1
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Szulc A, Woźniak M. Targeting Pivotal Hallmarks of Cancer for Enhanced Therapeutic Strategies in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment-In Vitro, In Vivo and Clinical Trials Literature Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1483. [PMID: 38672570 PMCID: PMC11047913 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and explores innovative targeted therapies focused on specific hallmarks of cancer cells, aiming to revolutionize breast cancer treatment. TNBC, characterized by its lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), presents distinct features, categorizing these invasive breast tumors into various phenotypes delineated by key elements in molecular assays. This article delves into the latest advancements in therapeutic strategies targeting components of the tumor microenvironment and pivotal hallmarks of cancer: deregulating cellular metabolism and the Warburg effect, acidosis and hypoxia, the ability to metastasize and evade the immune system, aiming to enhance treatment efficacy while mitigating systemic toxicity. Insights from in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials underscore the promising effectiveness and elucidate the mechanisms of action of these novel therapeutic interventions for TNBC, particularly in cases refractory to conventional treatments. The integration of targeted therapies tailored to the molecular characteristics of TNBC holds significant potential for optimizing clinical outcomes and addressing the pressing need for more effective treatment options for this aggressive subtype of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Woźniak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
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2
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Zhan L, Su F, Li Q, Wen Y, Wei F, He Z, Chen X, Yin X, Wang J, Cai Y, Gong Y, Chen Y, Ma X, Zeng J. Phytochemicals targeting glycolysis in colorectal cancer therapy: effects and mechanisms of action. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1257450. [PMID: 37693915 PMCID: PMC10484417 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1257450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor in the world, and it is prone to recurrence and metastasis during treatment. Aerobic glycolysis is one of the main characteristics of tumor cell metabolism in CRC. Tumor cells rely on glycolysis to rapidly consume glucose and to obtain more lactate and intermediate macromolecular products so as to maintain growth and proliferation. The regulation of the CRC glycolysis pathway is closely associated with several signal transduction pathways and transcription factors including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), myc, and p53. Targeting the glycolytic pathway has become one of the key research aspects in CRC therapy. Many phytochemicals were shown to exert anti-CRC activity by targeting the glycolytic pathway. Here, we review the effects and mechanisms of phytochemicals on CRC glycolytic pathways, providing a new method of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhan
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangting Su
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueqiang Wen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhelin He
- Guang’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guang’an, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Guang’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guang’an, China
| | - Xiang Yin
- Guang’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guang’an, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Guang’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guang’an, China
| | - Yilin Cai
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxia Gong
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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3
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Ismail A, Tanasova M. Importance of GLUT Transporters in Disease Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8698. [PMID: 35955833 PMCID: PMC9368955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Facilitative sugar transporters (GLUTs) are the primary method of sugar uptake in all mammalian cells. There are 14 different types of those transmembrane proteins, but they transport only a handful of substrates, mainly glucose and fructose. This overlap and redundancy contradict the natural tendency of cells to conserve energy and resources, and has led researchers to hypothesize that different GLUTs partake in more metabolic roles than just sugar transport into cells. Understanding those roles will lead to better therapeutics for a wide variety of diseases and disorders. In this review we highlight recent discoveries of the role GLUTs play in different diseases and disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Marina Tanasova
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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4
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Chen C, Hao X, Lai X, Liu L, Zhu J, Shao H, Huang D, Gu H, Zhang T, Yu Z, Xie L, Zhang X, Yang Y, Xu J, Zhao Y, Lu Z, Zheng J. Oxidative phosphorylation enhances the leukemogenic capacity and resistance to chemotherapy of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd6280. [PMID: 33692103 PMCID: PMC7946372 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
How metabolic status controls the fates of different types of leukemia cells remains elusive. Using a SoNar-transgenic mouse line, we demonstrated that B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cells had a preference in using oxidative phosphorylation. B-ALL cells with a low SoNar ratio (SoNar-low) had enhanced mitochondrial respiration capacity, mainly resided in the vascular niche, and were enriched with more functional leukemia-initiating cells than that of SoNar-high cells in a murine B-ALL model. The SoNar-low cells were more resistant to cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) treatment. cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element-binding protein transactivated pyruvate dehydrogenase complex component X and cytidine deaminase to maintain the oxidative phosphorylation level and Ara-C-induced resistance. SoNar-low human primary B-ALL cells also had a preference for oxidative phosphorylation. Suppressing oxidative phosphorylation with several drugs sufficiently attenuated Ara-C-induced resistance. Our study provides a unique angle for understanding the potential connections between metabolism and B-ALL cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiqi Chen
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaoxin Hao
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lai
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ligen Liu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Zhaxin Hospital, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Hongfang Shao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tinghua Zhang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhuo Yu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li Xie
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaocui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Zhaxin Hospital, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Optogenetics and Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Xu
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Yuzheng Zhao
- Optogenetics and Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
- Research Unit of New Techniques for Live-cell Metabolic Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Lu
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, and The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junke Zheng
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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5
