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Raeisi A, Farjadian F. Commercial hydrogel product for drug delivery based on route of administration. Front Chem 2024; 12:1336717. [PMID: 38476651 PMCID: PMC10927762 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1336717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are hydrophilic, three-dimensional, cross-linked polymers that absorb significant amounts of biological fluids or water. Hydrogels possess several favorable properties, including flexibility, stimulus-responsiveness, versatility, and structural composition. They can be categorized according to their sources, synthesis route, response to stimulus, and application. Controlling the cross-link density matrix and the hydrogels' attraction to water while they're swelling makes it easy to change their porous structure, which makes them ideal for drug delivery. Hydrogel in drug delivery can be achieved by various routes involving injectable, oral, buccal, vaginal, ocular, and transdermal administration routes. The hydrogel market is expected to grow from its 2019 valuation of USD 22.1 billion to USD 31.4 billion by 2027. Commercial hydrogels are helpful for various drug delivery applications, such as transdermal patches with controlled release characteristics, stimuli-responsive hydrogels for oral administration, and localized delivery via parenteral means. Here, we are mainly focused on the commercial hydrogel products used for drug delivery based on the described route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Raeisi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Fouad SA, Khatab ST, Teaima MH, El-Nabarawi MA, Abdelmonem R. Nanosized ethosomal dispersions for enhanced transdermal delivery of nebivolol using intradermal/transfollicular sustained reservoir: in vitro evaluation, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. Pharm Dev Technol 2024; 29:40-51. [PMID: 38078863 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2294278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Nebivolol (NBV), a BCS class II anti-hypertensive drug, suffers from limited solubility and oral bioavailability. Nanosized ethosomes were adopted as an approach to solubilize and deliver NBV transdermally, as a substitute to oral route. Ethosomal dispersions were prepared employing thin film hydration method. Formulation variables were adjusted to obtain entrapment efficiency; EE > 50%, particle size; PS < 100 nm, zeta potential; ZP > ±25 mV, and polydispersity index; PDI < 0.5. The optimized ethosomal dispersion (OED) showed accepted EE 86.46 ± 0.15%, PS 73.50 ± 0.08 nm, ZP 33.75 ± 1.20 mV, and PDI 0.31 ± 0.07. It also showed enhanced cumulative amount of NBV permeated at 8 h (Q8) 71.26 ± 1.46% and 24 h (Q24) 98.18 ± 1.02%. TEM images denoted spherical vesicles with light colored lipid bi-layer and dark core. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed deeply localized intradermal and transfollicular permeation of the fluorolabelled OED (FL-OED). Nanosized FL-OED (<100 nm) can permeate through hair follicles creating a drug reservoir for enhanced systemic absorption. OED formulated into transdermal patch (OED-TP1) exhibited accepted physicochemical properties including; thickness 0.14 ± 0.01 mm, folding endurance 151 ± 0.07, surface pH 5.80 ± 0.15, drug content 98.64 ± 2.01%, mucoadhesion 8534 ± 0.03, Q8 87.61 ± 0.11%, and Q24 99.22 ± 0.24%. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed significantly enhanced bioavailability of OED-TP1 by 7.9 folds compared to oral Nevilob® tablets (p = 0.0002). It could be concluded that OED-TP1 can be a promising lipid nanocarrier TDDS for NBV and an efficacious alternative route of administration for hypertensive patients suffering from dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahinaze A Fouad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara T Khatab
- The General Authority for Health Insurance, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H Teaima
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Nabarawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab Abdelmonem
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
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Botsali A, Esme P, Erbil H, Caliskan E. Comparison of fractional erbium:YAG laser-assisted tranexamic acid delivery alone and in combination with oral tranexamic acid in melasma. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:2823-2830. [PMID: 35347552 PMCID: PMC8960089 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tranexamic acid (TA) emerged as a promising agent for melasma. However, due to its hydrophilic structure, topical TA should be combined with a penetration-enhancing strategy to augment efficacy. To evaluate the efficacy of fractional erbium:YAG laser-assisted delivery (LAD) of topical TA 5% either with or without oral TA treatment in recalcitrant melasma patients. The authors retrospectively assessed the treatment outcomes of melasma patients treated by fractional erbium:YAG LAD of topical TA 5%. Patients receiving a standard protocol including four biweekly laser sessions were eligible. The study included two groups: group 1 patients received oral TA and LAD of topical TA 5%, and group 2 patients received only LAD of topical TA 5%. Two blinded dermatologists reported pre-treatment and post-treatment modified MASI (mMASI) scores. Mean mMASI scores in both group 1 (n = 15) and group 2 (n = 19) were significantly lower at the end of the treatment than baseline values (p = 0.001; p = 0.022, respectively). The decrease of mMASI scores were higher in group 1 (median = 2.1) (64.7%) than in group 2 (median = 1.2) (41.8%) (p = 0.027). Fractional erbium:YAG LAD of topical TA 5% is an efficient treatment regimen for melasma patients recalcitrant to conventional treatment approaches. The implementation of oral TA to this regimen improves the therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysenur Botsali
- Department of Dermatology, Gülhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, General Dr. Tevfik Sağlam Cad, SBÜ Gülhane EAH Dermatoloji AD, 06030, Keçiören, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pelin Esme
- Department of Dermatology, Gülhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, General Dr. Tevfik Sağlam Cad, SBÜ Gülhane EAH Dermatoloji AD, 06030, Keçiören, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Erbil
- Dr. Hakan Erbil, Private Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ercan Caliskan
- Department of Dermatology, Gülhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, General Dr. Tevfik Sağlam Cad, SBÜ Gülhane EAH Dermatoloji AD, 06030, Keçiören, Ankara, Turkey
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Nilforoushzadeh MA, Heidari-Kharaji M, Alavi S, Mahmoudbeyk M, Torkamaniha E, Peyrovan A, Nouri M, Zare S. Assessing the effectiveness of the combination therapy with fractional Er-YAG laser and platelet-rich plasma in treatment of periorbital dark circles patients: A clinical trial. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:3526-3536. [PMID: 33638928 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous therapeutic techniques for periorbital hyperpigmentation have been suggested. AIM In this comparative intrapatient study, the effectiveness of combination therapy included fractional Er: YAG laser and autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) compared to Er: YAG laser in periorbital hyperpigmentation treatment. PATIENTS/METHODS Thirty-two patients were enrolled. The right periorbital sides of patients received combination of Er: YAG laser and autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and the left side received Er: YAG laser (three sessions with 4 weeks' intervals). PRP was used in two ways included injection and topical. Patients were evaluated by biometric characteristics, patients, and physician assessments. Also, the patient's satisfaction was assessed and side effects were evaluated. RESULTS The mexameter results showed that the melanin content in the right side of the periorbital of the patients was significantly decreased compared to left side. Also, significant increase was observed in the skin lightness of the right side in compare to left. The visioface results showed the decrease in the percent change of the color and wrinkle in both sides, but in the right side these changes were significantly more than left side. The patients and physician assessment confirmed the measured results. CONCLUSION Combination of Er: YAG laser and PRP is significantly effective for periorbital hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Nilforoushzadeh
