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Zhang Y, Standifer KM. Exacerbated Headache-Related Pain in the Single Prolonged Stress Preclinical Model of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1009-1018. [PMID: 32930941 PMCID: PMC8159770 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic headache pain is one of the most commonly reported comorbid pain conditions with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients and resistant to effective treatment, yet no combined preclinical model of the two disorders has been reported. Here, we used a modified chronic headache pain model to investigate the contribution of single prolonged stress (SPS) model of PTSD with sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced hyperalgesia. Injection of SNP (2 mg/kg, i.p.) occurred every other day from day 7 to day 15 after initiation of SPS in rats. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) to von Frey stimuli and tail flick latencies (TFL) dramatically decreased as early as 7 days after SPS and lasted until at least day 21. Basal PWT and TFL also significantly decreased during the SNP treatment period. The lower nociceptive thresholds recovered in 6 days following the final SNP injection in SNP group, but not in SPS + SNP group. Elevated nociceptin/OFQ (N/OFQ) levels observed in cerebrospinal fluid of SPS rats were even higher in SPS + SNP group. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and N/OFQ peptide (NOP) receptor mRNA expression increased in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) 21 days after SPS exposure; mRNA increases in the SPS/SNP group was more pronounced than SPS or SNP alone. GFAP protein expression was upregulated in trigeminal ganglia by SPS. Our results indicate that traumatic stress exaggerated chronic SNP-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity, and that N/OFQ and activated satellite glia cells may play an important role in the interaction between both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kelly M Standifer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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2
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Caputi FF, Romualdi P, Candeletti S. Regulation of the Genes Encoding the ppN/OFQ and NOP Receptor. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 254:141-162. [PMID: 30689088 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, the ability of N/OFQ-NOP receptor system in modulating several physiological functions, including the release of neurotransmitters, anxiety-like behavior responses, modulation of the reward circuitry, inflammatory signaling, nociception, and motor function, has been examined in several brain regions and at spinal level. This chapter collects information related to the genes encoding the ppN/OFQ and NOP receptor, their regulation, and relative transcriptional control mechanisms. Furthermore, genetic manipulations, polymorphisms, and epigenetic alterations associated with different pathological conditions are discussed. The evidence here collected indicates that the study of ppN/OFQ and NOP receptor gene expression may offer novel opportunities in the field of personalized therapies and highlights this system as a good "druggable target" for different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Felicia Caputi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Raju M S, V J, Kamaraju RS, Sritharan V, Rajkumar K, Natarajan S, Kumar AD, Burgula S. Continuous evaluation of changes in the serum proteome from early to late stages of sepsis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4835-44. [PMID: 27082932 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum protein profiles of patients with bacterial sepsis from the day of diagnosis until recovery/mortality were compared from early to late stages in response to severe sepsis using two dimensional electrophoresis. The proteins exhibiting changes during the course of sepsis (20‑28 day mortality) were selected and identified by matrix‑assisted laser desorption ionization‑time of flight‑tandem mass spectrometry. Among the proteins identified, haptoglobin (Hp), transthyretin (TTR), orosomucoid 1/α1 acid glycoprotein (ORM1), α1 antitrypsin (A1AT), serum amyloid A (SAA) and S100A9 exhibited differential expression patterns between survivors (S; n=6) and non‑survivors (NS; n=6), particularly during the early stages of sepsis. Expression factors (EFs), taken as the ratio between the NS and S during early stages, showed ratios of Hp, 0.39 (P≤0.012); TTR, 3.96 (P≤0.03); ORM1, 0.69 (P≤0.79); A1AT, 0.92 (P≤0.87) and SAA, 0.69 (P≤0.01). S100A9, an acute phase protein, exhibited an EF ratio of 1.68 (P≤0.004) during the end stages of sepsis. A delayed rise in levels was observed in Hp, A1AT, ORM1, S100A9 and SAA, whereas TTR levels increased during the early stages of sepsis in NS. Analysis of inflammatory responses in the early stages of sepsis revealed increased mRNA expression in leukocytes of interleukin (IL)‑6 (EF, 2.50), IL‑10 (EF, 1.70) and prepronociceptin (EF, 1.6), which is a precursor for nociceptin in NS compared with S, and higher Toll‑like receptor‑4 (EF, 0.30) levels in S compared with NS. Therefore, a weaker acute phase response in the early stages of sepsis in NS, combined with an inefficient inflammatory response, may contribute to sepsis mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Raju M
- Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Jahnavi V
- Molecular Diagnostics and Biomarkers Department of Laboratory Medicine Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana 500004, India
| | - Ratnakar S Kamaraju
- Molecular Diagnostics and Biomarkers Department of Laboratory Medicine Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana 500004, India
| | - Venkataraman Sritharan
- Molecular Diagnostics and Biomarkers Department of Laboratory Medicine Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana 500004, India
| | - Karthik Rajkumar
- Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Sumathi Natarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Anil D Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Sandeepta Burgula
- Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
