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Oshizaka T, Yamamoto A, Tanaka H, Takeuchi I, Mori K, Sugibayashi K. Design of Ionic Liquid Formulations with Azone-Mimic Structures for Enhanced Drug Skin Permeation. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1299-1305. [PMID: 38103688 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Although laurocapram (Azone) significantly enhances the skin permeation of drugs, its development was hindered by its skin irritation. We then developed an Azone-mimic ionic liquid (IL-Azone), composed of less irritating cationic ε-caprolactam and anionic myristic acid. IL-Azone dissociates to the original cation and anion in the presence of water in the formulation. We tried to select a formulation suitable for IL-Azone in the present study. Each formulation contained 5 % of either Azone or IL-Azone along with the model drug antipyrine, and skin permeation experiments of the drug were conducted. The results revealed that IL-Azone did not enhance skin permeation when combined with most formulations tested. However, a notable and rapid enhancement in skin permeation was observed when combined with white petrolatum. This effect could be attributed to the minimal water content in white petrolatum, which prevented IL-Azone degradation. Furthermore, its permeation-enhancing effects from IL-Azone in white petrolatum were more pronounced and rapid than Azone. The rapid onset observed with IL-Azone can be attributed to its degradation into its original components at the interface between the stratum corneum and the living epidermis, which results in a shorter lag time before achieving a steady-state concentration in the SC compared to Azone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oshizaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan.
| | - Aki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Hikaru Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Issei Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Mori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugibayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
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S K, Saquib M, Poojary H, Illanad G, Valavan D, M S, Nayak R, Mazumder N, Ghosh C. Skin emitted volatiles analysis for noninvasive diagnosis: the current advances in sample preparation techniques for biomedical application. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12009-12020. [PMID: 38623290 PMCID: PMC11017966 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01579g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Human skin emits a series of volatile compounds from the skin due to various metabolic processes, microbial activity, and several external factors. Changes in the concentration of skin volatile metabolites indicate many diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and infectious diseases. Researchers focused on skin-emitted compounds to gain insight into the pathophysiology of various diseases. In the case of skin volatolomics research, it is noteworthy that sample preparation, sampling protocol, analytical techniques, and comprehensive validation are important for the successful integration of skin metabolic profiles into regular clinical settings. Solid-phase microextraction techniques and polymer-based active sorbent traps were developed to capture the skin-emitted volatile compounds. The primary advantage of these sample preparation techniques is the ability to efficiently and targetedly capture skin metabolites, thus improving the detection of the biomarkers associated with various diseases. In further research, polydimethyl-based patches were utilized for skin research due to their biocompatibility and thermal stability properties. The microextraction sampling tools coupled with high sensitive Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer provided a potential platform for skin volatolomes, thus emerging as a state-of-the-art analytical technique. Later, technological advancements, including the design of wearable sensors, have enriched skin-based research as it can integrate the information from skin-emitted volatile profiles into a portable platform. However, individual-specific hydration, temperature, and skin conditions can influence variations in skin volatile concentration. Considering the subject-specific skin depth, sampling time standardization, and suitable techniques may improve the skin sampling techniques for the potential discovery of various skin-based marker compounds associated with diseases. Here, we have summarised the current research progress, limitations, and technological advances in skin-based sample preparation techniques for disease diagnosis, monitoring, and personalized healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana S
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Mohammad Saquib
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Harshika Poojary
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Gouri Illanad
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University Hubballi Karnataka 580021 India
| | - Divyadarshini Valavan
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Selvakumar M
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Ramakrishna Nayak
- Department of Humanities and Management, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Chiranjit Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
- Harvard Medical School 25 Shattuck Street Boston 02115 MA USA
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Oshizaka T, Hayakawa M, Uesaka M, Yoshizawa K, Kamei T, Takeuchi I, Mori K, Itakura S, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Design of an Ante-enhancer with an Azone-Mimic Structure using Ionic Liquid. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1577-1586. [PMID: 37081304 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Laurocapram (Azone) was broadly examined as a representative enhancer of skin penetration in the 1980s. However, it was not approved for treatment because it caused skin irritation following its penetration into the epidermis through the stratum corneum. In the present study, a so-called ante-enhancer with an Azone-mimic structure was designed based on an ante-drug with negligible systemic toxic effects following its permeation through the skin. METHODS The ante-enhancer was designed using ionic liquid technology: an ionic liquid-type ante-enhancer (IL-Azone) with an Azone-mimic structure was prepared from ε-caprolactam and myristic acid as cationic and anionic substances, respectively. The enhancing effects of IL-Azone on the permeation by the following model drugs through pig skin were examined: isosorbide 5-mononitrate (ISMN), antipyrine (ANP), and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FD-4). Skin irritation by IL-Azone was assessed using the Draize method. RESULTS The primary irritation index (P.I.I.) of IL-Azone by the Draize method was markedly lower than that of Azone (6.9). Although the ability of IL-Azone to enhance skin penetration was not as high as Azone, IL-Azone moderately increased skin permeation by the model compounds tested (ISMN: 4.7 fold, ANP: 4.5 fold, FD-4: 4.0 fold). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the usefulness of designing a skin penetration enhancer using ionic liquid technology. Further trials on the ionic liquid design with an Azone-mimic structure using other cations and anions may lead to the development of better ante-enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oshizaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba, 283-8555, Japan.
