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Hur JI, Kim J, Ryu S, Jeon B. ClpB enhances thermotolerance in Campylobacter jejuni through protein disaggregation independent of DnaK. Microbiol Spectr 2025:e0229324. [PMID: 40304467 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02293-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodborne infections worldwide and primarily transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated poultry meat. To enhance Campylobacter-associated food safety, it is critical to understand how C. jejuni survives during the thermal processing of poultry products. In this study, we monitored the survival of 86 C. jejuni strains during heat treatment and observed that some strains exhibited elevated heat tolerance. Notably, multilocus sequence typing clonal complex (CC)-443 and CC-607 were dominant among heat-tolerant strains, while the CC-21 strains were mostly heat-sensitive, indicating phylogenetic association with thermotolerance. We also investigated the function of heat shock chaperones in the thermotolerance of C. jejuni. Among several knockout mutants of heat shock chaperones, a mutant lacking clpB exhibited significantly lower survival than the wild type under heat treatment. Moreover, we observed a significantly higher accumulation of protein aggregates in the absence of ClpB, demonstrating that ClpB functions as a disaggregase during heat exposure. Additionally, ClpB from the heat-tolerant CC-443 group possessed distinct amino acid substitutions in the functional nucleotide-binding domain compared to ClpB in other CC groups. Interestingly, despite the well-known interaction of these proteins in many other bacteria, a two-hybrid assay demonstrated that ClpB of C. jejuni does not bind to DnaK, suggesting that C. jejuni may have a distinct mechanism for protein disaggregation and stress tolerance. Our findings demonstrate that ClpB plays a crucial role in the thermotolerance of C. jejuni through unique protein disaggregation mechanisms during poultry processing.IMPORTANCEThis study unveils a distinctive mechanism of thermotolerance involving protein disaggregation in Campylobacter jejuni, a major foodborne pathogen. Understanding C. jejuni's ability to withstand heat stress is crucial for comprehending the occurrence of Campylobacter infections resulting from the consumption of contaminated poultry meat. Our research elucidates the roles of heat shock proteins, particularly ClpB, in the thermotolerance of C. jejuni. These findings significantly contribute to our fundamental understanding of bacterial physiology related to stress tolerance, which has important implications for public health and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong In Hur
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinshil Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Jeong J, Lee JY, Moon JS, Kang MS, Kang SI, Lee OM, Lee SH, Kwon YK, Chae M, Cho S. Virulence Genes, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Chicken Slaughterhouses in South Korea. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2025; 22:281-289. [PMID: 38608218 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni represents one of the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and is primarily linked to chicken meat contamination. In the present study, we analyzed the virulence and survival genes, antimicrobial resistance, and the clonal distribution of 50 C. jejuni isolates obtained from various sources in 14 chicken slaughterhouses across 8 provinces in South Korea from 2019 to 2022. Furthermore, we determined their genetic relatedness to human-derived isolates registered in PubMLST using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). All isolates harbored various virulence and survival genes (flhA, cadF, cdtA, cdtC, cmeA, and sodB) out of 17 tested genes, as confirmed via polymerase chain reaction analysis. Adherence factor gene virB11 was not detected in any isolate. All isolates harbored 12 or more virulence and survival genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that ciprofloxacin resistance was the most prevalent (84.0%), followed by nalidixic acid (82.0%) and tetracycline (52.0%) resistance. MLST analysis of the isolates revealed 18 sequence types (STs), including four new ones. Overlapping STs between chicken slaughterhouse and human-derived isolates included ST42, ST45, ST50, ST137, ST354, and ST464. Our study identified 11 clonal complexes (CCs), with CC-21 being the most prevalent in both human and chicken slaughterhouse-derived isolates. This study provides comprehensive insights into recent C. jejuni isolates from chicken slaughterhouses, including data on quinolone resistance and virulence factors. The MLST-based genetic relatedness between isolates from humans and chicken slaughterhouses in this study suggests the potential of C. jejuni transmission from chickens to humans through the food chain. This study suggests the need for improved management practices in chicken slaughterhouses to reduce the transmission of chicken slaughterhouse-derived C. jejuni to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Jeong
- Avian Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Lee
- Avian Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Jin-San Moon
- Avian Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Min-Su Kang
- Avian Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Sung-Il Kang
- Avian Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - O-Mi Lee
- Avian Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - So-Hee Lee
- Avian Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Yong-Kuk Kwon
- Avian Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Myeongju Chae
- Avian Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Cho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Mandel T, Iulietto MF, Reinik M, Condoleo R. Exploring frameworks for quantitative risk assessment of antimicrobial resistance along the food chain. EFSA J 2024; 22:e221117. [PMID: 39712910 PMCID: PMC11659737 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.e221117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most reported causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Birds are the predominant reservoirs for thermotolerant Campylobacter, therefore consumption of contaminated and undercooked poultry products represents one of the major transmission routes for campylobacteriosis. In addition to foodborne diseases, another relevant public challenge is the silent pandemic of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), impacting also the food chain. The occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter in broiler meat poses a significant threat to public health. In this context, quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) might support policy-makers in addressing these challenges. Hence, this project aimed to describe the current status of knowledge on occurrence of AMR Campylobacter at a global scale, with focus in estimating the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter isolated from broiler meat at retail level. Following the drafting of a dedicated protocol, a systematic literature review and meta-analysis were conducted. Based on the extracted data, after the determination of the proportion of AMR isolates, the proportions were compared by Campylobacter species, geographical regions, processing step and sampling matrices. Meta-analysis allowed the estimation of the pooled prevalences of resistant isolates by regions and species, combining the findings from different independent studies in a comparable way. In terms of future perspectives, the outcome of this project will support future risk assessment and provide valuable inputs for estimating consumer exposure to AMR Campylobacter via broiler meat consumption. In conclusion, this report will provide a general overview of activities, preliminary results and research performed during the EU-FORA fellowship programme (2023/2024).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Mandel
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment (LABRIS)TartuEstonia
| | | | - Mari Reinik
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment (LABRIS)TartuEstonia
| | - Roberto Condoleo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana (IZSLT)RomeItaly
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Blaeske V, Schumann-Muck FM, Hamedy A, Braun PG, Koethe M. Influence of a nanoscale coating on plucking fingers and stainless steel on attachment and detachment of Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:1221-1228. [PMID: 38592347 PMCID: PMC11485185 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter represents the most common reported foodborne bacterial illness worldwide, followed by salmonellosis. Both diseases are often caused by the consumption of contaminated, insufficiently heated poultry meat. This can result from contamination of the meat during the slaughtering processes. Food contact surfaces like stainless steel or plucking fingers contribute significantly to cross-contamination of poultry carcasses. Modification of these surfaces could lead to a reduction of the bacterial burden, as already proven by successful application in various food industry sectors, such as packaging.In this study, nanoscale silica-coated and uncoated stainless-steel surfaces and plucking fingers were compared on a pilot scale regarding attachment and detachment of Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli.The bacteria did not adhere less to the coated plucking fingers or stainless-steel sections than to the uncoated ones. The coating also did not lead to a significant difference in detachment of Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli from the investigated surfaces compared to the uncoated ones.Our study did not reveal any differences between the coated and uncoated surfaces with regard to the investigated bacteria. In order to achieve a better adaptation of the coating to slaughterhouse conditions, future studies should focus on its further development based on the investigation of specific coating parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Blaeske
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Ahmad Hamedy
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peggy G Braun
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Koethe
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Lee AWT, Ng ICF, Wong EYK, Wong ITF, Sze RPP, Chan KY, So TY, Zhang Z, Ka-Yee Fung S, Choi-Ying Wong S, Tam WY, Lao HY, Lee LK, Leung JSL, Chan CTM, Ng TTL, Zhang J, Chow FWN, Leung PHM, Siu GKH. Comprehensive identification of pathogenic microbes and antimicrobial resistance genes in food products using nanopore sequencing-based metagenomics. Food Microbiol 2024; 121:104493. [PMID: 38637066 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens, particularly antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, remain a significant threat to global health. Given the limitations of conventional culture-based approaches, which are limited in scope and time-consuming, metagenomic sequencing of food products emerges as a promising solution. This method provides a fast and comprehensive way to detect the presence of pathogenic microbes and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Notably, nanopore long-read sequencing provides more accurate bacterial taxonomic classification in comparison to short-read sequencing. Here, we revealed the impact of food types and attributes (origin, retail place, and food processing methods) on microbial communities and the AMR profile using nanopore metagenomic sequencing. We analyzed a total of 260 food products, including raw meat, sashimi, and ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetables. Clostridium botulinum, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were identified as the top three foodborne pathogens in raw meat and sashimi. Importantly, even with low pathogen abundance, higher percentages of samples containing carbapenem and cephalosporin resistance genes were identified in chicken and RTE vegetables, respectively. In parallel, our results demonstrated that fresh, peeled, and minced foods exhibited higher levels of pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, this comprehensive study offers invaluable data that can contribute to food safety assessments and serve as a basis for quality indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Wing-Tung Lee
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Iain Chi-Fung Ng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Evelyn Yin-Kwan Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ivan Tak-Fai Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Rebecca Po-Po Sze
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kit-Yu Chan
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Tsz-Yan So
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sharon Ka-Yee Fung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sally Choi-Ying Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wing-Yin Tam
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hiu-Yin Lao
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lam-Kwong Lee
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jake Siu-Lun Leung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chloe Toi-Mei Chan
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Timothy Ting-Leung Ng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Franklin Wang-Ngai Chow
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Polly Hang-Mei Leung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Gilman Kit-Hang Siu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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6