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di Masi A, Leboffe L, Sodo A, Tabacco G, Cesareo R, Sbroscia M, Giovannoni I, Taffon C, Crucitti P, Longo F, Manfrini S, Ricci MA, Ascenzi P, Crescenzi A, Palermo A. Metabolic profile of human parathyroid adenoma. Endocrine 2020; 67:699-707. [PMID: 31786773 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, it has been demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy is able to differentiate between healthy parathyroid tissues and parathyroid adenoma based on the basis of a specific molecular fingerprint. However, to our knowledge, no previous studies have been performed to evaluate the metabolic profile of parathyroid adenoma. Therefore, we designed a proof of concept study aimed to investigate the glucose/fatty acid metabolisms, in addition to the mitochondrial changes, in solitary parathyroid adenoma and in healthy parathyroid glands. METHODS Nine females with primary hyperparathyroidism due to a solitary parathyroid adenoma and formal surgical indication for parathyroidectomy have been enrolled. At the time of surgery, the removed specimens were immediately submitted unfixed and a tissue slice of about 0.5 cm in diameter was obtained from the nodular lesion. The expression of selected metabolic enzymes and proteins has been evaluated by western blot analysis, using human parathyroid whole tissue lysates as control. RESULTS Data obtained highlighted an increase, compared with the healthy group, of: (i) the glucose uptake by the GLUT-1 receptor and its phosphorylation by hexokinase II (HXKII); (ii) the expression of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-PGDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD); (iii) lipids biosynthesis; and (iv) cytochrome c expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight for the first time the parathyroid adenoma metabolic hallmarks that could represent potential molecular targets usable for the development of new pharmacological treatments, allowing to reduce surgical parathyroidectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loris Leboffe
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, I-00146, Roma, Italy
| | - Armida Sodo
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, I-00146, Roma, Italy
| | - Gaia Tabacco
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Cesareo
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Latina, Italy
| | - Marco Sbroscia
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, I-00146, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Taffon
- Pathology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Longo
- Unit of Neck and Chest Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Manfrini
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, I-00146, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Crescenzi
- Pathology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Palermo
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University, Roma, Italy
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6
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Samama B, Benardais K, Lipsker D, Boehm N. GLUT1 expression in human papillomavirus-positive anogenital lesions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 34:873-875. [PMID: 31746025 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GLUT1, an ubiquitous glucose transporter in the mammalian cells, is upregulated in many tumours, including human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced head and neck or cervical cancer. OBJECTIVE To study in anogenital lesions whether or not GLUT1 expression correlates with genomic high-risk HPV integration, the first step in neoplastic transformation. METHODS Forty-three HPV-positive biopsies positive for either low-risk or high-risk HPV were selected. Paraffin sections adjacent to those tested for the presence of HPV were processed for GLUT1 immunocytochemistry. GLUT1 expression was analysed by two histologists, blinded to HPV type and status and then compared with HPV typing results. RESULTS Two main staining patterns were observed, either staining from the basal to the granular layer or staining of superficial layers only. The first staining pattern corresponded to lesions with high number of episomal HPV-positive nuclei. Superficial staining was observed in lesions with low number of episomal HPV nuclei or when high-risk HPV was integrated in the cell genome. CONCLUSION Our results show that GLUT1 overexpression correlates with the number of episomally infected cells in the lesion, but not with the type (low or high risk) of HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Samama
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - K Benardais
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - D Lipsker
- Clinique Dermatologique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - N Boehm
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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7
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Singer K, Dettmer K, Unger P, Schönhammer G, Renner K, Peter K, Siska PJ, Berneburg M, Herr W, Oefner PJ, Karrer S, Kreutz M, Datz E. Topical Diclofenac Reprograms Metabolism and Immune Cell Infiltration in Actinic Keratosis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:605. [PMID: 31334125 PMCID: PMC6619385 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin are characterized by an altered glucose metabolism, but little is known about metabolic changes in precancerous skin lesions such as actinic keratosis (AK). Here, we studied the central carbon metabolism and immune cell infiltrate of actinic keratosis lesions before, under, and 4 weeks after treatment with topical diclofenac (Solaraze®). Methods: This study was designed as a prospective, randomized, controlled, monocentric investigation (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01935531). Myeloid and T cell infiltration was analyzed in skin biopsies from 28 patients by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, immune cell activation was determined via quantitative real-time PCR (IFN-γ, IL-10, CSF1, TGF-β, IL-6). Glucose, amino acid and Krebs' cycle metabolism was studied by mass spectrometry prior, during and after treatment with topical diclofenac. Biopsies from sun-exposed, untreated, healthy skin served as controls. Results: Increased lactate and decreased glucose levels suggested accelerated glycolysis in pre-treatment AK. Further, levels of Krebs' cycle intermediates other than citrate and amino acids were elevated. Analysis of the immune infiltrate revealed less epidermal CD1a+ cells but increased frequencies of dermal CD8+ T cells in AK. Treatment with diclofenac reduced lactate and amino acid levels in AK, especially in responding lesions, and induced an infiltration of dermal CD8+ T cells accompanied by high IFN-γ mRNA expression, suggesting improved T cell function. Discussion: Our study clearly demonstrated that not only cancers but also pre-malignant skin lesions, like AK, exhibit profound changes in metabolism, correlating with an altered immune infiltrate. Diclofenac normalizes metabolism, immune cell infiltration and function in AK lesions, suggesting a novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Singer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katja Dettmer
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Unger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schönhammer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Renner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Siska
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sigrid Karrer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marina Kreutz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Datz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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8
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ChREBP promotes the differentiation of leukemia-initiating cells to inhibit leukemogenesis through the TXNIP/RUNX1 pathways. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38347-38358. [PMID: 27224916 PMCID: PMC5122394 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) is the key to eradicating leukemia and preventing its relapse. Recent studies have indicated that metabolic regulation may play a critical role in the maintenance of stemness in LICs, although the detailed mechanisms are poorly understood. Herein, we provide intriguing evidence showing that a glucose-responsive transcription factor, carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP), served as a tumor suppressor rather than an oncogene, as previously described, to inhibit the development of acute myeloid leukemia by promoting the differentiation of LICs. Using an MLL-AF9-induced murine leukemia model, we demonstrated that the deletion of ChREBP resulted in the blockage of the differentiation of LICs and significantly reduced survival in ChREBP-null leukemic mice. However, ChREBP was not required for the normal repopulation abilities of hematopoietic stem cells. ChREBP promoted leukemia cell differentiation through the direct inhibition of RUNX1 or the transactivation of TXNIP to downregulate the RUNX1 level and ROS generation. Moreover, knockdown of ChREBP in human leukemia THP1 cells led to markedly enhanced proliferation and decreased differentiation upon PMA treatment. Collectively, we unraveled an unexpected role of ChREBP in leukemogenesis, which may provide valuable clues for developing novel metabolic strategies for leukemia treatment.
