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Bosman AL, Deckert AE, Carson CA, Poljak Z, Reid-Smith RJ, McEwen SA. Antimicrobial use in lactating sows, piglets, nursery, and grower-finisher pigs on swine farms in Ontario, Canada during 2017 and 2018. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:17. [PMID: 35484556 PMCID: PMC9047262 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00259-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data on antimicrobial use (AMU) in pig production are needed for the development of good antimicrobial stewardship practices to reduce the risk of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria that can cause illness in animals and humans. In Canada, there is a lack of quantitative data on AMU in the farrowing and nursery stages of pig production. This study aimed to determine which antimicrobial active ingredients are currently used in farrowing, nursery, and grower-finisher herds in the province of Ontario, Canada, and to quantify AMU using various metrics. We collected data on herd demographics, biosecurity, health status, and AMU during one production cycle from 25 farrowing and 25 nursery herds in Ontario, between May 2017 and April 2018, and obtained data from 23 Ontario grower-finisher herds during the same time frame from the Public Health Agency’s Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance. We applied frequency measures, and weight-, and dose-based metrics to the data. Results In all pigs, the highest quantity of AMU was administered in-feed. By all routes of administration and compared to other production stages, nursery pigs used more antimicrobials in mg/kg biomass and the number of Canadian defined daily doses per 1000 pig-days (doseCA rate), while grower-finisher pigs used more antimicrobials in total kilograms and the number of Canadian defined daily doses per pig. In suckling pigs in some herds, there was routine disease prevention use of ceftiofur, an antimicrobial active ingredient categorized as very highly important in human medicine by Health Canada. The top antimicrobial used in each stage of pig production often varied by the metric used. There was producer-reported growth promotion use of antimicrobials in suckling and grower-finisher feed. Conclusions The results of this study provide a current picture of AMU in pigs in Ontario and can be used as a basis for further research on AMU in farrowing and nursery herds in Canada. Our findings confirm that it would be useful to include farrowing and nursery herds in routine AMU surveillance in Canada. A future analysis using data from this project will examine factors that affect the quantity of AMU. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-022-00259-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina L Bosman
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. .,Foodborne Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Speedvale Avenue West, Suite #201, Guelph, ON, N1H 7M7, Canada.
| | - Anne E Deckert
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Foodborne Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Speedvale Avenue West, Suite #201, Guelph, ON, N1H 7M7, Canada
| | - Carolee A Carson
- Foodborne Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Speedvale Avenue West, Suite #201, Guelph, ON, N1H 7M7, Canada
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Richard J Reid-Smith
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Foodborne Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Speedvale Avenue West, Suite #201, Guelph, ON, N1H 7M7, Canada
| | - Scott A McEwen
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Antimicrobial usage in cattle and poultry production in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: pattern and quantity. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:7. [PMID: 34980101 PMCID: PMC8722348 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobials are extensively used in cattle and poultry production in Tanzania. However, there is dearth of information on its quantitative use. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August to September 2019 in randomly selected poultry and small-scale dairy farms, in three districts of Dar es Salaam City eastern, Tanzania, to assess the practice and quantify antimicrobial use. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed at a confidence interval of 95%. The ratio of Used Daily Dose (UDD) and Defined Daily Dose (DDD) were used to determine whether the antimicrobial was overdosed or under dosed. Results A total of 51 poultry and 65 small-scale dairy farms were involved in the study. The route of antimicrobial administration was 98% orally via drinking water and 2% in feeds for poultry and for small-scale dairy farms, all through parenteral route. Seventeen types of antimicrobials comprising seven classes were recorded in poultry farms while nine belonging to six classes in the small dairy farms. Majority of the farms (poultry, 87.7% and small scale dairy, 84.3%) used antimicrobials for therapeutic purposes. About 41% of the poultry and one third (34%) of the dairy farmers’ were not compliant to the drug withdrawal periods. Beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides were the commonly used antimicrobials on these farms. In the poultry farms both those with records and those which relied on recall, antimicrobials were overdosed whereas in the small dairy farms, sulfadimidine, oxytetracycline and neomycin were within the appropriate dosing range (0.8–1.2). The majority (58.6%) of farmers had adequate level of practices (favorable) regarding antimicrobial use in cattle and poultry production. This was associated with the age and level of education of the cattle and poultry farmers. Conclusion The study revealed a widespread misuse of antimicrobials of different types and classes in both poultry and small-scale dairy farming in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This result gives insight into the antimicrobial use practices and its quantification. The information obtained can guide and promote prudent use of antimicrobials among the farmers by developing mitigate strategies that reduce antimicrobial resistance risk potentials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03056-9.
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Hadjirin NF, Miller EL, Murray GGR, Yen PLK, Phuc HD, Wileman TM, Hernandez-Garcia J, Williamson SM, Parkhill J, Maskell DJ, Zhou R, Fittipaldi N, Gottschalk M, Tucker AW(D, Hoa NT, Welch JJ, Weinert LA. Large-scale genomic analysis of antimicrobial resistance in the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis. BMC Biol 2021; 19:191. [PMID: 34493269 PMCID: PMC8422772 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the gravest threats to human health and food security worldwide. The use of antimicrobials in livestock production can lead to emergence of AMR, which can have direct effects on humans through spread of zoonotic disease. Pigs pose a particular risk as they are a source of zoonotic diseases and receive more antimicrobials than most other livestock. Here we use a large-scale genomic approach to characterise AMR in Streptococcus suis, a commensal found in most pigs, but which can also cause serious disease in both pigs and humans. RESULTS We obtained replicated measures of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for 16 antibiotics, across a panel of 678 isolates, from the major pig-producing regions of the world. For several drugs, there was no natural separation into 'resistant' and 'susceptible', highlighting the need to treat MIC as a quantitative trait. We found differences in MICs between countries, consistent with their patterns of antimicrobial usage. AMR levels were high even for drugs not used to treat S. suis, with many multidrug-resistant isolates. Similar levels of resistance were found in pigs and humans from regions associated with zoonotic transmission. We next used whole genome sequences for each isolate to identify 43 candidate resistance determinants, 22 of which were novel in S. suis. The presence of these determinants explained most of the variation in MIC. But there were also interesting complications, including epistatic interactions, where known resistance alleles had no effect in some genetic backgrounds. Beta-lactam resistance involved many core genome variants of small effect, appearing in a characteristic order. CONCLUSIONS We present a large dataset allowing the analysis of the multiple contributing factors to AMR in S. suis. The high levels of AMR in S. suis that we observe are reflected by antibiotic usage patterns but our results confirm the potential for genomic data to aid in the fight against AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazreen F. Hadjirin
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric L. Miller
- grid.256868.70000 0001 2215 7365Microbial Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, Haverford College, Haverford, USA
| | - Gemma G. R. Murray
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Phung L. K. Yen
- grid.412433.30000 0004 0429 6814Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ho D. Phuc
- grid.412433.30000 0004 0429 6814Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thomas M. Wileman
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juan Hernandez-Garcia
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susanna M. Williamson
- grid.13689.350000 0004 0426 1697Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), London, UK
| | - Julian Parkhill
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Duncan J. Maskell
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XChancellery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rui Zhou
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - A. W. ( Dan) Tucker
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ngo Thi Hoa
- grid.412433.30000 0004 0429 6814Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - John J. Welch
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lucy A. Weinert
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Comparison of Quantification Methods to Estimate Farm-Level Usage of Antimicrobials Other than in Medicated Feed in Dairy Farms from Québec, Canada. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051106. [PMID: 34065528 PMCID: PMC8160742 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare three quantification methods to a “garbage can audit” (reference method, REF) for monitoring antimicrobial usage (AMU) from products other than medicated feed over one year in 101 Québec dairy farms. Data were collected from veterinary invoices (VET method), from the “Amélioration de la Santé Animale au Québec” provincial program (GOV method), and from farm treatment records (FARM method). The AMU rate was reported in a number of Canadian Defined Course Doses for cattle (DCDbovCA) per 100 cow-years. Electronic veterinary sales data were obtained for all farms for VET and GOV methods. For the FARM method, a herd management software was used by 68% of producers whereas farm treatment records were handwritten for the others; records could not be retrieved in 4% of farms. Overall, agreement was almost perfect between REF and VET methods (concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.83), but moderate between REF and GOV (CCC = 0.44), and between REF and FARM (CCC = 0.51). Only a fair or slight agreement was obtained between any alternative method of quantification and REF for oral and intrauterine routes. The billing software used by most of Québec’s dairy veterinary practitioners seems promising in terms of surveillance and benchmarking of AMU in the province.