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Jordan Dermatology and Hair Transplantation Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Heidari-Kharaji
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Jordan Dermatology and Hair Transplantation Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Alavi
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Mahmoudbeyk
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Torkamaniha
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Jordan Dermatology and Hair Transplantation Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aisan Peyrovan
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nouri
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sona Zare
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Parhi R, Mandru A. Enhancement of skin permeability with thermal ablation techniques: concept to commercial products. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:817-841. [PMID: 32696221 PMCID: PMC7372979 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the skin is considered as a protective barrier which acts as a highly impermeable region of the human body. But in recent times, it is recognized as a specialized organ that aids in the delivery of a wide range of drug molecules into the skin (intradermal drug delivery) and across the skin into systemic circulation (transdermal drug delivery, TDD). The bioavailability of a drug administered transdermally can be improved by several penetration enhancement techniques, which are broadly classified into chemical and physical techniques. Application of mentioned techniques together with efforts of various scientific and innovative companies had made TDD a multibillion dollar market and an average of 2.6 new transdermal drugs are being approved each year. Out of various techniques, the thermal ablation techniques involving chemicals, heating elements, lasers, and radiofrequency (RF) are proved to be more effective in terms of delivering the drug across the skin by disrupting the stratum corneum (SC). The reason behind it is that the thermal ablation technique resulted in improved bioavailability, quick treatment and fast recovery of the SC, and more importantly it does not cause any damage to underlying dermis layer. This review article mainly discussed about various thermal ablation techniques with commercial products and patents in each classes, and their safety aspects. This review also briefly presented anatomy of the skin, penetration pathways across the skin, and different generations of TDD. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabinarayan Parhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Susruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, 788011, India.
| | - Aishwarya Mandru
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM), Deemed to be University, Gandhi Nagar Campus, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530045, India
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Lio DCS, Chia RN, Kwek MSY, Wiraja C, Madden LE, Chang H, Khadir SMA, Wang X, Becker DL, Xu C. Temporal pressure enhanced topical drug delivery through micropore formation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz6919. [PMID: 32523993 PMCID: PMC7259933 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz6919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery uses chemical, physical, or biochemical enhancers to cross the skin barrier. However, existing platforms require high doses of chemical enhancers or sophisticated equipment, use fragile biomolecules, or are limited to a certain type of drug. Here, we report an innovative methodology based on temporal pressure to enhance the penetration of all kinds of drugs, from small molecules to proteins and nanoparticles (up to 500 nm). The creation of micropores (~3 μm2) on the epidermal layer through a temporal pressure treatment results in the elevated expression of gap junctions, and reduced expression of occludin tight junctions. A 1 min treatment of 0.28-MPa allows nanoparticles (up to 500 nm) and macromolecules (up to 20 kDa) to reach a depth of 430-μm into the dermal layer. Using, as an example, the delivery of insulin through topical application after the pressure treatment yields up to 80% drop in blood glucose in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chin Shiuan Lio
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Rui Ning Chia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Milton Sheng Yi Kwek
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Christian Wiraja
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Leigh Edward Madden
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Hao Chang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - S. Mohideen Abdul Khadir
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Dr, Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - David L. Becker
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore
- National Dental Centre of Singapore, 5 Second Hospital Ave, Singapore 168938, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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del Río-Sancho S, Castro-López V, Alonso MJ. Enhancing cutaneous delivery with laser technology: Almost there, but not yet. J Control Release 2019; 315:150-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sun J, Zheng Z, Li YL, Zou LW, Li GH, Wang XG, She BZ, Huang XL, Li YT. Nalbuphine versus dexmedetomidine for treatment of combined spinal-epidural post-anesthetic shivering in pregnant women undergoing cesarean section. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:4442-4453. [PMID: 31353989 PMCID: PMC6753531 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519865063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy and side effects of
nalbuphine and dexmedetomidine for treatment of combined spinal-epidural
anesthetic shivering in women after cesarean section. Methods A total of 120 pregnant women, who underwent elective cesarean section under
combined spinal-epidural anesthesia, were enrolled in a double-blind,
randomized study. These women were randomized into three groups of 40
pregnant women each to receive either saline (group C), nalbuphine
0.07 mg/kg (group N), or dexmedetomidine 0.5 µg/kg (group D) for treatment
of shivering after anesthesia. The main outcome measure was a significant
reduction in the time required for shivering after intervention. Results The mean time to cessation of shivering in groups N and D was significantly
shorter than that in group C (3.5±2.7 and 4.2±3.7 versus 14.5±1.4 minutes).
The success rate of shivering treatment and Observer’s Assessment of
Alertness/Sedation scores in groups N and D were significantly higher than
those in group C, while the recurrence rate was lower than that in group
C. Conclusion Nalbuphine 0.07 mg/kg can be used safely and effectively for shivering in
pregnant women under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Lu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ge-Hui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bao-Zuan She
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan-Tao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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You B, Chen CY, Yu CP, Wang PH, Lu JY. Frequency-dependent skin penetration depth of terahertz radiation determined by water sorption-desorption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:22709-22721. [PMID: 30184927 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.022709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A multilayered water-skin model is used to experimentally verify a new sensing method for determining the skin penetration depth of radiation with 0.1-0.9 terahertz (THz) frequencies. A water overlayer is dripped on a skin sample to form a multilayered structure for dynamically measuring the reflected THz-wave amplitude during water desorption. Skin penetration depths can be successfully derived by using the multilayered water-skin model and by considering the measured reflectivity, water dielectric constants, and effective thicknesses of the water overlayer on the skin sample. The maximum penetration depth is approximately 0.3 mm and is obtained with wave frequencies of 0.4-0.6 THz. This penetration depth encompasses the stratum corneum (SC) and part of the epidermis. The high penetration depth of 0.4-0.6 THz waves is also confirmed in the dried and damaged SC.
