The four exons between exons 4 and 6b in X. laevis mitf were named 5α, 5β, 5γ, and 5δ. Exons 5α and 5δ were specific to X. laevis mitf, whereas the continuous exons 5β/γ were identical to exon 5 of mouse mitf. A wide variety of A-Mitf and M-Mitf transcript variants lacking one or more exons were found in X. laevis; however, different types of Mitf transcripts were expressed in the mutant. In addition, white pigment cells and melanophores expressed both the mitf and dopachrome tautomerase (dct) genes.
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13
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Chen T, Zhao B, Liu Y, Wang R, Yang Y, Yang L, Dong C. MITF-M regulates melanogenesis in mouse melanocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:253-262. [PMID: 29496358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the impact of the microphthalamia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) signaling pathway on melanocytes progression has been extensively studied, the specific molecular mechanisms behind MITF-M-enhanced melanin production in melanocytes still need to be clarified. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the levels of Mitf-M in skin tissues of different coat mice in order to further reveal the relationship between Mitf-M and skin pigmentation. To address the function of Mitf-M on melanogenesis, we have used an overexpression system and combined morphological and biochemical methods to investigate its localization in different coat color mice and pigmentation-related genes' expression in mouse melanocytes. RESULTS The qRT-PCR assay and Western blotting analysis revealed that Mitf-M mRNA and protein were synthesized in all tested mice skin samples, with the highest expression level in brown skin, a moderate expression level in grey skin and the lowest expression level in black skin. Simultaneously, immunofluorescence staining revealed that MITF-M was mainly expressed in the hair follicle matrix and inner and outer root sheath in the skin tissues with different coat colors. Furthermore, overexpression of MITF-M led to increased melanin content and variable pigmentation-related gene expression. CONCLUSION These results directly demonstrate that MITF-M not only influences melanogenesis, but also determines the progression of melanosomal protein in mouse melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bingling Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruiwei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yujing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Linpei Yang
- Shenzhou Vocational and Technical Education Center, Shenzhou 053800, China
| | - Changsheng Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China.
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14
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15
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Huin V, Buée L, Behal H, Labreuche J, Sablonnière B, Dhaenens CM. Alternative promoter usage generates novel shorter MAPT mRNA transcripts in Alzheimer's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy brains. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12589. [PMID: 28974731 PMCID: PMC5626709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative promoter usage is an important mechanism for transcriptome diversity and the regulation of gene expression. Indeed, this alternative usage may influence tissue/subcellular specificity, protein translation and function of the proteins. The existence of an alternative promoter for MAPT gene was considered for a long time to explain differential tissue specificity and differential response to transcription and growth factors between mRNA transcripts. The alternative promoter usage could explain partly the different tau proteins expression patterns observed in tauopathies. Here, we report on our discovery of a functional alternative promoter for MAPT, located upstream of the gene's second exon (exon 1). By analyzing genome databases and brain tissue from control individuals and patients with Alzheimer's disease or progressive supranuclear palsy, we identified novel shorter transcripts derived from this alternative promoter. These transcripts are increased in patients' brain tissue as assessed by 5'RACE-PCR and qPCR. We suggest that these new MAPT isoforms can be translated into normal or amino-terminal-truncated tau proteins. We further suggest that activation of MAPT's alternative promoter under pathological conditions leads to the production of truncated proteins, changes in protein localization and function, and thus neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Huin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Luc Buée
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Hélène Behal
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, EA 2694 - Santé publique: épidémiologie et qualité des soins, Unité de Biostatistiques, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Julien Labreuche
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, EA 2694 - Santé publique: épidémiologie et qualité des soins, Unité de Biostatistiques, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Bernard Sablonnière
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Claire-Marie Dhaenens
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
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16
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Kim SE, Lee CM, Kim YC. Anti-Melanogenic Effect of Oenothera laciniata Methanol Extract in Melan-a Cells. Toxicol Res 2017; 33:55-62. [PMID: 28133514 PMCID: PMC5266377 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2017.33.1.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the antioxidant activity and anti-melanogenic effects of Oenothera laciniata methanol extract (OLME) in vitro by using melan-a cells. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of OLME was 66.3 and 19.0 mg/g, respectively. The electron-donating ability, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of OLME (500 μg/mL) were 94.5%, 95.6%, and 63.6%, respectively. OLME and arbutin treatment at 50 μg/mL significantly decreased melanin content by 35.5% and 14.2%, respectively, compared to control (p < 0.05). OLME and arbutin treatment at 50 μg/mL significantly inhibited intra-cellular tyrosinase activity by 22.6% and 12.6%, respectively, compared to control (p < 0.05). OLME (50 μg/mL) significantly decreased tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-M (MITF-M) mRNA expression by 57.1%, 67.3%, 99.0%, and 77.0%, respectively, compared to control (p < 0.05). Arbutin (50 μg/mL) significantly decreased tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 mRNA expression by 24.2%, 42.9%, and 48.5%, respectively, compared to control (p < 0.05). However, arbutin (50 μg/mL) did not affect MITF-M mRNA expression. Taken together, OLME showed a good antioxidant activity and anti-melanogenic effect in melan-a cells that was superior to that of arbutin, a well-known skin-whitening agent. The potential mechanism underlying the anti-melanogenic effect of OLME was inhibition of tyrosinase activity and down-regulation of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, and MITF-M mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Eun Kim
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chae Myoung Lee
- Department of Beauty Coordination, Keimyung College University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young Chul Kim
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
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17