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O'Neill L, Rodrigues da Costa M, Leonard FC, Gibbons J, Calderón Díaz JA, McCutcheon G, Manzanilla EG. Quantification, description and international comparison of antimicrobial use on Irish pig farms. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:30. [PMID: 33062293 PMCID: PMC7549222 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is concern that the use of antimicrobials in livestock production has a role in the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in animals and humans. Consequently, there are increasing efforts to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU) in agriculture. As the largest consumer of veterinary antimicrobials in several countries, the pig sector is a particular focus of these efforts. Data on AMU in pig production in Ireland are lacking. This study aimed to quantify AMU on Irish pig farms, to identify the major patterns of use employed and to compare the results obtained to those from other published reports and studies. Results Antimicrobial use data for 2016 was collected from 67 Irish pig farms which represented c. 35% of national production. The combined sample population consumed 14.5 t of antimicrobial by weight of active ingredient suggesting that the pig sector accounted for approximately 40% of veterinary AMU in Ireland in 2016. At farm level, median AMU measured in milligram per population correction unit (mg/PCU) was 93.9 (range: 1.0–1196.0). When measured in terms of treatment incidence (TI200), median AMU was 15.4 (range: 0.2–169.2). Oral treatments accounted for 97.5% of all AMU by weight of active ingredient and were primarily administered via medicated feed to pigs in the post weaning stages of production. AMU in Irish pig production in 2016 was higher than results obtained from the national reports of Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands and France but lower than the United Kingdom. Conclusions Pig production in Ireland is an important consumer of veterinary antimicrobials. The quantities and patterns of AMU on Irish pig farms are comparable to pig production in other European countries but higher than some countries with more advanced AMU reduction strategies. This AMU is characterised by a high proportion of prophylactic use and is primarily administered to pigs post weaning via medicated feed. Further studies to better understand the reasons for AMU on Irish pig farms and strategies to improve health among weaner pigs will be of benefit in the effort to reduce AMU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan O'Neill
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Maria Rodrigues da Costa
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Julia Adriana Calderón Díaz
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork Ireland
| | - Gerard McCutcheon
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork Ireland.,Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Oakpark, Carlow, Co Carlow Ireland
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Lei Z, Takagi H, Yamane I, Yamazaki H, Naito M, Kure K, Sugiura K. Antimicrobial usage on 72 farrow-to-finish pig farms in Japan from 2015 to 2017. Prev Vet Med 2019; 173:104802. [PMID: 31675606 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Japan veterinary antimicrobials are used most in the pig production sector. However, there is a paucity of data on the quantity of antimicrobials used on pig farms in Japan. This study describes antimicrobial use on Japanese pig farms in 2015, 2016 and 2017 in terms of mg of active ingredient per kg of PCU (population correction unit). Data on antimicrobial use from a total of 72 farrow-to finish farms over these three years were used in the study. The results revealed that the average use of antimicrobials in 2015, 2016 and 2017 was 304.8 (SD = 226.3), 311.2 (SD = 241.0) and 342.9 (SD = 291.3) mg/kg PCU, respectively. Most (97%) of the antimicrobials were administered orally. The most commonly used antimicrobials were tetracyclines, followed by macrolides, penicillins and sulfonamides. Tohoku was the region in which the lowest quantities of antimicrobial were used whilst South Kanto was the region in which the largest amount was used. The use of antimicrobials was on the increase in the North Kanto, South Kanto and Kyushu regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Lei
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroko Takagi
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Itsuo Yamane
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Hisanori Yamazaki
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Megumi Naito
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Kure
- Value Farm Consulting, 1704-3 Nishiooi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-1260, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sugiura
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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Antimicrobial use practices, attitudes and responsibilities in UK farm animal veterinary surgeons. Prev Vet Med 2018; 161:115-126. [PMID: 30466652 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance in human and veterinary medicine have raised concerns around the issue of overprescribing and the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials. Their use in food producing animals is under scrutiny due to the perceived risk from the zoonotic transfer of resistant pathogens from animals to humans. This study aimed to explore UK veterinary surgeons antimicrobial prescribing behaviours, their attitudes to antimicrobial resistance and their perceptions of responsibility of antimicrobial use in pigs through a questionnaire study on a census sample of 261 veterinary surgeons in England, Wales and Scotland who had a clinical caseload which included commercial pigs. The questionnaire had a useable response rate of 34.1% (n = 61/179) in eligible veterinary surgeons. Overall, veterinary surgeons reported personal confidence that their prescribing decisions were responsible however, there was concern that the prescribing behaviours of other veterinary surgeons and physicians in human medicine may be less responsible; a sociological concept known as 'othering'. In parallel, veterinary surgeons seldom identified that treatment failure was a consequence of antimicrobial resistance in their own clinical caseload, however they considered it an issue for other veterinary surgeons and for human prescribers. Veterinary surgeons consulted a wide spectrum of resources on antimicrobial use in pigs which, on occasion, contained conflicting guidance on what was defined as responsible prescribing. The decision over whether or not to prescribe an antimicrobial was influenced by numerous factors relating to the veterinary surgeons' experience and the clinical situation presented, but maintaining pig welfare was a high priority. There was a shared desire to seek alternative methods to prevent disease to antimicrobial use, however the use of diagnostics to support prescribing decisions was an infrequently reported behaviour and could play a more significant role in prescriber decisions if more cost effective and rapid tests were available. Future interventions to optimise antimicrobial use in pigs needs to focus on the evolution of antimicrobial use practices in a changing political and scientific landscape whilst also considering individual motivations and justifications for use.
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Cuong NV, Padungtod P, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas JJ. Antimicrobial Usage in Animal Production: A Review of the Literature with a Focus on Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E75. [PMID: 30111750 PMCID: PMC6164101 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal production is a key contributor to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide. As consumption of animal protein and associated animal production is forecast to increase markedly over coming years in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), accurate monitoring of AMU has become imperative. We summarized data from 89 scientific studies reporting AMU data in animal production published in English since 1998, identified through the 'ISI Web of Knowledge' search engine. The aims were as follows: (a) to describe methodologies and metrics used to quantify AMU; (b) to summarize qualitative (on-farm prevalence of use) and quantitative (amounts of antimicrobial active principle) data, in order to identify food animal species at the highest risk of AMU; and (c) to highlight data gaps from LMICs. Only 17/89 (19.1%) studies were conducted in LMICs. Sixty (67.3%) reported quantitative data use, with 'daily doses per animal-time' being the most common metric. AMU was greatest in chickens (138 doses/1000 animal-days [inter quartile range (IQR) 91.1⁻438.3]), followed by swine (40.2 [IQR 8.5⁻120.4]), and dairy cattle (10.0 [IQR 5.5⁻13.6]). However, per kg of meat produced, AMU was highest in swine, followed by chickens and cattle. Our review highlights a large deficit of data from LMICs, and provides a reference for comparison with further surveillance and research initiatives aiming to reduce AMU in animal production globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen V Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Green One UN House Building, 304 Kim Ma, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Juan J Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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Effect of Tetracycline Dose and Treatment Mode on Selection of Resistant Coliform Bacteria in Nursery Pigs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00538-17. [PMID: 28389548 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00538-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the results of a randomized clinical trial investigating the effect of oxytetracycline treatment dose and mode of administration on the selection of antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria in fecal samples from nursery pigs. Nursery pigs (pigs of 4 to 7 weeks of age) in five pig herds were treated with oxytetracycline for Lawsonia intracellularis-induced diarrhea. Each group was randomly allocated to one of five treatment groups: oral flock treatment with a (i) high (20 mg/kg of body weight), (ii) medium (10 mg/kg), or (iii) low (5 mg/kg) dose, (iv) oral pen-wise (small-group) treatment (10 mg/kg), and (v) individual intramuscular injection treatment (10 mg/kg). All groups were treated once a day for 5 days. In all groups, treatment caused a rise in the numbers and proportions of tetracycline-resistant coliform bacteria right after treatment, followed by a significant drop by the time that the pigs left the nursery unit. The counts and proportions of tetracycline-resistant coliforms did not vary significantly between treatment groups, except immediately after treatment, when the highest treatment dose resulted in the highest number of resistant coliforms. A control group treated with tiamulin did not show significant changes in the numbers or proportions of tetracycline-resistant coliforms. Selection for tetracycline-resistant coliforms was significantly correlated to selection for ampicillin- and sulfonamide-resistant strains but not to selection for cefotaxime-resistant strains. In conclusion, the difference in the dose of oxytetracycline and the way in which the drug was applied did not cause significantly different levels of selection of tetracycline-resistant coliform bacteria under the conditions tested.IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat to human health. Treatment of livestock with antimicrobials has a direct impact on this problem, and there is a need to improve the ways that we use antimicrobials in livestock production. We hypothesized that antibiotic resistance development following treatment of diarrhea in nursery pigs could be reduced either by lowering the dose of oxytetracycline or by replacing the commonly used practice of flock treatment with individual or small-group treatments, since this would reduce the number of pigs treated. However, the study showed no significant difference between treatment groups with respect to the number or proportion of tetracycline-resistant coliforms selected. The most important conclusion is that under practical field conditions, there will be no added value, in terms of lowering resistance development, by exchanging flock treatment for individual or small-group treatment of nursery pigs. The reason for the lack of an effect of single-animal treatment is probably that such animals share the environment with treated animals and take up resistant bacteria from the environment.