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Engelke L, Winter G, Engert J. Application of water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol-based film patches on laser microporated skin facilitates intradermal macromolecule and nanoparticle delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 128:119-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Szunerits S, Boukherroub R. Heat: A Highly Efficient Skin Enhancer for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:15. [PMID: 29497609 PMCID: PMC5818408 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in materials science and bionanotechnology have allowed the refinements of current drug delivery systems, expected to facilitate the development of personalized medicine. While dermatological topical pharmaceutical formulations such as foams, creams, lotions, gels, etc., have been proposed for decades, these systems target mainly skin-based diseases. To treat systemic medical conditions as well as localized problems such as joint or muscle concerns, transdermal delivery systems (TDDSs), which use the skin as the main route of drug delivery, are very appealing. Over the years, these systems have shown to offer important advantages over oral as well as intravenous drug delivery routes. Besides being non-invasive and painless, TDDSs are able to deliver drugs with a short-half-life time more easily and are well adapted to eliminate frequent administrations to maintain constant drug delivery. The possibility of self-administration of a predetermined drug dose at defined time intervals makes it also the most convenient personalized point-of-care approach. The transdermal market still remains limited to a narrow range of drugs. While small and lipophilic drugs have been successfully delivered using TDDSs, this approach fails to deliver therapeutic macromolecules due to size-limited transport across the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis. The low permeability of the stratum corneum to water-soluble drugs as well as macromolecules poses important challenges to transdermal administration. To widen the scope of drugs for transdermal delivery, new procedures to enhance skin permeation to hydrophilic drugs and macromolecules are under development. Next to iontophoresis and microneedle-based concepts, thermal-based approaches have shown great promise to enhance transdermal drug delivery of different therapeutics. In this inaugural article for the section "Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology," the advances in this field and the handful of examples of thermal technologies for local and systemic transdermal drug delivery will be discussed and put into perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Szunerits
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, Lille, France
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, Lille, France
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Sala M, Diab R, Elaissari A, Fessi H. Lipid nanocarriers as skin drug delivery systems: Properties, mechanisms of skin interactions and medical applications. Int J Pharm 2018; 535:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Jijie R, Barras A, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Nanomaterials for transdermal drug delivery: beyond the state of the art of liposomal structures. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:8653-8675. [PMID: 32264260 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02529g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of biomedical materials have been proposed to meet the different needs for controlled oral or intravenous drug delivery. The advantages of oral delivery such as self-administration of a pre-determined drug dose at defined time intervals makes it the most convenient means for the delivery of small molecular drugs. It fails however to delivery therapeutic macromolecules due to rapid degradation in the stomach and size-limited transport across the epithelium. The primary mode of administration of macromolecules is presently via injection. This administration mode is not without limitations, as the invasive nature of injections elicits pain and decreases patients' compliance. Alternative routes for drug delivery have been looked for, one being the skin. Delivery of drugs via the skin is based on the therapeutics penetrating the stratum corneum (SC) with the advantage of overcoming first-pass metabolism of drugs, to deliver drugs with a short-half-life time more easily and to eliminate frequent administrations to maintain constant drug delivery. The transdermal market still remains limited to a narrow range of drugs. The low permeability of the SC to water-soluble and macromolecular drugs poses significant challenges to transdermal administration via passive diffusion through the skin, as is the case for all topically administered drug formulations intended to bring the therapeutic into the general circulation. To widen the scope of drugs for transdermal delivery, new procedures to enhance skin permeation to hydrophilic drugs and macromolecules are under development. Next to the integration of skin enhancers into pharmaceutical formulations, nanoparticles based on lipid carriers have been widely considered and reviewed. While being briefly reviewed here, the main focus of this article is on current advancements using polymeric and metallic nanoparticles. Next to these passive technologies, the handful of active technologies for local and systemic transdermal drug delivery will be discussed and put into perspective. While passive approaches dominate the literature and the transdermal market, active delivery based on microneedles or iontophoresis approaches have shown great promise for transdermal drug delivery and have entered the market, in the last decade. This review gives an overall idea of the current activities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Jijie
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Puri A, Murnane KS, Blough BE, Banga AK. Effects of chemical and physical enhancement techniques on transdermal delivery of 3-fluoroamphetamine hydrochloride. Int J Pharm 2017. [PMID: 28633107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the passive transdermal delivery of 3-fluoroamphetamine hydrochloride (PAL-353) and evaluated the effects of chemical and physical enhancement techniques on its permeation through human skin. In vitro drug permeation studies through dermatomed human skin were performed using Franz diffusion cells. Passive permeation of PAL-353 from propylene glycol and phosphate buffered saline as vehicles was studied. Effect of oleic acid, maltose microneedles, ablative laser, and anodal iontophoresis on its transdermal permeation was investigated. Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, calcein imaging, confocal laser microscopy, and histology studies were used to characterize the effects of chemical and physical treatments on skin integrity. Passive permeation of PAL-353 (propylene glycol) after 24h was found to be 1.03±0.17μg/cm2. Microneedles, oleic acid, and laser significantly increased the permeation to 7.35±4.87μg/cm2, 38.26±5.56μg/cm2, and 523.24±86.79μg/cm2 (p<0.05), respectively. A 548-fold increase in drug permeation was observed using iontophoresis as compared to its passive permeation from phosphate buffered saline (p<0.05). The characterization studies depicted disruption of the stratum corneum by microneedles and laser treatment. Overall, transdermal permeation of PAL-353 was significantly enhanced by the use of chemical and physical enhancement techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashana Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Kevin S Murnane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ajay K Banga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