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Flores Y, Chaves A, Suzán G. Prediction of edapho-climatic parameters in the incidence of Campylobacter spp. in northwestern Mexico. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002812. [PMID: 38662656 PMCID: PMC11045143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is one of the main causes of enteric zoonotic infections worldwide. In Mexico, although a commonly detected pathogen in both children and adults, there is limited surveillance and few studies. The northern part of Mexico stands out for an unnoticed outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni due to contaminated drinking water, which caused an abrupt increase in Guillain-Barré syndrome in the local population. Although it is suggested that its distribution in nature is related to edaphic and climatic factors, this relationship is scarcely known. To understand abiotic factors driving the occurrence and prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in three municipalities from three states in northwestern Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California), we used the kriging interpolation method of unsampled areas and the correspondence analysis of 23 environmental variables. Of the three municipalities evaluated, Janos in Chihuahua (CHIH), has the highest number of geographic areas classified as high and medium incidence, followed by Santa Cruz, Sonora (SON) and Mexicali, Baja California (BC). Mexicali (BC) edaphic variables limit the potential incidence of the bacterium, mainly due to the lack of soil moisture and its difficulty of surviving on dry surfaces, related to electrical conductivity and salinity. Janos (CHIH) presents limitations in terms of soil water availability, although its presence is more heterogeneous (2 to 8 months). Santa Cruz (SON) has the highest soil water availability (4 to 5 months), and presents pH, texture and low percentage of salinity conditions for the potential incidence of Campylobacter spp. Mexicali (BC) reports a temperature in the warmest month of up to 43°C, which could influence the presence of thermophilic species. The annual precipitation is another limiting factor for the potential incidence of Campylobacter spp. since it does not exceed 509.5 mm, contributing to Janos (CHIH) as the municipality with the highest potential incidence of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasiri Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Andrea Chaves
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
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Beterams A, Püning C, Wyink B, Grosse-Kleimann J, Gölz G, Schönknecht A, Alter T, Reich F. Status quo: Levels of Campylobacter spp. and hygiene indicators in German slaughterhouses for broiler and turkey. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 414:110610. [PMID: 38330527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Poultry is a common reservoir for Campylobacter and a main source for human campylobacteriosis. With broiler being the predominant poultry for food production, most food safety related research is conducted for this species, for turkey, few studies are available. Although animals are typically colonized at the farm level, the slaughtering process is considered an important factor in re- and cross-contamination. We examined the development of Campylobacter, E. coli and total colony counts (TCC) after several processing steps in three broiler and one turkey slaughterhouses. Whole carcass rinsing and neck skin sampling was applied for broilers resulting in 486 samples in total, while 126 neck skin samples were collected for turkeys. A decrease in the loads of the different bacterial groups along the broiler slaughtering process was observed. Campylobacter mean counts dropped from 4.5 ± 1.7 log10 CFU/ml after killing to 1.6 ± 0.4 log10 CFU/ml after chilling. However, an increase in Campylobacter counts was evident after evisceration before the values again decreased by the final processing step. Although the Campylobacter prevalence in the turkey samples showed a similar development, the bacterial loads were much lower with 1.7 ± 0.3 log10 CFU/g after killing and 1.7 ± 0.4 log10 CFU/g after chilling compared to those of broilers. The loads of E. coli and total colony count of turkey were higher after killing, were reduced by scalding and remained stable until after chilling. This study highlights trends during the slaughtering process in reducing the levels of Campylobacter, E. coli, and total colony counts for broiler and turkey carcasses, from the initial step to after chilling. These results contribute to our understanding of microbial dynamics during meat processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beterams
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Püning
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Center for Veterinary Public Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Wyink
- Frankenförder Forschungsgesellschaft, Potsdamer Straße 18a, 14943 Luckenwalde, Germany
| | - J Grosse-Kleimann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - G Gölz
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Center for Veterinary Public Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Schönknecht
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Center for Veterinary Public Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Alter
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Center for Veterinary Public Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Reich
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany.
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Sthapit N, Malla B, Tandukar S, Thakali O, Sherchand JB, Haramoto E. Evaluating acute gastroenteritis-causing pathogen reduction in wastewater and the applicability of river water for wastewater-based epidemiology in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170764. [PMID: 38331291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and population growth without the implementation of proper waste management are capable of contaminating water sources, which can lead to acute gastroenteritis. This study examined the detection and reduction of five gastroenteritis-causing enteropathogens, Salmonella, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, and genogroup IV norovirus, and one respiratory pathogen, influenza A virus, in two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) using an oxidation ditch system (WWTP A; n = 20) and a stabilization pond system (WWTP B; n = 18) in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, collected between August 2017 and August 2019. All enteropathogens were detected in wastewater via quantitative PCR. The concentrations of the pathogens ranged from 5.7 to 7.9 log10 copies/L in WWTP A and from 4.9 to 8.1 log10 copies/L in WWTP B. The log10 reduction values of the pathogens ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 in WWTP A and from -0.1 to 0.2 in WWTP B. The association between the pathogen concentrations and the number of clinical cases in the corresponding week could not be evaluated; however, the consistent detection of pathogens in the wastewater despite low number of case reports suggested the use of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for early warning of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in the Kathmandu Valley. The pathogens were also detected in river water at approximately 7.0 log10 copies/L and exhibited no significant difference in concentration compared to wastewater, suggesting the applicability of river water for WBE of AGE. Insufficient treatment of all pathogens in the wastewater was observed, suggesting the need for full rehabilitation of the treatment plants. However, the influent may be utilized for early detection of AGE-causing pathogens in the city, whereas the river water may serve as an alternative in areas without connection to the WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niva Sthapit
- Department of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Bikash Malla
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Sarmila Tandukar
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Ocean Thakali
- Department of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Jeevan B Sherchand
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu 1524, Nepal
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
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Kostoglou D, Vass A, Giaouris E. Comparative Assessment of the Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Actions of Benzalkonium Chloride, Erythromycin, and L(+)-Lactic Acid against Raw Chicken Meat Campylobacter spp. Isolates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:201. [PMID: 38534636 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are significant zoonotic agents, which cause annually millions of human cases of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Their inclusion in biofilms on abiotic surfaces seems to play a pivotal role in their survival outside of the host, growth, and spread. To successfully mitigate the risks that arise with these bacteria, it is crucial to decrease their prevalence within the food production chain (from farm to the table), alongside the successful treatment of the resulting illness, known as campylobacteriosis. For this, the use of various antimicrobial agents remains actively in the foreground. A general-purpose biocide and cationic surfactant (benzalkonium chloride; BAC), a widely used macrolide antibiotic (erythromycin; ERY), and a naturally occurring organic acid (L(+)-lactic acid; LA) were comparatively evaluated in this work for their potential to inhibit both the planktonic and biofilm growth of 12 selected Campylobacter spp. (of which, seven were C. jejuni and five were C. coli) raw chicken meat isolates, all grown in vitro as monocultures. The inhibitory action of LA was also studied against four mixed-culture Campylobacter biofilms (each composed of three different isolates). The results showed that the individual effectiveness of the agents varied significantly depending on the isolate, growth mode (planktonic, biofilm), intercellular interactions (monocultures, mixed cultures), and the growth medium used (with special focus on blood presence). Thus, BAC exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) that ranged from 0.5 to 16 μg/mL. Interestingly enough, these values varied widely from 0.25 to 1024 μg/mL for ERY. Concerning LA, the MICs, MBCs, and MBICs varied from 1024 to 4096 μg/mL, with mixed-culture biofilm formation always being more difficult to suppress when compared to biofilm monocultures. In addition, it was evident that intercellular interactions encountered within mixed-culture Campylobacter biofilms significantly influenced both the population dynamics and the tolerance of each consortium member to acid exposure. Overall, the findings of this study provide useful information on the comparative effectiveness of three well-known antimicrobial agents for the control of Campylobacter spp. under various growth modes (i.e., planktonic, biofilm, monocultures, mixed cultures) that could potentially be encountered in food production and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Kostoglou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Athina Vass
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
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Stoakes E, Chen X, Kalmar L, Baker D, Evans R, Rudder S, Grant AJ. Identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli genes contributing to oxidative stress response using TraDIS analysis. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:46. [PMID: 38302896 PMCID: PMC10832277 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the major causative agents of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and are known obligate microaerophiles. Despite being sensitive to oxygen and its reduction products, both species are readily isolated from animal food products kept under atmospheric conditions where they face high oxygen tension levels. RESULTS In this study, Transposon Directed Insertion-site Sequencing (TraDIS) was used to investigate the ability of one C. jejuni strain and two C. coli strains to overcome oxidative stress, using H2O2 to mimic oxidative stress. Genes were identified that were required for oxidative stress resistance for each individual strain but also allowed a comparison across the three strains. Mutations in the perR and ahpC genes were found to increase Campylobacter tolerance to H2O2. The roles of these proteins in oxidative stress were previously known in C. jejuni, but this data indicates that they most likely play a similar role in C. coli. Mutation of czcD decreased Campylobacter tolerance to H2O2. The role of CzcD, which functions as a zinc exporter, has not previously been linked to oxidative stress. The TraDIS data was confirmed using defined deletions of perR and czcD in C. coli 15-537360. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to investigate gene fitness in both C. jejuni and C. coli under oxidative stress conditions and highlights both similar roles for certain genes for both species and highlights other genes that have a role under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Stoakes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xuanlin Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lajos Kalmar
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dave Baker
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Rhiannon Evans
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Steven Rudder
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Andrew J Grant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK.