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A proposed analytic framework for determining the impact of an antimicrobial resistance intervention. Anim Health Res Rev 2017; 18:1-25. [PMID: 28506325 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252317000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) is increasingly threatened by antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The FDA is implementing risk mitigation measures promoting prudent AMU in food animals. Their evaluation is crucial: the AMU/AMR relationship is complex; a suitable framework to analyze interventions is unavailable. Systems science analysis, depicting variables and their associations, would help integrate mathematics/epidemiology to evaluate the relationship. This would identify informative data and models to evaluate interventions. This National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis AMR Working Group's report proposes a system framework to address the methodological gap linking livestock AMU and AMR in foodborne bacteria. It could evaluate how AMU (and interventions) impact AMR. We will evaluate pharmacokinetic/dynamic modeling techniques for projecting AMR selection pressure on enteric bacteria. We study two methods to model phenotypic AMR changes in bacteria in the food supply and evolutionary genotypic analyses determining molecular changes in phenotypic AMR. Systems science analysis integrates the methods, showing how resistance in the food supply is explained by AMU and concurrent factors influencing the whole system. This process is updated with data and techniques to improve prediction and inform improvements for AMU/AMR surveillance. Our proposed framework reflects both the AMR system's complexity, and desire for simple, reliable conclusions.
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Collineau L, Belloc C, Stärk KDC, Hémonic A, Postma M, Dewulf J, Chauvin C. Guidance on the Selection of Appropriate Indicators for Quantification of Antimicrobial Usage in Humans and Animals. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:165-184. [PMID: 27592024 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An increasing variety of indicators of antimicrobial usage has become available in human and veterinary medicine, with no consensus on the most appropriate indicators to be used. The objective of this review is therefore to provide guidance on the selection of indicators, intended for those aiming to quantify antimicrobial usage based on sales, deliveries or reimbursement data. Depending on the study objective, different requirements apply to antimicrobial usage quantification in terms of resolution, comprehensiveness, stability over time, ability to assess exposure and comparability. If the aim is to monitor antimicrobial usage trends, it is crucial to use a robust quantification system that allows stability over time in terms of required data and provided output; to compare usage between different species or countries, comparability must be ensured between the different populations. If data are used for benchmarking, the system comprehensiveness is particularly crucial, while data collected to study the association between usage and resistance should express the exposure level and duration as a measurement of the exerted selection pressure. Antimicrobial usage is generally described as the number of technical units consumed normalized by the population at risk of being treated in a defined period. The technical units vary from number of packages to number of individuals treated daily by adding different levels of complexity such as daily dose or weight at treatment. These technical units are then related to a description of the population at risk, based either on biomass or number of individuals. Conventions and assumptions are needed for all of these calculation steps. However, there is a clear lack of standardization, resulting in poor transparency and comparability. By combining study requirements with available approaches to quantify antimicrobial usage, we provide suggestions on the most appropriate indicators and data sources to be used for a given study objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Collineau
- SAFOSO AG, Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland.,BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - C Belloc
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Nantes, France
| | | | - A Hémonic
- IFIP - French Pork and Pig Institute, Le Rheu, France
| | - M Postma
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Dewulf
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Chauvin
- Anses - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan, France
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Sjölund M, Postma M, Collineau L, Lösken S, Backhans A, Belloc C, Emanuelson U, Beilage EG, Stärk K, Dewulf J. Quantitative and qualitative antimicrobial usage patterns in farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden. Prev Vet Med 2016; 130:41-50. [PMID: 27435645 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Data on sales of antimicrobials using a standardised methodology have shown that there are vast differences between countries in amounts of antimicrobials sold for food-producing animals, but these data do not provide insight on how sales are distributed by species and age groups. The aim of this study was to compare herd level antimicrobial usage for pigs by age category, antimicrobial class and administration route for farrow-to-finish herds in four EU countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 227 farrow-to-finish pig herds with at least 100 sows and 500 finishing pigs in Belgium (n=47), France (n=60), Germany (n=60) and Sweden (n=60). Detailed information about the antimicrobial consumption for breeding and growing pigs was collected. Antimicrobial usage was quantified as active substance expressed as mg and then converted to treatment incidence (TI) based on Defined Daily Doses Animal per 1000 pig-days at risk. TIs varied between and within countries, herds and age groups. The Swedish herds had the lowest and the German herds the highest overall use. Most treatments were applied to weaned piglets except in the Swedish herds where treatments of suckling piglets were most frequent. Antimicrobials were most often applied through feed or water except in the Swedish herds where parenteral treatments were most frequent. Aminopenicillins was the antimicrobial class most commonly used. Use of third and fourth generation cephalosporins constituted 11% of use for the Belgian herds, which was higher compared to the other countries. There was a significant (p<0.01) association between the within-herd antimicrobial use across different age categories. This study has shown that there were large differences in antimicrobial use for pigs between countries, herds and age groups in farrow-to-finish herds of similar size when actual consumption data were compared. Collecting detailed usage data can be used to efficiently target high users in order to reduce antimicrobial consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sjölund
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - M Postma
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Collineau
- SAFOSO AG, Waldeggstrasse 1, CH 3097 Bern Liebefeld, Switzerland; UMR1300 BioEpAR, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - S Lösken
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büscheler Straße 9, D-49456, Bakum, Germany
| | - A Backhans
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Belloc
- UMR1300 BioEpAR, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, F-44307 Nantes, France; INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, CS 40706, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - U Emanuelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Groβe Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büscheler Straße 9, D-49456, Bakum, Germany
| | - K Stärk
- SAFOSO AG, Waldeggstrasse 1, CH 3097 Bern Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - J Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Stevens M, Piepers S, Supré K, Dewulf J, De Vliegher S. Quantification of antimicrobial consumption in adult cattle on dairy herds in Flanders, Belgium, and associations with udder health, milk quality, and production performance. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2118-2130. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Sjölund M, Backhans A, Greko C, Emanuelson U, Lindberg A. Antimicrobial usage in 60 Swedish farrow-to-finish pig herds. Prev Vet Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Fertner M, Sanchez J, Boklund A, Stryhn H, Dupont N, Toft N. Persistent Spatial Clusters of Prescribed Antimicrobials among Danish Pig Farms--A Register-Based Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136834. [PMID: 26317206 PMCID: PMC4552562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of pathogens resistant to antimicrobials has prompted political initiatives targeting a reduction in the use of veterinary antimicrobials in Denmark, especially for pigs. This study elucidates the tendency of pig farms with a significantly higher antimicrobial use to remain in clusters in certain geographical regions of Denmark. Animal Daily Doses/100 pigs/day were calculated for all three age groups of pigs (weaners, finishers and sows) for each quarter during 2012–13 in 6,143 commercial indoor pig producing farms. The data were split into four time periods of six months. Repeated spatial cluster analyses were performed to identify persistent clusters, i.e. areas included in a significant cluster throughout all four time periods. Antimicrobials prescribed for weaners did not result in any persistent clusters. In contrast, antimicrobial use in finishers clustered persistently in two areas (157 farms), while those issued for sows clustered in one area (51 farms). A multivariate analysis including data on antimicrobial use for weaners, finishers and sows as three separate outcomes resulted in three persistent clusters (551 farms). Compared to farms outside the clusters during this period, weaners, finishers and sows on farms within these clusters had 19%, 104% and 4% higher use of antimicrobials, respectively. Production type, farm type and farm size seemed to have some bearing on the clustering effect. Adding these factors as categorical covariates one at a time in the multivariate analysis reduced the persistent clusters by 24.3%, 30.5% and 34.1%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Fertner
- Section for Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Centre of Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Anette Boklund
- Section for Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Centre of Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Nana Dupont
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nils Toft
- Section for Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Fertner M, Boklund A, Dupont N, Enøe C, Stege H, Toft N. Weaner production with low antimicrobial usage: a descriptive study. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:38. [PMID: 26183944 PMCID: PMC4504448 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health, productivity and antimicrobial use in the production of pigs are expected to be interrelated to some extent. Previous studies on register-based data have investigated these correlations with a subsequent large variation residing at the farm level. In order to study such farm factors in more detail we designed an elaborate interview-guide. By in-depth interviews of farmers with well-managed 7-30 kg (weaner) productions we sought to describe a set of common key-factors characterizing their management practices. Identification of such common practices could be used in follow-up projects, investigating whether identified factors really are characteristic for good-practicing famers. RESULTS Eleven farms were selected for a farm visit and in-depth interview. Participating farms used less antimicrobials than the national median (8.2 animal daily doses/100 weaners/day), had a mortality below the national average (2.9%) and an average daily weight gain above the national average (443 g/day). Similarities were observed among participating farms, including the sectioning of farms, use of all-in-all-out procedures with subsequent cleaning, purchasing 7 kg weaners from only one source, as well as active participation in management by a committed farm owner. Most farmers had a specific point of focus in their management, and were convinced that this was the reason for their success. This included; feeding, treatment strategy, refurbishment of facilities and presence in the shed. CONCLUSION According to register data, participating farms were alike; in the good league regarding use of antimicrobials, mortality and daily growth. However, on-farm interviews elucidated more heterogeneity among farmers than expected. Most of the farmers had a specific point of focus, which they considered to be crucial for their good results. These results indicate the importance of non-registerable factors, highlighting the value of qualitative study techniques in the understanding of human actions. Further studies on the effect of various farmer types are recommended.