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9
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Zama K, Mitsutake S, Okazaki T, Igarashi Y. Sphingomyelin in microdomains of the plasma membrane regulates amino acid-stimulated mTOR signal activation. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:823-831. [PMID: 29369436 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is required for cells to proliferate, but the reason is not fully understood. In order to asses this question, we employed a cell line, ZS, which lacks both SMS1 and SMS2, isolated from mouse embryonic fibroblasts in SMS1 and 2 double knockout mouse, and SMS1 or SMS2 re-expressing cells, ZS/SMS1 or ZS/SMS2, respectively. We investigated regulation of SM in activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal induced by essential amino acids (EAA), using these cells. EAA-stimulated mTOR signal was more activated in ZS/SMS1 and ZS/SMS2 cells than in controls. Treatment with methyl-b-cyclodextrin dramatically inhibited the activation. Interestingly, we found that the expression of CD98, LAT-1 and ASCT-2, amino acid transporters concerned with mTOR activation, was down-regulated in ZS cells. Transporters localized in microdomains and formed a functional complex. Our results indicate that SM affect proliferation through the transport of amino acids via SM-enriched microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Zama
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Department of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Susumu Mitsutake
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, Honjo-machi 1, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Igarashi
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Department of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
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10
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Důra M, Němejcová K, Jakša R, Bártů M, Kodet O, Tichá I, Michálková R, Dundr P. Expression of Glut-1 in Malignant Melanoma and Melanocytic Nevi: an Immunohistochemical Study of 400 Cases. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 25:361-368. [PMID: 29128957 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1) is a cell membrane glycoprotein involved in glucose uptake. An increased expression of Glut-1 is an important cell adaptation mechanism against hypoxia. An upregulation of Glut-1 can be found in several types of malignant tumors, which are able to reprogram their metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect). However, the data regarding melanocytic lesions is equivocal. We performed comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis of the Glut-1 expression in 225 malignant melanomas (MM) and 175 benign nevi. Only the membranous expression of Glut-1 was regarded as positive. The expression of Glut-1 (the cut-off for positivity was determined as H-score 15) was found in 69/225 malignant melanomas. The number of positive cases and the H-score of Glut-1 increased where there was a higher Breslow thickness (p < 0.00001) when comparing pT1- pT4 MM groups. All benign nevi were classified as negative. In conclusion, the membranous expression of Glut-1 is a common feature of a malignant melanoma but this type of expression is very rare in benign melanocytic nevi. Our results suggest that the membranous expression of Glut-1 can be used as a surrogate marker in the assessing of the biological nature of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions. However, despite its high specificity, the sensitivity of this marker is relatively low. Moreover, due to the fact that the increased expression of Glut-1 correlates with a shorter survival period (10-year disease free survival, recurrence free survival and metastasis free survival and MFS), it can be used as a prognostically adverse factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Důra
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 2, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Němejcová
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 2, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Jakša
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 2, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bártů
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 2, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kodet
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Tichá
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 2, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Michálková
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 2, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dundr
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 2, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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11
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Seleit I, Bakry OA, Al-Sharaky DR, Ragab RAA, Al-Shiemy SA. Evaluation of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α and Glucose Transporter-1 Expression in Non Melanoma Skin Cancer: An Immunohistochemical Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:EC09-EC16. [PMID: 28764171 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/25077.10022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) is a mediator enabling cell adaptation to hypoxia. It plays its role mainly through transcription of many target genes including Glucose Transporter-1 (GLUT-1) gene. AIM The present work aimed at evaluating the pattern and distribution of HIF-1α and GLUT-1 in each case and control. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case-control and retrospective study was conducted on archival blocks diagnosed from pathology department as, Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC, 20 cases), cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC, 20 cases) and 20 normal site-matched skin biopsies from age and gender-matched healthy subjects as a control. Evaluation of both HIF-1α and GLUT1 expression using standard immunohistochemical techniques was performed on cut sections from selected paraffin embedded blocks. RESULTS HIF-1α was expressed in 90%, 35% and 100% of normal skin, BCC and SCC tumour islands respectively. It was up regulated in both BCC and SCC compared with normal skin (p= 0.001, p<0.001 respectively). GLUT-1 was expressed in 100%, 70% and 100% of normal skin, BCC and SCC tumour islands respectively. It was down regulated in Non Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC) cases compared with normal skin (p=0.004). HIF-1α and GLUT-1 localization in tumour nests was central, peripheral or central and peripheral. Both HIF-1α and GLUT-1 showed variable expression in stroma, adnexa and inflammatory cells. No significant correlation was found between Histo (H) score or expression percentage values of HIF-1α and those of GLUT-1 in tumour islands or in overlying epidermis either in BCC or SCC. CONCLUSION HIF-1α may have a role in NMSC pathogenesis through adaptation to hypoxia which results from excessive proliferation. GLUT-1 down regulation in NMSC may be explained by its consumption by proliferating tumour cells. The expression of HIF-1α and GLUT-1 in normal epidermis, stromal and adnexal structures needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Seleit
- Professor, Department of Dermatology, Andrology and S.T.Ds, Faculty of Medicine Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Ola Ahmed Bakry
- Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Andrology and S.T.Ds, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Dalia Rifaat Al-Sharaky
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Rania Abdel Aziz Ragab
- Resident, Department of Dermatology, Andrology and S.T.Ds, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Ahmed Al-Shiemy
- Resident, Department of Dermatology, Andrology and S.T.Ds, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
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12
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[Increased glucose uptake by seborrheic keratosis on PET scan]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2017; 144:378-382. [PMID: 28238461 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography (PET) is an examination based upon the uptake of a radioactive tracer by hypermetabolic cells. It is primarily used in tandem with tomodensitometry (PET-TDM) for cancer staging because of its high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of metastases. However, unusually high uptake may occur with benign tumours, including skin tumours. Herein, we report an extremely rare case of pathological uptake levels resulting from seborrhoeic keratosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS A 55-year-old male patient with oesophageal squamous-cell carcinoma was referred to us following the discovery of an area of high marker uptake following PET-TDM and corresponding to a pigmented skin lesion. No other areas of suspect high uptake were seen. The lesion was surgically excised and histological examination indicated seborrhoeic keratosis. The histological appearance was that of standard seborrhoeic keratosis without any notable mitotic activity. DISCUSSION PET-TDM is an examination that enables diagnosis of malignancy. However, rare cases have been described of increased marker uptake by benign cutaneous tumours such as histiocytofibroma, pilomatricoma and condyloma. To date, there have only been only very few cases of increased uptake due to seborrhoeic keratosis. CONCLUSION This extremely unusual case of increased glucose uptake in PET-TDM due to seborrhoeic keratosis confirms that the hypermetabolic activity detected by this examination is not necessarily synonymous with malignancy and that confirmation by clinical and histological findings is essential. The reasons for increased metabolic activity within such benign tumours are not known.