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11
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Hur JI, Kim J, Kang MS, Kim HJ, Ryu S, Jeon B. Cold tolerance in Campylobacter jejuni and its impact on food safety. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113683. [PMID: 38129027 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide and is primarily transmitted to humans through contaminated poultry meat. To control this pathogen, it is critical to understand its cold tolerance because poultry products are usually distributed in the cold chain. However, there is limited information regarding how this thermotolerant, microaerophilic pathogen can survive in cold and aerobic environments in the poultry cold chain. In this study, we investigated the cold tolerance of C. jejuni by measuring the viability of 90 C. jejuni strains isolated from retail raw chicken at 4 °C under aerobic and microaerobic conditions. Despite the microaerophilic nature of C. jejuni, under aerobic conditions, C. jejuni exhibited higher viability at 4 °C and required an extended inactivation time compared to microaerobic conditions. Some strains were highly tolerant to refrigeration temperatures and exhibited increased survival at 4 °C. These cold-tolerant strains mostly belonged to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) clonal complex (CC)-21 and CC-443, indicating that cold tolerance is associated with the phylogeny of C. jejuni. Notably, cold-tolerant strains had an increased probability of illness and were more likely to cause human infections due to their extended survival on refrigerated chicken meat compared to those sensitive to cold stress. Furthermore, the majority of cold-tolerant strains exhibited elevated aerotolerance, indicating that cold tolerance is related to aerotolerance. These findings suggest that refrigeration of chicken meat under aerobic conditions may not be effective at controlling C. jejuni and that cold-tolerant C. jejuni can pose an increased risk to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong In Hur
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinshil Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Seon Kang
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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12
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Cribb DM, Moffatt CRM, Wallace RL, McLure AT, Bulach D, Jennison AV, French N, Valcanis M, Glass K, Kirk MD. Genomic and clinical characteristics of campylobacteriosis in Australia. Microb Genom 2024; 10:001174. [PMID: 38214338 PMCID: PMC10868609 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are a common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in Australia, primarily acquired from contaminated meat. We investigated the relationship between genomic virulence characteristics and the severity of campylobacteriosis, hospitalisation, and other host factors.We recruited 571 campylobacteriosis cases from three Australian states and territories (2018-2019). We collected demographic, health status, risk factors, and self-reported disease data. We whole genome sequenced 422 C. jejuni and 84 C. coli case isolates along with 616 retail meat isolates. We classified case illness severity using a modified Vesikari scoring system, performed phylogenomic analysis, and explored risk factors for hospitalisation and illness severity.On average, cases experienced a 7.5 day diarrhoeal illness with additional symptoms including stomach cramps (87.1 %), fever (75.6 %), and nausea (72.0 %). Cases aged ≥75 years had milder symptoms, lower Vesikari scores, and higher odds of hospitalisation compared to younger cases. Chronic gastrointestinal illnesses also increased odds of hospitalisation. We observed significant diversity among isolates, with 65 C. jejuni and 21 C. coli sequence types. Antimicrobial resistance genes were detected in 20.4 % of isolates, but multidrug resistance was rare (0.04 %). Key virulence genes such as cdtABC (C. jejuni) and cadF were prevalent (>90 % presence) but did not correlate with disease severity or hospitalisation. However, certain genes (e.g. fliK, Cj1136, and Cj1138) appeared to distinguish human C. jejuni cases from food source isolates.Campylobacteriosis generally presents similarly across cases, though some are more severe. Genotypic virulence factors identified in the literature to-date do not predict disease severity but may differentiate human C. jejuni cases from food source isolates. Host factors like age and comorbidities have a greater influence on health outcomes than virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Cribb
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cameron R. M. Moffatt
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rhiannon L. Wallace
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angus T. McLure
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Dieter Bulach
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy V. Jennison
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nigel French
- Tāwharau Ora|School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn Glass
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Martyn D. Kirk
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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13
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Je HJ, Singh S, Kim DW, Hur HS, Kim AL, Seo EJ, Koo OK. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Campylobacter Species Contamination in Poultry, Meat, and Processing Environments in South Korea. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2722. [PMID: 38004735 PMCID: PMC10673067 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. constitute a significant global threat as a leading cause of foodborne illnesses, with poultry meat as a prominent reservoir for these pathogens. South Korea is known for its diverse poultry consumption habits, and continuous outbreaks make it a matter of concern to perform a meta-analysis to identify the primary source of contamination. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess and compare the prevalence of Campylobacter in various poultry and meat types while also considering the importance of environmental factors in South Korea. The meta-analysis revealed that duck meat exhibited the highest prevalence of Campylobacter, with a pooled estimate of 70.46% (95% CI: 42.80% to 88.38%), followed by chicken meat at a pooled prevalence of 36.17% (95% CI: 26.44% to 47.91%). Additionally, our analysis highlighted the predominance of C. jejuni and C. coli in South Korea. These findings underscore the importance of implementing rigorous food safety measures and establishing robust surveillance programs in the poultry industry to mitigate the risk of Campylobacter-related foodborne illnesses associated with meat consumption in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ji Je
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Saloni Singh
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Dong Woo Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Hyun Seok Hur
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Ah Leum Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Eun Jin Seo
- Agro-Bioproduct Analysis Team, Korea Agriculture Technology Promotion Agency, Iksan 54667, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ok Kyung Koo
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
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14
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Xu X, Rothrock MJ, Dev Kumar G, Mishra A. Assessing the Risk of Seasonal Effects of Campylobacter Contaminated Broiler Meat Prepared In-Home in the United States. Foods 2023; 12:2559. [PMID: 37444297 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter has consistently posed a food safety issue in broiler meat. This study aimed to create a quantitative microbial risk assessment model from retail to consumption, designed to evaluate the seasonal risk of campylobacteriosis associated with broiler meat consumption in the United States. To achieve this, data was gathered to build distributions that would enable us to predict the growth of Campylobacter during various stages such as retail storage, transit, and home storage. The model also included potential fluctuations in concentration during food preparation and potential cross-contamination scenarios. A Monte Carlo simulation with 100,000 iterations was used to estimate the risk of infection per serving and the number of infections in the United States by season. In the summer, chicken meat was estimated to have a median risk of infection per serving of 9.22 × 10-7 and cause an average of about 27,058,680 infections. During the winter months, the median risk of infection per serving was estimated to be 4.06 × 10-7 and cause an average of about 12,085,638 infections. The risk assessment model provides information about the risk of broiler meat to public health by season. These results will help understand the most important steps to reduce the food safety risks from contaminated chicken products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Xu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Science, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | | | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Science, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
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15
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Carney G, Weimer BC, Clyne M, Ó Cróinín T. Different stages of the infection cycle are enriched for Campylobacter strains with distinct phenotypes and levels of fluoroquinolone resistance. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001349. [PMID: 37351946 PMCID: PMC10333793 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter species are the leading cause of bacterial diarrhoea worldwide and consumption of contaminated chicken meat is the most common route of infection. Chickens can be infected with multiple strains of Campylobacter and during the infection cycle this pathogen must survive a wide variety of environments. Numerous studies have reported a high degree of genetic variability in this pathogen that can use antigenic and phase variation to alter the expression of key phenotypes. In this study the phenotypic profile of isolates from freshly slaughtered chickens, chicken products in the supermarket and stool samples from infected patients were compared to identify phenotypic changes during the passage of the bacteria through the infection cycle. Isolates from different stages of the infection cycle had altered phenotypic profiles with isolates from human stool samples showing a lower ability to form a biofilm and an increased ability to associate with epithelial cells in vitro. Resistance to fluoroquinolones was found in all cohorts but at a much higher occurrence (94%) in isolates from supermarket chicken. Isolates displaying high levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones also were more likely to display a higher tolerance to growth in the presence of oxygen. In conclusion, isolates with specific phenotypes appear to be overly represented at different stages of the infection cycle suggesting that environmental stresses may be enriched for strains with these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Carney
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bart C. Weimer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Marguerite Clyne
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tadhg Ó Cróinín
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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16
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Knipper AD, Göhlich S, Stingl K, Ghoreishi N, Fischer-Tenhagen C, Bandick N, Tenhagen BA, Crease T. Longitudinal Study for the Detection and Quantification of Campylobacter spp. in Dairy Cows during Milking and in the Dairy Farm Environment. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081639. [PMID: 37107434 PMCID: PMC10137412 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis outbreaks have repeatedly been associated with the consumption of raw milk. This study aimed to explore the variation in the prevalence and concentration of Campylobacter spp. in cows' milk and feces, the farm environment and on the teat skin over an entire year at a small German dairy farm. Bi-weekly samples were collected from the environment (boot socks), teats, raw milk, milk filters, milking clusters and feces collected from the recta of dairy cows. Samples were analyzed for Campylobacter spp., E. coli, the total aerobic plate count and for Pseudomonas spp. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was found to be the highest in feces (77.1%), completely absent in milking equipment and low in raw milk (0.4%). The mean concentration of Campylobacter spp. was 2.43 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/g in feces and 1.26 log10 CFU/teat swab. Only a single milk filter at the end of the milk pipeline and one individual cow's raw milk sample were positive on the same day, with a concentration of 2.74 log10 CFU/filter and 2.37 log10 CFU/mL for the raw milk. On the same day, nine teat swab samples tested positive for Campylobacter spp. This study highlights the persistence of Campylobacter spp. for at least one year in the intestine of individual cows and within the general farm environment and demonstrates that fecal cross-contamination of the teats can occur even when the contamination of raw milk is a rare event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Delia Knipper
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Steven Göhlich
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stingl
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Narges Ghoreishi
- Department Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carola Fischer-Tenhagen
- Center for Protection of Experimental Animals, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels Bandick
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tasja Crease
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Taha-Abdelaziz K, Singh M, Sharif S, Sharma S, Kulkarni RR, Alizadeh M, Yitbarek A, Helmy YA. Intervention Strategies to Control Campylobacter at Different Stages of the Food Chain. Microorganisms 2023; 11:113. [PMID: 36677405 PMCID: PMC9866650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most common bacterial pathogens of food safety concern. Campylobacter jejuni infects chickens by 2-3 weeks of age and colonized chickens carry a high C. jejuni load in their gut without developing clinical disease. Contamination of meat products by gut contents is difficult to prevent because of the high numbers of C. jejuni in the gut, and the large percentage of birds infected. Therefore, effective intervention strategies to limit human infections of C. jejuni should prioritize the control of pathogen transmission along the food supply chain. To this end, there have been ongoing efforts to develop innovative ways to control foodborne pathogens in poultry to meet the growing customers' demand for poultry meat that is free of foodborne pathogens. In this review, we discuss various approaches that are being undertaken to reduce Campylobacter load in live chickens (pre-harvest) and in carcasses (post-harvest). We also provide some insights into optimization of these approaches, which could potentially help improve the pre- and post-harvest practices for better control of Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Mankerat Singh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shreeya Sharma
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Raveendra R. Kulkarni
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexander Yitbarek
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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18