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Toll L, Bruchas MR, Calo' G, Cox BM, Zaveri NT. Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Receptor Structure, Signaling, Ligands, Functions, and Interactions with Opioid Systems. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:419-57. [PMID: 26956246 PMCID: PMC4813427 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The NOP receptor (nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide receptor) is the most recently discovered member of the opioid receptor family and, together with its endogenous ligand, N/OFQ, make up the fourth members of the opioid receptor and opioid peptide family. Because of its more recent discovery, an understanding of the cellular and behavioral actions induced by NOP receptor activation are less well developed than for the other members of the opioid receptor family. All of these factors are important because NOP receptor activation has a clear modulatory role on mu opioid receptor-mediated actions and thereby affects opioid analgesia, tolerance development, and reward. In addition to opioid modulatory actions, NOP receptor activation has important effects on motor function and other physiologic processes. This review discusses how NOP pharmacology intersects, contrasts, and interacts with the mu opioid receptor in terms of tertiary structure and mechanism of receptor activation; location of receptors in the central nervous system; mechanisms of desensitization and downregulation; cellular actions; intracellular signal transduction pathways; and behavioral actions with respect to analgesia, tolerance, dependence, and reward. This is followed by a discussion of the agonists and antagonists that have most contributed to our current knowledge. Because NOP receptors are highly expressed in brain and spinal cord and NOP receptor activation sometimes synergizes with mu receptor-mediated actions and sometimes opposes them, an understanding of NOP receptor pharmacology in the context of these interactions with the opioid receptors will be crucial to the development of novel therapeutics that engage the NOP receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Toll
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
| | - Girolamo Calo'
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
| | - Brian M Cox
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
| | - Nurulain T Zaveri
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.R.B.); Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (G.C.); Professor of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland (B.M.C.); and Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, Mountain View, California (N.T.Z.)
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Okamoto K, Ohashi M, Ohno K, Takeuchi A, Matsuoka E, Fujisato K, Minami T, Ito S, Okuda-Ashitaka E. Involvement of NIPSNAP1, a neuropeptide nocistatin-interacting protein, in inflammatory pain. Mol Pain 2016; 12:12/0/1744806916637699. [PMID: 27030720 PMCID: PMC4956003 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916637699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic pain associated with inflammation is an important clinical problem, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. 4-Nitrophenylphosphatase domain and nonneuronal SNAP25-like protein homolog (NIPSNAP) 1, an interacting protein with neuropeptide nocistatin, is implicated in the inhibition of tactile pain allodynia. Although nocistatin inhibits some inflammatory pain responses, whether NIPSNAP1 affects inflammatory pain appears to be unclear. Here, we examined the nociceptive behavioral response of NIPSNAP1-deficient mice and the expression of NIPSNAP1 following peripheral inflammation to determine the contribution of NIPSNAP1 to inflammatory pain. Results Nociceptive behavioral response increased in phase II of the formalin test, particularly during the later stage (26–50 min) in NIPSNAP1-deficient mice, although the response during phase I (0–15 min) was not significantly different between the deficient and wild-type mice. Moreover, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase was enhanced in the spinal dorsal horn of the deficient mice. The prolonged inflammatory pain induced by carrageenan and complete Freund’s adjuvant was exacerbated in NIPSNAP1-deficient mice. NIPSNAP1 mRNA was expressed in small- and medium-sized neurons of the dorsal root ganglion and motor neurons of the spinal cord. In the formalin test, NIPSNAP1 mRNA was slightly increased in dorsal root ganglion but not in the spinal cord. In contrast, NIPSNAP1 mRNA levels in dorsal root ganglion were significantly decreased during 24–48 h after carrageenan injection. Prostaglandin E2, a major mediator of inflammation, stimulated NIPSNAP1 mRNA expression via the cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway in isolated dorsal root ganglion cells. Conclusions These results suggest that changes in NIPSNAP1 expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Okamoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kana Ohno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Arisa Takeuchi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Etsuko Matsuoka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyohei Fujisato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Minami
- Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Seiji Ito
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Emiko Okuda-Ashitaka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