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Ohba K, Takeda K, Furuse T, Suzuki T, Wakana S, Suzuki T, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor ensures the elongation of axons and dendrites in the mouse frontal cortex. Genes Cells 2016; 21:1365-1379. [PMID: 27859996 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) is a mammalian transposable element, and its genomic insertion could cause neurological disorders in humans. Incidentally, LINE-1 is present in intron 3 of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) gene of the black-eyed white mouse (Mitfmi-bw allele). Mice homozygous for the Mitfmi-bw allele show the white coat color with black eye and deafness. Here, we explored the functional consequences of the LINE-1 insertion in the Mitf gene using homozygous Mitfmi-bw mice on the C3H background (C3H-bw mice) or on the C57BL/6 background (bw mice). The open-field test showed that C3H-bw mice moved more irregularly in an unfamiliar environment during the 20-min period, compared to wild-type mice, suggesting the altered emotionality. Moreover, C3H-bw mice showed the lower serum creatinine levels, which may reflect the creatine deficiency. In fact, morphologically abnormal neurons and astrocytes were detected in the frontal cortex of bw mice. The immunohistochemical analysis of bw mouse tissues showed the lower intensity for expression of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase, a key enzyme in creatine synthesis, in neurons of the frontal cortex and in glomeruli and renal tubules. Thus, Mitf may ensure the elongation of axons and dendrites by maintaining creatine synthesis in the frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ohba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takeda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tamio Furuse
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BRC, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BRC, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Wakana
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BRC, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Shigeki Shibahara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.,Faculty of Sports Science, Sendai University, Shibata-Gun, Miyagi, 989-1693, Japan
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18
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Wang J, Fang P, Chase P, Tshori S, Razin E, Spicer TP, Scampavia L, Hodder P, Guo M. Development of an HTS-Compatible Assay for Discovery of Melanoma-Related Microphthalmia Transcription Factor Disruptors Using AlphaScreen Technology. SLAS DISCOVERY 2016; 22:58-66. [PMID: 27827304 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116675274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) is a master transcription factor expressed in melanocytes, essential for melanocyte survival, differentiation, and pigment formation, and is a key oncogenic factor in melanoma initiation, migration, and treatment resistance. Although identified as an important therapeutic target for melanoma, clinical inhibitors directly targeting the MITF protein are not available. Based on the functional state of MITF, we have designed an MITF dimerization-based AlphaScreen (MIDAS) assay that sensitively and specifically mirrors the dimerization of MITF in vitro. This assay is further exploited for identification of the MITF dimer disruptor for high-throughput screening. A pilot screen against a library of 1280 pharmacologically active compounds indicates that the MIDAS assay performance exhibits exceptional results with a Z' factor of 0.81 and a signal-to-background (S/B) ratio of 3.92 while identifying initial hit compounds that yield an ability to disrupt MITF-DNA interaction. The results presented demonstrate that the MIDAS assay is ready to screen large chemical libraries in order to discover novel modulators of MITF for potential melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- 1 Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.,2 State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pengfei Fang
- 1 Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.,2 State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peter Chase
- 4 Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.,PH-Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA; PC-Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Sagi Tshori
- 5 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ehud Razin
- 5 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Timothy P Spicer
- 4 Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Louis Scampavia
- 4 Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Peter Hodder
- 4 Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.,PH-Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA; PC-Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Min Guo
- 1 Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.,2 State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,3 Kangma BioTech Ltd., 781 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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19
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Induction of MITF expression in human cholangiocarcinoma cells and hepatocellular carcinoma cells by cyclopamine, an inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:144-149. [PMID: 26773496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a key regulator of differentiation of melanocytes and retinal pigment epithelial cells, but it also has functions in non-pigment cells. MITF consists of multiple isoforms, including widely expressed MITF-A and MITF-H. In the present study, we explored the potential role played by the Hedgehog signaling on MITF expression in two common types of primary liver cancer, using human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, the KKU-100 and HuCCT1, along with the HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Importantly, cholangiocarcinoma is characterized by the activated Hedgehog signaling. Here we show that MITF-A mRNA is predominantly expressed in all three human liver cancer cell lines examined. Moreover, cyclopamine, an inhibitor of the Hedgehog signalling, increased the expression levels of MITF proteins in HuCCT1 and HepG2 cells, but not in KKU-100 cells, suggesting that MITF expression may be down-regulated in some liver cancer cases.
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20
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Ohba K, Takeda K, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor is expressed in projection neurons of the mouse olfactory bulb. Genes Cells 2015; 20:1088-102. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ohba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology; Tohoku University School of Medicine; 2-1 Seiryo-machi Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takeda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology; Tohoku University School of Medicine; 2-1 Seiryo-machi Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Bioscience; Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology; 1266 Tamura-cho Nagahama Shiga 526-0829 Japan
| | - Shigeki Shibahara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology; Tohoku University School of Medicine; 2-1 Seiryo-machi Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
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21
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Abstract
Object To identify transcript variants and expression patterns of porcine Mitf. Materials and methods A pairwise BLAST search at NCBI database was performed to deduce the structure of porcine Mitf gene. Subsequently, 5′ RACE and fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR were used to analyze the expression pattern of porcine Mitf in different tissues. Results Four transcript variants of porcine Mitf, MITF-A, MITF-H, MITF-M and MITF-SUS were identified, all sharing high homology with those in humans, except Mitf-SUS. Conclusion The sequence of porcine Mitf appear highly homologous to human MITF. However, only 4 transcript variants of porcine Mitf were identified in these minipigs, less than the 9 transcript variants in human MITF.