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13
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Pinheiro C, Miranda-Gonçalves V, Longatto-Filho A, Vicente ALSA, Berardinelli GN, Scapulatempo-Neto C, Costa RFA, Viana CR, Reis RM, Baltazar F, Vazquez VL. The metabolic microenvironment of melanomas: Prognostic value of MCT1 and MCT4. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1462-70. [PMID: 27105345 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1175258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF mutations are known drivers of melanoma development and, recently, were also described as players in the Warburg effect, while this reprogramming of energy metabolism has been identified as a possible strategy for treating melanoma patients. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the expression and prognostic value of a panel of glycolytic metabolism-related proteins in a series of melanomas. The immunohistochemical expression of MCT1, MCT4, GLUT1, and CAIX was evaluated in 356 patients presenting melanoma and 20 patients presenting benign nevi. Samples included 20 benign nevi, 282 primary melanomas, 117 lymph node and 54 distant metastases samples. BRAF mutation was observed in 29/92 (31.5%) melanoma patients and 17/20 (85%) benign nevi samples. NRAS mutation was observed in 4/36 (11.1%) melanoma patients and 1/19 (5.3%) benign nevi samples. MCT4 and GLUT1 expression was significantly increased in metastatic samples, and MCT1, MCT4 and GLUT1 were significantly associated with poor prognostic variables. Importantly, MCT1 and MCT4 were associated with shorter overall survival. In conclusion, the present study brings new insights on metabolic aspects of melanoma, paving the way for the development of new-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pinheiro
- a Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil.,b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Vera Miranda-Gonçalves
- c Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,d ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal
| | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil.,c Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,d ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal.,e Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM-14), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Anna L S A Vicente
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Gustavo N Berardinelli
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo F A Costa
- a Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Cristiano R Viana
- f Pathology Department , Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Rui M Reis
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil.,c Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,d ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- c Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,d ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal
| | - Vinicius L Vazquez
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil.,g Surgery Department , Melanoma/Sarcoma, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
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14
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Barron CC, Bilan PJ, Tsakiridis T, Tsiani E. Facilitative glucose transporters: Implications for cancer detection, prognosis and treatment. Metabolism 2016; 65:124-39. [PMID: 26773935 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is long recognized that cancer cells display increased glucose uptake and metabolism. In a rate-limiting step for glucose metabolism, the glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins facilitate glucose uptake across the plasma membrane. Fourteen members of the GLUT protein family have been identified in humans. This review describes the major characteristics of each member of the GLUT family and highlights evidence of abnormal expression in tumors and cancer cells. The regulation of GLUTs by key proliferation and pro-survival pathways including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), Ras, c-Myc and p53 pathways is discussed. The clinical utility of GLUT expression in cancer has been recognized and evidence regarding the use of GLUTs as prognostic or predictive biomarkers is presented. GLUTs represent attractive targets for cancer therapy and this review summarizes recent studies in which GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT5 and others are inhibited to decrease cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly C Barron
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Philip J Bilan
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Theodoros Tsakiridis
- Department of Oncology, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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15
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Kariya T, Kato Y, Kanzaki A, Kanda Y, Ohara T, Tsuboi R. [(18) F]-Fluorodeoxy-d-glucose uptake-positive seborrhoeic keratosis on positron emission tomography may result from high expression of glucose transporter. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:175-7. [PMID: 26801868 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
[(18) F]-Fluorodeoxy-d-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) is known to be highly accurate in differentiating benign lesions from malignant lesions. In rare cases, benign tumours, viral infections and sarcoidosis of the skin have been reported to show FDG uptake, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here we report the first documented case of seborrhoeic keratosis (SK) showing increased FDG uptake. FDG PET-CT can be used to detect enhanced glycolysis of tumour cells by measuring increased levels of glucose transporters (GLUTs) indicative of higher glucose uptake. GLUT1 and GLUT3 expression in this case was compared with that in PET-negative SK and two normal skin samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction with paraffin-embedded tissue. The expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 was higher in PET-positive SK than in PET-negative SK or normal skin. More specifically, the expression of GLUT3 was observed only in the PET-positive case. This study revealed that high GLUT1 and GLUT3 expression in SK might be associated with the uptake of FDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kariya
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8524, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Y Kato
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8524, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - A Kanzaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8524, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Y Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8524, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - T Ohara
- Department of Respiratory Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8524, Japan
| | - R Tsuboi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
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16
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Koch A, Lang SA, Wild PJ, Gantner S, Mahli A, Spanier G, Berneburg M, Müller M, Bosserhoff AK, Hellerbrand C. Glucose transporter isoform 1 expression enhances metastasis of malignant melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:32748-60. [PMID: 26293674 PMCID: PMC4741727 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucose transporter isoform 1 (GLUT1; SLC2A1) is a key rate-limiting factor in the transport of glucose into cancer cells. Enhanced GLUT1 expression and accelerated glycolysis have been found to promote aggressive growth in a range of tumor entities. However, it was unknown whether GLUT1 directly impacts metastasis. Here, we aimed at analyzing the expression and function of GLUT1 in malignant melanoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of 78 primary human melanomas on a tissue micro array showed that GLUT1 expression significantly correlated with the mitotic activity and a poor survival. To determine the functional role of GLUT1 in melanoma, we stably suppressed GLUT1 in the murine melanoma cell line B16 with shRNA. GLUT1 suppressed melanoma cells revealed significantly reduced proliferation, apoptosis resistance, migratory activity and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) expression. In a syngeneic murine model of hepatic metastasis, GLUT1-suppressed cells formed significantly less metastases and showed increased apoptosis compared to metastases formed by control cells. Treatment of four different human melanoma cell lines with a pharmacological GLUT1 inhibitor caused a dose-dependent reduction of proliferation, apoptosis resistance, migratory activity and MMP2 expression. Analysis of MAPK signal pathways showed that GLUT1 inhibition significantly decreased JNK activation, which regulates a wide range of targets in the metastatic cascade. In summary, our study provides functional evidence that enhanced GLUT1 expression in melanoma cells favors their metastatic behavior. These findings specify GLUT1 as an attractive therapeutic target and prognostic marker for this highly aggressive tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sven Arke Lang
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Gantner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Abdo Mahli
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
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17
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Abdou AG, Eldien MMS, Elsakka D. GLUT-1 Expression in Cutaneous Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Int J Surg Pathol 2015; 23:447-53. [PMID: 26092229 DOI: 10.1177/1066896915589968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucose uptake is a key regulating step in glucose metabolism and is mediated by facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs), and GLUT-1 is the predominant glucose transporter in many types of human cells. Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represent the most common skin cancer in Egypt. The present study aimed at evaluation of the pattern and distribution of GLUT-1 in cutaneous BCC (16 cases) and SCC (16 cases) by means of immunohistochemistry. GLUT-1 was expressed in all SCC (100%) and in 62.5% of BCC. Membranous pattern of GLUT-1 was seen in 62.5% of SCC and 31.25% of BCC. Positivity (P = .02) and percentage (P = .000) of GLUT-1 expression were in favor of SCC in comparison to BCC. The high percentage of GLUT-1 expression was associated with high grade in SCC (P = .03). The immunoreactivity for GLUT-1 was more in the periphery of malignant nests of SCC while it was more in the center of BCC nests. GLUT-1 is overexpressed in cutaneous non-melanoma skin cancer. Its expression in SCC is related to differentiation status, and its expression in BCC is intimately associated with squamous metaplastic areas.