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Schröder W, Lambert DG, Ko MC, Koch T. Functional plasticity of the N/OFQ-NOP receptor system determines analgesic properties of NOP receptor agonists. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3777-800. [PMID: 24762001 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite high sequence similarity between NOP (nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide) and opioid receptors, marked differences in endogenous ligand selectivity, signal transduction, phosphorylation, desensitization, internalization and trafficking have been identified; underscoring the evolutionary difference between NOP and opioid receptors. Activation of NOP receptors affects nociceptive transmission in a site-specific manner, with antinociceptive effects prevailing after peripheral and spinal activation, and pronociceptive effects after supraspinal activation in rodents. The net effect of systemically administered NOP receptor agonists on nociception is proposed to depend on the relative contribution of peripheral, spinal and supraspinal activation, and this may depend on experimental conditions. Functional expression and regulation of NOP receptors at peripheral and central sites of the nociceptive pathway exhibits a high degree of plasticity under conditions of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. In rodents, systemically administered NOP receptor agonists exerted antihypersensitive effects in models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. However, they were largely ineffective in acute pain while concomitantly evoking severe motor side effects. In contrast, systemic administration of NOP receptor agonists to non-human primates (NHPs) exerted potent and efficacious antinociception in the absence of motor and sedative side effects. The reason for this species difference with respect to antinociceptive efficacy and tolerability is not clear. Moreover, co-activation of NOP and μ-opioid peptide (MOP) receptors synergistically produced antinociception in NHPs. Hence, both selective NOP receptor as well as NOP/MOP receptor agonists may hold potential for clinical use as analgesics effective in conditions of acute and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schröder
- Department of Translational Science, Global Innovation, Grünenthal GmbH, Aachen, Germany
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7
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Fulford AJ. Endogenous nociceptin system involvement in stress responses and anxiety behavior. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 97:267-93. [PMID: 25677776 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underpinning stress-related behavior and dysfunctional events leading to the expression of neuropsychiatric disorders remain incompletely understood. Novel candidates involved in the neuromodulation of stress, mediated both peripherally and centrally, provide opportunities for improved understanding of the neurobiological basis of stress disorders and may represent targets for novel therapeutic development. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanisms by which the opioid-related peptide, nociceptin, regulates the neuroendocrine stress response and stress-related behavior. In our research, we have employed nociceptin receptor antagonists to investigate endogenous nociceptin function in tonic control over stress-induced activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Nociceptin demonstrates a wide range of functions, including modulation of psychological and inflammatory stress responses, modulation of neurotransmitter release, immune homeostasis, in addition to anxiety and cognitive behaviors. Greater appreciation of the complexity of limbic-hypothalamic neuronal networks, together with attention toward gender differences and the roles of steroid hormones, provides an opportunity for deeper understanding of the importance of the nociceptin system in the context of the neurobiology of stress and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Jane Fulford
- Centre for Comparative and Clinical Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8EJ, United Kingdom.
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Kunda PE, Cavicchia JC, Acosta CG. Lipopolysaccharides and trophic factors regulate the LPS receptor complex in nodose and trigeminal neurons. Neuroscience 2014; 280:60-72. [PMID: 25218806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Binding of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) triggers an innate immunoresponse associated with pain and inflammation. The expression, and to a greater extent the regulation of TLR4 and its auxiliary proteins (myeloid differentiation protein 1 (MD1), myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14)), are both poorly understood in trigeminal and nodose neurons. We used a combination of Western blotting, semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), pharmacological manipulation and immunohistochemistry. The expression pattern and regulation by LPS and trophic factors of TLR4/MD2/CD14 and radioprotective protein of 105kDa (RP105)/MD1 were determined in neonatal trigeminal and nodose mice neurons. We found that all these proteins were expressed in both trigeminal and nodose neurons. The trophic factors Artemin and nerve growth factor (NGF) up-regulated MD2 and RP105 mRNA levels in trigeminal neurons. In nodose neurons the trophic factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) up-regulated MD1 and RP105 mRNA levels. Also we observed that in both neuronal types LPS acutely (within 20 min) down-regulated CD14 and MD2 mRNAs. In addition, LPS increased significantly the proportion of trigeminal and nodose neurons expressing nociceptin/orphanin FQ in culture probably acting via TLR4/MD2. Although the exact mechanisms underlying the regulation by trophic factors and LPS require further elucidation, the findings of this study indicate that LPS acts through its archetypical receptor in trigeminal and nodose neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Kunda
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J C Cavicchia
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - C G Acosta
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
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Sukhtankar DD, Lee H, Rice KC, Ko MC. Differential effects of opioid-related ligands and NSAIDs in nonhuman primate models of acute and inflammatory pain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1377-87. [PMID: 24217900 PMCID: PMC3954905 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia is a widely used pain model in rodents. However, characteristics of carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and effects of analgesic drugs under these conditions are unknown in nonhuman primates. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to develop carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia in rhesus monkeys and determine the efficacy and potency of agonists selective for the four opioid receptor subtypes in this model versus acute pain, as compared to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). RESULTS Tail injection of carrageenan produced long-lasting thermal hyperalgesia in monkeys. Systemically administered agonists selective for opioid receptor subtypes, i.e., fentanyl (mu/MOP), U-50488H (kappa/KOP), SNC80 (delta/DOP) and Ro 64-6198 (nociceptin/orphanin FQ/NOP) dose-dependently attenuated carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia with different potencies. In absence of carrageenan, these agonists, except SNC80, blocked acute thermal nociception. Opioid-related ligands, especially Ro 64-6198, were much more potent for their antihyperalgesic than antinociceptive effects. Both effects were mediated by the corresponding receptor mechanisms. Only fentanyl produced scratching at antihyperalgesic and antinociceptive doses consistent with its pruritic effects in humans, illustrating a translational profile of MOP agonists in nonhuman primates. Similar to SNC80, systemically administered NSAIDs ketorolac and naproxen dose-dependently attenuated carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia but not acute nociception. CONCLUSION Using two different pain modalities in nonhuman primates, effectiveness of clinically available analgesics like fentanyl, ketorolac and naproxen was distinguished and their efficacies and potencies were compared with the selective KOP, DOP, and NOP agonists. The opioid-related ligands displayed differential pharmacological properties in regulating hyperalgesia and acute nociception in the same subjects. Such preclinical primate models can be used to investigate novel analgesic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devki D. Sukhtankar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA,Corresponding authors: Dr. D. Sukhtankar () and Dr. H. Lee ()
| | - Heeseung Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, S. Korea,Corresponding authors: Dr. D. Sukhtankar () and Dr. H. Lee ()
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mei-Chuan Ko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA,Center for Comparative Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Teixeira JM, Oliveira MCG, Nociti FH, Clemente-Napimoga JT, Pelegrini-da-Silva A, Parada CA, Tambeli CH. Involvement of temporomandibular joint P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors in carrageenan-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 645:79-85. [PMID: 20558155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of P2X3, P2X2/3 and P2X7 receptors in the development of TMJ hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan. We also investigated the expression of mRNA of P2X7 receptors in the trigeminal ganglia and the existence of functional P2X7 receptors in the rat's TMJ. The P2X1, P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor antagonist TNP-ATP, but not the selective P2X7 receptor antagonist A-438079, significantly reduced carrageenan-induced TMJ inflammatory hyperalgesia. The qPCR assay showed that mRNA of P2X7 receptors are expressed in the trigeminal ganglia but this expression is not increased by the inflammation induced by carrageenan in the TMJ region. The P2X7 receptor agonist BzATP induced TMJ inflammatory hyperalgesia that was significantly reduced by pretreatment with dexamethasone. These results indicate that P2X3 and P2X2/3 but not P2X7 receptors are involved in carrageenan-induced TMJ inflammatory hyperalgesia. However, functional P2X7 receptors are expressed in the TMJ region. The activation of these receptors by BzATP sensitizes the primary afferent nociceptors in the TMJ through the previous release of inflammatory mediators. The findings of this study point out P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors, but not P2X7 receptors, as potential targets for the development of new analgesic drugs to control TMJ inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Maia Teixeira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Orofacial Pain, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Leggett JD, Dawe KL, Jessop DS, Fulford AJ. Endogenous nociceptin / orphanin FQ system involvement in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses: relevance to models of inflammation. J Neuroendocrinol 2009; 21:888-97. [PMID: 19732291 PMCID: PMC3034194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) peptide and its receptor (NOP) function in the neuromodulation of anxiety, stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. We investigated the endogenous NOP system using the selective NOP antagonist, UFP-101, during the HPA axis response to bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Although i.c.v. N/OFQ (1 microg/rat) had no significant effect on LPS-induced (250 microg/rat i.p) plasma corticosterone release at 30 or 60 min post-i.c.v. injection, i.c.v. UFP-101 (1 microg/rat)/LPS significantly attenuated plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone and corticosterone at the 30-min time-point compared to i.c.v saline (0.9%)/LPS. Parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN) corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and corticotrophic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), but not parvocellular PVN arginine vasopressin (AVP), mRNA expression was significantly increased by LPS compared to non-LPS control. Intracerebroventricular UFP-101/LPS treatment was associated with increased POMC mRNA expression 4 h after injection and a clear trend towards increased parvocellular CRF mRNA. Furthermore, i.c.v. UFP-101 was selectively associated with an LPS-induced increase in parvocellular AVP mRNA, an effect that was absent in the i.c.v saline/LPS group. To determine whether LPS challenge was associated with compensatory changes in N/OFQ precursor or NOP receptor mRNAs, in a separate study, we undertook reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of preproN/OFQ and NOP transcripts. In support of an endogenous role for central N/OFQ in inflammatory stress, we found that LPS significantly increased preproN/OFQ transcript expression in the hypothalamus 4 h after injection compared to the saline control. No changes in preproN/OFQ mRNA level in the hippocampus or basal forebrain (including bed nucleus of stria terminalis) were seen, albeit at 4 h. LPS was associated with a significant attenuation of NOP mRNA in the basal forebrain at 4 h, possibly as a compensatory response to increased N/OFQ release. Although the exact mechanisms require elucidation, the findings obtained in the present study provide evidence indicating that the endogenous NOP system is involved in the acute HPA axis response to immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Leggett