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22
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Mehta G, Kumarasamy S, Wu J, Walsh A, Liu L, Williams K, Joe B, de la Serna IL. MITF interacts with the SWI/SNF subunit, BRG1, to promote GATA4 expression in cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 88:101-10. [PMID: 26388265 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of pathological cardiac hypertrophy involves the interplay of transcription factors and chromatin remodeling enzymes. The Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor (MITF) is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes and is required for cardiac hypertrophy. However, the transcriptional mechanisms by which MITF promotes cardiac hypertrophy have not been elucidated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that MITF promotes cardiac hypertrophy by activating transcription of pro-hypertrophy genes through interactions with the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. In an in vivo model of cardiac hypertrophy, expression of MITF and the BRG1 subunit of the SWI/SNF complex increased coordinately in response to pressure overload. Expression of MITF and BRG1 also increased in vitro when cardiomyocytes were stimulated with angiotensin II or a β-adrenergic agonist. Both MITF and BRG1 were required to increase cardiomyocyte size and activate expression of hypertrophy markers in response to β-adrenergic stimulation. We detected physical interactions between MITF and BRG1 in cardiomyocytes and found that they cooperate to regulate expression of a pro-hypertrophic transcription factor, GATA4. Our data show that MITF binds to the E box element in the GATA4 promoter and facilitates recruitment of BRG1. This is associated with enhanced expression of the GATA4 gene as evidenced by increased Histone3 lysine4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3) on the GATA4 promoter. Thus, in hypertrophic cardiomyoctes, MITF is a key transcriptional activator of a pro-hypertrophic gene, GATA4, and this regulation is dependent upon the BRG1 component of the SWI/SNF complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Mehta
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Sivarajan Kumarasamy
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Jian Wu
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Aaron Walsh
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Lijun Liu
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Kandace Williams
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ivana L de la Serna
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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23
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Shin H, Hong SD, Roh E, Jung SH, Cho WJ, Park SH, Yoon DY, Ko SM, Hwang BY, Hong JT, Heo TY, Han SB, Kim Y. cAMP-dependent activation of protein kinase A as a therapeutic target of skin hyperpigmentation by diphenylmethylene hydrazinecarbothioamide. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3434-45. [PMID: 25766244 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE cAMP as a second messenger stimulates expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) or the tyrosinase gene in UVB-induced skin pigmentation. Diphenylmethylene hydrazinecarbothioamide (QNT 3-80) inhibits α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanin production in B16 murine melanoma cells but its molecular basis remains to be defined. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the amelioration of skin hyperpigmentation by QNT 3-80. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used melanocyte cultures with raised levels of cAMP and UVB-irradiated dorsal skin of guinea pigs for pigmentation assays. Immunoprecipitation, kemptide phosphorylation, fluorescence analysis and docking simulation were applied to elucidate a molecular mechanism of QNT 3-80. KEY RESULTS QNT 3-80 inhibited melanin production in melanocyte cultures with elevated levels of cAMP, including those from human foreskin. This compound also ameliorated hyperpigmentation in vivo in UVB-irradiated dorsal skin of guinea pigs. As a mechanism, QNT 3-80 directly antagonized cAMP binding to the regulatory subunit of PKA, nullified the dissociation and activation of inactive PKA holoenzyme in melanocytes and fitted into the cAMP-binding site on the crystal structure of human PKA under the most energetically favourable simulation. QNT 3-80 consequently inhibited cAMP- or UVB-induced phosphorylation (activation) of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein in vitro and in vivo, thus down-regulating expression of genes for MITF or tyrosinase in the melanogenic process. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data suggested that QNT 3-80 could contribute significantly to the treatment of skin disorders with hyperpigmented patches with the cAMP-binding site of PKA as its molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoeun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seung Deok Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Eunmiri Roh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Won-Jea Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun Hong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Da Young Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seon Mi Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Tae-Young Heo
- College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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24
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Perrino CM, Wang JF, Collins BT. Microphthalmia transcription factor immunohistochemistry for FNA biopsy of ocular malignant melanoma. Cancer Cytopathol 2015; 123:394-400. [DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M. Perrino
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University School of Medicine; Saint Louis Missouri
| | - Jeff F. Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University School of Medicine; Saint Louis Missouri
| | - Brian T. Collins
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University School of Medicine; Saint Louis Missouri
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25
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Hartman ML, Czyz M. MITF in melanoma: mechanisms behind its expression and activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:1249-60. [PMID: 25433395 PMCID: PMC4363485 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) represents a melanocytic lineage-specific transcription factor whose role is profoundly extended in malignant melanoma. Over the last few years, the function of MITF has been tightly connected to plasticity of melanoma cells. MITF participates in executing diverse melanoma phenotypes defined by distinct gene expression profiles. Mutation-dependent alterations in MITF expression and activity have been found in a relatively small subset of melanomas. MITF activity is rather modulated by its upstream activators and suppressors operating on transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. These regulatory mechanisms also include epigenetic and microenvironmental signals. Several transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in the regulation of MITF expression and/or activity such as the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are broadly utilized by various types of tumors, whereas others, e.g., BRAFV600E/ERK1/2 are more specific for melanoma. Furthermore, the MITF activity can be affected by the availability of transcriptional co-partners that are often redirected by MITF from their own canonical signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the complexity of a multilevel regulation of MITF expression and activity that underlies distinct context-related phenotypes of melanoma and might explain diverse responses of melanoma patients to currently used therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz L Hartman
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
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Saravanaperumal SA, Pediconi D, Renieri C, La Terza A. Alternative splicing of the sheep MITF gene: novel transcripts detectable in skin. Gene 2014; 552:165-75. [PMID: 25239663 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) transcription factor, which regulates the differentiation and development of melanocytes and pigment cell-specific transcription of the melanogenesis enzyme genes. Though multiple splice variants of MITF have been reported in humans, mice and other vertebrate species, in merino sheep (Ovis aries), MITF gene splicing has not yet been investigated until now. To investigate the sheep MITF isoforms, the full length mRNA/cDNAs from the skin of merino sheep were cloned, sequenced and characterized. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR analysis and molecular prediction revealed two basic splice variants with (+) and without (-) an 18 bp insertion viz. CGTGTATTTTCCCCACAG, in the coding region (CDS) for the amino acids 'ACIFPT'. It was further confirmed by the complete nucleotide sequencing of splice junction covering intron-6 (2463 bp), wherein an 18bp intronic sequence is retained into the CDS of MITF (+) isoform. Further, full-length cDNA libraries were enriched by the method of 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE-PCR). A total of seven sheep MITF splice variants, with distinct N-terminus sequences such as MITF-A, B, E, H, and M, the counterparts of human and mouse MITF, were identified by 5' RACE. The other two 5' RACE products were found to be novel splice variants of MITF and represented as 'MITF truncated form (Trn)-1, 2'. These alternative splice (AS) variants were illustrated using comparative genome analysis. By means of 3' RACE three different MITF 3' UTRs (625, 1083, 3167bp) were identified and characterized. We also demonstrated that the MITF gene expression determined at transcript level is mediated via an intron-6 splicing event. Here we summarize for the first time, the expression of seven MITF splice variants with three distinct 3' UTRs in the skin of merino sheep. Our data refine the structure of the MITF gene in sheep beyond what was previously known in humans, mice, dogs and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Arumugam Saravanaperumal
- Animal and Molecular Ecology Lab, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino, Macerata 62032, Italy.