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Zorec B, Škrabelj D, Marinček M, Miklavčič D, Pavšelj N. The effect of pulse duration, power and energy of fractional Er:YAG laser for transdermal delivery of differently sized FITC dextrans. Int J Pharm 2017; 516:204-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hsiao CY, Sung HC, Hu S, Huang YL, Huang CH. Fractional CO₂ Laser Pretreatment Facilitates Transdermal Delivery of Two Vitamin C Derivatives. Molecules 2016; 21:E1547. [PMID: 27854332 PMCID: PMC6274012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical vitamin C derivatives have been used to treat melasma and used as a skin whitener. The aim of this study was to compare skin histology and permeation of l-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt (MAP-1) and magnesium l-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (MAP-2) after fractional CO₂ laser pretreatment. METHODS The effect of fractional laser treatment on porcine skin was examined by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning electron microscopy. The effect of fractional CO₂ laser treatment of different fluencies and pass numbers on transdermal flux of the two vitamin C derivatives through porcine skin was examined in vitro using a Franz diffusion chamber. RESULTS Fluxes of MAP-1 and MAP-2 across fractional CO₂ laser-treated (5 W) skin were eight- to 13-fold, and 20- to 22-fold higher, respectively, than the fluxes of these compounds across intact skin. Fluxes of MAP-1 and MAP-2 across fractional CO₂ laser-treated (9 W) skin were 14- to 19-fold, and 30- to 42-fold higher, respectively, than their fluxes across intact skin. CONCLUSION Fractional CO₂ laser treatment is an effective way of delivering vitamin C derivatives into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Hsiao
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Ching Sung
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Sindy Hu
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Yau-Li Huang
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hsun Huang
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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Tian T, Luo Y, Jiang T, Dong Y, Yu A, Chen H, Gao X, Li Y. Clinical effect of ablative fractional laser-assisted topical anesthesia on human skin: A randomized pilot study. J COSMET LASER THER 2016; 18:409-412. [DOI: 10.1080/14764172.2016.1197404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Skin Pretreatment With Conventional Non-Fractional Ablative Lasers Promote the Transdermal Delivery of Tranexamic Acid. Dermatol Surg 2016; 42:867-74. [PMID: 27286416 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laser pretreatment of skin can be used to enable drugs used in dermatology to penetrate the skin to the depth necessary for their effect to take place. OBJECTIVE To compare the permeation of tranexamic acid after conventional non-fractionated ablative Er:YAG and CO2 laser pretreatment in a laser-aided transdermal delivery system. MATERIALS AND METHODS An erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) and a CO2 laser were used to pretreat dorsal porcine skin. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine disruption of the skin surface. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to determine the depth of penetration of a reporter molecule (fluorescein isothiocyanate) into the skin. A Franz diffusion assembly was used to examine fluency-related increases in transdermal delivery of transexamic acid. RESULTS Transdermal delivery of tranexamic acid increased as Er:YAG laser fluency increased. Transdermal delivery was higher when CO2 laser pretreatment was used than when Er:YAG laser pretreatment was used, but a "ceiling effect" was present and increasing the wattage did not cause a further increase in delivery. CO2 laser pretreatment also caused more extensive and deeper skin disruption than Er:YAG laser pretreatment. CONCLUSION For conventional, non-fractionated ablative laser pretreatment, the Er:YAG laser would be an optimal choice to enhance transdermal penetration of transexamic acid.
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Nano-level monitoring of Er(III) by fabrication of coated graphite electrode based on newly synthesized Schiff base as neutral carrier. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 62:9-17. [PMID: 26952392 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasticized membranes using N-(-3-((thiazol-2-ylimino)methyl)benzylidene)thiazol-2-amine (S1) and 5-((-3-((5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylimino)methyl)benzylidene)amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol (S2) have been prepared and explored as Er (III) selective electrodes. Effect of various plasticizers viz. dibutylphthalate, tri-n-butylphosphate, dioctylphthalate, acetophenone, 1-chloronapthalene, o-nitrophenyloctylether, and anion excluders viz. sodium tetraphenylborate and potassium tetrakis-p-(chlorophenyl)borate was studied in detail and improved performance was observed. Optimum performance was observed for the membrane electrode having a composition of S2: PVC: o-NPOE: KTpClPB in the ratio of 4: 38: 55: 3 (w/w, mg). The performance of the PME based on S2 was compared with CGE. The electrodes exhibit Nernstian slope for Er (III) ion with detection limit 5.4 × 10(-8)mol L(-1) for PME and 6.1 × 10(-9)mol L(-1) for CGE. The response time for PME and CGE was found to be 12s and 9s respectively. The practical utility of the CGE has been demonstrated by its usage as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of EDTA with Er (III) solution and determination of fluoride ions in mouthwash solution. The proposed electrode was also applied to the determination of added Er(3+) ion in water and binary mixtures. It is found that the electrode could be able to recover the Er(3+) ion in 96.2-99.5%.
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Indulekha S, Arunkumar P, Bahadur D, Srivastava R. Thermoresponsive polymeric gel as an on-demand transdermal drug delivery system for pain management. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 62:113-22. [PMID: 26952404 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this work is to design a heat triggered transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) using a thermoresponsive polymer, poly (N-vinyl caprolactam) [PNVCL] based gel, where in patients can themselves administer a pulse of drug on mere application of heat pad over the TDDS, whenever pain is experienced. The phase transition temperature of PNVCL was tuned to 35 °C by grafting it onto a pH sensitive biopolymer, Chitosan, to synthesize Chitosan-g-PNVCL (CP) co-polymer which render the gel both thermo- and pH-responsive property. The application of triggered delivery was explored by loading acetamidophenol (a model hydrophilic drug) and etoricoxib (a model hydrophobic drug). In vitro drug release experiments were performed at three different temperatures (25, 32 and 39 °C) at two different pH (5.5 and 7) to study its drug release with response to temperature and pH. Drug release profiles obtained were found to have enhanced release for both the drugs respectively at 39 °C (above LCST) and pH5.5 when compared to other release conditions. In vitro skin permeation of both the drugs performed in rat abdominal skin using Franz diffusion cell showed enhanced drug release when the skin was subjected to higher temperature (39 °C). Moreover, it was also found that skin permeation for hydrophobic drug was better than that of hydrophilic drug. The in vivo biocompatibility studies of the CP gel in rat skin proved that the gel is biocompatible. The results obtained demonstrated the potential use of the thermoresponsive CP gel as an on-demand localized drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Indulekha
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - P Arunkumar
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - D Bahadur
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - R Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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Abstract
Cutaneous delivery of therapeutics represents a proven and attractive option for treating a variety of dermatologic conditions with minimal systemic side effects. Although there have been many innovations in drug delivery systems, the number of effective cutaneous drugs remains small, primarily because of the stratum corneum permeability barrier. Overcoming this barrier safely and reversibly to deliver large hydrophilic drugs cutaneously is one of the major challenges in the field of dermatologic therapy.