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van Rennings L, von Münchhausen C, Ottilie H, Hartmann M, Merle R, Honscha W, Käsbohrer A, Kreienbrock L. Cross-sectional study on antibiotic usage in pigs in Germany. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119114. [PMID: 25785688 PMCID: PMC4364977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To be able to analyze the relationship between the level of resistance and the use of antimicrobials, it is necessary to collect detailed data on antimicrobial usage. For this reason, data on antimicrobial use on 495 pig farms from entire Germany were collected and analyzed. In Germany, each application and dispensing of medicines to food-producing animals is documented in detail obligatorily by the veterinarian. This information was collected retrospectively for the year 2011. The analyses undertook separate examinations on the age groups sow, piglet, weaner and fattening pig; both the route of administration and indication per active ingredient, and active ingredient class, were evaluated. In total, 20,374 kg of antimicrobial substances were used in the study population. Tetracyclines were used in highest amounts, followed by beta-lactams, trimethoprim-sulfonamides and macrolides. Concerning the frequency of using an active substance per animal, polypeptides were most commonly administered. In all age groups, respiratory infections were the main indication for using antimicrobials, followed by intestinal diseases in piglets, weaners and fattening pigs and diseases of reproductive organs in sows. Over a period of 100 days, the median number of treatment days with one antimicrobial substance for piglets was 15 days, for weaners about 6 days, for fattening pigs about 4 days and for sows about 1 day. A multifactorial ANOVA was conducted to investigate which factors are associated with the treatment frequency. The factors "veterinarian" and "age group" were related to the treatment frequency, just as the interaction between "veterinarian" and "farm size" as well as the interaction between "veterinarian" and "age group".
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa van Rennings
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christiane von Münchhausen
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henry Ottilie
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Walther Honscha
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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18
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Callens B, Faes C, Maes D, Catry B, Boyen F, Francoys D, de Jong E, Haesebrouck F, Dewulf J. Presence of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use in sows are risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in their offspring. Microb Drug Resist 2014; 21:50-8. [PMID: 25098762 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in apparently healthy sows and antimicrobial administration to sows and piglets influenced antimicrobial resistance in fecal commensal E. coli from piglets. Sixty sows from three herds and three of their piglets were sampled at several time points. Antimicrobial usage data during parturition and farrowing were collected. Clinical resistance was determined for two isolates per sampling time point for sows and piglets using disk diffusion. Only 27.4% of E. coli isolates from newborn piglets showed no resistance. Resistance to one or two antimicrobial classes equaled 41.2% and 46.8% in isolates from sows and piglets, respectively, for the overall farrowing period. Multiresistance to at least four classes was found as frequently in sows (15.6%) as in piglets (15.2%). Antimicrobial resistance in piglets was influenced by antimicrobial use in sows and piglets and by the sow resistance level (p≤0.05). Using aminopenicillins and third-generation cephalosporins in piglets affected resistance levels in piglets (odds ratios [OR] >1; p≤0.05). Using enrofloxacin in piglets increased the odds for enrofloxacin resistance in piglets (OR=26.78; p≤0.0001) and sows at weaning (OR=4.04; p≤0.05). For sows, antimicrobial exposure to lincomycin-spectinomycin around parturition increased the resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, trimethoprim-sulfadiazine in sows (OR=21.33, OR=142.74, OR=18.03; p≤0.05) and additionally to enrofloxacin in piglets (OR=7.50; p≤0.05). This study demonstrates that antimicrobial use in sows and piglets is a risk factor for antimicrobial resistance in the respective animals. Moreover, resistance determinants in E. coli from piglets are selected by using antimicrobials in their dam around parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Callens
- 1 Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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19
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Prevalence and profile of Salmonella from samples along the production line in Chinese beef processing plants. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Redding LE, Cubas-Delgado F, Sammel MD, Smith G, Galligan DT, Levy MZ, Hennessy S. Comparison of two methods for collecting antibiotic use data on small dairy farms. Prev Vet Med 2014; 114:213-22. [PMID: 24630404 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly used in animal agriculture; they can improve animal health and productivity, but their use may also represent a public health threat. Very little is known about antibiotic use on small farms in lower/middle income countries. To understand antibiotic use on these farms and promote the judicious use of these drugs, pharmacoepidemiologic data are necessary. However, acquiring such data can be difficult, as farmers are often illiterate (and therefore cannot participate in written surveys or keep treatment records), antibiotics can be obtained over-the-counter (in which case no prescriptions are generated) and monitoring and surveillance systems for drug use are often non-existent. The goal of this study was to compare two methods of acquiring pharmacoepidemiologic data pertaining to antibiotics that are well-adapted to farms in lower-middle income countries: self-report and the collection of discarded drug packaging. A convenience sample of 20 farmers in Cajamarca, Peru, participated in the study. Farmers placed discarded antibiotic packaging in bins for six months. At the end of the six-month period, farmers were interviewed and asked to recall the antibiotic usage that occurred on their farm over the past month and past six months; these self-reported data were quantitatively and qualitatively compared to the bin contents collected in the last month and previous six months. We found that the agreement between the bins and self-report was relatively poor for both the quantity and types of antibiotics used. The bins appeared to perform better than self-report when bottles and mLs of antibiotics were measured, while self-report appeared to perform better for intra-mammary infusions. The bins also appeared to perform better when data pertaining to an extended time period (six months) were collected. The results of this study will provide guidance to investigators seeking to collect pharmacoepidemiologic data in similar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Redding
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - F Cubas-Delgado
- Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peru
| | - M D Sammel
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Smith
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D T Galligan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Z Levy
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Hennessy
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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21
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Redding LE, Cubas-Delgado F, Sammel MD, Smith G, Galligan DT, Levy MZ, Hennessy S. The use of antibiotics on small dairy farms in rural Peru. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:88-95. [PMID: 24188819 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Very little is known about the use of antibiotics on small dairy farms in lower/middle-income countries. The use of these drugs can have profound impacts on animal health, farmer income and public health. A survey of 156 farmers was conducted in Cajamarca, a major dairy-producing center in the highlands of Peru characterized by small farms (<15 cows) to assess patterns and determinants of antibiotic use and farmers' knowledge of antibiotics. The reported incidence of disease on these farms was relatively low (0.571 episodes of disease per cow-year), but more than 83% of the reported episodes were treated with antibiotics. The most commonly used antibiotics were oxytetracycline, penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole drugs; antiparasitic drugs were also used to treat what were likely bacterial infections. An increased incidence of treated disease was significantly associated with smaller farm size, lower farmer income, the previous use of the Californian Mastitis test on the farm and antibiotic knowledge. Farmers' knowledge of antibiotics was assessed with a series of questions on antibiotics, resulting in a "knowledge score". Increased knowledge was significantly associated with the use of antibiotics for preventative reasons, the purchase of antibiotics from feed-stores, the experience of complications in animals after having administered antibiotics, the number of workers on the farm and the educational level of the farmer. Overall, antibiotics appeared to be used infrequently, most likely because therapeutic interventions were sought only when the animal had reached an advanced stage of clinical disease. Few farmers were able to define an antibiotic, but many farmers understood that the use of antibiotics carried inherent risks to their animals and potentially to the consumers of dairy products from treated animals. The results of this study are useful for understanding the patterns of antibiotic use and associated management, demographic and knowledge factors of farmers on small dairy farms in rural Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Redding
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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22
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Saini V, McClure JT, Léger D, Dufour S, Sheldon AG, Scholl DT, Barkema HW. Antimicrobial use on Canadian dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1209-21. [PMID: 22365205 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) data are critical for formulating policies for containing antimicrobial resistance. The present study determined AMU on Canadian dairy farms and characterized variation in AMU based on herd-level factors such as milk production, somatic cell count, herd size, geographic region and housing type. Drug use data were collected on 89 dairy herds in 4 regions of Canada, Alberta, Ontario, Québec, and the Maritime provinces (Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia) for an average of 540 d per herd. Dairy producers and farm personnel were asked to deposit empty drug containers into specially provided receptacles. Antimicrobial use was measured as antimicrobial drug use rate (ADUR), with the unit being number of animal defined-daily doses (ADD)/1,000 cow-days. Antimicrobial drug use rates were determined at farm, region, and national level. Combined ADUR of all antimicrobial classes was 14.35 ADD/1,000 cow-days nationally. National level ADUR of the 6 most commonly used antimicrobial drug classes, cephalosporins, penicillins, penicillin combinations, tetracyclines, trimethoprim-sulfonamide combinations, and lincosamides were 3.05, 2.56, 2.20, 1.83, 0.87, and 0.84 ADD/1,000 cow-days, respectively. Dairy herds in Ontario were higher users of third-generation cephalosporins (ceftiofur) than in Québec. Alberta dairy herds were higher users of tetracyclines in comparison to Maritimes. Antimicrobial drug use rate was higher via systemic route as compared with intramammary and other routes of administration (topical, oral, and intrauterine). The ADUR of antimicrobials used intramammarily was higher for clinical mastitis treatment than dry cow therapy. For dry cow therapy, penicillin ADUR was greater than ADUR of first-generation cephalosporins. For clinical mastitis treatment, ADUR of intramammary penicillin combinations was greater than ADUR of cephapirin. Herd-level milk production was positively associated with overall ADUR, ADUR of systemically administered ceftiofur, cephapirin administered for dry cow therapy, and pirlimycin administered for clinical mastitis treatment. Herd size and ADUR of systemically administered ceftiofur were also positively associated. In conclusion, β-lactams were most commonly used on Canadian dairy farms. Among antimicrobials of very high importance in human medicine, the use of fluoroquinolones was rare, whereas third-generation cephalosporins and penicillin combinations containing colistin were used very frequently on Canadian dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Saini