| | - Dario Pediconi
- Animal and Molecular Ecology Lab, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino, Macerata 62032, Italy.
| | - Carlo Renieri
- Animal and Molecular Ecology Lab, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino, Macerata 62032, Italy.
| | - Antonietta La Terza
- Animal and Molecular Ecology Lab, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino, Macerata 62032, Italy.
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Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor as the molecular target of cadmium toxicity in human melanocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:594-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Mirabzadeh-Ardakani A, Griebel P, Schmutz SM. Identification of a new non-coding exon and haplotype variability in the cattle DEFB103 gene. Gene 2014; 551:183-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Capowski EE, Simonett JM, Clark EM, Wright LS, Howden SE, Wallace KA, Petelinsek AM, Pinilla I, Phillips MJ, Meyer JS, Schneider BL, Thomson JA, Gamm DM. Loss of MITF expression during human embryonic stem cell differentiation disrupts retinal pigment epithelium development and optic vesicle cell proliferation. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6332-44. [PMID: 25008112 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a master regulator of pigmented cell survival and differentiation with direct transcriptional links to cell cycle, apoptosis and pigmentation. In mouse, Mitf is expressed early and uniformly in optic vesicle (OV) cells as they evaginate from the developing neural tube, and null Mitf mutations result in microphthalmia and pigmentation defects. However, homozygous mutations in MITF have not been identified in humans; therefore, little is known about its role in human retinogenesis. We used a human embryonic stem cell (hESC) model that recapitulates numerous aspects of retinal development, including OV specification and formation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and neural retina progenitor cells (NRPCs), to investigate the earliest roles of MITF. During hESC differentiation toward a retinal lineage, a subset of MITF isoforms was expressed in a sequence and tissue distribution similar to that observed in mice. In addition, we found that promoters for the MITF-A, -D and -H isoforms were directly targeted by Visual Systems Homeobox 2 (VSX2), a transcription factor involved in patterning the OV toward a NRPC fate. We then manipulated MITF RNA and protein levels at early developmental stages and observed decreased expression of eye field transcription factors, reduced early OV cell proliferation and disrupted RPE maturation. This work provides a foundation for investigating MITF and other highly complex, multi-purposed transcription factors in a dynamic human developmental model system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara E Howden
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | | | | | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza 50009, Spain, Aragon Institute of Health Sciences, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | | | - Jason S Meyer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Bernard L Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - David M Gamm
- Waisman Center, McPherson Eye Research Institute and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA,
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Raviv S, Bharti K, Rencus-Lazar S, Cohen-Tayar Y, Schyr R, Evantal N, Meshorer E, Zilberberg A, Idelson M, Reubinoff B, Grebe R, Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Lauderdale J, Lutty G, Arnheiter H, Ashery-Padan R. PAX6 regulates melanogenesis in the retinal pigmented epithelium through feed-forward regulatory interactions with MITF. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004360. [PMID: 24875170 PMCID: PMC4038462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During organogenesis, PAX6 is required for establishment of various progenitor subtypes within the central nervous system, eye and pancreas. PAX6 expression is maintained in a variety of cell types within each organ, although its role in each lineage and how it acquires cell-specific activity remain elusive. Herein, we aimed to determine the roles and the hierarchical organization of the PAX6-dependent gene regulatory network during the differentiation of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Somatic mutagenesis of Pax6 in the differentiating RPE revealed that PAX6 functions in a feed-forward regulatory loop with MITF during onset of melanogenesis. PAX6 both controls the expression of an RPE isoform of Mitf and synergizes with MITF to activate expression of genes involved in pigment biogenesis. This study exemplifies how one kernel gene pivotal in organ formation accomplishes a lineage-specific role during terminal differentiation of a single lineage. It is currently poorly understood how a single developmental transcription regulator controls early specification as well as a broad range of highly specialized differentiation schemes. PAX6 is one of the most extensively investigated factors in central nervous system development, yet its role in execution of lineage-specific programs remains mostly elusive. Here, we directly investigated the involvement of PAX6 in the differentiation of one lineage, the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), a neuroectodermal-derived tissue that is essential for retinal development and function. We revealed that PAX6 accomplishes its role through a unique regulatory interaction with the transcription factor MITF, a master regulator of the pigmentation program. During the differentiation of the RPE, PAX6 regulates the expression of an RPE-specific isoform of Mitf and importantly, at the same time, PAX6 functions together with MITF to directly activate the expression of downstream genes required for pigment biogenesis. These findings provide comprehensive insight into the gene hierarchy that controls RPE development: from a kernel gene (a term referring to the upper-most gene in the gene regulatory network) that is broadly expressed during CNS development through a lineage-specific transcription factor that together with the kernel gene creates cis-regulatory input that contributes to transcriptionally activate a battery of terminal differentiation genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaul Raviv
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kapil Bharti
- Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sigal Rencus-Lazar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yamit Cohen-Tayar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Schyr
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naveh Evantal
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alona Zilberberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maria Idelson
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy & Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Reubinoff