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Lin CH, Aljuffali IA, Fang JY. Lasers as an approach for promoting drug delivery via skin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:599-614. [PMID: 24490743 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.885501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Using lasers can be an effective drug permeation-enhancement approach for facilitating drug delivery into or across the skin. The controlled disruption and ablation of the stratum corneum (SC), the predominant barrier for drug delivery, is achieved by the use of lasers. The possible mechanisms of laser-assisted drug permeation are the direct ablation of the skin barrier, optical breakdown by a photomechanical wave and a photothermal effect. It has been demonstrated that ablative approaches for enhancing drug transport provide some advantages, including increased bioavailability, fast treatment time, quick recovery of SC integrity and the fact that skin surface contact is not needed. In recent years, the concept of using laser techniques to treat the skin has attracted increasing attention. AREAS COVERED This review describes recent developments in using nonablative and ablative lasers for drug absorption enhancement. This review systematically introduces the concepts and enhancement mechanisms of lasers, highlighting the potential of this technique for greatly increasing drug absorption via the skin. Lasers with different wavelengths and types are employed to increase drug permeation. These include the ruby laser, the erbium:yttrium-gallium-garnet laser, the neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser and the CO2 laser. Fractional modality is a novel concept for promoting topical/transdermal drug delivery. The laser is useful in enhancing the permeation of a wide variety of permeants, such as small-molecule drugs, macromolecules and nanoparticles. EXPERT OPINION This potential use of the laser affords a new treatment for topical/transdermal application with significant efficacy. Further studies using a large group of humans or patients are needed to confirm and clarify the findings in animal studies. Although the laser fluence or output energy used for enhancing drug absorption is much lower than for treatment of skin disorders and rejuvenation, the safety of using lasers is still an issue. Caution should be used in optimizing the feasible conditions of the lasers in balancing the effectiveness of permeation enhancement and skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Lin
- Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Center for General Education, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Skin ablation by physical techniques for enhancing dermal/transdermal drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gratieri T, Alberti I, Lapteva M, Kalia YN. Next generation intra- and transdermal therapeutic systems: using non- and minimally-invasive technologies to increase drug delivery into and across the skin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:609-22. [PMID: 23567467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The number of drug molecules approved by the regulatory authorities for transdermal administration is relatively modest - less than two dozen. Many other therapies might benefit from the advantages offered by the transdermal route. That they have not already done so is due to the exceptional efficacy of the stratum corneum as a diffusional barrier and its remarkable ability to restrict molecular transport. As a result only extremely potent therapeutics possessing the necessary physicochemical properties can be delivered by passive diffusion across intact skin at pharmacologically relevent rates. This has led to the development of several delivery technologies that might be used to expand the range of medicinal agents that can be administered transdermally with the requisite delivery kinetics. There are essentially two approaches: (i) provide an improved driving force to increase the rate of transport (i.e., act on the molecule) or (ii) modify the properties of the microenvironment through which diffusion must occur (i.e., act on the stratum corneum). The challenge for the latter approach is to compromise the barrier in a reversible and relatively painless manner that minimises irritation, is practical for chronic conditions and has minimal risk of infection. Here, we review some of the physical methods that have been used to either transiently perturb the skin barrier or to provide additional driving forces to facilitate molecular transport with a particular focus on technologies that have either led to marketed products or have at least reached the clinical development stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Gratieri
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Bloom BS, Brauer JA, Geronemus RG. Ablative fractional resurfacing in topical drug delivery: an update and outlook. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39:839-48. [PMID: 23294061 DOI: 10.1111/dsu.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effective delivery of therapeutic molecules to varied targets in the skin and elsewhere has been an area of ongoing research and development. OBJECTIVE To review the structure of the skin with an emphasis on topical drug delivery and to present the rationale for the use of ablative and nonablative fractional resurfacing in assisted drug delivery. METHODS AND MATERIALS Review of the currently available scientific literature on laser-assisted drug delivery. RESULTS A number of strategies can be employed to enhance topical drug delivery. Ablative fractional resurfacing (AFR) has been demonstrated to be effective in enhancing drug delivery. Further studies are needed to assess the use of nonablative fractional resurfacing in assisted drug delivery. CONCLUSION AFR-assisted drug delivery is a promising tool for the future of dermatology. We expect to see a number of agents to be paired with AFR for enhanced drug delivery. Further investigation is necessary to evaluate appropriate drug specific channel density and depth parameters. Factors that must be considered include the physicochemical properties of the drug, the target tissue, skin wounding, and cost when evaluating the drugs and conditions that will most benefit from this promising new drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Bloom