| | - Mao Hayakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba, 283-8555, Japan
| | - Mayu Uesaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba, 283-8555, Japan
| | - Kota Yoshizawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kamei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba, 283-8555, Japan
| | - Issei Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba, 283-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Mori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba, 283-8555, Japan
| | - Shoko Itakura
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Todo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugibayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba, 283-8555, Japan.
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan.
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Mori K, Yamazaki K, Takei C, Oshizaka T, Takeuchi I, Miyaji K, Todo H, Itakura S, Sugibayashi K. Remote-controllable dosage management through a wearable iontophoretic patch utilizing a cell phone. J Control Release 2023; 355:1-6. [PMID: 36690034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
With regard to medical treatment through operations, remote control is possible, however, the area of remote-controllable drug treatment is yet to be established. In this study, a prototyped remote-controllable dosage management system that allows patients and caregivers to administer therapeutic drugs via an internet line without touching the dosage device or formulation was developed. This system consists of a transmitter (System A) located away from the patient, and a dosage device (System B) equipped with a receiver (B1), dosage management unit (B2), and a drug treatment unit (B3) that can be installed on the patient. Additionally, Bluetooth® is adopted to communicate from System A to System B. In the present study, System A was incorporated into a cell phone, and System B was a constant-current iontophoresis (IP) device, which was applied on excised pig skin. Sodium salt of betamethasone phosphate (BP-Na+) was selected as a model drug, and the in vitro skin permeation of BP- was evaluated. As a result, by transmitting the administration information incorporated in System A through B1 to B2, the optimal current was passed between the IP electrodes in B3, and the skin permeation of BP- was obtained by remote control. That is, the skin permeation of BP- was obtained by the current flowing from the IP device. The permeation amount decreased when the voltage load was stopped. These results suggested that remote control from System A enables dosing management of bioactive substances from dosage devices applied on the skin, intracutaneously, or subcutaneously without being near the patient. Although various trials are still required to complete the remote-controlled system, the patient does not have to go to the hospital except to take injections. Such drug administrations would lead to decreased medical expenses and increased quality of life for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Mori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Kotomi Yamazaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Chihiro Takei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Oshizaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Issei Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Kunio Miyaji
- Think-Lands Co., Ltd., 7-1 Nisshin-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0024, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Todo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Shoko Itakura
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugibayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan..
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Parveen N, Abourehab MAS, Thanikachalam PV, Khar RK, Kesharwani P. Nanocrystals as an emerging nanocarrier for the management of dermatological diseases. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 225:113231. [PMID: 36907135 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Skin conditions are amongst the most prevalent health issues in the world and come with a heavy economic, social, and psychological burden. Incurable and chronic skin conditions like eczema, psoriasis, fungal infections are linked to major morbidity in the manner of physical pain and a reduction in quality life of patients. Several drugs have difficulties for penetrating the skin due to the barrier mechanism of the skin layers and the incompatible physicochemical characteristics of the drugs. This has led to the introduction of innovative drug delivery methods. Currently, formulations depend on nanocrystals have indeed been researched for topical administration of drugs and have resulted in enhanced skin penetration. This review focuses on skin penetration barriers, modern methods to enhance topical distribution, and the use of nanocrystals to overcome these barriers. By means of mechanisms such as adherence to skin, creation of diffusional corona, targeting of hair follicles, and the generation of a greater concentration gradient throughout the skin, nanocrystals could enhance transport across the skin. Scientists working on product formulations incorporating chemicals that are "challenging-to-deliver" topically may find the most current findings to be of relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Parveen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammed A S Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Punniyakoti Veeraveedu Thanikachalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Kanchipuram - Chennai Rd, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India
| | - Roop K Khar
- BS Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; Centre for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India.