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Sibhat B, Molla Zewde B, Zerihun A, Muckle A, Cole L, Boerlin P, Wilkie E, Perets A, Mistry K, Gebreyes WA. Salmonella serovars and antimicrobial resistance profiles in beef cattle, slaughterhouse personnel and slaughterhouse environment in ethiopia. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 58:102-9. [PMID: 20042064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence, distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella serovars in slaughter beef cattle, slaughterhouse environment and personnel engaged in flaying and evisceration during slaughtering process. A total of 800 samples (each sample type, n = 100) consisting of swabs from hides, slaughterhouse personnel hands at flaying and evisceration, rumen and caecal contents, mesenteric lymph nodes, carcasses and holding pens were collected. Of the total 100 beef cattle examined, 14% were Salmonella positive in caecal content and/or mesenteric lymph nodes. Of the various samples analysed, Salmonella was detected in 31% of hides, 19% of rumen contents, 8% of mesenteric lymph nodes, 6% of caecal contents, 2% of carcass swabs, 9% of palm swabs taken from the hands of personnel in the slaughterhouse during flaying (7%) and evisceration (2%), and in 12% of holding pen swabs. The Salmonella isolates (n = 87) belonged to eight different serovars of which S. Anatum (n = 54) and S. Newport (19) were the major serovars and both serovars were detected in all sample sources except in carcass swabs. Eighteen of the 87 (20.7%) Salmonella serovars consisting of Newport (n = 14), Anatum (n = 3) and Eastbourne (n = 1) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials. Among the antimicrobial resistant Salmonella serovars, S. Newport was multidrug resistant (15.6%) and exhibited resistance to streptomycin, sulphisoxazole and tetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sibhat
- Alage Agricultural Technical and Vocational Training Collage, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Alage, Ethiopia
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Trends in slaughter pig production and antimicrobial consumption in Danish slaughter pig herds, 2002–2008. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 139:1601-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268810002724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYOveruse of antimicrobials in food-animal production is thought to be a major risk factor for the development of resistant bacterial populations. Data on non-human antimicrobial usage is essential for planning of intervention strategies to lower resistance levels at the country, region or herd levels. In this study we evaluated Danish national antimicrobial usage data for five antimicrobial classes used in slaughter pigs in different herd sizes and data on the number of slaughter pigs produced per herd, between 2002 and 2008, in Denmark. The objective was to ascertain if there is an association between herd size and amount of antimicrobials consumed. During this period, the overall number of herds with slaughter pigs decreased by 43%, with larger herds becoming more prevalent. The tetracycline treatment incidence (TI) rate increased from 0·28 to 0·70 animal-defined daily dose (ADD)/100 slaughter pig-days at risk while macrolide TI presented a more moderate increase, from 0·40 to 0·44 ADD/100 slaughter pig-days at risk during the study period. Linear regression analyses revealed a significant association between herd size and TI rates for tetracyclines, macrolides, sulfonamides/trimethoprim and cephalosporins, with small herds presenting significantly higher TI than moderate, large and the largest herds. This study highlights the importance of establishing an antimicrobial consumption monitoring programme, integrated with comprehensive food-animal production surveillance. Further research should be performed to address the potential causes of the detected associations between herd sizes and antimicrobial consumption in pigs.
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Deckert A, Gow S, Rosengren L, Léger D, Avery B, Daignault D, Dutil L, Reid-Smith R, Irwin R. Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) Farm Program: Results from Finisher Pig Surveillance. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 57 Suppl 1:71-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2010.01356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Varga C, Rajić A, McFall ME, Reid-Smith RJ, McEwen SA. Associations among antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolates from 60 Alberta finishing swine farms. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 6:23-31. [PMID: 18991537 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objectives were to identify potential associations between reported antimicrobial use (AMU) practices and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of fecal and environmental Salmonella spp. isolates (n = 322 isolates) recovered from 60 Alberta finishing swine farms, and to estimate the amount of pen and farm level variation in AMR. The AMU data were collected through a questionnaire. Separate multilevel logistic regression models were built for six antimicrobials with prevalence of resistance >or=5% using the Generalized Linear Latent and Mixed Model (GLLAMM) procedure. In-feed use of tylosin in finishers was associated with increased odds of resistance in Salmonella isolates to ampicillin (OR = 61.56), streptomycin (OR = 11.70), and multiple antimicrobials (OR = 4.90). Injectable penicillin use in growers was associated with decreased odds of resistance in Salmonella isolates to streptomycin (OR = 0.06), kanamycin (OR = 0.03), and multiple antimicrobials (OR = 0.12). Injectable penicillin use in finishers was associated with decreased odds of resistance in Salmonella isolates to ampicillin (OR = 0.007) and chloramphenicol (OR = 0.04). Overall, these results indicate that AMU in pig production is inconsistently associated with AMR in Salmonella from finishing swine. Variation in AMR prevalence of Salmonella isolates of swine was moderate to high at pen and farm levels for most antimicrobials suggesting that interventions at the pen and farm levels might be beneficial in reducing the emergence of AMR Salmonella in swine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Varga
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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27
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Alali WQ, Scott HM, Christian KL, Fajt VR, Harvey RB, Lawhorn DB. Relationship between level of antibiotic use and resistance among Escherichia coli isolates from integrated multi-site cohorts of humans and swine. Prev Vet Med 2009; 90:160-7. [PMID: 19501924 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this longitudinal ecological study was to examine the relationship between the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant (AR) commensal Escherichia coli isolates from both monthly human wastewater and composite swine fecal samples and the concurrent aggregated monthly antibiotic use recorded within each host species in multi-site vertically integrated swine and human populations. In addition, human vocation (swine worker versus non-swine worker), swine production group, and season were examined as potential confounding variables. Human and swine E. coli isolates (n=2469 human and 2310 swine, respectively) were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a commercial broth microdilution system. In the human population, among swine workers the relative odds of tetracycline resistance were increased significantly for tetracycline (class) drug use at the third quartile and above of mean monthly dosage (MMD) (OR=1.8) as compared to the referent category (non-use). The relative odds of ciprofloxacin resistance were significantly increased for ciprofloxacin use in non-swine workers (OR=5.5) as compared to the referent (non-use). The relative odds of tetracycline resistance were increased significantly for chlortetracycline use in medicated feed for the upper tertile of MMD category (OR=2.9) as compared to the referent category (no use) across all swine production groups. While high variability among seasonal samples over the 3-year period was observed, no common seasonal trends relating to antibiotic use and prevalence of resistance over the 3-year period were apparent. The overall effects of concurrent human and swine antibiotic use on AR E. coli levels were inconsistent and modest in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Q Alali
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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28
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Jordan D, Chin JJC, Fahy VA, Barton MD, Smith MG, Trott DJ. Antimicrobial use in the Australian pig industry: results of a national survey. Aust Vet J 2009; 87:222-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Gow SP, Waldner CL. Antimicrobial drug use and reason for treatment in 203 western Canadian cow-calf herds during calving season. Prev Vet Med 2009; 90:55-65. [PMID: 19376600 PMCID: PMC7132431 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Investigators examined antimicrobial drug use practices and reason for treatment as part of a large on-farm observational study of cow–calf herds from western Canada. Reason for treatment and antimicrobial drug use (AMU) were described using data collected during the calving season (January 1 to June 30, 2002). The study included 28,573 calves and 36,634 cows and heifers from 203 beef herds. All herds had more than 50 cows. Individual animal treatment records and a herd-level standardized questionnaire were collected from every herd. During the period of January 1 to June 30, 2002 at least one treatment was reported in 14% (95% CI, 11–17) of calves and 2.7% (95% CI, 2.2–3.4) of cows and heifers from these herds. The median percent of calves reported as treated per farm was 6.5% (range 0–100%) while the median percent of cows and heifers reported as treated was 0.9% (range 0–15%). Antimicrobial drugs used during the calving season were primarily for disease treatment rather than prevention or growth promotion. Diarrhea was the primary reason for treating calves and metritis was the primary reason for treating cows. Parenteral antimicrobial drugs were the most common formulation used in both calves and cows. The most commonly used antimicrobial drugs in these herds were tetracyclines, sulphonamides, and florfenicol. This study provides baseline estimates of the frequency of antimicrobial drug exposure, the types of drugs used, and diseases treated in these cow–calf herds. The challenges identified in collecting these data can be used to improve the design of future on-farm studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl P Gow
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Laboratory of Foodborne Zoonoses, Dept. of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Petersen HH, Nielsen EO, Hassing AG, Ersbøll AK, Nielsen JP. Prevalence of clinical signs of disease in Danish finisher pigs. Vet Rec 2008; 162:377-82. [PMID: 18359931 DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.12.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Between December 1999 and February 2001, two visits, eight weeks apart, were made to 90 herds of Danish finisher pigs. The prevalence of clinical signs was recorded by three veterinary technicians from the Danish Bacon and Meat Council according to a standardised procedure; they had been trained and their observations were monitored and validated before and during the study. A total of 154,347 finisher pigs were examined and 22,136 clinical signs were recorded. Vices accounted for 43 per cent of the signs. The highest mean prevalence was observed for ear necrosis (4.44 per cent), followed by respiratory signs (2.17 per cent), lameness (1.92 per cent), other skin diseases (1.73 per cent), tail bites (1.26 per cent), umbilical hernia (0.78 per cent), flank bites (0.52 per cent), diarrhoea (0.27 per cent), respiratory distress (0.12 per cent), atrophic rhinitis (0.10 per cent), recumbency (0.09 per cent) and central nervous disease (0.05 per cent). The prevalence of atrophic rhinitis was higher in conventional herds than in specific pathogen-free herds. The prevalence of clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis was higher among finishers weighing 51 to 75 kg than among finishers weighing up to 50 kg, and the prevalence of respiratory signs was higher among finishers weighing 51 to 75 kg then among finishers weighing 76 to 100 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Petersen