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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12
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Agostini S, Eutamene H, Broccardo M, Improta G, Petrella C, Theodorou V, Bueno L. Peripheral anti-nociceptive effect of nociceptin/orphanin FQ in inflammation and stress-induced colonic hyperalgesia in rats. Pain 2009; 141:292-299. [PMID: 19147291 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and its NOP receptors are present in the central nervous system and in the periphery playing important roles in the modulation of gastrointestinal functions and pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of central and peripheral N/OFQ-NOP receptor system in the nociceptive response to colorectal distension (CRD) in basal condition and in two models of gut hypersensitivity triggered by both inflammation and stress. Male Wistar rats were tested in basal and in post-inflammatory conditions, i.e., 5 days after IC TNBS instillation (80 mg/Kg) and received N/OFQ (2 nmol/Kg IP), UFP-101 (a selective NOP receptor antagonist, 10 nmol/Kg IP), N/OFQ+UFP-101, N/OFQ (0.5 nmol/rat ICV) or vehicle. Female rats were tested in basal and after partial restraint stress receiving the same pharmacological treatment. CRD was performed using barostat and abdominal contractions were recorded by electromyography. In basal condition, N/OFQ, ICV and IP injected, did not modify basal visceral sensitivity. Both in TNBS and stress-induced hyperalgesia, IP but not ICV injection of N/OFQ significantly decreased the number of abdominal contractions. Peripheral injection of UFP-101 antagonized N/OFQ effect. Moreover, in post-inflammatory colitis, UFP-101, injected alone, exacerbated visceral hyperalgesia to CRD compared with vehicle. These findings indicate that in rats, N/OFQ, only peripherally injected, reduces visceral hypersensitivity triggered by inflammation or stress without affecting basal sensitivity. N/OFQ visceral anti-hyperalgesic effect involves peripheral NOP receptors. In a post-inflammatory, but not in an acute stress colitis model, N/OFQergic system is endogenously activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Agostini
- INRA, EI-Purpan, UMR 1054 Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille - BP3, 31931 Toulouse Cedex 9, Toulouse, France Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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13
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Acosta C, Davies A. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide regulates nociceptin expression in sensory neurons. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:1077-86. [PMID: 18027846 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is an opioid-related peptide that is markedly up-regulated in sensory neurons in vivo following peripheral inflammation and plays a key role in pain physiology. To identify substances that up-regulate N/OFQ expression in sensory neurons, we carried out an in vitro screen using purified adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and identified the potent proinflammatory agent bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a very effective inducer of N/OFQ. The robust response of these neurons to LPS enabled us to identify the components of a putative neuronal LPS receptor complex. In contrast to the immune system, where the functional LPS receptor complex is composed of CD-14 together with either MD-2 and TLR4 on myeloid cells or the homologous receptors MD-1 and RP105 on mature B cells, DRG neurons express the unusual combination of CD-14, TLR4, and MD-1. Blocking antibodies against TLR4 and MD-1 prevented induction of N/OFQ by LPS, and, in immunoprecipitation experiments, MD-1 coprecipitated with TLR4. Our findings suggest that LPS regulates N/OFN expression in sensory neurons via a novel combination of LPS receptor components and demonstrate for the first time a direct action of a key initiator of innate immune responses on neurons.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antigens, Surface/drug effects
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/immunology
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/pharmacology
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/drug effects
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/drug effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/immunology
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Opioid Peptides/drug effects
- Opioid Peptides/metabolism
- Pain/chemically induced
- Pain/immunology
- Pain/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/drug effects
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- Nociceptin
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Chen Y, Sommer C. Activation of the nociceptin opioid system in rat sensory neurons produces antinociceptive effects in inflammatory pain: involvement of inflammatory mediators. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1478-88. [PMID: 17387690 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite a large body of literature on the nociceptin (NC) opioid system in pain modulation, the mechanism of action of NC remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the role and mode of action of the spinal NC system in inflammatory pain. Preemptive intrathecal administration of NC attenuated thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in rats with intraplantar complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection. By using immunohistochemistry in L4 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, a marked increase of NC and ORL1 receptor immunoreactivity was detected following CFA. Intrathecal administration of NC attenuated the CFA-induced increases of calcitonin gene-related peptide, transient receptor potential vanilloid-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in DRG neurons. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that NC reduced the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA but not that of neuronal nitric oxide synthase mRNA in spinal cord segments after CFA. Furthermore, [Nphe1]NC(1-13)NH2, a selective opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1) receptor antagonist, significantly antagonized the effects of NC on pain modulation and on the expression of inflammatory mediators, indicating a specific NC action through the ORL1 receptor. Together, these findings reveal novel mechanisms by which the NC system produces analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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15