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy & Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rhonda Grebe
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rina Rosin-Arbesfeld
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - James Lauderdale
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gerard Lutty
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heinz Arnheiter
- Mammalian Development Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Rosner K, Adsule S, Haynes B, Kirou E, Kato I, Mehregan DR, Shekhar MPV. Rad6 is a Potential Early Marker of Melanoma Development. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:S1936-5233(14)00044-8. [PMID: 24831578 PMCID: PMC4145396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the leading cause of death from skin cancer in industrialized countries. Several melanoma-related biomarkers and signaling pathways have been identified; however, their relevance to melanoma development/progression or to clinical outcome remains to be established. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway is implicated in various cancers including melanoma. We have previously demonstrated Rad6, an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, as an important mediator of β-catenin stability in breast cancer cells. Similar to breast cancer, β-catenin-activating mutations are rare in melanomas, and since β-catenin signaling is implicated in melanoma, we examined the relationship between β-catenin levels/activity and expression of β-catenin transcriptional targets Rad6 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-M (Mitf-M) in melanoma cell models, and expression of Rad6, β-catenin, and Melan-A in nevi and cutaneous melanoma tissue specimens. Our data show that Rad6 is only weakly expressed in normal human melanocytes but is overexpressed in melanoma lines. Unlike Mitf-M, Rad6 overexpression in melanoma lines is positively associated with high molecular weight β-catenin protein levels and β-catenin transcriptional activity. Double-immunofluorescence staining of Rad6 and Melan-A in melanoma tissue microarray showed that histological diagnosis of melanoma is significantly associated with Rad6/Melan-A dual positivity in the melanoma group compared to the nevi group (P=.0029). In contrast to strong β-catenin expression in normal and tumor areas of superficial spreading malignant melanoma (SSMM), Rad6 expression is undetectable in normal areas and Rad6 expression increases coincide with increased Melan-A in the transformed regions of SSMM. These data suggest a role for Rad6 in melanoma pathogenesis and that Rad6 expression status may serve as an early marker for melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karli Rosner
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201; Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201.
| | - Shreelekha Adsule
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Brittany Haynes
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Evangelia Kirou
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Darius R Mehregan
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Malathy P V Shekhar
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, 110, East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201.
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Kuznetsova AV. Morphological and physiological characteristics of the native retinal pigment epithelium in vertebrate animals and human. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079086414020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Takeda K, Hozumi H, Nakai K, Yoshizawa M, Satoh H, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S. Insertion of long interspersed element-1 in the Mitf gene is associated with altered neurobehavior of the black-eyed white Mitf(mi-bw) mouse. Genes Cells 2013; 19:126-40. [PMID: 24304702 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) is required for the differentiation of melanoblasts of the neural crest origin. The mouse homozygous for the black-eyed white (Mitf(mi-bw) ) allele is characterized by white-coat color and deafness with black eye, due to the loss of melanoblasts during embryonic development. The Mitf(mi-bw) allele carries an insertion of long interspersed element-1 (L1) in intron 3 of the Mitf gene, which may cause the deficiency of melanocyte-specific Mitf-M. Here, we show that the L1 insertion results in the generation of alternatively spliced Mitf-M mRNA species, such as Mitf-M mRNA lacking exon 3, exon 4 or both exons 3 and 4, each of which encodes Mitf-M protein with an internal deletion. Transient expression assays showed the loss of or reduction in function of each aberrant Mitf-M protein and the dominant negative effect of Mitf-M lacking exon 4 that encodes an activation domain. Thus, the L1 insertion may decrease the expression level of functional Mitf-M. Importantly, Mitf-M mRNA is expressed in the wild-type mouse brain, with the highest expression level in the hypothalamus. Likewise, aberrant Mitf-M mRNAs are expressed in the bw mouse brain. The bw mice show the altered neurobehavior under a stressful environment, suggesting the role of Mitf-M in sensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Takeda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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cAMP-binding site of PKA as a molecular target of bisabolangelone against melanocyte-specific hyperpigmented disorder. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:1072-9. [PMID: 23254773 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is inducible in response to cAMP and has a pivotal role in the melanocyte-specific expression of tyrosinase for skin pigmentation. Here we suggest that the cAMP-binding site of protein kinase A (PKA) is a target in the inhibition of the melanogenic process in melanocytes, as evidenced from the molecular mechanism of small molecules such as bisabolangelone (BISA) and Rp-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp-cAMPS). BISA is a sesquiterpene constituent of Angelica koreana, a plant of the Umbelliferae family, whose roots are used as an alternative medicine. BISA competitively inhibited cAMP binding to the regulatory subunit of PKA and fitted into the cAMP-binding site on the crystal structure of PKA under the most energetically favorable simulation. In α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-activated melanocytes, BISA and Rp-cAMPS nullified cAMP-dependent PKA activation, dissociating catalytic subunits from an inactive holoenzyme complex. They resultantly inhibited cellular phosphorylation of the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) or another transcription factor SOX9, thus downregulating the expression of MITF or the tyrosinase gene with decreased melanin production. Taken together, this study defined the antimelanogenic mechanism of BISA or Rp-cAMPS with a notable implication of the cAMP-binding site of PKA as a putative target ameliorating melanocyte-specific hyperpigmented disorder.