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Oni G, Lequeux C, Cho MJ, Zhang D, Lazcano E, Brown SA, Kenkel JM. Transdermal delivery of adipocyte-derived stem cells using a fractional ablative laser. Aesthet Surg J 2013; 33:109-16. [PMID: 23277622 DOI: 10.1177/1090820x12469222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic wound healing problems can pose a significant clinical challenge. Transdermal delivery of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) may be a possible solution to healing these recalcitrant, debilitating wounds. Pretreatment of the skin with a fractionated laser has already been shown to assist transdermal drug delivery both in vitro and in vivo and may be an ideal approach to facilitating delivery of ADSC to the target tissue. OBJECTIVES The authors investigate in a porcine model whether ADSC can be delivered transdermally following pretreatment with a fractional laser. METHODS After ethics approval was obtained, the abdomens of 2 adult female domestic pigs were pretreated with an erbium:YAG fractionated ablative laser. Following laser treatment, 20 × 10(6) bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled ADSC were applied topically to the first animal for 4 hours. The same number of BrdU-labeled ADSC was applied to the second animal for 48 hours. The animals were euthanized at the end of their respective treatment periods, and the BrdU-labeled ADSC were counted after tissue harvest. RESULTS At 4 hours, an average of 2.40 × 10(6) cells, or 12.0% of the total cells applied, were found in the tissue. At 48 hours, an average of 1.1 × 10(6) cells, or 5.5% of the total cells applied, were seen. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study demonstrates that ADSC can be delivered transdermally through skin that has been pretreated with a laser. Potential future applications of this approach might include wound-healing or aesthetic indications. Further studies need to be conducted to determine the optimal number of ADSC to use in this approach, the best methods of application, and the effect of transdermally delivered ADSC on wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgette Oni
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, TX 75390-9132, USA
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Lee WR, Shen SC, Al-Suwayeh SA, Yang HH, Li YC, Fang JY. Skin permeation of small-molecule drugs, macromolecules, and nanoparticles mediated by a fractional carbon dioxide laser: the role of hair follicles. Pharm Res 2012; 30:792-802. [PMID: 23138262 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate skin permeation enhancement mediated by fractional laser for different permeants, including hydroquinone, imiquimod, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FD), and quantum dots. METHODS Skin received a single irradiation of a fractional CO(2) laser, using fluence of 2 or 4 mJ with densities of 100 ∼ 400 spots/cm(2). In vitro and in vivo skin penetration experiments were performed. Fluorescence and confocal microscopies for imaging delivery pathways were used. RESULTS The laser enhanced flux of small-molecule drugs 2 ∼ 5-fold compared to intact skin. A laser fluence of 4 mJ with a 400-spot/cm(2) density promoted FD flux at 20 and 40 kDa from 0 (passive transport) to 0.72 and 0.43 nmol/cm(2)/h, respectively. Microscopic images demonstrated a significant increase in fluorescence accumulation and penetration depth of macromolecules and nanoparticles after laser exposure. Predominant routes for laser-assisted delivery may be intercellular and follicular transport. CO(2) laser irradiation produced 13-fold enhancement in follicular deposition of imiquimod. Laser-mediated follicular transport could deliver permeants to deeper strata. Skin barrier function as determined by transepidermal water loss completely recovered by 12 h after irradiation, much faster than conventional laser treatment (4 days). CONCLUSIONS Fractional laser could selectively enhance permeant targeting to follicles such as imiquimod and FD but not hydroquinone, indicating the importance of selecting feasible drugs for laser-assisted follicle delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Ruoh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences,, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
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Ferraq Y, Black DR, Theunis J, Mordon S. Superficial wounding model for epidermal barrier repair studies: comparison of Erbium:YAG laser and the suction blister method. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 44:525-32. [PMID: 22865469 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Wound-healing studies use mainly mechanical methods for wound induction, which are laborious and difficult to standardize. Objective of this study was to evaluate the Erbium:Yttrium-Aluminium-Garnet (Er:YAG) laser method as a model of epidermis ablation on human skin in vivo and to compare the quality and healing rates of Er:YAG laser and suction blister (SB) wounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Er:YAG laser and SB wounds were made on the forearms of 10 healthy volunteers. Post-wounding measurements including wound surface area (WSA) from photographs, wound depth from 3D volume analysis, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), laser doppler blood flow (LDBF), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging were made daily over 7 days. Biopsies were taken on Days 4 and 7. RESULTS 3D analysis showed laser wounds to be shallower and more uniform in depth than SB: 54 ± 14 µm versus 140 ± 102 µm, respectively, with histology demonstrating complete epidermal removal using SB. SB wounds were more variable in size with a WSA of 0.47 ± 0.24 cm(2) compared to 1.17 ± 0.14 cm(2) for laser wounds. Healing rates were similar in both groups, as measured by TEWL, LDBF, and WSA. OCT imaging on Days 3-4 revealed new epidermis below the fibrin clot, similar to histology, and a visible stratum corneum on Day 7, but no apparent epidermal hyperplasia in contrast to histology. CONCLUSION Compared to the SB model, Er:YAG laser achieved rapid standardized epidermal ablation, which despite morphological differences, was similar in terms of epidermal regeneration/barrier formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Ferraq
- Skin Research Centre, Pierre Fabre Dermocosmétique, Hotel Dieu, Toulouse, France
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Transdermal delivery of three vitamin C derivatives by Er:YAG and carbon dioxide laser pretreatment. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 28:807-14. [PMID: 22825318 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of two lasers (Er:YAG and CO2) in enhancing skin permeation of three vitamin C derivatives, L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt (MAP-1), magnesium L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (MAP-2), and 2-phospho-L-ascorbic acid trisodium salt (SAP). Dorsal skin of 1-week-old pathogen-free pigs was used for this in vitro study. Changes in permeation in laser-treated skin treated by the lasers were examined by confocal scanning electron microscopy. Transdermal flux of vitamin C derivatives was examined with a Franz diffusion cell. Fluxes of MAP-1, MAP-2, and SAP across Er:YAG laser-treated skin were 15-27-fold, 48-123-fold, and 22-56-fold higher, respectively, than their fluxes across intact skin. The fluxes of MAP-1, MAP-2, and SAP across CO2 laser-treated skin were 28-36-fold, 116-156-fold, and 79-102-fold higher, respectively, than their fluxes across intact skin. Optimal fluency for the Er:YAG laser was 3.8 J/cm(2) for MAP-1 and 5 J/cm(2) for MAP-2 and SAP. Optimal fluency for the CO2 laser was 5 W for all three derivatives. In conclusion, optimal fluency for all derivatives was 5 W for the CO2 laser and 3.8 to 5 J/cm(2) for the Er:YAG laser.