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6
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Sugibayashi K. Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: From the Dawn and Early Stage to the Development and Maturity Stage, and the Future. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:1227-1253. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Allawadhi P, Khurana A, Allwadhi S, Navik US, Joshi K, Banothu AK, Bharani KK. Potential of electric stimulation for the management of COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110259. [PMID: 33254561 PMCID: PMC7481069 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is the most devastating health emergency that humans have seen over the past century. The war against the disease has been handicapped by unavailability of effective therapeutic options. Till date, there is no clinically approved vaccine or drug for the treatment of COVID-19, and the ongoing search to find a novel therapy is progressing at pandemic pace. Herein, we propose a novel hypothesis based on sound research evidence that electric stimulation can be a potential adjuvant to the currently used symptomatic therapies and antiviral drugs. Based on preclinical evidence, we propose that electric stimulation can improve respiratory functions, inhibit SARS-CoV-2 growth, reduce pain, boost immunity and improve the penetration of antiviral drugs. We envisage that our hypothesis, if used clinically as an adjuvant, may significantly improve the therapeutic outcomes of the current treatment regimen being used around the globe for the management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Allawadhi
- Department of Pharmacy, Vaish Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (VIPER), PBDS-UHS, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030, Telangana, India; Centre for Biomedical Engineering (CBME), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi-110016, India.
| | - Sachin Allwadhi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET), Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Uma Shanker Navik
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151001, Punjab, India
| | - Kamaldeep Joshi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET), Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Banothu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030, Telangana, India
| | - Kala Kumar Bharani
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030, Telangana, India.
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8
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Dermol-Černe J, Pirc E, Miklavčič D. Mechanistic view of skin electroporation - models and dosimetry for successful applications: an expert review. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:689-704. [PMID: 32192364 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1745772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Skin electroporation is a promising treatment for transdermal drug delivery, gene electrotransfer, skin rejuvenation, electrochemotherapy, and wound disinfection. Although a considerable amount of in vitro and in vivo studies exists, the translation to clinics is not as fast as one would hope. We hypothesize the reason lies in the inadequate dosimetry, i.e. electrode configurations, pulse parameters, and pulse generators used. We suggest adequate dosimetry can be determined by mathematical modeling which would allow comparison of protocols and facilitate translation into clinics.Areas covered: We introduce the mechanisms and applications of skin electroporation, present existing mathematical models and compare the influence of different model parameters. We review electrodes and pulse generators, prototypes, as well as commercially available models.Expert opinion: The reasons for slow translation of skin electroporation treatments into clinics lie in uncontrolled and inadequate dosimetry, poor reporting rendering comparisons between studies difficult, and significant differences in animal and human skin morphology often dismissed in reports. Mathematical models enable comparison of studies, however, when the parameters of the pulses and electrode configuration are not adequately reported, as is often the case, comparisons are difficult, if not impossible. For each skin electroporation treatment, systematic studies determining optimal parameters should be performed and treatment parameters standardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Dermol-Černe
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Pirc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Huy LQ, Shimoyama Y. Hybrid CO2-activated separation system for removal of diclofenac in aqueous solution. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Gupta R, Rai B. Electroporation of Skin Stratum Corneum Lipid Bilayer and Molecular Mechanism of Drug Transport: A Molecular Dynamics Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:5860-5870. [PMID: 29708340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The electroporation technique has been used significantly to increase drug permeation through the skin. This technique relies on the application of short-timed (microseconds to millisecond) electric fields (generally, order of 50--300 V) on the skin to create microscopic pores. However, the molecular mechanism of pore formation, resulting in an enhanced flux of active molecules through the skin, remains poorly understood. In this study, extensive atomistic molecular dynamics simulation of skin lipids [made up of ceramide (CER), cholesterol (CHOL), and free fatty acid (FFA)] has been performed at various external electric fields. We show for the first time the pore formation in the skin lipid bilayer during electroporation. We show the effect of the applied external electrical field (0.6-1.0 V/nm) on the pore formation dynamics in the lipid bilayer of different sizes (154, 616, and 2464 lipids) and compositions (CER/CHOL/FFA, 1:0:0, 1:0:1, 1:1:0, 1:1:1). The pore formation and resealing kinetics were different and were found to be highly dependent on the composition of the skin lipid bilayer. The pore formation time decreased with increase in the bilayer size. The pore sustaining electric field was found to be in the range of 0.20-0.25 V/nm for equimolar CER, CHOL, and FFA lipid bilayers. The skin lipid bilayer (1:1:1) sealed itself within 20 ns after the removal of the external electric field. We also present the molecular mechanism of enhancement of drug permeation in the presence of external field as compared to the passive diffusion. The molecular-level understanding obtained here could help in optimizing/designing the electroporation experiments for effective drug delivery. For a given skin composition and size of the drug molecule, the combination of pore formation time and pore growth model can be used to know a priori the desired electric field and time for the application of the electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Gupta