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Hozumi H, Takeda K, Yoshida-Amano Y, Takemoto Y, Kusumi R, Fukuzaki-Dohi U, Higashitani A, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S. Impaired development of melanoblasts in the black-eyed white Mitf(mi-bw) mouse, a model for auditory-pigmentary disorders. Genes Cells 2012; 17:494-508. [PMID: 22563733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) is a regulator for differentiation of melanoblasts that are derived from the neural crest. The mouse homozygous for the black-eyed white (Mitf(mi-bw)) allele is characterized by the white coat color and deafness, with black eye that is associated with the lack of melanocytes in skin and inner ear. The Mitf(mi-bw) mutation is an insertion of the LINE1 retrotransposable element into intron 3 of the Mitf gene that causes the selective deficiency of the melanocyte-specific Mitf isoform, Mitf-M. Here, we show the expression of Mitf-M mRNA in the trunk region of the homozygous Mitf(mi-bw)(bw) mouse at embryonic days (E) 11.5 and E12.5, but Mitf-M mRNA is undetectable at E13.5. In addition, using bw mouse that carries the lacZ transgene under the control of a melanoblast-specific promoter, we show that the number of migrating melanoblasts in bw embryos was less than 10% of that in control embryos at E11.5 and E12.5, and melanoblasts disappear by E13.5. The loss of melanoblasts in bw embryos was probably caused by apoptosis. Finally, forced expression of Mitf-M in the cultured neural tube of bw embryos ensured the differentiation of melanoblasts. Therefore, the correct dose of Mitf-M is required for the normal development of melanoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hozumi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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Lu SY, Wan HC, Li M, Lin YL. Subcellular localization of Mitf in monocytic cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 133:651-8. [PMID: 20437053 PMCID: PMC2869019 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) is a transcription factor that plays an important role in regulating the development of several cell lineages. The subcellular localization of Mitf is dynamic and is associated with its transcription activity. In this study, we examined factors that affect its subcellular localization in cells derived from the monocytic lineage since Mitf is present abundantly in these cells. We identified a domain encoded by Mitf exon 1B1b to be important for Mitf to commute between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Deletion of this domain disrupts the shuttling of Mitf to the cytoplasm and results in its retention in the nucleus. M-CSF and RANKL both induce nuclear translocation of Mitf. We showed that Mitf nuclear transport is greatly influenced by ratio of M-CSF/Mitf protein expression. In addition, cell attachment to a solid surface also is needed for the nuclear transport of Mitf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssu-Yi Lu
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Kim S, Yoon W, Hyun C, Lee N. Down-Regulation of Tyrosinase, TRP-2 and MITF Expressions by Neolitsea aciculata Extract in Murine B16 F10 Melanoma. INT J PHARMACOL 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2010.290.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) regulates the development and function of several cell lineages, including osteoclasts. In this report, we identified a novel mechanism by which RANKL regulates osteoclastogenesis via induction of Mitf isoform E (Mitf-E). Both Mitf-A and Mitf-E are abundantly present in osteoclasts. Unlike Mitf-A, which is ubiquitously expressed and is present in similar amounts in macrophages and osteoclasts, Mitf-E is almost nondetectable in macrophages, but its expression is significantly up-regulated during osteoclastogenesis. In addition to their different expression profiles, the two isoforms are drastically different in their abilities to support osteoclastogenesis, despite sharing all known functional domains. Unlike Mitf-A, small amounts of Mitf-E are present in nuclear lysates unless chromatin is digested/sheared during the extraction. Based on these data, we propose a model in which Mitf-E is induced during osteoclastogenesis and is closely associated with chromatin to facilitate its interaction with target promoters; therefore, Mitf-E has a stronger osteoclastogenic activity. Mitf-A is a weaker osteoclastogenic factor, but activated Mitf-A alone is not sufficient to fully support osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, this receptor activator for nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-induced Mitf phenomenon seems to play an important role during osteoclastogenesis. Although the current theory indicates that Mitf and its binding partner Tfe3 are completely redundant in osteoclasts, using RNA interference, we demonstrated that Mitf has a distinct role from Tfe3. This study provides the first evidence that RANKL-induced Mitf is critical for osteoclastogenesis and Mitf is not completely redundant with Tfe3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssu-Yi Lu
- Section of Oral Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Wang Y, Radfar S, Liu S, Riker AI, Khong HT. Mitf-Mdel, a novel melanocyte/melanoma-specific isoform of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-M, as a candidate biomarker for melanoma. BMC Med 2010; 8:14. [PMID: 20163701 PMCID: PMC2839965 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma incidence is on the rise and advanced melanoma carries an extremely poor prognosis. Treatment options, including chemotherapy and immunotherapy, are limited and offer low response rates and transient efficacy. Thus, identification of new melanocyte/melanoma antigens that serve as potential novel candidate biomarkers in melanoma is an important area for investigation. METHODS Full length MITF-M and its splice variant cDNA were cloned from human melanoma cell line 624 mel by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Expression was investigated using regular and quantitative RT-PCR in three normal melanocytes (NHEM), 31 melanoma cell lines, 21 frozen melanoma tissue samples, 18 blood samples (peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PBMC) from healthy donors and 12 non-melanoma cancer cell lines, including three breast, five glioma, one sarcoma, two kidney and one ovarian cancer cell lines. RESULTS A novel splice variant of MITF-M, which we named MITF-Mdel, was identified. The predicted MITF-Mdel protein contains two in frame deletions, 56- and 6- amino acid deletions in exon 2 (from V32 to E87) and exon 6 (from A187 to T192), respectively. MITF-Mdel was widely expressed in melanocytes, melanoma cell lines and tissues, but almost undetectable in non-melanoma cell lines or PBMC from healthy donors. Both isoforms were expressed significantly higher in melanoma tissues than in cell lines. Two of 31 melanoma cell lines expressed only one isoform or the other. CONCLUSION MITF-Mdel, a novel melanocyte/melanoma-specific isoform of MITF-M, may serve as a potential candidate biomarker for diagnostic and follow-up purposes in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Wang
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