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Chen Y, Sommer C. Nociceptin and its receptor in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in neuropathic and inflammatory pain models: implications on pain processing. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2006; 11:232-40. [PMID: 16930285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2006.0093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptin (NC), by activating its receptor, the opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1) receptor, exerts an effect on a number of functions in the nervous system including locomotion, learning and memory, and processing of pain signals. Data on the expression of NC and ORL1 receptor in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and on its modulation after nerve injury and inflammation are controversial. We therefore sought to investigate the immunoreactivity (IR) of NC and ORL1 receptor in DRG neurons in two pain models, a pure neuropathic pain model, namely partial sciatic nerve transection (PST), and an inflammatory pain model, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection into the hindpaw. In intact DRG neurons, both NC and ORL1 receptor IR were present in mainly small- and medium-sized neurons, NC IR in 31% and ORL1 receptor IR in 33% of all neuronal profiles. Both NC and ORL1 receptor IR were upregulated 7 days after nerve injury (to 56 and 55%) and inflammation (to 53 and 48%), respectively. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a neuronal marker of nerve injury, was induced in DRG neurons 7 and 14 days after PST and 7 days after CFA injection. Double labeling with ATF3 revealed expression of NC and ORL1 receptor in intact as well as in injured primary afferent neurons. Thus, NC and the ORL1 receptor may be involved in the modulation of neuropathic and inflammatory pain at the level of the primary afferent neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany.
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16
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Zhang C, McDougall JJ. Stimulation of sensory neuropeptide release by nociceptin/orphanin FQ leads to hyperaemia in acutely inflamed rat knees. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:938-46. [PMID: 16783411 PMCID: PMC1751929 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral effect of the 'opioid-like' peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) on joint blood flow was investigated in acutely inflamed rats. Sensory neuropeptide release from capsaicin-sensitive nerves and the involvement of synovial mast cells and leukocytes on these vasomotor responses were also studied. Blood flow measurements of exposed knee joints were performed in urethane-anaesthetised rats (2 mg kg(-1) intraperitoneal) using laser Doppler perfusion imaging. Topical administration of N/OFQ (10(-13)-10(-8) mol) to acutely inflamed joints caused a dose-dependent increase in synovial perfusion with an ED(50) of 4.0 x 10(-10) mol. This vasodilatatory response was blocked by the selective NOP receptor antagonist [Phe(1)-(CH(2)-NH)-Gly(2)]-Nociceptin(1-13)-NH(2) (10(-9) mol) (P<0.0001).Co-administration of N/OFQ with the neurokinin-1 (NK(1)) receptor antagonist [D-Arg1,D-Phe5,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]-Substance P (10(-12) mol), the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor antagonist VIP(6-28) (10(-9) mol) or the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist CGRP(8-37) (10(-9) mol) all blocked the hyperaemic effect of N/OFQ (P<0.0001). Treatment of acutely inflamed knees with capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-noneamide) to destroy unmyelinated joint afferents also inhibited N/OFQ vasomotor activity. Stabilisation of synovial mast cells with disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) ameliorated N/OFQ responses, whereas inactivation of circulating leukocytes with the pan-selectin inhibitor fucoidin completely blocked N/OFQ-induced hyperaemia in these joints. These experiments show that in acutely inflamed knee joints, N/OFQ acts on NOP receptors located on synovial mast cells and leukocytes leading to the secondary release of proinflammatory mediators into the joint. These agents subsequently stimulate sensory neuropeptide release from capsaicin-sensitive nerves culminating in vasodilatation and increased articular blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, 3330, Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Jason J McDougall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, 3330, Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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18
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Mika J, Li Y, Weihe E, Schafer MKH. Relationship of pronociceptin/orphanin FQ and the nociceptin receptor ORL1 with substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in dorsal root ganglion of the rat. Neurosci Lett 2003; 348:190-4. [PMID: 12932825 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a role of prepronociceptin/orphanin FQ (preproN/OFQ) derived neuropeptides in nociceptive signaling. Here, we examined the expression of preproN/OFQ and the nociceptin receptor ORL1 (opioid receptor like receptor 1) in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the rat in relation to that of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Double labeling in situ hybridization revealed a constitutive expression of preproN/OFQ in a distinct minor subpopulation of very small DRG neurons with no evidence for coexpression with either SP or CGRP. However, a major subpopulation of the preproN/OFQ-positive neurons showed direct juxtaposition to SP and CGRP containing neurons. ORL1 was abundantly expressed with a high degree of coexpression with SP (72%) and CGRP (82%) suggesting that N/OFQ may presynaptically modulate primary sensory nociceptive signaling. The DRG cell line F11 was found to express preproN/OFQ, but not ORL1, and, therefore, is well suited to study the mechanisms of N/OFQ gene regulation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mika