- Physical Science Research Area, Tata Research Development & Design Centre, TCS Innovation Labs , Pune 411013 , India
| | - Beena Rai
- Physical Science Research Area, Tata Research Development & Design Centre, TCS Innovation Labs , Pune 411013 , India
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11
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Takeuchi I, Takeshita T, Suzuki T, Makino K. Iontophoretic transdermal delivery using chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles for positively charged drugs. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 160:520-526. [PMID: 29017147 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles prepared using a combination of an antisolvent diffusion method with preferential solvation was shown to be beneficial for the iontophoretic transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents. Also, this preparation method can contain a hydrophilic drug. However, since PLGA nanoparticles were negatively charged, it was difficult to apply iontophoresis for positively charged hydrophilic drugs. In this study, we prepared positively charged PLGA nanoparticles containing donepezil hydrochloride (DP). DP was used as a positively charged hydrophilic drug model. The PLGA nanoparticles were coated with chitosan hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride. The average particle diameter of the nanoparticles was 117.7±60.6nm and the surface charge number density changed from negative to positive. Ex vivo skin accumulation study was carried out using abdominal rat skin and a Franz-type diffusion cell with/without iontophoresis. When iontophoresis was applied, the DP concentration in the rat skin of chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles was 2.2 times higher than that of non-coated PLGA nanoparticles. This indicated that chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles were suitable for iontophoresis. To investigate the transdermal delivery route of the nanoparticles, we prepared chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles containing DP, coumarin-6, and rhodamine 6G. Coumarin-6 and rhodamine 6G were used as a trace marker of the PLGA nanoparticles and positively charged hydrophilic drug model, respectively. From the results of ex vivo accumulation test of this fluorescent nanoparticles, it was suggested that positively charged hydrophilic drugs reached the hair follicles as a nanoparticle, and then they were released from the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Center for Physical Pharmaceutics, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Takeshita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takaaki Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kimiko Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Center for Physical Pharmaceutics, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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12
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Ita K. Perspectives on Transdermal Electroporation. Pharmaceutics 2016; 8:E9. [PMID: 26999191 PMCID: PMC4810085 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery offers several advantages, including avoidance of erratic absorption, absence of gastric irritation, painlessness, noninvasiveness, as well as improvement in patient compliance. With this mode of drug administration, there is no pre-systemic metabolism and it is possible to increase drug bioavailability and half-life. However, only a few molecules can be delivered across the skin in therapeutic quantities. This is because of the hindrance provided by the stratum corneum. Several techniques have been developed and used over the last few decades for transdermal drug delivery enhancement. These include sonophoresis, iontophoresis, microneedles, and electroporation. Electroporation, which refers to the temporary perturbation of the skin following the application of high voltage electric pulses, has been used to increase transcutaneous flux values by several research groups. In this review, transdermal electroporation is discussed and the use of the technique for percutaneous transport of low and high molecular weight compounds described. This review also examines our current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of electroporation and safety concerns arising from the use of this transdermal drug delivery technique. Safety considerations are especially important because electroporation utilizes high voltage pulses which may have deleterious effects in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ita
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University, Mare Island-Vallejo, CA 94592, USA.
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Zorec B, Jelenc J, Miklavčič D, Pavšelj N. Ultrasound and electric pulses for transdermal drug delivery enhancement: Ex vivo assessment of methods with in vivo oriented experimental protocols. Int J Pharm 2015; 490:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Wei Z, Zheng S, Wang R, Bu X, Ma H, Wu Y, Zhu L, Hu Z, Liang Z, Li Z. A flexible microneedle array as low-voltage electroporation electrodes for in vivo DNA and siRNA delivery. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4093-4102. [PMID: 25182174 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00800f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In vivo electroporation is an appealing method to deliver nucleic acid into living tissues, but the clinical application of such a method was limited due to severe tissue damage and poor coverage of the tissue surface. Here we present the validation of a novel flexible microneedle array electrode (MNAE) chip, in which the microneedle array and the flexible substrate are integrated together to simultaneously facilitate low-voltage electroporation and accomplish good coverage of the tissue surface. The efficient delivery of both DNA and siRNA was demonstrated on mice. Upon penetrating the high-resistance stratum corneum, the electroporation voltage was reduced to about 35 V, which was generally recognized safe for humans. Also, a pathological analysis of the microneedle-electroporated tissues was carried out to thoroughly assess the skin damage, which is an important consideration in pre-clinical studies of electroporation devices. This MNAE constitutes a novel way of in vivo delivery of siRNA and DNA to certain tissues or organs with satisfactory efficiency and good adaptation to the tissue surface profile as well as minimum tissue damage, thus avoiding the disadvantages of existing electroporation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Wei