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Hur JI, Kim J, Ryu S, Jeon B. Phylogenetic Association and Genetic Factors in Cold Stress Tolerance in Campylobacter jejuni. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0268122. [PMID: 36314968 PMCID: PMC9769813 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02681-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major foodborne pathogen transmitted to humans primarily via contaminated poultry meat. Since poultry meat is generally processed, distributed, and stored in the cold chain, the survival of C. jejuni at refrigeration temperatures crucially affects human exposure to C. jejuni. Here, we investigated genetic factors associated with cold stress tolerance in C. jejuni. Seventy-nine C. jejuni strains isolated from retail raw chicken exhibited different survival levels at 4°C for 21 days. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) clonal complex 21 (CC-21) and CC-443 were dominant among cold stress-tolerant strains, whereas CC-45 was common among cold stress-sensitive strains. Genome-wide average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis identified a phylogenetic cluster associated with cold stress tolerance. Moreover, a pangenome analysis revealed 58 genes distinctively present in the cold stress-tolerant phylogenetic cluster. Among these 58 genes, cfrA, encoding the ferric enterobactin receptor involved in ion transport and metabolism, was selected for further analysis. Remarkably, the viability of a ΔcfrA mutant at 4°C was significantly decreased, while the levels of total reactive oxygen species and intracellular iron exceeded those of the wild type. Additionally, a knockout mutation of cfrA also significantly decreased the viability of three cold stress-tolerant isolates at 4°C, confirming the role of cfrA in cold stress tolerance. The results of this study demonstrate that unique phylogenetic clusters of C. jejuni associated with cold stress tolerance exist and that cfrA is a genetic factor contributing to cold stress tolerance in C. jejuni. IMPORTANCE The tolerance of foodborne pathogens to environmental stresses significantly affects food safety. Several studies have demonstrated that C. jejuni survives extended exposures to low temperatures, but the mechanisms of cold stress tolerance are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that C. jejuni strains in certain phylogenetic groups exhibit increased tolerance to cold stress. Notably, cfrA is present in the phylogenetic cluster associated with cold stress tolerance and plays a role in the survival of C. jejuni at low temperatures by alleviating oxidative stress. This is the first study to discover phylogenetic associations involving cold stress tolerance and to identify genetic elements conferring cold stress tolerance to C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong In Hur
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinshil Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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19
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Bacterial concentration and Campylobacter spp. quantification differ when fresh or ultra-frozen samples are analysed over time using molecular biology and culture-based methods. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274682. [PMID: 36112572 PMCID: PMC9481049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to delineate the robustness of the culture-based and molecular biology methods to assess the total bacterial concentration and Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) quantification in caecal content, analysed as fresh or after being stored immediately at ultra-low (-80°C) temperature at different time points (for 3, 7, 14, 28 and 62 days post collection). The caecal content was collected from birds that were artificially colonised with C. jejuni (in-vivo), and quantification was performed using both colony-forming unit (CFU) and qPCR. The results showed that storage time affected the output of culture-based analyses but mostly did not alter concentration retrieved via qPCR. After an initial ~4.5 log10 reduction in CFU observed from fresh (day 0) to frozen samples, bacterial concentration retrieved with culture-based methods seemed to be constant in samples frozen for 3 to 62 days, indicating a possible threshold for C. jejuni loss of viability due to effect of storage temperature. Ranking order analyses, revealed that the molecular biology technique was able to attribute somewhat the same relative C. jejuni concentrations to the samples analysed via qPCR. However, day 0 measurements from culture-based methods were associated with the absence of or negatively weak correlations with the rest of the time points, but ranking order was maintained from day 3 onwards. On the other hand, ranking order correlations were less constant when measuring total bacterial concentration through qPCR. The study suggests that if biological samples can’t be analysed as fresh (immediately after collection) and have to be stored prior to analysis, then storage at -80°C samples be recommended to avoid the temporal-dependent effects on C. jejuni concentrations. In addition, irrespective of the method of analysis, an initial loss of CFU must be factored in when interpreting the results obtained from frozen samples.
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20
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Wu B, Hu JS, Li Y. Development of an ultra-sensitive single-tube nested PCR assay for rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni in ground chicken. Food Microbiol 2022; 106:104052. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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21
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Effects of Sublethally Injured Campylobacter jejuni in Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0069022. [PMID: 35862957 PMCID: PMC9431606 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00690-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, Campylobacter spp. are the most common food-associated bacterial cause of human gastrointestinal disease. Campylobacteriosis is primarily associated with the consumption of contaminated chicken meat. Chemical decontamination of chicken carcasses during processing is one of the most effective interventions to mitigate Campylobacter contamination. Following exposure to sanitizers, however, sublethally injured populations of bacteria may persist. The risk that sublethally injured Campylobacter pose for public health is unknown. Furthermore, the virulence potential of sublethally injured Campylobacter jejuni during prolonged storage in relation to host pathogenesis and the host immune response has not been well established. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of sublethally injured C. jejuni on the host, after storage in chicken meat juice. C57BL/6 mice were infected with two C. jejuni chicken meat isolates or the ATCC 33291 strain that had been stored in the chicken meat juice, after exposure to chlorine or acidified sodium chlorite (ASC). Although chlorine exposure was unable to reduce intestinal colonization by C. jejuni, exposure to ASC significantly reduced the intestinal colonization and tissue translocation in mice. The expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes for interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL23a, and IL-10, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 genes, and host stress response genes (CRP, MBL1, and NF-κB1) were significantly reduced following the exposure to ASC. Our results demonstrated that sublethally injured C. jejuni has reduced virulence potential and colonization in mice. The data contribute toward clarification of the importance of chemical decontamination during processing to minimize human campylobacteriosis. IMPORTANCECampylobacter is the most common cause of bacterial gastrointestinal disease, and consumption of contaminated poultry is frequently identified as the source of bacteria. The survivability and virulence potential of sublethally injured Campylobacter following exposure to chemicals which are commonly used to eliminate Campylobacter during the poultry meat processing are of concern to the food industry, government health officials, and consumers. Here, we demonstrate that sublethally injured Campylobacter jejuni has reduced bacterial virulence and colonization potential in mice.
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Poudel S, Li T, Chen S, Zhang X, Cheng WH, Sukumaran AT, Kiess AS, Zhang L. Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Molecular Characterization of Campylobacter Isolated from Broilers and Broiler Meat Raised without Antibiotics. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0025122. [PMID: 35536038 PMCID: PMC9241809 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00251-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the main bacterial pathogens that cause campylobacteriosis in the United States. Poultry is considered a major reservoir for the transmission of Campylobacter to humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Campylobacter in the no-antibiotics-ever (NAE) broilers. A total of 414 samples were collected, among which 160 retail chicken samples were purchased from grocery stores and 254 samples were collected from broiler farms located in Mississippi State. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter was 25.4%, and a significantly higher prevalence was observed in retail chicken than in the farm samples (36.3% versus 18.5%; P < 0.0001), respectively. The prevalence of Campylobacter was not different (P = 0.263) between conventional retail (40.0%) and NAE (31.4%) retail chicken. Campylobacter jejuni was the predominant species among the positive isolates, accounting for 78.1%. Among the 82 C. jejuni isolates, 52.4% of the isolates carried the gyrA gene followed by the tet(O) gene (14.6%), whereas toxin-producing genes cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC were carried by 43.9%, 46.3%, and 43.9%, respectively. However, none of these virulence genes were detected in C. jejuni isolated from litter samples. Among tested C. jejuni, 13.6% of the isolates were multidrug resistant. The highest resistance was observed against nalidixic acid (49.2%), followed by tetracycline (23.7%). Our study suggests that the prevalence of Campylobacter was higher in retail meat samples than in environmental samples obtained from farms, and there was no difference in Campylobacter prevalence among conventional and NAE retail chicken. IMPORTANCE The FDA antibiotic withdrawal policy has led to a shift in the production system, from conventional antibiotics fed birds to no antibiotics ever (NAE) raised birds. However, the impact of this shift to NAE on the prevalence and characteristics of Campylobacter has not been studied on the farm or in retail chicken meats. The objective of this study was to determine the current prevalence of Campylobacter and the distribution of their antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in NAE-raised broilers. The findings of this study will help the industry to take necessary action to develop effective mitigation strategies for reducing Campylobacter contamination in NAE broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabin Poudel
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Tianmin Li
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Saijuan Chen
- Mountainous Area Research Institute of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Agricultural Technology Innovation Center in Mountainous Areas of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Wen-Hsing Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Anuraj T. Sukumaran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Aaron S. Kiess
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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Middendorf PS, Jacobs-Reitsma WF, Zomer AL, den Besten HMW, Abee T. Comparative Analysis of L-Fucose Utilization and Its Impact on Growth and Survival of Campylobacter Isolates. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:872207. [PMID: 35572645 PMCID: PMC9100392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.872207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were previously considered asaccharolytic, but are now known to possess specific saccharide metabolization pathways, including L-fucose. To investigate the influence of the L-fucose utilization cluster on Campylobacter growth, survival and metabolism, we performed comparative genotyping and phenotyping of the C. jejuni reference isolate NCTC11168 (human isolate), C. jejuni Ca1352 (chicken meat isolate), C. jejuni Ca2426 (sheep manure isolate), and C. coli Ca0121 (pig manure isolate), that all possess the L-fucose utilization cluster. All isolates showed enhanced survival and prolonged spiral cell morphology in aging cultures up to day seven in L-fucose-enriched MEMα medium (MEMαF) compared to MEMα. HPLC analysis indicated L-fucose utilization linked to acetate, lactate, pyruvate and succinate production, confirming the activation of the L-fucose pathway in these isolates and its impact on general metabolism. Highest consumption of L-fucose by C. coli Ca0121 is conceivably linked to its enhanced growth performance up to day 7, reaching 9.3 log CFU/ml compared to approximately 8.3 log CFU/ml for the C. jejuni isolates. Genetic analysis of the respective L-fucose clusters revealed several differences, including a 1 bp deletion in the Cj0489 gene of C. jejuni NCTC11168, causing a frameshift in this isolate resulting in two separate genes, Cj0489 and Cj0490, while no apparent phenotype could be linked to the presumed frameshift in this isolate. Additionally, we found that the L-fucose cluster of C. coli Ca0121 was most distant from C. jejuni NCTC11168, but confirmation of links to L-fucose metabolism associated phenotypic traits in C. coli versus C. jejuni isolates requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pjotr S. Middendorf
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Aldert L. Zomer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Heidy M. W. den Besten
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Heidy M. W. den Besten,
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Tjakko Abee,
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24
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Duc VM, Kakiuchi R, Obi T, Asakura H, Chuma T. The incidence of Campylobacter contamination levels through chicken-sashimi processing steps in a small-scale poultry processing plant applying the external stripping method. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:414-419. [PMID: 35082194 PMCID: PMC8983290 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the incidence of Campylobacter in a small-scale chicken meat processing plant producing "chicken-sashimi", and determine the effectiveness of surface burning as a treatmentduring processing. The most probable number (MPN) method was used to analyze the load of Campylobacter in 48 samples from four different processing steps (de-feathering, chilling, surface burning, and final-products; 12 samples each). We found the highest load of isolated bacteria in chicken skin after de-feathering. Campylobacter wasn't detectedafter the surface burning step despite a large load of bacteria present in the cecum content. Campylobacter was absent in the final products. Adequate surface burning can avoid Campylobacter contamination of chicken sashimi in the processing plant by applying the external stripping method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Minh Duc
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University.,College of Economic and Technology, Thai Nguyen University
| | - Rina Kakiuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
| | - Takeshi Obi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
| | | | - Takehisa Chuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
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25
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Dakheel MM, Al-Mnaser AA, Quijada J, Woodward MJ, Rymer C. Use of Tannin-Containing Plants as Antimicrobials Influencing the Animal Health. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v45i2.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial effects of diverse tannin-containing plants, particularly condensed tannins (CTs) produced from various plants, are the subject of this study. CT components can be determined using CT-specific procedures such the HCl-Butanol Acetone assay, Thiolysis reaction, and HPLC/MS analysis. These methods indicate CT contents, including mean degree of polymerization, the procyanidins and prodelphinidins ratio (PC/PD%), the isomers of trans- and cis-, and CT concentration. Tannin-containing plants possess antibacterial action, which can be attributed to their protein linkage technique, and tannin-type variations, particularly CTs extract and their PC/PD%. The effects of CT components on the development of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have been documented for their relative PC/PD%; this is regarded to be a key predictor of tannin characteristics in terms of antimicrobials. In conclusion, tannins, more specific CT compositions, have significant impacts on in vivo trials of animal productions and utilization of metabolites and fermentation in vitro experiments. These findings need further investigations to fully understand how CT-types act on animal feeding in terms of enhanced nutritional quality of animal diets, which may have implications for human and animal health.