- Swine Medicine, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Dyrlaegevej 88, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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31
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Rosengren LB, Waldner CL, Reid-Smith RJ, Dowling PM, Harding JCS. Associations between feed and water antimicrobial use in farrow-to-finish swine herds and antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli from grow-finish pigs. Microb Drug Resist 2008; 13:261-69. [PMID: 18184052 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2007.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (n = 1439), isolated from the feces of apparently healthy grow-finish pigs in 20 herds, were tested for susceptibility to 16 antimicrobials. Logistic regression models were developed for each resistance that was observed in more than 5% of the isolates. Each production phase's (suckling, nursery, grow-finish pigs or sows) antimicrobial exposure rate, through feed or water, was considered as a risk factor. Management variables were evaluated as potential confounders. Six resistance outcomes were associated with an antimicrobial use risk factor and four included exposures of pigs outside the grow-finish phase. In the case of sulfamethoxazole, the odds of resistance increased 2.3 times for every 100,000 pig-days of nursery pig exposure to sulfonamides. Thus, swine producers and veterinarians must be aware that antimicrobial use in pigs distant from market could have food safety repercussions. Five resistance outcomes were associated with exposure to an unrelated antimicrobial class. Most notably, the odds of sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol resistance were each six times higher in herds reporting high (more than 500/1,000 pig-days) grow-finish pig, macrolide exposure compared to herds with no macrolide use in grow-finish pigs. Therefore, the potential for co-selection should be considered in antimicrobial use decisions. This study emphasizes the importance of judicious antimicrobial use in pork production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh B Rosengren
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Saskatoon, Canada.
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Aragaw K, Molla B, Muckle A, Cole L, Wilkie E, Poppe C, Kleer J, Hildebrandt G. The characterization of Salmonella serovars isolated from apparently healthy slaughtered pigs at Addis Ababa abattoir, Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2007; 82:252-61. [PMID: 17658640 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We looked for Salmonella in all 278 apparently healthy pigs slaughtered between September 2004 and May 2005 at the only pig-slaughtering slaughterhouse in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. We used standard methods and tested caecal contents, mesenteric lymph nodes, and carcass swabs from each pig (missing only one carcass swab). Of the 278 pigs, 120 (43%) were positive; of the 833 samples 173 (21%) were positive. Thirty-three percent of the isolates were multi-resistant (including 46/48 isolates of S. Hadar, but none of the 39 isolates of S. Eastbourne or of the 37 of S. Saintpaul). Resistance to streptomycin (32.4%), tetracycline (31.8%) and nitrofurantoin (27.2%) was relatively high. The most common pattern of MDR observed was to nitrofurantoin, streptomycin and tetracycline (Resistance type NitStrTet). Our results indicate that salmonellae are prevalent in pigs slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoir and a large proportion of the isolates were multi-drug resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aragaw
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Awassa College of Agriculture, Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia
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Jindal A, Kocherginskaya S, Mehboob A, Robert M, Mackie RI, Raskin L, Zilles JL. Antimicrobial use and resistance in swine waste treatment systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:7813-20. [PMID: 17041160 PMCID: PMC1694239 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01087-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlortetracycline and the macrolide tylosin were identified as commonly used antimicrobials for growth promotion and prophylaxis in swine production. Resistance to these antimicrobials was measured throughout the waste treatment processes at five swine farms by culture-based and molecular methods. Conventional farm samples had the highest levels of resistance with both culture-based and molecular methods and had similar levels of resistance despite differences in antimicrobial usage. The levels of resistance in organic farm samples, where no antimicrobials were used, were very low by a culture-based method targeting fecal streptococci. However, when the same samples were analyzed with a molecular method detecting methylation of a specific nucleotide in the 23S rRNA that results in resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B (MLSB), an unexpectedly high level of resistant rRNA (approximately 50%) was observed, suggesting that the fecal streptococci were not an appropriate target group to evaluate resistance in the overall microbial community and that background levels of MLSB resistance may be substantial. All of the feed samples tested, including those from the organic farm, contained tetracycline resistance genes. Generally, the same tetracycline resistance genes and frequency of detection were found in the manure and lagoon samples for each commercial farm. The levels of tetracycline and MLSB resistance remained high throughout the waste treatment systems, suggesting that the potential impact of land application of treated wastes and waste treatment by-products on environmental levels of resistance should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Jindal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 3204 Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory, MC250, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Timmerman T, Dewulf J, Catry B, Feyen B, Opsomer G, de Kruif A, Maes D. Quantification and evaluation of antimicrobial drug use in group treatments for fattening pigs in Belgium. Prev Vet Med 2006; 74:251-63. [PMID: 16675051 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 09/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To control the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, knowledge of antimicrobial drug consumption is essential. Because consumption data are not available in Belgium, a study was conducted between March and October 2003 to investigate the antimicrobial drug consumption in pigs, using the treatment incidence based on the animal daily dose pig (ADDpig), the treatment incidence based on the used daily dose pig (UDDpig) (number of ADDpig or UDDpig/1,000 pigs at risk/day), and the ratio UDDpig/ADDpig. The sampling frame consisted of 821 pig herds that (a) used a closed or semi-closed production system, (b) were located in the most dense pig areas of Belgium, and (c) had at least 150 sows and 600 fattening pigs each. Of 50 randomly selected herds, all group treatments with antimicrobial drugs, applied to fattening pigs that were within 2 weeks of slaughter (median age 187 days), were collected retrospectively. The treatment incidence based on ADDpig for all oral and injectable antimicrobial drugs was 178.1 per 1,000 pigs at risk per day. The treatment incidence based on UDDpig shows that in reality fewer pigs were treated, namely 170.3 per 1,000 pigs at risk per day. Proportionally, the most often applied oral antimicrobial drugs were: doxycycline, amoxicillin, combination trimethoprim-sulphonamides and polymyxin E. The most often applied injectable antimicrobial drugs were long-acting amoxicillin and ceftiofur. The distribution of the UDDpig/ADDpig ratio per antimicrobial drug shows that 50-75% of the oral formulations were underdosed. Injectable formulations were almost always overdosed (>90%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Timmerman
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Molla B, Berhanu A, Muckle A, Cole L, Wilkie E, Kleer J, Hildebrandt G. Multidrug Resistance and Distribution of Salmonella Serovars in Slaughtered Pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:28-33. [PMID: 16460353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to estimate the occurrence and distribution of multidrug resistance (MDR) among Salmonella serovars isolated from slaughtered pigs at Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. A total of 501 different samples were examined of which 42 (41.6%) of 101 mesenteric lymph nodes, 22 (21.8%) of 101 tongues, 17 (16.8%) of 101 caecal contents, 11 (11.1%) of 99 livers and two (2%) of 99 muscle (diaphragm and abdomen) samples were Salmonella positive. Of the 94 Salmonella isolates representing 15 different serovars, 69 (73.4%) were multidrug resistant (resistance to two or more antimicrobials). Among the Salmonella serovars a high level of MDR was observed in S. Hadar, S. Kentucky, S. Blockley and S. Enteritidis mainly to tetracycline (88.6%), streptomycin (82.9%), nitrofurantoin (74.3%), nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin (42.9% each), sulfisoxazole (21.1%) and spectinomycin (20%). The pattern of MDR varied from two to eight antimicrobials among the resistant Salmonella serovars. The common profiles of resistance among the MDR serovars were the combined resistance to nitrofurantoin, streptomycin and tetracycline (R type NitStrTet, 51.4%), ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin (R type CipNalNit, 10%), ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline (R type CipNalSptStrSulTet, 14.3%) and to ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, nitrofurantoin, streptomycin and tetracycline (R type CipKanNalNeoNitStrTet, 10%). Results of the present study indicate the widespread occurrence and distribution of MDR Salmonella serovars in slaughtered pigs which could be a potential source of human MDR Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Molla
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
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Abstract
The total quantity of use in companion animals is generally believed to be relatively small in comparison with antimicrobial use in food animals. Use in companion animals is principally for treatment, whereas the greater proportion of use in food animals is for prophylaxis, metaphylaxis and growth promotion. Therefore, it is important to collect data on end use in companion animals so that overall estimates of use in companion animals can be generated and separated from estimates for food animals. However, data from antimicrobial use in companion animals are extremely limited and no serious attempts to collect such data have ever been made in the United States. The lack of usage data in is concomitant with the dearth of information on antimicrobial resistance in companion animals. Companion animals have been involved in the transmission to humans of, or become infected with, foodborne zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. Companion animals are an integral part of the ecology of antimicrobial resistance through their contact with food animals and exposure to antimicrobials for disease treatment and through contact with humans and the environment. In the practice of companion animal medicine, antimicrobial use data are important for understanding the potential impact on companion animal heath posed by antimicrobial resistance transferred from food animals, humans and the environment, and the threat to humans and other companion animals posed by antimicrobial use in companion animals. Basic information on the patterns and quantities of antimicrobial use in combination with resistance surveillance data, could help companion animal veterinarians understand the potential for development, or evidence of, an antimicrobial resistance problem in their practices, the role of companion animals in the overall epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance, and for comparison with local, regional, or national data. The combination of data from either a sentinel site system of clinics or a use survey with national data from the pharmaceutical industry should provide sufficient data to credibly estimate the total volume and patterns of antimicrobial use in companion animal medicine. The time and effort for use monitoring or to complete a survey would likely become burdensome. Practice management software now utilized at most companion animal clinics could be used to generate antimicrobial use data as well as patient population data as surrogate for the true population at risk for patient encounters in a companion animal practice.