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
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15
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Issa MCA, Pires M, Silveira P, Xavier de Brito E, Sasajima C. Transepidermal drug delivery: A new treatment option for areata alopecia? J COSMET LASER THER 2014; 17:37-40. [DOI: 10.3109/14764172.2014.967778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Katsumi H, Quan YS, Kamiyama F, Kusamori K, Sakane T, Yamamoto A. [Development of a novel transdermal delivery system of peptide and protein drugs using microneedle arrays]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 134:63-7. [PMID: 24389619 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal delivery of peptide and protein drugs may be limited by the stratum corneum, which is a protective barrier against the entry of microorganisms and water. Many approaches have been utilized to promote peptide and protein drugs delivery across the stratum corneum, including chemical enhancer modification and physical disruption of barrier function. However, it has been difficult to achieve therapeutic levels of peptide and protein drugs via this route without any skin irritation. Recently, attention has been paid to the possibility of using microneedle arrays in delivering peptide and protein drugs into the skin. As a novel and minimally invasive approach, microneedle arrays are capable of creating superficial pathways across the skin for peptide and protein drugs to achieve enhanced transdermal drug delivery. This method combines the efficacy of conventional injection needles with the convenience of transdermal patches, while minimizing the disadvantages of these administration methods. Therefore, microneedle arrays are a very useful alternative method for delivering peptide and protein drugs from the skin into the systemic circulation without any serious damage to skin. In this review, recent challenges in the developments of microneedle arrays for the delivery of peptide and protein drugs are summarized. Then, future developments of microneedle arrays for the delivery of peptide and protein drugs are also discussed in order to improve their therapeutic efficacy and safety.
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17
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Histopathology of normal skin and melanomas after nanosecond pulsed electric field treatment. Melanoma Res 2013; 19:361-71. [PMID: 19730404 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e32832f1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) can affect the intracellular structures of cells in vitro. This study shows the direct effects of nsPEFs on tumor growth, tumor volume, and histological characteristics of normal skin and B16-F10 melanoma in SKH-1 mice. A melanoma model was set up by injecting B16-F10 into female SKH-1 mice. After a 100-pulse treatment with an nsPEF (40-kV/cm field strength; 300-ns duration; 30-ns rise time; 2-Hz repetition rate), tumor growth and histology were studied using transillumination, light microscopy with hematoxylin and eosin stain and transmission electron microscopy. Melanin and iron within the melanoma tumor were also detected with specific stains. After nsPEF treatment, tumor development was inhibited with decreased volumes post-nsPEF treatment compared with control tumors (P<0.05). The nsPEF-treated tumor volume was reduced significantly compared with the control group (P<0.01). Hematoxylin and eosin stain and transmission electron microscopy showed morphological changes and nuclear shrinkage in the tumor. Fontana-Masson stain indicates that nsPEF can externalize the melanin. Iron stain suggested nsPEF caused slight hemorrhage in the treated tissue. Histology confirmed that repeated applications of nsPEF disrupted the vascular network. nsPEF treatment can significantly disrupt the vasculature, reduce subcutaneous murine melanoma development, and produce tumor cell contraction and nuclear shrinkage while concurrently, but not permanently, damaging peripheral healthy skin tissue in the treated area, which we attribute to the highly localized electric fields surrounding the needle electrodes.
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18
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Peng J, Zhao Y, Mai J, Guo W, Xu Y. Short noncoding DNA fragment improve efficiencies of in vivo electroporation-mediated gene transfer. J Gene Med 2013; 14:563-9. [PMID: 22930438 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major obstacle to the application of gene therapy methods in experimental and clinical practice is the lack of safe and efficient gene delivery systems. Electroporation has been shown to an effective physical delivery method. A variety of factors have been shown to affect the electroporation-mediated gene delivery efficiency. In the present study, we assessed the usefulness of noncoding short-fragment DNA (sf-DNA) for facilitating electroporation-mediated gene transfer. METHODS The plasmid pGL3-control encoding firefly luciferase was injected into tissues together with or without sf-DNA. Immediately after injection, the tissues were electroporated and the level of luciferase activity was assessed 24 h later. Different types of DNA fragments with different molecular weights, structures and doses were compared. The transfection efficiencies of sf-DNA-mediated electroporation in different tissues or with different electric field strengths were examined. RESULTS Plasmid DNA formulated with 300-bp sf-DNA resulted in a significant improvement in electroporation-mediated gene transfer efficiency. The effect is dose-dependent and is also affected by DNA fragment length and structure. It was useful for intramuscular electroporation application, as well as intratumoral application with various pulse voltage parameters. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in the present study indicate that sf-DNA can be used as a helper molecule to improve electroporation-mediated gene transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Peng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Zhang Z, Tsai PC, Ramezanli T, Michniak-Kohn BB. Polymeric nanoparticles-based topical delivery systems for the treatment of dermatological diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:205-18. [PMID: 23386536 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human skin not only functions as a permeation barrier (mainly because of the stratum corneum layer) but also provides a unique delivery pathway for therapeutic and other active agents. These compounds penetrate via intercellular, intracellular, and transappendageal routes, resulting in topical delivery (into skin strata) and transdermal delivery (to subcutaneous tissues and into the systemic circulation). Passive and active permeation enhancement methods have been widely applied to increase the cutaneous penetration. The pathology, pathogenesis, and topical treatment approaches of dermatological diseases, such as psoriasis, contact dermatitis, and skin cancer, are then discussed. Recent literature has demonstrated that nanoparticles-based topical delivery systems can be successful in treating these skin conditions. The studies are reviewed starting with the nanoparticles based on natural polymers especially chitosan, followed by those made of synthetic, degradable (aliphatic polyesters), and nondegradable (polyacrylates) polymers; emphasis is given to nanospheres made of polymers derived from naturally occurring metabolites, the tyrosine-derived nanospheres (TyroSpheres™). In summary, the nanoparticles-based topical delivery systems combine the advantages of both the nanosized drug carriers and the topical approach, and are promising for the treatment of skin diseases. For the perspectives, the penetration of ultra-small nanoparticles (size smaller than 40 nm) into skin strata, the targeted delivery of the encapsulated drugs to hair follicle stem cells, and the combination of nanoparticles and microneedle array technologies for special applications such as vaccine delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- The New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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20
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Approaches for breaking the barriers of drug permeation through transdermal drug delivery. J Control Release 2012; 164:26-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Sugino M, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. [Skin permeation and transdermal delivery systems of drugs: history to overcome barrier function in the stratum corneum]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2010; 129:1453-8. [PMID: 19952520 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.129.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS), where active drugs must be absorbed into the systemic circulation after penetrating the skin barrier, were first launched in 1979, and about 10 TDDS containing different kinds of drugs were developed during the initial decade. Interestingly, a developmental rush has come again in the present century. Various penetration-enhancing approaches to improve drug permeation of the skin (stratum corneum) have been attempted. These approaches are of two types: chemical and physical. Examples of the chemical approach are enhancers such as alcohol, monoterpenes and fatty acid esters, as well as chemical modification of prodrugs. In contrast, physical approaches include the use of electrical-, thermal- and mechanical-energy, as well as microneedles, needle-free injectors or electroporation to completely or partially evade the barrier function in the stratum corneum. The chemical approaches are mainly effective in increasing the skin permeation of low-molecular chemicals, whereas physical means are effective for these chemicals but also high-molecules like peptides, proteins and nucleotides (DNA or RNA). Marked development has been observed in these physical means in the past decade. In addition, recent developments in tissue engineering technologies enables the use of cultured skin containing keratinocytes and fibroblasts as a TDDS. An effective "cell delivery system" may be a reality in the near future. This paper will look back on the 30-year history of TDDS and evaluate the feasibility of a new generation of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sugino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
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22
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Park D, Yoon J, Park J, Jung B, Park H, Seo J. Transdermal drug delivery aided by an ultrasound contrast agent: an in vitro experimental study. Open Biomed Eng J 2010; 4:56-62. [PMID: 20448793 PMCID: PMC2847207 DOI: 10.2174/1874120701004010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Revised: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonophoresis temporarily increases skin permeability such that medicine can be delivered transdermally. Cavitation is believed to be the predominant mechanism in sonophoresis. In this study, an ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) strategy was adopted instead of low frequency ultrasound to assure that cavitation occurred, and the efficacy of sonophoresis with UCA was quantitatively analyzed by optical measurements. The target drug used in this study was 0.1 % Definity® in 70% glycerol, which was delivered into porcine skin samples. Glycerol was used because it is an optical clearing agent, and the efficiency of glycerol delivery could be analyzed with optical measurements. The applied acoustic pressure was approximately 600 kPa at 1 MHz ultrasound with a 10% duty cycle for 60 minutes. Experimental results indicated that the measured relative contrast (RC) after sonophoresis with UCA was approximately 80% higher than RC after sonophoresis without UCA. In addition, the variance of RC was also reduced by more than 50% with the addition of a UCA. The use of a UCA appeared to increase cavitation, demonstrating that the use of a UCA can be effective in transdermal drug delivery (TDD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, 234 Maeji, Heungup, Wonju, Kangwon, 220-710, S. Korea
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23