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26
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Lanzl MI, van Mastrigt O, Zwietering MH, Abee T, den Besten HMW. Role of substrate availability in the growth of Campylobacter co-cultured with extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Bolton broth. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 363:109518. [PMID: 34996645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It is well-established that Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL-) Escherichia coli challenge reliable detection of campylobacters during enrichment in Bolton broth (BB) following ISO 10272-1:2017. The overgrowth of Campylobacter by ESBL-E. coli in the enrichment medium BB can lead to false-negative detection outcomes, but the cause for the growth suppression is yet unknown. A plausible reason could be the competition-induced lack of certain growth substrates. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether campylobacters and ESBL-E. coli compete for the same medium components and whether this is the cause for the observed growth repression. The availability of possible growth substrates in BB was determined and changes in their extracellular concentration were measured over time during mono-culture enrichment of C. jejuni, C. coli or ESBL-E. coli as well as in co-culture enrichments of campylobacters and ESBL-E. coli. Comparative analysis showed lactate and fumarate utilization by C. jejuni and C. coli exclusively, whereas ESBL-E. coli rapidly consumed asparagine, glutamine/arginine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, pyruvate, glycerol, cellobiose, and glucose. Both campylobacters and ESBL-E. coli utilized aspartate, serine, formate, a-ketoglutarate and malate. Trends in compound utilization were similar for C. jejuni and C. coli and trends in compound utilization were rather comparable during enrichment of reference and freeze-stressed campylobacters. Since final cell densities of C. jejuni and C. coli in co-cultures were not enhanced by the addition of surplus l-serine and final cell densities were similar in fresh and spent medium, growth suppression seems not to be caused by a lack of substrates or production of inhibitory compounds. We hypothesized that oxygen availability was limiting growth in co-cultures. Higher oxygen availability increased the competitive fitness of C. jejuni 81-176 in co-culture with ESBL-E. coli in duplicate experiments, as cell concentrations in stationary phase were similar to those without competition. This could indicate the critical role of oxygen availability during the growth of Campylobacter and offers potential for further improvement of Campylobacter spp. enrichment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Lanzl
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands
| | - O van Mastrigt
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands
| | - M H Zwietering
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands
| | - T Abee
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands
| | - H M W den Besten
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands.
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27
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Lynch CT, Buttimer C, Epping L, O'Connor J, Walsh N, McCarthy C, O'Brien D, Vaughan C, Semmler T, Bolton D, Coffey A, Lucey B. Phenotypic and genetic analyses of two Campylobacter fetus isolates from a patient with relapsed prosthetic valve endocarditis. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6486444. [PMID: 34962980 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter fetus can cause intestinal and systemic disease in humans and are well established veterinary and economic pathogens. We report the complete genomic sequences of two C. fetus subsp. fetus (Cff) isolates recovered in 2017 (CITCf01) and 2018 (CITCf02) from a case of recurrent prosthetic valve endocarditis. Both were capable of growth aerobically. Their genomes were found to be highly conserved and syntenic with 99.97% average nucleotide identity (ANI) while differences in their respective sap loci defined the temporal separation of their genomes. Based on core genome phylogeny and ANI of 83 Cff genomes belonging to the previously described human-associated Cff lineage, CITCf01 and CITCf02 grouped in a clade of eleven sequence type (ST)3 Cff (including the Cff type strain NCTC 10842T). CITCf01 and CITCf02 were marked for their lack of unique genomic features when compared to isolates within the subspecies and the type strain in particular. We identified point mutations in oxidative stress response genes, among others, that may contribute to aerobiosis. We report a case of Cff causing relapsed prosthetic valve endocarditis and we highlight the sap island as a polymorphic site within the genetically stable ST3 lineage, central to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe T Lynch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Rossa Ave, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Buttimer
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lennard Epping
- Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, Berlin, Germany
| | - James O'Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Grenville Place, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niamh Walsh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Rossa Ave, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Conor McCarthy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Rossa Ave, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Deirdre O'Brien
- Department of Microbiology, Grenville Place, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Carl Vaughan
- Department of Cardiology, Grenville Place, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, Berlin, Germany
| | - Declan Bolton
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Rossa Ave, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brigid Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Rossa Ave, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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28
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The Impact of Pre-Slaughter Fasting on the Ruminal Microbial Population of Commercial Angus Steers. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122625. [PMID: 34946226 PMCID: PMC8709334 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet impacts the composition of the ruminal microbiota; however, prior to slaughter, cattle are fasted, which may change the ruminal microbial ecosystem structure and lead to dysbiosis. The objective of this study was to determine changes occurring in the rumen after pre-slaughter fasting, which can allow harmful pathogens an opportunity to establish in the rumen. Ruminal samples were collected before and after pre-slaughter fasting from seventeen commercial Angus steers. DNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to determine the ruminal microbiota, as well as volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. Microbial richness (Chao 1 index), evenness, and Shannon diversity index all increased after fasting (p ≤ 0.040). During fasting, the two predominant families Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcaceae decreased (p ≤ 0.029), whereas the remaining minor families increased (p < 0.001). Fasting increased Blautia and Methanosphaera (p ≤ 0.003), while Campylobacter and Treponema tended to increase (p ≤ 0.086). Butyrate concentration tended to decrease (p = 0.068) after fasting. The present findings support that fasting causes ruminal nutrient depletion resulting in dysbiosis, allowing opportunistic pathogens to exploit the void in the ruminal ecological niche.
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29
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Recommended Practices to Eliminate Campylobacter from Live Birds and Chicken Meat in Japan. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2021; 9:57-74. [PMID: 34631334 PMCID: PMC8472096 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-20-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter food poisoning
is one of the major bacterial foodborne diseases
resulting in numerous outbreaks worldwide.
Particularly in Japan, one-fourth of the total
food poisoning is caused by Campylobacter
jejuni/coli. Raw and/or undercooked
poultry meat and meat products are known as the
main cause of campylobacteriosis. Consequently,
effective and immediate actions are needed to
eliminate or at least reduce campylobacteriosis.
This study aimed at examining the Japanese food
regulation system, comparing it with those in the
USA and Australia, and making necessary
recommendations for a better control of
campylobacteriosis in Japan. The study was
conducted by a thorough investigation of published
literatures, governmental documents, statistical
and epidemiological data and public information.
The results led to recommendations that the
Japanese food regulation authority should consider
the following suggestions in order to control
campylobacteriosis: 1) assess the
Campylobacter safety at the end
of processing stage of chicken supply chain based
on risk assessment using quantitative/qualitative
baseline data collected over Japan, 2) establish a
national Campylobacter strategy,
including specific campylobacteriosis reduction
goals and criteria, and 3) provide the small food
business operators with sufficient training and
support to implement a Hazard Analysis Critical
Control Points (HACCP) as an obligatory food
safety requirement. It is acknowledged that it
would be difficult to apply foreign regulations
directly to Japanese food regulation system due to
differences in food culture, regulation, industry
structure, and data collection systems. Thus,
flexible application is required. Finding and
conducting effective
Campylobacter control measures
can decrease contaminated live birds and chicken
meat in Japan, home to a unique food culture of
eating raw and/or undercooked chicken meat called
Torisashi such as sashimi, tataki and yubiki
chicken. Consequently, potentially available
research data may be instrumental in finding
solutions for reducing campylobacteriosis.
Eliminating Campylobacter food
poisoning cases in Japan will be a significant
achievement in ensuring Japanese and global food
safety.