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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19
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Zeilhofer HU, Calò G. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ and its receptor--potential targets for pain therapy? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306:423-9. [PMID: 12721334 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.046979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide nociceptin, also called orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), is the endogenous agonist of the N/OFQ peptide receptor (NOP receptor). Both N/OFQ and the NOP receptor share a high degree of homology with classical opioid peptides and opioid receptors, respectively, and use similar signal transduction pathways as classical opioids. The NOP receptor has thus been regarded as the fourth member of the opioid receptor family. Despite this close relationship, 7 years of research have demonstrated that the N/OFQ system has a distinct pharmacological profile and serves different physiological functions. In particular, its role in the control of pain and analgesia at different levels of integration appears quite different from that of classical opioids. The recent development of specific antagonists at the NOP receptor and of NOP receptor or N/OFQ precursor knock-out mice have generated new insights into the role of N/OFQ in pain processing and help to evaluate the N/OFQ-NOP system as a potential target for new analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Depner UB, Reinscheid RK, Takeshima H, Brune K, Zeilhofer HU. Normal sensitivity to acute pain, but increased inflammatory hyperalgesia in mice lacking the nociceptin precursor polypeptide or the nociceptin receptor. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:2381-7. [PMID: 12814369 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is the endogenous agonist of the N/OFQ peptide receptor (NOP receptor). It is released from a larger precursor polypeptide, called prepro-nociceptin (ppN/OFQ) from which, in addition to N/OFQ, other biologically active neuropeptides may be derived. Increasing evidence indicates that exogenous application of N/OFQ to the central nervous system of mice and rats induces pro- and antinociceptive effects depending on the dose and site of administration. Much less is known about a potential contribution of endogenous N/OFQ to pain control. Here, we have used a genetic approach to address this topic. Mice deficient in either the NOP receptor (NOP-R-/- mice) or the N/OFQ precursor polypeptide (ppN/OFQ-/- mice) or both (double knockout mice) were compared with wild-type littermates in animal models of acute and tonic pain. Nociceptive responses to acute noxious heat of all three types of mutant mice were indistinguishable from those of wild-type mice. Accordingly, nociceptive behaviour was very similar in the early phase of the formalin test. However, NOP-R-/-, ppN/OFQ-/- and double knockout mice showed markedly stronger nociceptive responses during prolonged nociceptive stimulation in the second phase of the formalin test and significantly lower thermal pain thresholds in inflamed tissue after zymosan A injection. These results indicate that N/OFQ contributes significantly to endogenous pain control during prolonged nociceptive stimulation but does not affect acute pain sensitivity. Among the three types of mutant mice nociceptive behaviour was nearly identical, indicating that the lack of other potential ppN/OFQ products in the ppN/OFQ-/- mice was apparently without effect on the nociceptive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike B Depner
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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Meunier JC. Utilizing functional genomics to identify new pain treatments : the example of nociceptin. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGENOMICS : GENOMICS-RELATED RESEARCH IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2003; 3:117-30. [PMID: 12749729 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200303020-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (noc/oFQ) is the first novel bioactive substance to have been discovered by the implementation of a functional genomics/reverse pharmacology approach. The neuropeptide was indeed identified in brain extracts as the natural ligand of a previously cloned orphan G protein-coupled receptor, the opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1) receptor. Since its discovery in 1995, noc/oFQ has been the subject of intensive study to establish its role in normal brain function and its possible involvement in neurophysiopathology. Although the neuropeptide, an inhibitor of neuronal activity, has been found to have a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects in vivo, none has been as intensively investigated as its action on nociception and nociceptive processing. There is now substantial evidence that noc/oFQ has a modulatory role in nociception. However, dependent on the dose and site of injection, and possibly the animal's genetic background and even psychological status, the peptide has been variously reported to cause allodynia, hyperalgesia, analgesia, and even pain, in rodents. Overall, noc/oFQ tends to facilitate pain when administered supraspinally, and to inhibit it when administered spinally. These opposing effects beg the obvious, yet still unanswered, question as to what would be the net effect on nociception of an ORL1 receptor ligand, agonist or antagonist, able to target supraspinal and spinal sites simultaneously. Owing to the research effort of several drug companies, such ligands, i.e. nonpeptidic, brain-penetrating agonists and antagonists, have recently been produced whose systematic screening in animal models of acute and inflammatory pain may help validate the ORL1 receptor as the target for novel, non-opioid analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Meunier
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, National Centre for Scientific Research, Toulouse, France.