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18
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Liemburg-Apers DC, Willems PHGM, Koopman WJH, Grefte S. Interactions between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and cellular glucose metabolism. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1209-26. [PMID: 26047665 PMCID: PMC4508370 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and detoxification are tightly balanced. Shifting this balance enables ROS to activate intracellular signaling and/or induce cellular damage and cell death. Increased mitochondrial ROS production is observed in a number of pathological conditions characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. One important hallmark of these diseases is enhanced glycolytic activity and low or impaired oxidative phosphorylation. This suggests that ROS is involved in glycolysis (dys)regulation and vice versa. Here we focus on the bidirectional link between ROS and the regulation of glucose metabolism. To this end, we provide a basic introduction into mitochondrial energy metabolism, ROS generation and redox homeostasis. Next, we discuss the interactions between cellular glucose metabolism and ROS. ROS-stimulated cellular glucose uptake can stimulate both ROS production and scavenging. When glucose-stimulated ROS production, leading to further glucose uptake, is not adequately counterbalanced by (glucose-stimulated) ROS scavenging systems, a toxic cycle is triggered, ultimately leading to cell death. Here we inventoried the various cellular regulatory mechanisms and negative feedback loops that prevent this cycle from occurring. It is concluded that more insight in these processes is required to understand why they are (un)able to prevent excessive ROS production during various pathological conditions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania C. Liemburg-Apers
- />Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (RUMC), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H. G. M. Willems
- />Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (RUMC), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J. H. Koopman
- />Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (RUMC), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Grefte
- />Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (RUMC), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- />Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Biologic correlation between glucose transporters, hexokinase-II, Ki-67 and FDG uptake in malignant melanoma. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39:1167-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Watanabe M, Abe N, Oshikiri Y, Stanbridge EJ, Kitagawa T. Selective growth inhibition by glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors in tumorigenic HeLa hybrid cells is mediated through NF-κB-dependent GLUT3 expression. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e21. [PMID: 23552737 PMCID: PMC3412655 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis and cancer progression, driven by mutations in oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes, result in biological differences between normal and cancer cells in various cellular processes. Specific genes and signaling molecules involved in such cellular processes may be potential therapeutic targets of agents that specifically interact with the key factors in cancer cells. Increased glucose uptake is fundamental to many solid tumors and well associated with increases in glycolysis and the overexpression of glucose transporters (GLUTs) such as GLUT1 and GLUT3 at the plasma membrane. Here, we used cell-based screening to identify glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitors that selectively target GLUT3-expressing tumorigenic HeLa cell hybrids as compared with non-tumorigenic hybrids that express GLUT1 alone. The GSK-3 inhibitors as well as GSK-3β RNAi suppressed GLUT3 expression at the level of transcription, leading to apoptosis. This suppression was associated with NF-κB in a p53-independent manner. Furthermore, GSK-3 inhibitors exhibited a synergistic effect with anticancer agents such as adriamycin and camptothecin in GULT3-overexpressing colon cancer cells, but little effect in non-producing A431 cells. These results suggest a potential use of GSK-3 inhibitors to selectively kill cancer cells that overexpress GLUT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Pathology, Iwate Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Yahaba, Japan
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21
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Rakheja D, Khokhar S, Mitui M, Cost NG. Immunohistochemical expression of GLUT1 and its correlation with unfavorable histology and TP53 codon 72 polymorphism in Wilms tumors. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2012; 15:286-92. [PMID: 22483234 DOI: 10.2350/12-01-1151-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of energy metabolism, such as increased glycolysis, is a hallmark of cancer cells. One mechanism by which cancer cells fuel glycolysis is through increased uptake of glucose across cell membranes via the glucose transporter GLUT1. One of the transcriptional repressors of GLUT1 is wild-type TP53, and cancer-associated loss of function mutations within the DNA-binding domain of TP53 impairs the repressive effect of TP53 on transcriptional activity of the GLUT1 gene promoter. Because TP53 mutations are associated with unfavorable histology (diffuse anaplasia) in Wilms tumors, we hypothesized increased expression of GLUT1 in these tumors. To evaluate this hypothesis, we performed tissue microarray-based immunohistochemistry for GLUT1 in a set of 50 Wilms tumors, including 5 with unfavorable histology. In a subset of 16 favorable histology Wilms tumors, we compared the GLUT1 immunoexpression with TP53 codon 72 polymorphism status. We found consistently stronger immunoexpression of GLUT1 in unfavorable histology Wilms tumors compared to favorable histology Wilms tumors (P = 0.04). We noted that the favorable histology Wilms tumors with a proline residue at position 72 of TP53 tended to have higher immunoexpression of GLUT1, although this immunoexpression did not reach statistical significance in this small set of cases. In summary, our finding of strong GLUT1 immunoexpression in unfavorable histology Wilms tumors indicates that these tumors are likely to be 2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-d-glucose avid and that GLUT1 should be evaluated as a therapeutic target for these tumors that otherwise show resistance to conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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22
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Wang D, Chu PC, Yang CN, Yan R, Chuang YC, Kulp SK, Chen CS. Development of a novel class of glucose transporter inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3827-36. [PMID: 22468970 DOI: 10.1021/jm300015m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of our finding that the antitumor effect of 5-{4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl}thiazolidine-2,4-dione, a thiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonist, was, in part, attributable to its ability to block glucose uptake independently of PPARγ, we used its PPARγ-inactive analogue to develop a novel class of glucose transporter (GLUT) inhibitors. This lead optimization led to compound 30 {5-(4-hydroxy-3-trifluoromethylbenzylidene)-3-[4,4,4-trifluoro-2-methyl-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)butyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione} as the optimal agent, which exhibited high antitumor potency through the suppression of glucose uptake (IC(50), 2.5 μM), while not cytotoxic to prostate and mammary epithelial cells. This glucose uptake inhibition was associated with the inhibition of GLUT1 (IC(50), 2 μM). Moreover, the mechanism of antitumor action of compound 30 was validated by its effect on a series of energy restriction-associated cellular responses. Homology modeling analysis suggests that the inhibitory effect of compound 30 on glucose entry was attributable to its ability to bind to the GLUT1 channel at a site distinct from that of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasheng Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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23