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Sugibayashi K, Todo H, Yamaguchi K. Effect of negative charged particles on the recovery of skin barrier function after EP treatment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Cao D, Kitamura T, Todo H, Yoo SD, Sugibayashi K. Pretreatment effects of moxibustion on the skin permeation of FITC-dextran. Int J Pharm 2008; 354:117-25. [PMID: 18079074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the pretreatment effects of different in vivo moxibustion on the permeation of a model high molecular compound, FITC-dextran, with a mean molecular weight of 4 kDa (FD-4), through excised hairless rat skin. Direct or indirect moxibustion (0.10 g moxa) was pretreated consecutively 4 times every 5 min on the abdomen of hairless rats, and the permeation of FD-4 was determined through the excised skin over 8h from 30 min after starting the first moxibustion. This consecutive moxibustion pretreatment showed a significant increase in the skin temperature as well as skin permeation of FD-4 compared with the control group (no moxibustion pretreatment). Quantitative parameters showed an increase in skin temperature and skin permeation: the area under the skin temperature over control temperature-time curve during one burning cycle (5.0 min) (AUCtemp) or the maximum skin temperature during moxibustion (Tmax) and the cumulative amount of FD-4 permeated through skin over 8h (Q8) or steady-state flux were increased by moxibustion pretreatment. Then, the effect of pedestal thickness (distance from the moxa cylinder and skin surface), shape of the moxa cylinder (5mm diameter, 13 mm height or 9 mm diameter, 7 mm height), burning materials (moxa or aromatic incense), pedestal component (paper, potato or ginger) and moxibustion pretreatment method (direct or indirect moxibustion) was evaluated on the AUCtemp or Tmax and Q8 or flux. The amount of protein leached from the skin surface was also determined as an inflammatory index by this moxibustion pretreatment. When the skin temperature was increased to 60 degrees C, the Q8 or flux as well as the amount of protein leached were markedly increased. When the skin temperature was controlled to 42 to 45 degrees C by an adequate selection of pedestal thickness, shape of the moxa cylinder, burning materials, pedestal component and moxibustion pretreatment method, on the other hand, protein leaching remained unaltered, but the Q8 or flux significantly increased with the Tmax. This study thus provides credible evidence that moxibustion pretreatment increases the skin permeation of high molecular compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianxiu Cao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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25
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Yuan TF. Electroporation: an arsenal of application. Cytotechnology 2007; 54:71-6. [PMID: 19003020 PMCID: PMC2267498 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is a way to induce nanometersized membrane pore for exogenous substances delivery into cytoplasm using an artificial electric field. Now it was widely used for molecules transfer especially in molecular experiments and genetic aspects. In recent years, modern electroporation on the embryo was developed, whose most important point is that it adopts low energy and rectangular pulse that could obtain high transfection efficiency and low damage to the embryo. This paper reviewed on the pool of application: from lab works to human clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Fei Yuan
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Life Science School, Sun Yat-Sen (ZhongShan) University, P.O. Box A075#, XinGangXi Road 135, HaiZhu District, 510275, Guangzhou, China,
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26
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Sakurai H, Takahashi Y, Machida Y. Influence of low-frequency massage device on transdermal absorption of ionic materials. Int J Pharm 2005; 305:112-21. [PMID: 16239087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of a low-frequency massage device on transdermal absorption of sodium benzoate, ketoprofen and diclofenac sodium was investigated in rats. Electrode pads spread with a hydroxypropyl cellulose gel containing the drug model were placed on excised skin in vitro. The transdermal permeation studies were carried out in the treatment group with the pulse applied through electrode pads spread with the gel, the pretreatment group with the gel applied after the application of the pulse and in the control group in which the gel was applied without the pulse. In vivo, transdermal absorption of ketoprofen was examined in the same groups used for the in vitro study. The pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in plasma after intravenous injection was also studied. The treatment group showed higher cumulative permeated amounts of the drug models than the control in vitro. However, the enhancing effect was not observed in the pretreatment group. In vivo, the plasma ketoprofen level increased temporarily after the pulse was applied and then increased gradually as compared with the control. Since the distribution of ketoprofen from the central to the peripheral compartment was enhanced by the pulse in the injection study, enhancement of the biodistribution of ketoprofen by the low-frequency pulse was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sakurai
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
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27
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Lavon I, Grossman N, Kost J. The nature of ultrasound–SLS synergism during enhanced transdermal transport. J Control Release 2005; 107:484-94. [PMID: 16165244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) exhibit a synergistic effect on transdermal transport, when applied simultaneously on the skin. The synergistic mechanism is not fully understood. Previous studies have shown that application of ultrasound simultaneously with SLS, results in enhanced mass transfer and improved penetration and dispersion of the surfactant. In this study we demonstrate that simultaneous application of ultrasound and SLS leads to modification of the pH profile of the stratum corneum. This pH modification within the stratum corneum's microenvironment, can affect both the structure of the lipid layers and the activity of SLS as a chemical enhancer due to its improved lipophilic solubility. The altered pH profile that results in improved SLS lipophilic solubility, together with improved SLS penetration and dispersion, can explain the synergistic enhancing effect of ultrasound and SLS on transdermal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Lavon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, POB 635 Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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28