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Primot A, Mogha A, Corre S, Roberts K, Debbache J, Adamski H, Dreno B, Khammari A, Lesimple T, Mereau A, Goding CR, Galibert MD. ERK-regulated differential expression of the Mitf 6a/b splicing isoforms in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 23:93-102. [PMID: 19895547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2009.00652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The master regulator of the melanocyte lineage Mitf is intimately involved in development as well as melanoma, controlling cell survival, differentiation, proliferation and metastasis/migration. Consistent with its central role, Mitf expression and Mitf post-translational modifications are tightly regulated. An additional potential level of regulation is afforded by differential splicing of Mitf exon-6 leading to the generation of two isoforms that differ by the presence of six amino-acids in the Mitf (+) isoform and which have differential effects on cell cycle progression. However, whether the ratio of the two isoforms is regulated and whether their expression correlates with melanoma progression is not known. Here, we show that the differential expression of the Mitf 6a/b isoforms is dependent on the MAPKinase signalling, being linked to the activation of MEK1-ERK2, but not to N-RAS/B-RAF mutation status. In addition, quantification of Mitf 6a/b splicing forms in 86 melanoma samples revealed substantially increased levels of the Mitf (-) form in a subset of metastatic melanomas. The results suggest that differential expression of the Mitf 6a/b isoforms may represent an additional mechanism for regulating Mitf function and melanoma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Primot
- CNRS-UMR6061, RTO-Team/Rennes-1 University, Rennes, France
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41
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Identification of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor isoforms in dogs. Vet J 2009; 182:283-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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A genomic screen identifies TYRO3 as a MITF regulator in melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:17025-30. [PMID: 19805117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909292106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of cutaneous carcinoma, accounting for 75% of all deaths caused by skin cancers. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a master gene regulating melanocyte development and functions as a "lineage addiction" oncogene in malignant melanoma. We have identified the receptor protein tyrosine kinase TYRO3 as an upstream regulator of MITF expression by a genome-wide gain-of-function cDNA screen and show that TYRO3 induces MITF-M expression in a SOX10-dependent manner in melanoma cells. Expression of TYRO3 is significantly elevated in human primary melanoma tissue samples and melanoma cell lines and correlates with MITF-M mRNA levels. TYRO3 overexpression bypasses BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence in primary melanocytes, inducing transformation of non-tumorigenic cell lines. Furthermore, TYRO3 knockdown represses cellular proliferation and colony formation in melanoma cells, and sensitizes them to chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis; TYRO3 knockdown in melanoma cells also inhibits tumorigenesis in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that TYRO3 may serve as a target for the development of therapeutic agents for melanoma.
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43
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Monma F, Hozumi Y, Kawaguchi M, Katagiri Y, Watanabe T, Yoshihiko I, Suzuki T. A novel MITF splice site mutation in a family with Waardenburg syndrome. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 52:64-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jungbluth AA. Serological reagents for the immunohistochemical analysis of melanoma metastases in sentinel lymph nodes. Semin Diagn Pathol 2008; 25:120-5. [PMID: 18697716 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
For the immunohistochemical analysis of melanoma, various serological reagents are available. Melanocyte differentiation markers are reactive with cells and tumors of melanocytic lineage. HMB45 to gp100 has been the most commonly used melanocyte differentiation marker. Recently it was complemented by reagents such as antibodies to Melan-A/MART-1 and tyrosinase. Other reagents, whose reactivity is not strictly confined to melanocyte differentiation antigens, are also commonly used. Among them, the most prominent is S100. Other reagents are D5 to MITF or PNL-2. The properties of these reagents are presented, and their usefulness as markers in the setting of metastatic melanoma in sentinel lymph nodes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim A Jungbluth
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York Branch at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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45
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Yokoyama S, Feige E, Poling LL, Levy C, Widlund HR, Khaled M, Kung AL, Fisher DE. Pharmacologic suppression of MITF expression via HDAC inhibitors in the melanocyte lineage. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:457-63. [PMID: 18627530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma incidence continues to rise at an alarming rate while effective systemic therapies remain very limited. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is required for development of melanocytes and is an amplified oncogene in a fraction of human melanomas. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor also plays an oncogenic role in human clear cell sarcomas, which typically exhibit melanoma-like features. Although pharmacologic suppression of MITF is of potential interest in a variety of clinical settings, it is not known to contain intrinsic catalytic activity capable of direct small molecule inhibition. An alternative drug-targeting strategy is to identify and interfere with lineage-restricted mechanisms required for its expression. Here, we report that multiple histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitor drugs potently suppress MITF expression in melanocytes, melanoma and clear cell sarcoma cells. Although HDAC inhibitors may affect numerous cellular targets, we observed suppression of skin pigmentation by topical drug application as well as evidence of anti-melanoma efficacy in vitro and in mouse xenografts. Consequently, HDAC inhibitor drugs are candidates to play therapeutic roles in targeting conditions affecting the melanocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yokoyama
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Melanoma Program in Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
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46