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Gallagher EJ, LeRoith D. Diabetes, cancer, and metformin: connections of metabolism and cell proliferation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1243:54-68. [PMID: 22211893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of developing and dying from cancer. This increased risk may be due to hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance or other factors. Metformin has recently gained much attention as it appears to reduce cancer incidence and improve prognosis of patients with diabetes. In vitro data and animal studies support these findings from human epidemiological studies. Metformin has multiple potential mechanisms by which it inhibits cancer development and growth. For example, metaformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis, thus decreasing circulating glucose levels, and it increases insulin sensitivity, thus reducing circulating insulin levels. Intracellularly, metformin activates AMPK, which decreases protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Metaformin also reduces aromatase activity in the stromal cells of the mammary gland. Finally, metformin may diminish the recurrence and aggressiveness of tumors by reducing the stem cell population and inhibiting epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Here, we discuss the metabolic abnormalities that occur in tumor development and some of the mechanisms through which metformin may alter these pathways and reduce tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Jane Gallagher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York 10029, USA
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24
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Ohno H, Nakatsu Y, Sakoda H, Kushiyama A, Ono H, Fujishiro M, Otani Y, Okubo H, Yoneda M, Fukushima T, Tsuchiya Y, Kamata H, Nishimura F, Kurihara H, Katagiri H, Oka Y, Asano T. 4F2hc stabilizes GLUT1 protein and increases glucose transport activity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 300:C1047-54. [PMID: 21270293 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00416.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is widely distributed throughout various tissues and contributes to insulin-independent basal glucose uptake. Using a split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid system, we newly identified 4F2 heavy chain (4F2hc) as a membrane protein interacting with GLUT1. Though 4F2hc reportedly forms heterodimeric complexes between amino acid transporters, such as LAT1 and LAT2, and regulates amino acid uptake, we investigated the effects of 4F2hc on GLUT1 expression and the associated glucose uptake. First, FLAG-tagged 4F2hc and hemagglutinin-tagged GLUT1 were overexpressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and their association was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. The green fluorescent protein-tagged 4F2hc and DsRed-tagged GLUT1 showed significant, but incomplete, colocalization at the plasma membrane. In addition, an endogenous association between GLUT1 and 4F2hc was demonstrated using mouse brain tissue and HeLa cells. Interestingly, overexpression of 4F2hc increased the amount of GLUT1 protein in HeLa and HepG2 cells with increased glucose uptake. In contrast, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated 4F2hc gene suppression markedly reduced GLUT1 protein in both cell types, with reduced glucose uptake. While GLUT1 mRNA levels were not affected by overexpression or gene silencing of 4F2hc, GLUT1 degradation after the addition of cycloheximide was significantly suppressed by 4F2hc overexpression and increased by 4F2hc siRNA treatment. Taken together, these observations indicate that 4F2hc is likely to be involved in GLUT1 stabilization and to contribute to the regulation of not only amino acid but also glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruya Ohno
- Dept. of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Hiroshima, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
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25
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Carvalho KC, Cunha IW, Rocha RM, Ayala FR, Cajaíba MM, Begnami MD, Vilela RS, Paiva GR, Andrade RG, Soares FA. GLUT1 expression in malignant tumors and its use as an immunodiagnostic marker. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:965-72. [PMID: 21808860 PMCID: PMC3129958 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze glucose transporter 1 expression patterns in malignant tumors of various cell types and evaluate their diagnostic value by immunohistochemistry. INTRODUCTION Glucose is the major source of energy for cells, and glucose transporter 1 is the most common glucose transporter in humans. Glucose transporter 1 is aberrantly expressed in several tumor types. Studies have implicated glucose transporter 1 expression as a prognostic and diagnostic marker in tumors, primarily in conjunction with positron emission tomography scan data. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for glucose transporter 1 was performed in tissue microarray slides, comprising 1955 samples of malignant neoplasm from different cell types. RESULTS Sarcomas, lymphomas, melanomas and hepatoblastomas did not express glucose transporter 1. Forty-seven per cent of prostate adenocarcinomas were positive, as were 29% of thyroid, 10% of gastric and 5% of breast adenocarcinomas. Thirty-six per cent of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck were positive, as were 42% of uterine cervix squamous cell carcinomas. Glioblastomas and retinoblastomas showed membranous glucose transporter 1 staining in 18.6% and 9.4% of all cases, respectively. Squamous cell carcinomas displayed membranous expression, whereas adenocarcinomas showed cytoplasmic glucose transporter 1 expression. CONCLUSION Glucose transporter 1 showed variable expression in various tumor types. Its absence in sarcomas, melanomas, hepatoblastomas and lymphomas suggests that other glucose transporters mediate the glycolytic pathway in these tumors. The data suggest that glucose transporter 1 is a valuable immunohistochemical marker that can be used to identify patients for evaluation by positron emission tomography scan. The function of cytoplasmic glucose transporter 1 in adenocarcinomas must be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia C Carvalho
- Departament of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Li N, Tan W, Li J, Li P, Lee S, Wang Y, Gong Y. Glucose Metabolism in Breast Cancer and its Implication in Cancer Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2011.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Differential effects of 5-fluorouracil on glucose transport and expressions of glucose transporter proteins in gastric cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2010; 21:270-6. [PMID: 20023572 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328334562c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of gastric cancer, the underlying mechanism for 5-FU resistant phenotype, has yet to be elucidated. We hypothesized that the sensitivity of gastric cancer to 5-FU treatment might be related to the rate of glucose transport (GLUT), and investigated the expressions of GLUT1, 2, 3, and 4 in two different gastric cancer cells (SNU-216, moderately differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma; and SNU-668, signet ring cell gastric carcinoma). Immunohistochemistry of GLUT1 and GLUT4 and immunoblot analysis of glycogen synthase kinase 3 were also performed. Hexokinase activity was measured. We found that 5-FU suppressed glucose uptake in SNU-216, while it stimulated GLUT in SNU-668. Further analysis revealed that 5-FU decreased the expression levels of GLUT1, 2, and 4 in SNU-216 cells and increased the expression levels of GLUT1, 2, and 4 in SNU-668 cells. Consistent with GLUT expression levels, immunohistochemistry analysis showed that 5-FU increased GLUT1 and GLUT4 levels in SNU-216 and decreased GLUT1 and GLUT4 levels in SNU-668. We also observed that glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity was decreased in SNU-216 and increased in SNU-668 with 5-FU treatment. No significant difference in hexokinase activities was observed with 5-FU treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that 5-FU exerts differential effects on GLUT depending on gastric cancer cell types, which may indicate a possible explanation, at least in part, for the differing responses to 5-FU chemotherapy in gastric cancer.