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Tokumoto S, Mori K, Higo N, Sugibayashi K. Effect of electroporation on the electroosmosis across hairless mouse skin in vitro. J Control Release 2005; 105:296-304. [PMID: 15894395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of electroporation on the iontophoresis-produced electroosmosis across the skin was evaluated by measuring the permeability of hairless mouse skin, to mannitol, a non-electrolyte, in vitro. Immediately after electroporation by squared pulses (10 times/s) at 100, 150 or 200 V for 1 ms, anodal iontophoretic permeations were determined at 0.4 mA/cm2 for 4 h. The observed iontophoretic permeability of mannitol was higher with electroporation pretreatment than without pretreatment. The enhanced flux of mannitol induced by electroporation, however, was due to increased passive diffusion. The contribution of convective or osmotic flow caused by anodal iontophoresis on skin permeation of mannitol was decreased by the pretreatment. In addition, osmotic flow was decreased with an increase in the applied voltage for electroporation. In contrast, mannitol flux during cathodal iontophoresis at 0.4 mA/cm2 after 150 or 200 V electroporation was higher than without electroporation as well as anodal iontophoresis, but cathodal iontophoretic flux after electroporation was lower than without iontophoresis. The neutral high-molecular compound dextran rhodamine B was also used as a second model. Anodal iontophoresis alone did not increase skin permeability of the compound. However, electroporation pretreatment before anodal iontophoresis enhanced the skin permeation of dextran rhodamine B, which was due to increased osmotic flow induced by this combination. These results suggest that electroporation decreases the electroosmosis produced by iontophoresis, and that electroporation increases skin permeability to neutral low and high model compounds (mannitol and dextran rhodamine B) probably due to an enlarged permeation pathway. Thus, electroporation affects osmotic flow from the anode to cathode during iontophoresis. Therefore, one has to pay attention to the change in electroosmosis produced by iontophoresis for the combined use of electroporation and iontophoresis to attain a high skin-penetration enhancing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Tokumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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29
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Sugibayashi K, Hayashi T, Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T. Utility of a three-dimensional cultured human skin model as a tool to evaluate the simultaneous diffusion and metabolism of ethyl nicotinate in skin. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2005; 19:352-62. [PMID: 15548846 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.19.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous diffusion and metabolism of ethyl nicotinate (EN) in a cultured human skin model, Living Skin Equivalent-high, was evaluated by the in vitro skin permeation and metabolism experiments, and esterase distribution was also determined. Theoretical calculations using Fick's 2nd Law of Diffusion with Michaelis-Menten kinetics were performed to obtain the permeation and metabolic parameters together with information on enzyme distribution. The obtained data was compared with the corresponding results in excised hairless rat skin. The partition coefficient of EN from the vehicle to the skin was of the same order of magnitude for the cultured human skin and hairless rat skin, but the diffusion and metabolic parameters were different. Esterase concentration in the epidermal membrane was greater than in the dermis of cultured skin, which was similar to hairless rat skin. Taking into account the similarities and differences between the membranes, the cultured human skin model can be utilized as a model membrane to rapidly predict simultaneous diffusion and metabolism of the prodrug through human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugibayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
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30
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Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery offers an attractive alternative to the conventional drug delivery methods of oral administration and injection. However, the stratum corneum acts as a barrier that limits the penetration of substances through the skin. Application of ultrasound to the skin increases its permeability (sonophoresis) and enables the delivery of various substances into and through the skin. This review presents the main findings in the field of sonophoresis, namely transdermal drug delivery and transdermal monitoring. Particular attention is paid to proposed enhancement mechanisms and future trends in the field of cutaneous vaccination and gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Lavon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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31
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Denet AR, Vanbever R, Préat V. Skin electroporation for transdermal and topical delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004; 56:659-74. [PMID: 15019751 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Accepted: 10/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation is the transitory structural perturbation of lipid bilayer membranes due to the application of high voltage pulses. Its application to the skin has been shown to increase transdermal drug delivery by several orders of magnitude. Moreover, electroporation, used alone or in combination with other enhancement methods, expands the range of drugs (small to macromolecules, lipophilic or hydrophilic, charged or neutral molecules) which can be delivered transdermally. Molecular transport through transiently permeabilized skin by electroporation results mainly from enhanced diffusion and electrophoresis. The efficacy of transport depends on the electrical parameters and the physicochemical properties of drugs. The in vivo application of high voltage pulses is well tolerated but muscle contractions are usually induced. The electrode and patch design is an important issue to reduce the discomfort of the electrical treatment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Rose Denet
- Unité de Pharmacie Galénique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 73 UCL 7320, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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