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Larkin C, Van Donkersgoed C, Mahdi A, Johnson P, McNab B, Odumeru J. Antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcass samples from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario. J Food Prot 2006; 69:22-6. [PMID: 16416896 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacterjejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne infection in the United States, and there are reports of resistance of Campylobacter spp. to antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of gastroenteritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter spp. isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcasses from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario. The agar dilution method was performed to measure antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolates from hogs (n = 401), beef (n = 21), and chicken (n = 435) to ampicillin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and tetracycline was determined. Resistance of chicken, hog, and beef isolates was 14.3, 18.2, and 9.5% to ampicillin; 17.9, 67.3, and 38.1% to azithromycin; 0, 0.5, and 0% to chloramphenicol; 3.7, 1.2, and 0% to ciprofloxacin; 2.3, 46.6, and 4.8% to clindamycin; 6.7, 43.6, and 4.8% to erythromycin; 0.2, 0, and 0% to gentamicin; 5.1, 10.7, and 0% to nalidixic acid; 13.6, 57.4, and 4.8% to streptomycin; and 52.6, 44.1, 42.9% to tetracycline, respectively. The hog isolates had the greatest resistance to seven of the ten antimicrobials tested. Results of this study confirm the existence of antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter to various antimicrobial agents,especially ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, commonly used for treatment of campylobacteriosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Larkin
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, 95 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J7
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38
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Campbell LD, Scott HM, Bischoff KM, Anderson RC, Harvey RB. Prevalence of class 1 integrons and antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes among enteric bacteria found in multisite group-level cohorts of humans and swine. J Food Prot 2005; 68:2693-7. [PMID: 16355844 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.12.2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genotypic characteristics (class 1 integrons and antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes) among commensal Escherichia coli isolated from humans and swine in a semiclosed, integrated farrow-to-fork population was evaluated in a cross-sectional study. The objective of this study was to establish baseline antimicrobial resistance patterns of enteric bacteria from animals and humans within the study population; specifically, genotypic traits both unique and common to commensal E. coli derived from the different sources were evaluated. There were significant differences between host species; swine isolates were more likely to harbor integrons (odds ratio = 2.33, P = 0.0487). No significant differences were found for facility location, facility type, human housing cohort, or time of day (P > 0.05). There were significant differences (P = 0.006) among swine production groups (fecal samples from boars, dry sows, finishers, growers, intake boars, lactating sows, the lagoon, nursery piglets, influent, and piglets); the grower group was less likely than the nursery group to harbor a class 1 integron (nursery as referent: odds ratio = 0.22, P = 0.04). Among all isolates with an integron present, human isolates were more likely to harbor an antimicrobial resistance gene cassette (odds ratio = 6.36, P = 0.003). When isolates that possessed gene cassettes coding for resistance to specific antimicrobials were compared, no significant differences between host species (P > 0.05) were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Campbell
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
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39
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Singer RS, Reid-Smith R, Sischo WM. Stakeholder position paper: epidemiological perspectives on antibiotic use in animals. Prev Vet Med 2005; 73:153-61. [PMID: 16257465 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologists studying antimicrobial resistance are often interested in analyzing the association between antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use in animals, and on the impact of antimicrobial use in animals on the occurrence of resistance in bacteria affecting human populations. Given the various potential antimicrobial use data sources, it seems likely there will be some variability in the utility of the data for interpreting trends in antimicrobial resistance and investigating the relationship between antimicrobial use in animals and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria affecting human health. From an epidemiologic perspective, the major issues related to incorporation of antimicrobial use data into antimicrobial resistance monitoring programs are the further development of epidemiologic methods for collecting, quantifying, analyzing and interpreting use data; an open and realistic consideration of the limitations of the data; developing an understanding of scaling, temporal and spatial heterogeneity issues; and the interpretative problems of ecologic and atomistic fallacy. Given the many potential biases in antimicrobial use data, attempts to relate levels of antimicrobial use to levels of antimicrobial resistance should be done with caution until the data are better understood and the aforementioned issues have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Poppe C, Martin LC, Gyles CL, Reid-Smith R, Boerlin P, McEwen SA, Prescott JF, Forward KR. Acquisition of resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Newport and Escherichia coli in the turkey poult intestinal tract. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:1184-92. [PMID: 15746317 PMCID: PMC1065184 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.3.1184-1192.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Newport resistant to the extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) and other antimicrobials causes septicemic salmonellosis in humans and animals and is increasingly isolated from humans, animals, foods, and environmental sources. Mechanisms whereby serovar Newport bacteria become resistant to ESCs and other classes of antimicrobials while inhabiting the intestinal tract are not well understood. The present study shows that 25.3% of serovar Newport strains isolated from the turkey poult intestinal tract after the animals were dosed with Escherichia coli harboring a large conjugative plasmid encoding the CMY-2 beta-lactamase and other drug resistance determinants acquired the plasmid and its associated drug resistance genes. The conjugative plasmid containing the cmy-2 gene was transferred not only from the donor E. coli to Salmonella serovar Newport but also to another E. coli serotype present in the intestinal tract. Laboratory studies showed that the plasmid could be readily transferred between serovar Newport and E. coli intestinal isolates. Administration of a single dose of ceftiofur, used to prevent septicemic colibacillosis, to 1-day-old turkeys did not result in the isolation of ceftiofur-resistant E. coli or Salmonella serovar Newport. There was a remarkable association between serotype, drug resistance, and plasmid profile among the E. coli strains isolated from the poults. This study shows that Salmonella serovar Newport can become resistant to ESCs and other antibiotics by acquiring a conjugative drug resistance plasmid from E. coli in the intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Poppe
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Rd. West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Gebreyes WA, Davies PR, Turkson PK, Morrow WE, Funk JA, Altier C, Thakur S. Characterization of antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes and genotypes among Salmonella enterica recovered from pigs on farms, from transport trucks, and from pigs after slaughter. J Food Prot 2004; 67:698-705. [PMID: 15083721 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.4.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns among Salmonella serotypes and to evaluate the role of transport trucks in dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella. Salmonella from groups of nursery and finishing pigs on farms, from trucks, and from pigs after slaughter were compared using serotyping, patterns of antimicrobial resistance, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. The five farms included in the study yielded 858 isolates representing 27 Salmonella serovars. The most common resistance observed (80% of all isolates) was to tetracycline; resistance to ampicillin (42%), chloramphenicol (31%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (30%), and piperacillin (31%) also were common. We found a correlation between serovar and antimicrobial resistance. High correlation was found between Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen and chloramphenicol resistance (Spearman rank correlation, rho = 0.7). Multidrug resistance was observed primarily in Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen (94%) and Salmonella Typhimurium (93%) and was much less common in the other common serovars, including Salmonella Derby (7%) and Salmonella Heidelberg (8%). Of the 225 isolates exhibiting the most common pentaresistance pattern in this study, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-ampicillin-chloramphenicol-piperacillin-tetracycline, 220 (98%) were Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen, and 86% of the isolates of this serovar had this pattern. Isolates from the trucks were similar, based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, to those from the cecum and mesenteric lymph nodes of pigs on two of the farms, suggesting the probable infection of pigs during transport. Class I integrons were also common among various serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