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30
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Versace G, Palombo M, Menon A, Scarlato V, Roncarati D. Feeling the Heat: The Campylobacter jejuni HrcA Transcriptional Repressor Is an Intrinsic Protein Thermosensor. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101413. [PMID: 34680046 PMCID: PMC8533110 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat-shock response, a universal protective mechanism consisting of a transcriptional reprogramming of the cellular transcriptome, results in the accumulation of proteins which counteract the deleterious effects of heat-stress on cellular polypeptides. To quickly respond to thermal stress and trigger the heat-shock response, bacteria rely on different mechanisms to detect temperature variations, which can involve nearly all classes of biological molecules. In Campylobacter jejuni the response to heat-shock is transcriptionally controlled by a regulatory circuit involving two repressors, HspR and HrcA. In the present work we show that the heat-shock repressor HrcA acts as an intrinsic protein thermometer. We report that a temperature upshift up to 42 °C negatively affects HrcA DNA-binding activity to a target promoter, a condition required for de-repression of regulated genes. Furthermore, we show that this impairment of HrcA binding at 42 °C is irreversible in vitro, as DNA-binding was still not restored by reversing the incubation temperature to 37 °C. On the other hand, we demonstrate that the DNA-binding activity of HspR, which controls, in combination with HrcA, the transcription of chaperones' genes, is unaffected by heat-stress up to 45 °C, portraying this master repressor as a rather stable protein. Additionally, we show that HrcA binding activity is enhanced by the chaperonin GroE, upon direct protein-protein interaction. In conclusion, the results presented in this work establish HrcA as a novel example of intrinsic heat-sensing transcriptional regulator, whose DNA-binding activity is positively modulated by the GroE chaperonin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Scarlato
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (D.R.); Tel.: +39-051-209-4204 (V.S.); +39-051-209-9320 (D.R.)
| | - Davide Roncarati
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (D.R.); Tel.: +39-051-209-4204 (V.S.); +39-051-209-9320 (D.R.)
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31
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Myintzaw P, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S. A Review on Campylobacteriosis Associated with Poultry Meat Consumption. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1942487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Myintzaw
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin - City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amit K. Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin - City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, Dublin, Ireland
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin - City Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Swarna Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin - City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, Dublin, Ireland
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32
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Golden CE, Rothrock MJ, Mishra A. Mapping foodborne pathogen contamination throughout the conventional and alternative poultry supply chains. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101157. [PMID: 34089937 PMCID: PMC8182426 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a consumer push for natural and organic food products. This has caused alternative poultry production, such as organic, pasture, and free-range systems, to grow in popularity. Due to the stricter rearing practices of alternative poultry production systems, different types of levels of microbiological risks might be present for these systems when compared to conventional production systems. Both conventional and alternative production systems have complex supply chains that present many different opportunities for flocks of birds or poultry meat to be contaminated with foodborne pathogens. As such, it is important to understand the risks involved during each step of production. The purpose of this review is to detail the potential routes of foodborne pathogen transmission throughout the conventional and alternative supply chains, with a special emphasis on the differences in risk between the two management systems, and to identify gaps in knowledge that could assist, if addressed, in poultry risk-based decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase E Golden
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar St., Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar St., Athens, GA, USA.
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33
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Tong S, Ma L, Ronholm J, Hsiao W, Lu X. Whole genome sequencing of Campylobacter in agri-food surveillance. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Daniels ME, Smith MH, Packham AE, Meehan CL, Bautois A, Byrne B, Smith WA. Associations between faecal pathogen detection, E. coli concentrations and youth exhibitor biosecurity practices at California county fairs. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:737-746. [PMID: 33780154 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interactions with livestock in public settings such as county and state fairs can expose people and other livestock to faecal material capable of spreading zoonotic enteric pathogens. The goal of this study was to understand these risks by screening livestock faeces (n = 245) and livestock bedding (n = 155) for common zoonotic pathogens (Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Salmonella and Campylobacter spp.) and by measuring faecal indicator, Escherichia coli, concentrations in drinking water (n = 153), feed containers (n = 124) and bedding material (n = 157) in four livestock species (cattle, sheep, goats and swine) from county fairs in California, USA. Results indicated that sheep were most likely to have pathogens detected in faeces and that Giardia was the most frequently detected pathogen in both faeces (11%) and bedding (21%) across all livestock species. Additionally, increasing the number of animals in a holding pen at fairs, increasing the stocking density of animals in transport trailers to fairs, and having access to water in transport trailers significantly increased the odds of detecting pathogens in livestock faeces of any animal species. Observing solid material in water, stale feed and soiled bedding was associated with detecting higher E. coli concentrations. These findings provide evidence of faecal pathogens present at county fairs and suggest that site observations can aid in assessing levels of faecal exposure. The findings also indicate that the use of biosecurity measures such as (a) routine changing of livestock drinking water, feed and bedding, (b) not overstocking animals in holding pens and trailers and (c) keeping species in separate holding areas may reduce the risk of humans and livestock being exposed to faecal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles E Daniels
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Martin H Smith
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrea E Packham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Meehan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Audrey Bautois
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Woutrina A Smith
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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35
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Duqué B, Rezé S, Rossero A, Membré JM, Guillou S, Haddad N. Quantification of Campylobacter jejuni gene expression after successive stresses mimicking poultry slaughtering steps. Food Microbiol 2021; 98:103795. [PMID: 33875223 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Broiler meat is considered as the most important source of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Exposure to stress conditions encountered during the slaughtering process may induce bacterial adaptation mechanisms, and enhance or decrease pathogen resistance to subsequent stress. This adaptation may result from changes in bacterial gene expression. This study aims to accurately quantify the expression of selected C. jejuni genes after stresses inspired from the poultry slaughtering process. RT-qPCR was used to quantify gene expression of 44 genes in three strains after successive heat and cold stresses. Main results indicated that 26 genes out of 44 were differentially expressed following the successive thermal stresses. Three clusters of genes were differentially expressed according to the strain and the stress condition. Up-regulated genes mainly included genes involved in the heat shock response, whereas down-regulated genes belonged to metabolic pathways (such as lipid, amino-acid metabolisms). However, four genes were similarly overexpressed in the three strains; they might represent indicators of the thermal stress response at the species scale. Advances in the molecular understanding of the stress response of pathogenic bacteria, such as Campylobacter, in real-life processing conditions will make it possible to identify technological levers and better mitigate the microbial risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Duqué
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Sandrine Rezé
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Albert Rossero
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sandrine Guillou
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Nabila Haddad
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France.
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36
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Scheik LK, Volcan Maia DS, Würfel SDFR, Ramires T, Kleinubing NR, Haubert L, Lopes GV, da Silva WP. Biofilm-forming ability of poultry Campylobacter jejuni strains in the presence and absence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:301-309. [PMID: 33703923 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the ability of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from a poultry slaughterhouse to form biofilm in the presence and absence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the effect of surface (stainless steel, polystyrene), temperature (7, 25, and 42 °C), and oxygen concentration (microaerophilic and aerobic conditions) on the formation of biofilm. The genes ahpC, cadF, clpP, dnaJ, docA, flaA, flaB, katA, kpsM, luxS, racR, and sodB, related to biofilm formation by C. jejuni, were also investigated. All isolates formed biofilm on stainless steel and on polystyrene, in both aerobic and microaerophilic atmospheres, including temperatures not optimal for C. jejuni growth (7 and 25 °C), and biofilm also was formed in the presence of P. aeruginosa. In dual-species biofilm on stainless steel, biofilm formation was 2-6 log CFU·cm-2 higher at 7 °C for all isolates, in comparison with monospecies biofilm. Ten genes (ahpC, cadF, clpP, dnaJ, docA, flaA, flaB, luxS, racR, and sodB) were detected in all isolates, but katA and kpsM were found in four and six isolates, respectively. The results obtained are of concern because the poultry C. jejuni isolates form biofilm in different conditions, which is enhanced in the presence of other biofilm formers, such as P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Klein Scheik
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Darla Silveira Volcan Maia
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Simone de Fátima Rauber Würfel
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Tassiana Ramires
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Natalie Rauber Kleinubing
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Louise Haubert
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Graciela Volz Lopes
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Wladimir Padilha da Silva
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.,Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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37
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Identification of pathogenic genes in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from broiler carcasses and broiler slaughterhouses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4588. [PMID: 33633256 PMCID: PMC7907142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of foodborne diseases worldwide. There are few reports on Campylobacter strains isolated from Latin-American countries. Here, 140 C. jejuni strains isolated from cloacal and transport boxes swabs, water from chiller tanks, and broiler carcasses of five poultry companies in Southern Brazil were identified using phenotypic and genotypic methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyze eight C. jejuni virulence markers: flaA, cadF, and invasion-associated (iam) genes, cdtABC operon (associated with the cytolethal distending toxin), and plasmidial virB11 and wlaN genes were present in 78.5%, 77.8%, 0%, 74.2%, 22.1%, and 10.7% of samples, respectively. There were 25 different virulence profiles: 1 (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, flaA, and cadF), 2 (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, flaA, cadF, and virB11), and 3 (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, flaA, cadF, and wlaN) were the most common (> 60% of strains). We provide insight into factors related to the occurrence of this pathogen and their epidemiology.