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Lee WR, Shen SC, Al-Suwayeh SA, Li YC, Fang JY. Erbium:YAG laser resurfacing increases skin permeability and the risk of excessive absorption of antibiotics and sunscreens: The influence of skin recovery on drug absorption. Toxicol Lett 2012; 211:150-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Oni G, Brown SA, Kenkel JM. Can fractional lasers enhance transdermal absorption of topical lidocaine in an in vivo animal model? Lasers Surg Med 2012; 44:168-74. [PMID: 22302761 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE It has been shown in vitro that pretreatment of skin with fractional lasers enhances transdermal delivery of drugs. The aim of this study is to demonstrate in vivo firstly that laser enhances transdermal drug absorption and secondly that this can be manipulated by altering laser settings. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Four pigs were used in the IACUC approved animal study. On day 0, 5 g of 4% topical lidocaine was applied under occlusion for 60 minutes to a 400 cm(2) area on the abdomen. Blood was drawn at 0, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes. On day 7, the Er:YAG laser was used at 500, 250, 50, and 25 µm ablative depth, respectively, over a 400 cm(2) area on the abdomen. Five grams of 4% topical lidocaine was applied immediately with occlusion for 60 minutes, and then removed. Blood was drawn at 0, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes. The serum was extracted and analyzed for lidocaine and its metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX). RESULTS Serum levels of lidocaine and MEGX were undetectable in untreated skin. Following laser treatment both lidocaine and MEGX were detectable. Peak levels of lidocaine were significantly higher (P = 0.0002) at 250 µm (0.62 mg/L), compared to 500 µm (0.45 mg/L), 50 µm (0.48 mg/L), and 25 µm (0.3 mg/L). Peak levels of MEGX were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.0001) at 250 µm (0.048 mg/L), compared to 500 µm (0.018 mg/L), 50 µm (0.036 mg/L), and 25 µm (0.0144 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that laser pretreatment significantly increases absorption of topical lidocaine so that it is detectable in the blood and that manipulating laser settings can affect drug absorption. Future work will look at translating this effect into clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgette Oni
- Plastic Surgery Department, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Li H, Nelson CE, Evans BC, Duvall CL. Delivery of intracellular-acting biologics in pro-apoptotic therapies. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17:293-319. [PMID: 21348831 DOI: 10.2174/138161211795049642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent elucidation of molecular regulators of apoptosis and their roles in cellular oncogenesis has motivated the development of biomacromolecular anticancer therapeutics that can activate intracellular apoptotic signaling pathways. Pharmaceutical scientists have employed a variety of classes of biologics toward this goal, including antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, small interfering RNA, proteins, antibodies, and peptides. However, stability in the in vivo environment, tumor-specific biodistribution, cell internalization, and localization to the intracellular microenvironment where the targeted molecule is localized pose significant challenges that limit the ability to directly apply intracellular-acting, pro-apoptotic biologics for therapeutic use. Thus, approaches to improve the pharmaceutical properties of therapeutic biomacromolecules are of great significance and have included chemically modifying the bioactive molecule itself or formulation with auxiliary compounds. Recently, promising advances in delivery of pro-apoptotic biomacromolecular agents have been made using tools such as peptide "stapling", cell penetrating peptides, fusogenic peptides, liposomes, nanoparticles, smart polymers, and synergistic combinations of these components. This review will discuss the molecular mediators of cellular apoptosis, the respective mechanisms by which these mediators are dysregulated in cellular oncogenesis, the history and development of both nucleic-acid and amino-acid based drugs, and techniques to achieve intracellular delivery of these biologics. Finally, recent applications where pro-apoptotic functionality has been achieved through delivery of intracellular-acting biomacromolecular drugs will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Liposomal systems as drug delivery vehicles for dermal and transdermal applications. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 303:607-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gómez C, Costela Á, García-Moreno I, Llanes F, Teijón JM, Blanco MD. Skin Laser Treatments Enhancing Transdermal Delivery of ALA. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:223-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hsiao CY, Huang CH, Hu S, Ko YS, Sung HC, Huang SY. Skin pretreatment with lasers promotes the transdermal delivery of vitamin C derivatives. Lasers Med Sci 2010; 26:369-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-010-0863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Forster B, Klein A, Szeimies RM, Maisch T. Penetration enhancement of two topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid formulations for photodynamic therapy by erbium:YAG laser ablation of the stratum corneum: continuous versus fractional ablation. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:806-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Paudel KS, Milewski M, Swadley CL, Brogden NK, Ghosh P, Stinchcomb AL. Challenges and opportunities in dermal/transdermal delivery. Ther Deliv 2010; 1:109-31. [PMID: 21132122 PMCID: PMC2995530 DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is an exciting and challenging area. There are numerous transdermal delivery systems currently available on the market. However, the transdermal market still remains limited to a narrow range of drugs. Further advances in transdermal delivery depend on the ability to overcome the challenges faced regarding the permeation and skin irritation of the drug molecules. Emergence of novel techniques for skin permeation enhancement and development of methods to lessen skin irritation would widen the transdermal market for hydrophilic compounds, macromolecules and conventional drugs for new therapeutic indications. As evident from the ongoing clinical trials of a wide variety of drugs for various clinical conditions, there is a great future for transdermal delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana S Paudel
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Mikolaj Milewski
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Courtney L Swadley
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Nicole K Brogden
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Audra L Stinchcomb
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
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Brown MB, Martin GP, Jones SA, Akomeah FK. Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Current and Future Prospects. Drug Deliv 2008; 13:175-87. [PMID: 16556569 DOI: 10.1080/10717540500455975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective function of human skin imposes physicochemical limitations to the type of permeant that can traverse the barrier. For a drug to be delivered passively via the skin it needs to have adequate lipophilicity and also a molecular weight <500 Da. These requirements have limited the number of commercially available products based on transdermal or dermal delivery. Various strategies have emerged over recent years to optimize delivery and these can be categorized into passive and active methods. The passive approach entails the optimization of formulation or drug carrying vehicle to increase skin permeability. Passive methods, however do not greatly improve the permeation of drugs with molecular weights >500 Da. In contrast active methods that normally involve physical or mechanical methods of enhancing delivery have been shown to be generally superior. Improved delivery has been shown for drugs of differing lipophilicity and molecular weight including proteins, peptides, and oligonucletides using electrical methods (iontophoresis, electroporation), mechanical (abrasion, ablation, perforation), and other energy-related techniques such as ultrasound and needless injection. However, for these novel delivery methods to succeed and compete with those already on the market, the prime issues that require consideration include device design and safety, efficacy, ease of handling, and cost-effectiveness. This article provides a detailed review of the next generation of active delivery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc B Brown
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, King's College London and MedPharm Ltd., London, United Kingdom.