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Larkin C, Poppe C, McNab B, McEwen B, Mahdi A, Odumeru J. Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcass samples from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario. J Food Prot 2004; 67:448-55. [PMID: 15035356 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.3.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella organisms, especially Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, has been reported in many countries, including the United States and Canada. The purposes of this study were to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcasses from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario and to determine the agreement between the agar dilution method and the microbroth dilution method for measurement of antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from hogs (n = 71), beef (n = 24), and chicken (n = 295) to amikacin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline was determined using the two methods. None of the 390 isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin at levels of 0.125 microg/ml. All chicken and hog isolates were sensitive to amikacin, whereas all beef isolates were sensitive to both amikacin and gentamicin. Multiple antimicrobial resistance (resistance to more than one antimicrobial) was found in 29% of bovine isolates and 42% of porcine isolates using both methods for testing and in 42% by the agar dilution and 33% by the microbroth dilution methods in the chicken isolates. Overall, there was good agreement between the two test methods for resistance to most of the antimicrobials, with disagreement found in the results in 1.3% of the isolates for ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole, 8.2% for streptomycin, 5.6% for cephalothin, and 1.0% of the isolates for tetracycline. The lack of agreement between the two test methods was found mostly among the chicken isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Larkin
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J7
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Poppe C, Ziebell K, Martin L, Allen K. Diversity in antimicrobial resistance and other characteristics among Salmonella typhimurium DT104 isolates. Microb Drug Resist 2002; 8:107-22. [PMID: 12118515 DOI: 10.1089/107662902760190653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiresistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium definitive type 104 (S. Typhimurium DT104 or DT104) bacteria are important pathogens in animals and humans. DT104 isolates are often called pentaresistant strains that spread clonally. The purpose of this study was to determine phenotypic, genotypic, and epidemiologic characteristics of 175 S. Typhimurium DT104 strains isolated from food-producing animals in Canada. More than 90% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin (Amp), chloramphenicol (Chl), florfenicol (Flo), sulfisoxazole (Sul), and tetracycline (Tet), 53% of the isolates were additionally resistant to spectinomycin (Spc) and streptomycin (Str), and 28% to kanamycin (Kan) and neomycin (Neo). Sixty-one percent of the strains harbored a single 60-MDa plasmid, 21% contained 60- and 2.0-MDa plasmids, and 4% had 60, 4.6- and 2.0-MDa plasmids. Resistance to Kan and Neo was encoded by the aminoglycoside aphA-1 gene on 2.0-MDa plasmids, whereas resistance to trimethoprim (Tmp) and Sul was encoded by the dhfrIb gene on 4.6-MDa plasmids. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) showed the presence of integrons with the ant (3")-Ia aminoglycoside adenyltransferase and the bla(PSE-1) beta-lactamase gene cassettes, and the presence of the flost gene in all but one strain resistant to Spc and Str, Amp, and Chl and Flo, respectively. DT104 isolates from cattle at six feedlots represented a separate clone; they were sensitive to Str and Spc and lacked the ant (3")-Ia gene. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using Bln I, Spe I, and Xba I resulted in 15, 12, and 8 PFGE patterns, respectively. In summary, we observed considerable diversity in phenotypic, genotypic, and epidemiological characteristics among the DT104 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Poppe
- Health Canada, Population and Public Health Branch, Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Guelph, Ontario.
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Poppe C, Ayroud M, Ollis G, Chirino-Trejo M, Smart N, Quessy S, Michel P. Trends in antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from animals, foods of animal origin, and the environment of animal production in Canada, 1994-1997. Microb Drug Resist 2002; 7:197-212. [PMID: 11442347 DOI: 10.1089/10766290152045084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to determine the occurrence, magnitude, trends, and relationships regarding antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from animals, animal food products, and the environment of animals. We examined 621 strains of 67 different serovars isolated in 1994, 721 strains of 75 different serovars isolated in 1995, 1,219 strains of 83 different serovars isolated in 1996, and 1,336 Salmonella strains of 92 different serovars isolated in 1997, for resistance to 17 antibiotics at one to three different concentrations with the agar dilution method. The overall resistance magnitude regressed from 9.2% in 1994 to 8.1% in 1997. Resistance to streptomycin (30.4% of 3,897 isolates), tetracycline (27.3%), and sulfisoxazole (23.7%) was highest. Resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline, kanamycin, and gentamicin declined during the 4-year period. Notable increases in resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and neomycin occurred during the 1994-1997 years. None of the isolates was resistant to amikacin. None of the isolates was resistant to ciprofloxacin at 1, 2, and 4 microg/ml. Salmonella bredeney isolates from turkeys showed a decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxacin and were resistant at the low level of 0.125 microg/ml, but none of these isolates was resistant at 1 microg/ml. Resistance to nalidixic acid correlated significantly with decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxacin; 122 of 127 (96%) isolates resistant to nalidixic acid at 32 microg/ml were resistant to ciprofloxacin at 0.125 microg/ml but sensitive at 1 microg/ml. Resistance to S. typhimurium to each of the seven antibiotics ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline increased persistently during each of the years 1994-1997, but none of the S. typhimurium isolates showed decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxacin. Clinical isolates of Salmonella were twice as frequently resistant to the antimicrobials in the test panel than isolates obtained during surveys. Salmonella isolates from turkeys were more frequently resistant than isolates from pigs, cattle, and chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Poppe
- Health Canada, OIE Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Guelph, Ontario
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Heinonen M, Hämeenoja P, Saloniemi H, Tuovinen V. Diagnoses and treatments in health-classified fattening herds rearing pigs all in-all out. Acta Vet Scand 2001; 42:365-75. [PMID: 11887397 PMCID: PMC2202327 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-42-365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes diseases encountered, medications used and veterinary involvement in all in--all out finishing herds belonging to one pork production system. The finishing herds had a particular management and housing regime. The pigs originated from health classified farrowing units. Information on 207,442 pigs was collected from 595 log books. Altogether 91% of the pigs received no treatments. Four percent of the batches of pigs were given antimicrobial mass medications. The local veterinarian visited the herds on average 2.6 times during the finishing period and made the diagnoses in more than half of the cases. At least one pig was affected with arthritis or tail biting in more than half of the batches, whereas locomotory diseases were recorded in one third of the batches. All other diagnoses were encountered in 1%-13% of the batches. Only a few pigs were treated individually in the affected groups. Antimicrobial drugs were given to 8% and other medicines to 0.7% of the pigs. The diagnosis was missing at least for one pig in 29% of the batches and the information about the medicine use in 8% of the treatments was missing. The study shows that it is possible to rear finishing pigs with only a small proportion of the animals needing treatments. The need of mass medications was low, because infectious diseases affecting the whole herd were uncommon. The recommendations for antimicrobial use given by the authorities had been followed quite well. The farmers and the veterinarians should be educated in order to realise the importance of proper record keeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heinonen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland.
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Dunlop RH, McEwen SA, Meek AH, Clarke RC, Black WD, Friendship RM. Associations among antimicrobial drug treatments and antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli of swine on 34 farrow-to-finish farms in Ontario, Canada. Prev Vet Med 1998; 34:283-305. [PMID: 9618742 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(97)00095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Logistic regression was used to model associations between antimicrobial treatment and resistance among fecal Escherichia coli of finisher pigs at the farm level. Four sets of potential risk factors representing different levels of refinement of antimicrobial use on farms were modelled on resistance to antimicrobials. Final models for each antimicrobial were constructed from treatment and management variables significant on initial screening, and corrections for overdispersion were made. In general, in-feed antimicrobial treatment of pigs was more consistently associated with an increased risk of resistance than individual-animal treatment. Antimicrobial treatment in starter rations was significant in final models of resistance to ampicillin, carbadox, nitrofurantoin, sulfisoxizole, and tetracycline. Treatment in grower-finisher rations was significantly associated with resistance to ampicillin, spectinomycin, sulfisoxizole, and tetracycline. There was little evidence that in-feed antimicrobials increased the risk of resistance to gentamicin, which is a drug used only for individual-pig treatment in this study population. These results suggest that antimicrobial medication of rations of post-weaning pigs selects for and maintains antimicrobial resistance among E. coli of finisher pigs. Although resistance was common on farms that did not medicate rations of post-weaning pigs, the results indicate that antimicrobial use does increase the risk of resistance to the antimicrobials studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Dunlop
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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