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28
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Furuta E, Okuda H, Kobayashi A, Watabe K. Metabolic genes in cancer: their roles in tumor progression and clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1805:141-52. [PMID: 20122995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Re-programming of metabolic pathways is a hallmark of physiological changes in cancer cells. The expression of certain genes that directly control the rate of key metabolic pathways including glycolysis, lipogenesis and nucleotide synthesis are drastically altered at different stages of tumor progression. These alterations are generally considered as an adaptation of tumor cells; however, they also contribute to the progression of tumor cells to become more aggressive phenotypes. This review summarizes the recent information about the mechanistic link of these genes to oncogenesis and their potential utility as diagnostic markers as well as for therapeutic targets. We particularly focus on three groups of genes; GLUT1, G6PD, TKTL1 and PGI/AMF in glycolytic pathway, ACLY, ACC1 and FAS in lipogenesis and RRM2, p53R2 and TYMS for nucleotide synthesis. All these genes are highly up-regulated in a variety of tumor cells in cancer patients, and they play active roles in tumor progression rather than expressing merely as a consequence of phenotypic change of the cancer cells. Molecular dissection of their orchestrated networks and understanding the exact mechanism of their expression will provide a window of opportunity to target these genes for specific cancer therapy. We also reviewed existing database of gene microarray to validate the utility of these genes for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Furuta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
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Rendic S, Guengerich FP. Update information on drug metabolism systems--2009, part II: summary of information on the effects of diseases and environmental factors on human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and transporters. Curr Drug Metab 2010; 11:4-84. [PMID: 20302566 PMCID: PMC4167379 DOI: 10.2174/138920010791110917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present paper is an update of the data on the effects of diseases and environmental factors on the expression and/or activity of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and transporters. The data are presented in tabular form (Tables 1 and 2) and are a continuation of previously published summaries on the effects of drugs and other chemicals on CYP enzymes (Rendic, S.; Di Carlo, F. Drug Metab. Rev., 1997, 29(1-2), 413-580., Rendic, S. Drug Metab. Rev., 2002, 34(1-2), 83-448.). The collected information presented here is as stated by the cited author(s), and in cases when several references are cited the latest published information is included. Inconsistent results and conclusions obtained by different authors are highlighted, followed by discussion of the major findings. The searchable database is available as an Excel file, for information about file availability contact the corresponding author.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rendic
- University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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30
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Lee HJ, Yoo SB, Lee WW, Chung DH, Seo JW, Chung JH. Differential Expression of Glut1 in Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors: Correlation with Histological Grade. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2009.43.3.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seol Bong Yoo
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Woo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Wook Seo
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Chung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Respiratory Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Ganapathy V, Thangaraju M, Prasad PD. Nutrient transporters in cancer: relevance to Warburg hypothesis and beyond. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:29-40. [PMID: 18992769 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells have an increased demand for nutrients; this demand is met by increased availability of nutrients through vasculogenesis and by enhanced cellular entry of nutrients through upregulation of specific transporters. This review focuses on three groups of nutrient transporters relevant to cancer: glucose transporters, lactate transporters, and amino acid transporters. Tumor cells enhance glucose uptake via induction of GLUT1 and SGLT1, and coordinate the increased entry of glucose with increased glycolysis. Since enhanced glycolysis in cancer is associated with lactate production, tumor cells must find a way to eliminate lactic acid to prevent cellular acidification. This is achieved by the upregulation of MCT4, a H+-coupled lactate transporter. In addition, the Na+-coupled lactate transporter SMCT1 is silenced in cancer. SMCT1 also transports butyrate and pyruvate, which are inhibitors of histone deacetylases. The silencing of SMCT1 occurs in cancers of a variety of tissues. Re-expression of SMCT1 in cancer cell lines leads to growth arrest and apoptosis in the presence of butyrate or pyruvate, suggesting that the transporter may function as a tumor suppressor. Tumor cells meet their amino acid demands by inducing xCT/4F2hc, LAT1/4F2hc, ASCT2, and ATB0,+. xCT/4F2hc is related primarily to glutathione status, protection against oxidative stress, and cell cycle progression, whereas the other three transporters are related to amino acid nutrition. Pharmacologic blockade of LAT1/4F2hc, xCT/4F2hc, or ATB0,+ leads to inhibition of cancer cell growth. Since tumor cells selectively regulate these nutrient transporters to support their rapid growth, these transporters have potential as drug targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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32
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Parente P, Coli A, Massi G, Mangoni A, Fabrizi MM, Bigotti G. Immunohistochemical expression of the glucose transporters Glut-1 and Glut-3 in human malignant melanomas and benign melanocytic lesions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2008; 27:34. [PMID: 18764953 PMCID: PMC2553059 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-27-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Reported data indicate that cancer cells have increased rates of glucose metabolism, as determined by 18FDG-PET imaging in patients with malignancies. The results of many studies have demonstrated that the expression of glucose transporters, especially Glut-1, is increased in a variety of malignancies. This study was undertaken to assess the differential expression of Glut-1 and Glut-3 by benign and malignant melanocytic lesions. Methods Immunohistochemical staining for Glut-1 and Glut-3 was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections prepared from melanocytic nevi (12 cases), Spitz nevi (12 cases) and primary cutaneous malignant melanomas (20 cases). Results We observed immunoreactivity for Glut-1 in all melanocytic nevi, 9 of the 12 Spitz nevi and in 9 of the 20 malignant melanomas, whereas Glut-3 was expressed in all the melanocytic lesions, both benign and malignant. Conclusion These findings indicate that the glucose transporters Glut-1 and Glut-3 play a role in the glucose metabolism of melanocytic cells. Glut-1 was present in the majority of benign nevi, whereas its expression was downregulated in 55% of malignant melanomas. Our results suggest that glucose transporter Glut-1 expression can significantly discriminate between human malignant melanoma and benign melanocytic nevi, and support the idea that additional mechanisms other than Glut-1 may contribute to glucose uptake in melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Parente
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Catholic University Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Ozcan A, Shen SS, Zhai QJ, Truong LD. Expression of GLUT1 in primary renal tumors: morphologic and biologic implications. Am J Clin Pathol 2007; 128:245-54. [PMID: 17638658 DOI: 10.1309/hv6njvrqkk4qhm9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess whether glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is useful in prognostication or differential diagnosis of renal tumors. GLUT1 immunostain for 228 renal tumors showed a membranous or cytoplasmic pattern. The membranous pattern was seen in 86.2% of 145 clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) and 100% of 11 transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) but in no oncocytomas, other subtypes of RCC, or sarcomatoid areas of RCCs. The cytoplasmic pattern was seen in 55.2% of 145 clear cell RCCs, 38% of papillary RCCs (11/29), 13% of chromophobe RCCs (2/16), 22% of oncocytomas (5/23), and 82% of TCCs (9/11). Western blot showed a markedly increased GLUT1 protein content in clear cell RCCs compared with a low level in papillary RCCs and normal kidney specimens. GLUT1 expression in clear cell RCC was not significantly correlated with patient survival, tumor grade, or tumor stage. GLUT1 may be a novel target for immunotherapy and a useful marker in the differential diagnosis and classification of renal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Ozcan