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43
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Benson HA, Namjoshi S. Proteins and Peptides: Strategies for Delivery to and Across the Skin. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:3591-610. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lee WR, Pan TL, Wang PW, Zhuo RZ, Huang CM, Fang JY. Erbium:YAG laser enhances transdermal peptide delivery and skin vaccination. J Control Release 2008; 128:200-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Park JH, Lee JW, Kim YC, Prausnitz MR. The effect of heat on skin permeability. Int J Pharm 2008; 359:94-103. [PMID: 18455889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the effects of long exposure (>>1s) to moderate temperatures (< or =100 degrees C) have been well characterized, recent studies suggest that shorter exposure (<1s) to higher temperatures (>100 degrees C) can dramatically increase skin permeability. Previous studies suggest that by keeping exposures short, thermal damage can be localized to the stratum corneum without damaging deeper tissue. Initial clinical trials have progressed to Phase II (see http://clinicaltrials.gov), which indicates the procedure can be safe. Because the effect of heating under these conditions has received little systematic or mechanistic study, we heated full-thickness skin, epidermis and stratum corneum samples from human and porcine cadavers to temperatures ranging from 100 to 315 degrees C for times ranging from 100ms to 5s. Tissue samples were analyzed using skin permeability measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, thermomechanical analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, brightfield and confocal microscopy, and histology. Skin permeability was shown to be a very strong function of temperature and a less strong function of the duration of heating. At optimal conditions used in this study, transdermal delivery of calcein was increased up to 760-fold by rapidly heating the skin at high temperature. More specifically, skin permeability was increased (I) by a few fold after heating to approximately 100-150 degrees C, (II) by one to two orders of magnitude after heating to approximately 150-250 degrees C and (III) by three orders of magnitude after heating above 300 degrees C. These permeability changes were attributed to (I) disordering of stratum corneum lipid structure, (II) disruption of stratum corneum keratin network structure and (III) decomposition and vaporization of keratin to create micron-scale holes in the stratum corneum, respectively. We conclude that heating the skin with short, high temperature pulses can increase skin permeability by orders of magnitude due to structural disruption and removal of stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Park
- Department of BioNano Technology and Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Kyungwon University, Seongnam, Geonggi-do 461-701, Republic of Korea
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Brown MB, Traynor MJ, Martin GP, Akomeah FK. Transdermal drug delivery systems: skin perturbation devices. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 437:119-139. [PMID: 18369965 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-210-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Human skin serves a protective function by imposing physicochemical limitations to the type of permeant that can traverse the barrier. For a drug to be delivered passively via the skin it needs to have a suitable lipophilicity and a molecular weight < 500 Da. The number of commercially available products based on transdermal or dermal delivery has been limited by these requirements. In recent years various passive and active strategies have emerged to optimize delivery. The passive approach entails the optimization of formulation or drug carrying vehicle to increase skin permeability. However, passive methods do not greatly improve the permeation of drugs with molecular weights >500 Da. In contrast, active methods, normally involving physical or mechanical methods of enhancing delivery, have been shown to be generally superior. The delivery of drugs of differing lipophilicity and molecular weight, including proteins, peptides and oligonucletides, has been shown to be improved by active methods such as iontophoresis, electroporation, mechanical perturbation and other energy-related techniques such as ultrasound and needleless injection. This chapter details one practical example of an active skin abrasion device to demonstrate the success of such active methods. The in vitro permeation of acyclovir through human epidermal membrane using a rotating brush abrasion device was compared with acyclovir delivery using iontophoresis. It was found that application of brush treatment for 10 s at a pressure of 300 N m(-2) was comparable to 10 min of iontophoresis. The observed enhancement of permeability observed using the rotating brush was a result of disruption of the cells of the stratum corneum, causing a reduction of the barrier function of the skin. However, for these novel delivery methods to succeed and compete with those already on the market, the prime issues that require consideration include device design and safety, efficacy, ease of handling, and cost-effectiveness. This chapter provides a detailed review of the next generation of active delivery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc B Brown
- School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, Herts., UK
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47
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Gómez C, Costela Á, García-Moreno I, Llanes F, Teijón JM, Blanco D. Laser treatments on skin enhancing and controlling transdermal delivery of 5-fluorouracil. Lasers Surg Med 2008; 40:6-12. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ferraq Y, Black D, Lagarde JM, Schmitt AM, Dahan S, Grolleau JL, Mordon S. Use of a 3-D imaging technique for non-invasive monitoring of the depth of experimentally induced wounds. Skin Res Technol 2007; 13:399-405. [PMID: 17908191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2007.00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Experimental studies of wound healing lack methods for standardized wounding and in situ depth assessment. Consequently, in this pilot study, an Erbium (Er):YAG laser has been used for wound induction with a non-invasive 3-D imaging technique as an alternative to histology. METHODS Erbium:YAG ablation of human skin ex vivo was performed with total fluences of 10, 50 and 200 J/cm(2), removing the stratum corneum, epidermis/papillary dermis and deeper dermis, respectively. Wound depth was measured with the 3-D method and histologically. RESULTS Wound depth was proportional to fluence for both techniques : 3-D, 17.7+/-1.7, 43.9+/-16 and 245.2+/-61 microm; histology, 14.6+/-1.7, 50.6+/-11.6 and 238+/-102 microm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The 3-D technique compares well with and is an improvement on histological measurement, providing true wound depth measurement, avoiding shape changes inherent with histology. Furthermore, the Er:YAG laser is a highly appropriate means of wound induction due to its rapidity and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ferraq
- Skin Research Centre, Pierre Fabre Research Institute, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
Skin is an ideal tissue for vaccine administration, as it is comprised of immunocompetent cells such as keratinocytes and Langerhans cells and elicits both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this paper, we summarize the immune responses induced by topical vaccination of the skin and review the effects of adjuvants on skin vaccination. We also summarize the existing techniques for skin vaccination. New techniques such as the use of lasers to enhance skin permeability are also discussed, as well as the role of the stratum corneum in skin vaccination. A recent study demonstrating enhanced skin vaccination by using surfactants to extract partial lamellar lipids of the stratum corneum will also be introduced in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare Center, Rm 3217A, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, USA.
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50
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Lee WR, Tsai RY, Fang CL, Liu CJ, Hu CH, Fang JY. Microdermabrasion as a novel tool to enhance drug delivery via the skin: an animal study. Dermatol Surg 2006; 32:1013-22. [PMID: 16918563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microdermabrasion is a widely performed skin rejuvenation procedure. It can partly ablate and homogenize the stratum corneum (SC) layers. OBJECTIVE The effect of microdermabrasion treatment on the skin permeation of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs was examined in this study. METHODS 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and clobetasol 17-propionate were used as the hydrophilic and lipophilic permeants, respectively. In vitro skin delivery using porcine skin and in vivo topical application employing nude mouse as the animal model were both used to examine the effect of microdermabrasion. The vacuum pressures used in this study (15-25 cmHg) were much lower than those used for therapeutic purposes. RESULTS The 5-FU permeation across microdermabrasion-treated skin was 8- to 24-fold higher than that across intact skin and depended on differences in treatment pressure and duration. An intensity of 15 cmHg for 10 seconds showed the greatest enhancement of 5-FU delivery via the skin. In contrast to the results for 5-FU, microdermabrasion reduced the skin permeation and deposition of topically applied clobetasol. The partitioning effect of clobetasol from the vehicle to the SC may have predominated this result. Microdermabrasion also enhanced the skin delivery of the hydrophilic 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of microdermabrasion-treated skin revealed intense red fluorescence of ALA-transformed protoporphyrin (PpIX) within the epidermis and upper dermis. CONCLUSIONS Microdermabrasion can improve the skin permeation of hydrophilic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Ruoh Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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