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38
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Kim SH, Chelliah R, Ramakrishnan SR, Perumal AS, Bang WS, Rubab M, Daliri EBM, Barathikannan K, Elahi F, Park E, Jo HY, Hwang SB, Oh DH. Review on Stress Tolerance in Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:596570. [PMID: 33614524 PMCID: PMC7890702 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the leading global cause of bacterial colon infections in humans. Enteropathogens are subjected to several stress conditions in the host colon, food complexes, and the environment. Species of the genus Campylobacter, in collective interactions with certain enteropathogens, can manage and survive such stress conditions. The stress-adaptation mechanisms of Campylobacter spp. diverge from other enteropathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, S. enterica ser. Paratyphi, S. enterica ser. Typhimurium, and species of the genera Klebsiella and Shigella. This review summarizes the different mechanisms of various stress-adaptive factors on the basis of species diversity in Campylobacter, including their response to various stress conditions that enhance their ability to survive on different types of food and in adverse environmental conditions. Understanding how these stress adaptation mechanisms in Campylobacter, and other enteric bacteria, are used to overcome various challenging environments facilitates the fight against resistance mechanisms in Campylobacter spp., and aids the development of novel therapeutics to control Campylobacter in both veterinary and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hun Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, South Korea.,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sudha Rani Ramakrishnan
- School of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | - Woo-Suk Bang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology and Kinesiology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Momna Rubab
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kaliyan Barathikannan
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Fazle Elahi
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eunji Park
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Yeong Jo
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Su-Bin Hwang
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Deog Hwan Oh
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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39
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Szott V, Friese A. Emission Sources of Campylobacter from Agricultural Farms, Impact on Environmental Contamination and Intervention Strategies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:103-125. [PMID: 33620650 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Although extensive research has been carried out to describe the transmission pathways of Campylobacter entering livestock farms, the role of livestock farms as source of Campylobacter contamination of the environment is still poorly investigated. It is assumed that Campylobacter-positive livestock farms contribute to an environmental contamination, depending on the animal species on the farm, their Campylobacter status, the housing system, manure management as well as their general farm hygienic and biosecurity management. Different emission sources, like manure, air, water, insects and rodents as well as personnel, including equipment and vehicles, contribute to Campylobacter emission into the environment. Even though Campylobacter are rather fastidious bacteria, they are able to survive in the environment for even a longer period of time, when environmental conditions enable survival in specific niches. We conclude that a significant reduction of Campylobacter emission in the environment can be successfully achieved if various intervention strategies, depending on the farm type, are applied simultaneously, including proper general and personal hygiene, establishing of hygienic barriers, insect controls, manure management and hygienization of stables, barns and exhaust air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Szott
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University Berlin, Centre for Infection Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Friese
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University Berlin, Centre for Infection Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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40
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Mouftah SF, Cobo-Díaz JF, Álvarez-Ordóñez A, Mousa A, Calland JK, Pascoe B, Sheppard SK, Elhadidy M. Stress resistance associated with multi-host transmission and enhanced biofilm formation at 42 °C among hyper-aerotolerant generalist Campylobacter jejuni. Food Microbiol 2020; 95:103706. [PMID: 33397624 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the emerging conundrums of Campylobacter food-borne illness is the bacterial ability to survive stressful environmental conditions. We evaluated the heterogeneity among 90 C. jejuni and 21 C. coli isolates from different sources in Egypt with respect to biofilm formation capabilities (under microaerobic and aerobic atmosphere) and resistance to a range of stressors encountered along the food chain (aerobic stress, refrigeration, freeze-thaw, heat, peracetic acid, and osmotic stress). High prevalence (63%) of hyper-aerotolerant (HAT) isolates was observed, exhibiting also a significantly high tolerance to heat, osmotic stress, refrigeration, and freeze-thaw stress, coupled with high biofilm formation ability which was clearly enhanced under aerobic conditions, suggesting a potential link between stress adaptation and biofilm formation. Most HAT multi-stress resistant and strong biofilm producing C. jejuni isolates belonged to host generalist clonal complexes (ST-21, ST-45, ST-48 and ST-206). These findings highlight the potential role of oxidative stress response systems in providing cross-protection (resistance to other multiple stress conditions) and enhancing biofilm formation in Campylobacter and suggest that selective pressures encountered in hostile environments have shaped the epidemiology of C. jejuni in Egypt by selecting the transmission of highly adapted isolates, thus promoting the colonization of multiple host species by important disease-causing lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa F Mouftah
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - José F Cobo-Díaz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology and Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, Spain
| | - Avelino Álvarez-Ordóñez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology and Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, Spain
| | - Ahmed Mousa
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jessica K Calland
- The Milner Centre of Evolution, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
| | - Ben Pascoe
- The Milner Centre of Evolution, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK; Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre of Evolution, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK; Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mohamed Elhadidy
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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41
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Shagieva E, Teren M, Michova H, Strakova N, Karpiskova R, Demnerova K. Adhesion, Biofilm Formation, and luxS Sequencing of Campylobacter jejuni Isolated From Water in the Czech Republic. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:596613. [PMID: 33330139 PMCID: PMC7718015 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microaerophilic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is a leading bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis in developed countries. Even though it has a reputation as a fastidious organism, C. jejuni is widespread and can be easily isolated from various animals, food, and environmental sources. It is suggested that an ability to form biofilms is probably necessary for the survival of C. jejuni under harsh environmental conditions. The first step required for successful biofilm formation is adhesion to a suitable surface. Therefore, in this work, the degree of adhesion was evaluated, followed by characterization and quantification of biofilms using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). A total of 15 isolates of C. jejuni were used in the experiments (12 isolates from surface and waste waters, 1 human clinical, 1 food and 1 ACTT BAA-2151 collection strain, all samples originated from the Czech Republic). Regardless of the sample origin, all C. jejuni isolates were able to adhere to the polystyrene surface within 30 min, with the number of attached cells increasing with the time of incubation. The resulting data showed that all isolates were able to form complex voluminous biofilms after 24 h of cultivation. The average amount of biovolume ranged from 3.59 × 106 µm3 to 17.50 × 106 µm3 in isolates obtained from different sources of water, 16.79 × 106 µm3 in the food isolate and 10.92 × 106 µm3 in the collection strain. However, the highest amount of biomass was produced by the human clinical isolate (25.48 × 106 µm3). Similar to the quantity, the architecture of the biofilms also differed, from a rugged flat monolayer of cells to large clustered structures. Further, all isolates were tested for the presence of the luxS gene, as the luxS/AI-2 (autoinducer-2) quorum sensing pathway has been previously connected with enhanced biofilm formation. Two isolates originated from surface waters did not possess the luxS gene. These isolates formed thinner and sparser biofilms lacking the presence of significant clusters. However, the ability to adhere to the surface was preserved. The sequencing of the luxS-containing fragments shown a high similarity of the luxS gene among the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Shagieva
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Teren
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Michova
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nicol Strakova
- Laboratory of Zoonoses and Antibiotic Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Renata Karpiskova
- Laboratory of Zoonoses and Antibiotic Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Katerina Demnerova
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
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42
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Oberheim J, Höser C, Lüchters G, Kistemann T. Small-scaled association between ambient temperature and campylobacteriosis incidence in Germany. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17191. [PMID: 33057048 PMCID: PMC7560705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is the leading bacterial cause of human diarrheal illness worldwide. Campylobacteriosis incidence exhibits seasonality and has been attributed to ambient temperature. However, the role of ambient temperature on campylobacteriosis remains poorly understood. To examine the impact of ambient temperature on local campylobacteriosis in Germany, weekly incidences on NUTS-3 level were analysed using a novel small-scaled approach, regression and time lags. Campylobacteriosis incidence correlated positively with temperatures between - 5 and 28 °C. The sigmoid regression model estimated an incidence increase of 0.52 per 5 °C temperature rise in the observation period. The weekly average of daily minimum temperature was most significant at a time lag of two weeks and showed the steepest incidence increase of 0.13 per 1 °C temperature increase in a temperature corridor of 5.1 to 12.2 °C. The impact of average minimum temperatures on campylobacteriosis incidence is crucial, likely to be indirect and especially relevant in the recent part of the infection chain. Vectors or human behaviour are presumably more directly linked with temperature than the pathogen's microbiology and should be examined. These variables outweigh the direct temperature-pathogen relationship when the whole chain of infection is considered. In the context of climate change, campylobacteriosis is likely to increase in Germany due to an increased temperature effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Oberheim
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, GeoHealth Centre, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christoph Höser
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, GeoHealth Centre, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Guido Lüchters
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Kistemann
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, GeoHealth Centre, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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43
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Joseph LA, Francois Watkins LK, Chen J, Tagg KA, Bennett C, Caidi H, Folster JP, Laughlin ME, Koski L, Silver R, Stevenson L, Robertson S, Pruckler J, Nichols M, Pouseele H, Carleton HA, Basler C, Friedman CR, Geissler A, Hise KB, Aubert RD. Comparison of Molecular Subtyping and Antimicrobial Resistance Detection Methods Used in a Large Multistate Outbreak of Extensively Drug-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Infections Linked to Pet Store Puppies. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:e00771-20. [PMID: 32719029 PMCID: PMC7512158 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00771-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of enteric bacterial illness in the United States. Traditional molecular subtyping methods, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and 7-gene multilocus sequence typing (MLST), provided limited resolution to adequately identify C. jejuni outbreaks and separate out sporadic isolates during outbreak investigations. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has emerged as a powerful tool for C. jejuni outbreak detection. In this investigation, 45 human and 11 puppy isolates obtained during a 2016-2018 outbreak linked to pet store puppies were sequenced. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) and high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (hqSNP) analysis of the sequence data separated the isolates into the same two clades containing minor within-clade differences; however, cgMLST analysis does not require selection of an appropriate reference genome, making the method preferable to hqSNP analysis for Campylobacter surveillance and cluster detection. The isolates were classified as sequence type 2109 (ST2109)-a rarely seen MLST sequence type. PFGE was performed on 38 human and 10 puppy isolates; PFGE patterns did not reliably predict clustering by cgMLST analysis. Genetic detection of antimicrobial resistance determinants predicted that all outbreak-associated isolates would be resistant to six drug classes. Traditional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) confirmed a high correlation between genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance determinations. WGS analysis linked C. jejuni isolates in humans and pet store puppies even when canine exposure information was unknown, aiding the epidemiological investigation during the outbreak. WGS data were also used to quickly identify the highly drug-resistant profile of these outbreak-associated C. jejuni isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavin A Joseph
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Louise K Francois Watkins
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica Chen
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaitlin A Tagg
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Weems Design Studio, Inc., Suwanee, Georgia, USA
| | - Christy Bennett
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hayat Caidi
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason P Folster