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Alizadeh A, Fitch KR, Niswender CM, McKnight GS, Barsh GS. Melanocyte-lineage expression of Cre recombinase using Mitf regulatory elements. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:63-9. [PMID: 18353144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2007.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of gene expression in melanocytes is an important tool for studying pigment cell biology. We constructed transgenic mice in which Cre recombinase was placed under the control of regulatory elements from the Microphthalmia-associated transcriptional factor (Mitf) gene using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). Bacterial artificial chromosome that contained either 50 or 108 kb DNA 5' to the melanocyte-specific (1M) transcriptional start site gave rise to transgenic lines in which Cre is expressed specifically in cells of the melanocyte lineage, as judged by activation of the Gt(Rosa)26(tm1Sor)(R26R) reporter locus. Activation of R26R is first detectable in melanoblasts of midgestation embryos, and completely marks all melanocyte components of the skin in postnatal animals. To test the utility of the MitfCre transgene, we used a loxP-targeted allele of the protein kinase A alpha catalytic subunit (Prkaca), modified such that Cre-mediated recombination activates PKA signaling. On an agouti background, animals carrying both the MitfCre transgene and the targeted Prkaca allele (CalphaR) exhibited a darker coat color than control littermates, due to a shift from pheomelanin to eumelanin synthesis. Our results confirm that PKA signaling is a key component of pigment type-switching, and provide a new tool for studying pigment cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Alizadeh
- Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Shiohara M, Shigemura T, Suzuki T, Tanaka M, Morii E, Ohtsu H, Shibahara S, Koike K. MITF-CM, a newly identified isoform of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, is expressed in cultured mast cells. Int J Lab Hematol 2008; 31:215-26. [PMID: 18284417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2008.01028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix and leucin zipper protein. In this study, we identified a novel MITF isoform, MITF-CM, which possesses a unique amino terminus. Exon 1CM is located 84 kb upstream of the exon encoding the B1b domain. MITF-CM was expressed in the human mast cell line HMC-1, the human basophilic cell line KU812, and CB-derived mast cells cultured for 10 weeks as well as bone marrow mononuclear cells. Transient transfection of MITF-CM cDNA in COS-7 cells resulted in the expression of a 64-kDa protein, detected by Western blotting, and nuclear localization of the protein, detected by immunostaining. The transient cotransfection of a luciferase construct under the control of the tyrosinase promoter and MITF-CM cDNA increased luciferase activity threefold. In contrast, none of the MITF isoforms transactivated both the tryptase and chymase gene promoters, indicating differences in the gene transactivation system between humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shiohara
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan.
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48
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Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made in identifying genes involved in pigmentation in dogs in the past few years. Comparative genomics has both aided and benefited from these findings. Seven genes that cause specific coat colours and/or patterns in dogs have been identified: melanocortin 1 receptor, tyrosinase related protein 1, agouti signal peptide, melanophilin, SILV (formerly PMEL17), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and beta-defensin 103. Although not all alleles have been yet identified at each locus, DNA tests are available for many. The identification of these alleles has provided information on interactions in this complex set of genes involved in both pigmentation and neurological development. The review also discusses pleiotropic effects of some coat colour genes as they relate to disease. The alleles found in various breeds have shed light on some potential breed development histories and phylogenetic relationships. The information is of value to dog breeders who have selected for and against specific colours since breed standards and dog showing began in the late 1800s. Because coat colour is such a visible trait, this information will also be a valuable teaching resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Schmutz
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8.
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Medendorp K, van Groningen JJM, Schepens M, Vreede L, Thijssen J, Schoenmakers EFPM, van den Hurk WH, Geurts van Kessel A, Kuiper RP. Molecular mechanisms underlying the MiT translocation subgroup of renal cell carcinomas. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 118:157-65. [PMID: 18000366 DOI: 10.1159/000108296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, which differ in histological, pathologic and clinical characteristics. The tumors originate from different locations within the nephron and are accompanied by different recurrent (cyto)genetic anomalies. Recently, a novel subgroup of RCCs has been defined, i.e., the MiT translocation subgroup of RCCs. These tumors originate from the proximal tubule of the nephron, exhibit pleomorphic histological features including clear cell morphologies and papillary structures, and are found predominantly in children and young adults. In addition, these tumors are characterized by the occurrence of recurrent chromosomal translocations, which result in disruption and fusion of either the TFE3 or TFEB genes, both members of the MiT family of basic helix-loop-helix/leucine-zipper transcription factor genes. Hence the name MiT translocation subgroup of RCCs. In this review several features of this RCC subgroup will be discussed, including the molecular mechanisms that may underlie their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Medendorp
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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50
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Karlsson EK, Baranowska I, Wade CM, Salmon Hillbertz NHC, Zody MC, Anderson N, Biagi TM, Patterson N, Pielberg GR, Kulbokas EJ, Comstock KE, Keller ET, Mesirov JP, von Euler H, Kämpe O, Hedhammar A, Lander ES, Andersson G, Andersson L, Lindblad-Toh K. Efficient mapping of mendelian traits in dogs through genome-wide association. Nat Genet 2007; 39:1321-8. [PMID: 17906626 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2007.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With several hundred genetic diseases and an advantageous genome structure, dogs are ideal for mapping genes that cause disease. Here we report the development of a genotyping array with approximately 27,000 SNPs and show that genome-wide association mapping of mendelian traits in dog breeds can be achieved with only approximately 20 dogs. Specifically, we map two traits with mendelian inheritance: the major white spotting (S) locus and the hair ridge in Rhodesian ridgebacks. For both traits, we map the loci to discrete regions of <1 Mb. Fine-mapping of the S locus in two breeds refines the localization to a region of approximately 100 kb contained within the pigmentation-related gene MITF. Complete sequencing of the white and solid haplotypes identifies candidate regulatory mutations in the melanocyte-specific promoter of MITF. Our results show that genome-wide association mapping within dog breeds, followed by fine-mapping across multiple breeds, will be highly efficient and generally applicable to trait mapping, providing insights into canine and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor K Karlsson
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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