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23
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Oliver KR, Hill RG. Feeling below PAR: proteinase-activated receptors and the perception of neuroinflammatory pain. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2002; 2:10-1. [PMID: 11990372 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pettersson LME, Sundler F, Danielsen N. Expression of orphanin FQ/nociceptin and its receptor in rat peripheral ganglia and spinal cord. Brain Res 2002; 945:266-75. [PMID: 12126889 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the neuropeptide orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N) and its receptor, the opioid receptor-like receptor (ORL1), have been found to have a wide distribution in the central nervous system, and in brain areas involved in sensory perception in particular. The effects of OFQ/N on, e.g., sensory transmission are very complex, and a modulatory effect on pain perception has been suggested. We therefore wanted to investigate the distribution of OFQ/N and ORL1 in the spinal cord and DRG, and also in SCG and some other peripheral tissues. The methods used were in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and ligand binding. We found that OFQ/N and ORL1 mRNA are expressed in DRG; primarily in small and large neurons, respectively. In spinal cord, mRNA for OFQ/N and ORL1 is expressed in neurons in laminae I, II and X, and in ventral horn neurons. Further, immunoreactivity for OFQ/N is observed in fibers and neurons in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn and around the central canal, and also in neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Receptor ligand binding to the spinal cord grey matter is demonstrated, primarily concentrated to the dorsal horn and around the central canal, and also to medium and large size DRG neurons. These findings on the morphological distribution pattern of OFQ/N and ORL1 at the cellular level may support the notion that OFQ/N is involved in modulating pain transmission. Further, expression of OFQ/N and ORL1 mRNA was also found in SCG, whereas expression was undetectable in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M E Pettersson
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Section for Neuroendocrine Cell Biology, BMC F10, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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Saban MR, Nguyen NB, Hammond TG, Saban R. Gene expression profiling of mouse bladder inflammatory responses to LPS, substance P, and antigen-stimulation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:2095-110. [PMID: 12057914 PMCID: PMC1850812 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bladder disorders such as interstitial cystitis (IC) deserve attention since a major problem of the disease is diagnosis. IC affects millions of women and is characterized by severe pain, increased frequency of micturition, and chronic inflammation. Characterizing the molecular fingerprint (gene profile) of IC will help elucidate the mechanisms involved and suggest further approaches for therapeutic intervention. Therefore, in the present study we used established animal models of cystitis to determine the time course of bladder inflammatory responses to antigen, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and substance P (SP) by morphological analysis and cDNA microarrays. The specific aim of the present study was to compare bladder inflammatory responses to antigen, LPS, and SP by morphological analysis and cDNA microarray profiling to determine whether bladder responses to inflammation elicit a specific universal gene expression response regardless of the stimulating agent. During acute bladder inflammation, there was a predominant infiltrate of polymorphonuclear neutrophils into the bladder. Time-course studies identified early, intermediate, and late genes that were commonly up-regulated by all three stimuli. These genes included: phosphodiesterase 1C, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, iNOS, beta-NGF, proenkephalin B and orphanin, corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) R, estrogen R, PAI2, and protease inhibitor 17, NFkB p105, c-fos, fos-B, basic transcription factors, and cytoskeleton and motility proteins. Another cluster indicated genes that were commonly down-regulated by all three stimuli and included HSF2, NF-kappa B p65, ICE, IGF-II and FGF-7, MMP2, MMP14, and presenilin 2. Furthermore, we determined gene profiles that identify the transition between acute and chronic inflammation. During chronic inflammation, the urinary bladder presented a predominance of monocyte/macrophage infiltrate and a concomitant increase in the expression of the following genes: 5-HT 1c, 5-HTR7, beta 2 adrenergic receptor, c-Fgr, collagen 10 alpha 1, mast cell factor, melanocyte-specific gene 2, neural cell adhesion molecule 2, potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, prostaglandin F receptor, and RXR-beta cis-11-retinoic acid receptor. We conclude that microarray analysis of genes expressed in the bladder during experimental inflammation may be predictive of outcome. Further characterization of the inflammation-induced gene expression profiles obtained here may identify novel biomarkers and shed light into the etiology of cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia R Saban
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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