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark E Laughlin
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lia Koski
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rachel Silver
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lauren Stevenson
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- CAITTA, Inc., Herndon, Virginia, USA
| | - Scott Robertson
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Janet Pruckler
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Megin Nichols
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Heather A Carleton
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Colin Basler
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cindy R Friedman
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aimee Geissler
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kelley B Hise
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rachael D Aubert
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Nguyen PL, van Baalen M. On the difficult evolutionary transition from the free-living lifestyle to obligate symbiosis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235811. [PMID: 32730262 PMCID: PMC7392539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obligate symbiosis evolved from free-living individuals most likely via the intermediate stage of facultative symbiosis. However, why should facultative symbionts, who can live independently but also benefit from their partners if these are available, give up this best of both worlds? Using the adaptive dynamics approach, we analyse a simple model, focusing on one partner of the symbiosis, to gain more insight into the selective forces that make individuals forgo the ability to reproduce in the free-living state. Our results suggest that, similar to the parasitism-mutualism continuum, the free-living way of life and obligate symbiosis are two extremes of a continuum of the ability to reproduce independently of a partner. More importantly, facultative symbiosis should be the rule as for many parameter combinations completely giving up independent reproduction or adopting a pure free-living strategy is not so easy. We also show that if host encounter comes at a cost, individuals that put more effort into increasing the chances to meet with their partners are more likely to give up the ability to reproduce independently. Finally, our model does not specify the ecological interactions between hosts and symbionts but we discuss briefly how the ecological nature of an interaction can influence the transition from facultative to obligate symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minus van Baalen
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieur, Paris, France
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Lanzl MI, Zwietering MH, Hazeleger WC, Abee T, den Besten HMW. Variability in lag-duration of Campylobacter spp. during enrichment after cold and oxidative stress and its impact on growth kinetics and reliable detection. Food Res Int 2020; 134:109253. [PMID: 32517946 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli continue to be the leading cause of zoonotic gastroenteritis in the European Union, making reliable detection in food important. Low storage temperatures and atmospheric oxygen concentrations during food production can cause sub-lethal damage or transient non-culturability which is why ISO 10272-1:2017 includes an enrichment step to repair cell damage and increase cell concentrations, thereby supporting detection of campylobacters from foods. The aim of this study was to assess the variability in lag-duration of C. jejuni and C. coli during enrichment after different food-relevant stress treatments and evaluate its impact on growth kinetics and reliability of detection outcomes. Therefore, 13 C. jejuni and 10 C. coli strains were subjected to cold stress during refrigerated and frozen storage. Refrigerated storage did not significantly reduce culturability, but frozen storage reduced cell concentrations by 1.6 ± 0.1 log10cfu/ml for both species. Subsequently, cells were enriched following ISO 10272-1:2017-A and cell concentrations were determined over time and lag-duration and growth rate were determined by fitting the Baranyi-model. Without prior stress treatment, mean lag-duration for C. jejuni and C. coli was 2.5 ± 0.2 h and 2.2 ± 0.3 h, respectively. Refrigerated storage increased lag-duration for C. jejuni to 4.6 ± 0.4 h and for C. coli to 5.0 ± 0.4 h and frozen storage increased lag-duration to 5.0 ± 0.3 h and 6.1 ± 0.4 h for C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively. Comparison of strain- and biological variability showed that differences in recovery after cold stress can be attributed mainly to strain variability since strain variability after refrigeration and freeze stress increased respectively 3-fold and 4-fold while biological variability remained constant. A subset of strains was also subjected to oxidative stress that reduced cell concentrations by 0.7 ± 0.2 log10 cfu/ml and comparison of recovery patterns after oxidative and freeze stress indicated that recovery behaviour was also dependent on the stress applied. A scenario analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of heterogeneity in outgrowth kinetics of single cells on the reliability of detection outcomes following ISO protocol 10272-1:2017. This revealed that a 'worst-case'-scenario for successful detection by a combination of the longest lag-duration of 7.6 h and lowest growth rate of 0.47 h-1 still resulted in positive detection outcomes since the detection limit was reached within 32.5 h. This suggests that other factors such as competitive microbiota can act as a causative factor in false-negative outcomes of tested food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Lanzl
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M H Zwietering
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W C Hazeleger
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T Abee
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H M W den Besten
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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46
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Riedel C, Förstner KU, Püning C, Alter T, Sharma CM, Gölz G. Differences in the Transcriptomic Response of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter lari to Heat Stress. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:523. [PMID: 32292399 PMCID: PMC7118207 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are one of the most important food-borne pathogens, which are quite susceptible to environmental or technological stressors compared to other zoonotic bacteria. This might be due to the lack of many stress response mechanisms described in other bacteria. Nevertheless, Campylobacter is able to survive in the environment and food products. Although some aspects of the heat stress response in Campylobacter jejuni are already known, information about the stress response in other Campylobacter species are still scarce. In this study, the stress response of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter lari to elevated temperatures (46°C) was investigated by survival assays and whole transcriptome analysis. None of the strains survived at 46°C for more than 8 h and approximately 20% of the genes of C. coli RM2228 and C. lari RM2100 were differentially expressed. The transcriptomic profiles showed enhanced gene expression of several chaperones like dnaK, groES, groEL, and clpB in both strains, indicating a general involvement in the heat stress response within the Campylobacter species. However, the pronounced differences in the expression pattern between C. coli and C. lari suggest that stress response mechanisms described for one Campylobacter species might be not necessarily transferable to other Campylobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Riedel
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konrad U Förstner
- Chair of Molecular Infection Biology II, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- ZB MED - Information Centre for Life Sciences, Köln, Germany
- Institute of Information Science, Faculty of Information Science and Communication Studies, TH Köln (University of Applied Sciences), Köln, Germany
| | - Christoph Püning
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia M Sharma
- Chair of Molecular Infection Biology II, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Muhandiramlage GK, McWhorter AR, Chousalkar KK. Chlorine Induces Physiological and Morphological Changes on Chicken Meat Campylobacter Isolates. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:503. [PMID: 32269561 PMCID: PMC7109306 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler chickens frequently become colonized by Campylobacter species. As a consequence, Campylobacter, can enter the poultry meat supply chain and represents a significant risk for human public health. A number of on-farm biosecurity and processing measures are used to mitigate the load of Campylobacter on chicken meat. In many countries, chlorine is commonly used as a biocide in processing plants to reduce bacterial loads on poultry carcasses but there is limited evidence of its effectiveness on Campylobacter. In this study, 116 Campylobacter isolates (89 C. jejuni and 27 C. coli) were isolated from poultry meat carcasses prior to the inside/outside wash step and used in in vitro assays exploring the efficacy of chlorine. A high proportion of isolates exhibited MIC and MBC values of 128 ppm but organic material present in the broth likely affected this result. Thus, additional bactericidal assays (time kill and chlorine inactivation) were used to characterize the response of C. jejuni isolates to different concentrations of chlorine. At 106 CFU, C. jejuni was found to be highly sensitive to concentrations of chlorine and was inhibited at low concentrations (0.2–2.0 ppm). At a higher bacterial load (108 CFU), variation in the response of different C. jejuni isolates was observed. One isolate was growth inhibited at 1.8 ppm while another required 16 ppm. At 108 CFU, C. jejuni could be resuscitated following exposure to chlorine highlighting a potential limitation of chlorine use. Analysis of UV leakage indicated that high chlorine concentrations resulted in increased 280 nm absorbance values suggesting bacterial membrane damage. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy were performed to characterize the morphological effects of chlorine exposure. Some effects of chlorine exposure included changes in shape (coccoid, or elongated), cellular degeneration, and shriveled bacterial cells. Interestingly, C. jejuni cells with normal morphology were also observed in the chlorine exposed group and represent a population of cells that could be resuscitated. This study is useful for the chicken meat industry and provides data for future optimization of chlorine use in reducing Campylobacter loads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea R McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kapil K Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Ayna A, Moody PCE. Activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from Campylobacter jejuni. Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 98:518-524. [PMID: 32125881 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycolytic pathway of the enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is incomplete; the absence of phosphofructokinase means that the suppression of futile cycling at this point in the glycolytic-gluconeogenic pathway might not be required, and therefore the mechanism for controlling pathway flux is likely to be quite different or absent. In this study, the characteristics of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) of C. jejuni are described and the regulation of this enzyme is compared with the equivalent enzymes from organisms capable of glycolysis. The enzyme is insensitive to AMP inhibition, unlike other type I FBPases. Campylobacter jejuni FBPase also shows limited sensitivity to other glycolytic and gluconeogenic intermediates. The allosteric cooperative control of the enzyme's activity found in type I FBPases appears to have been lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Ayna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bingol University, 12000 Bingol, Turkey
| | - Peter C E Moody
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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Silvan JM, Michalska-Ciechanowska A, Martinez-Rodriguez AJ. Modulation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties by Drying of Prunus domestica L. Plum Juice Extracts. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010119. [PMID: 31952312 PMCID: PMC7023223 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of plums in a fresh form is seasonal, therefore the transformation of plum juice extracts into powdered form is a good alternative for its longer availability throughout the year. The drying process can moderate the physical and chemical properties of the plum extracts, thus, this study examined the changes in biological activity, i.e., antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties moderated by freeze, vacuum, and spray drying. It was suggested that the drying processes and the applied parameters might moderate the content of polyphenolic compounds in the powders, which influence the different levels of growth inhibition against the foodborne pathogens (17% to 58% of inhibition), demonstrating a strain-dependent effect. These powders could also induce cellular protection against oxidative stress by preventing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (23% to 37% of reduction), but the level of antioxidant capacity may be determined by the conditions applied during the drying process. Moreover, plum extract powders exhibited a greater anti-inflammatory capacity (24% to 39% of inhibition), which would be influenced both, by the type of treatment used and by the temperature used in each treatment. The results demonstrate that the selection of the drying method can be an effective tool for modulating the composition, physical, and bioactive properties of plum extracts powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Silvan
- Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis Group, Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM-C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Cantoblanco Campus, Autonoma University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.S.); (A.J.M.-R.); Tel.: +34-91-001-7900 (J.M.S.); +34-91-001-7964 (A.J.M.-R.)
| | - Anna Michalska-Ciechanowska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, the Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Adolfo J. Martinez-Rodriguez
- Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis Group, Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM-C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Cantoblanco Campus, Autonoma University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.S.); (A.J.M.-R.); Tel.: +34-91-001-7900 (J.M.S.); +34-91-001-7964 (A.J.M.-R.)
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50
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Ebrahimnezhad H, Barzegar L, Esmaeili D, Student of pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran, Department of Microbiology and Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, BaqiyatallahUniversity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Applied VirologyResearch Center, BaqiyatallahUniversity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, and Department of Microbiology and Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, BaqiyatallahUniversity ofMedical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Antibacterial Effects of Compound Bifilact on E.coli and Campylobacter jejuni. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.14.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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