- Department of Pathology, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Chandan VS, Faquin WC, Wilbur DC, Khurana KK. The utility of GLUT-1 immunolocalization in cell blocks: An adjunct to the fine needle aspiration diagnosis of cystic squamous lesions of the head and neck. Cancer 2006; 108:124-8. [PMID: 16435376 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytologic distinction of metastatic cystic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from benign squamous cell lesions, especially the ones with superimposed inflammatory atypia, can be very challenging. The authors evaluated the usefulness of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) immunostaining as an adjunct to fine-needle aspirations of squamous lesions of the head and neck. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for GLUT-1 was performed on paraffin-embedded cell blocks of 28 cases with the following cytologic diagnoses: 1) metastatic SCC (11 cases); 2) atypical squamous cells, SCC [corrected] cannot be excluded (6 cases); and 3) cytologic findings consistent with branchial cleft cyst (BCC) (11 cases). RESULTS All 11 cases with an unequivocal cytologic diagnosis of metastatic SCC were positive for GLUT-1. Tissue follow-up confirmed metastatic SCC in all 11 cases. The squamous cells in all 11 cases with cytologic findings consistent with BCC were negative for GLUT-1; tissue follow-up confirmed diagnoses of BCC in 8 cases. In the remaining 3 cases, excision was not performed, and, clinically, no recurrences were identified at 28, 20, and 16 months of follow-up. Of the 6 cases with cytologic diagnosis of atypical squamous cells, 3 were negative and 3 were positive for GLUT-1. Subsequent excisional biopsies in these cases revealed 4 cases of metastatic SCC (3 positive and 1 negative for GLUT-1), 1 case of BCC (negative for GLUT-1), and 1 case of thyroglossal duct cyst (negative for GLUT-1). CONCLUSION GLUT-1 immunostaining is a useful adjunct in differentiating benign and malignant squamous lesions in cell-block material. Although negative staining for GLUT-1 does not exclude malignancy, positive immunoreactivity for GLUT-1 may aid in accurate diagnosis of malignancy in cytomorphologically equivocal squamous lesions of the head and neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal S Chandan
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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Yamada K, Brink I, Bissé E, Epting T, Engelhardt R. Factors influencing [F-18] 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F-18 FDG) uptake in melanoma cells: the role of proliferation rate, viability, glucose transporter expression and hexokinase activity. J Dermatol 2005; 32:316-34. [PMID: 16043894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2005.tb00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using human (SK-MEL 23, SK-MEL 24 and G361) and murine (B16) melanoma cell lines, the coregulatory potential of the uptake of the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, [Fluorine-18] 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F-18 FDG) has been investigated in relationship to tumor characteristics. Comparative studies among the four melanoma cell lines demonstrated that the lowest FDG uptake in SK-MEL 24 corresponded strongly to the data for DT (population doubling time) and MTT (tetrazolium salt) cell viability as well as hexokinase (HK) activity, but was not related to the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT 1) expression level. Furthermore, the FDG uptake in each melanoma cell line measured by cell cycle kinetics was significantly positively correlated to both the proliferation index (PI=S/G2M phase fractions) and the cell viability, though with one exception relating to the PI of the lowest FDG uptake cell line, SK-MEL 24. No positive correlation was found between the expression of GLUT 1 and FDG uptake in any individual cell line. However, the HK activities in SK-MEL 23 and 24 showed considerable positive relationships with FDG uptake. Our present study suggests that both the proliferation rate and the cell viability of melanoma cells may be key factors for FDG uptake and that HK activity, rather than GLUT 1 expression, seems to be a major factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Yamada
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Hematology/Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Hugstetter str. 55, 79106 Freiburg i Br., Germany
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Macheda ML, Rogers S, Best JD. Molecular and cellular regulation of glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2005; 202:654-62. [PMID: 15389572 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 840] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cells are known to have accelerated metabolism, high glucose requirements, and increased glucose uptake. Transport of glucose across the plasma membrane of mammalian cells is the first rate-limiting step for glucose metabolism and is mediated by facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins. Increased glucose transport in malignant cells has been associated with increased and deregulated expression of glucose transporter proteins, with overexpression of GLUT1 and/or GLUT3 a characteristic feature. Oncogenic transformation of cultured mammalian cells causes a rapid increase of glucose transport and GLUT1 expression via interaction with GLUT1 promoter enhancer elements. In human studies, high levels of GLUT1 expression in tumors have been associated with poor survival. Studies indicate that glucose transport in breast cancer is not fully explained by GLUT1 or GLUT3 expression, suggesting involvement of another glucose transporter. Recently, a novel glucose transporter protein, GLUT12, has been found in breast and prostate cancers. In human breast and prostate tumors and cultured cells, GLUT12 is located intracellularly and at the cell surface. Trafficking of GLUT12 to the plasma membrane could therefore contribute to glucose uptake. Several factors have been implicated in the regulation of glucose transporter expression in breast cancer. Hypoxia can increase GLUT1 levels and glucose uptake. Estradiol and epidermal growth factor, both of which can play a role in breast cancer cell growth, increase glucose consumption. Estradiol and epidermal growth factor also increase GLUT12 protein levels in cultured breast cancer cells. Targeting GLUT12 could provide novel methods for detection and treatment of breast and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Macheda
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
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Anwar J, Wrone DA, Kimyai-Asadi A, Alam M. The development of actinic keratosis into invasive squamous cell carcinoma: evidence and evolving classification schemes. Clin Dermatol 2004; 22:189-96. [PMID: 15262304 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Actinic keratosis is an incipient form of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Consequently, actinic keratoses must be treated expeditiously to forestall their downward growth. Several classification schemes have been proposed to better categorize actinic keratoses, and to guide their diagnosis and treatment. Among these approaches is the "keratinocyte intraepithelial neoplasia" (KIN) system developed by Cockerell; Goldberg's concept of the "proliferative actinic keratosis" (PAK), and Berhane's emphasis on the "inflamed actinic keratosis" (IAK). In the future, disparate classification schemes may be unified into a single pragmatic approach which accurately reflects the biological process whereby actinic keratoses devolve into invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshaid Anwar
- Section of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Blonder J, Terunuma A, Conrads TP, Chan KC, Yee C, Lucas DA, Schaefer CF, Yu LR, Issaq HJ, Veenstra TD, Vogel JC. A Proteomic Characterization of the Plasma Membrane of Human Epidermis by High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:691-9. [PMID: 15373774 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are responsible for many critical cellular functions and identifying cell surface proteins on different keratinocyte populations by proteomic approaches would improve our understanding of their biological function. The ability to characterize membrane proteins, however, has lagged behind that of soluble proteins both in terms of throughput and protein coverage. In this study, a membrane proteomic investigation of keratinocytes using a two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC) tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS) approach that relies on a buffered methanol-based solubilization, and tryptic digestion of purified plasma membrane is described. A highly enriched plasma membrane fraction was prepared from newborn foreskins using sucrose gradient centrifugation, followed by a single-tube solubilization and tryptic digestion of membrane proteins. This digestate was fractionated by strong cation-exchange chromatography and analyzed using microcapillary reversed-phase LC-MS/MS. In a set of 1306 identified proteins, 866 had a gene ontology (GO) annotation for cellular component, and 496 of these annotated proteins (57.3%) were assigned as known integral membrane proteins or membrane-associated proteins. Included in the identification of a large number of aqueous insoluble integral membrane proteins were many known intercellular adhesion proteins and gap junction proteins. Furthermore, 121 proteins from cholesterol-rich plasma membrane domains (caveolar and lipid rafts) were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Blonder
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Mass Spectrometry Center, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Kaczmarek J, Thieleman A, Kopczyński Z, Goslar J, Hoffmann SK, Rybczyńska M. Alterations in skeletal protein, distribution of PKCalpha, and level of phospholipids in erythrocyte membranes of women with primary breast cancer. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2002; 29:225-35. [PMID: 12490289 DOI: 10.1006/bcmd.2002.0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our work was to study the influence of primary breast cancer on mature erythrocyte membranes. Blood was sampled from 29 women with primary breast cancer, aged 35-86 years, in different stages of clinical progression of the disease. In red blood cell membranes an increase of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-diphosphate levels was observed. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in phospholipase C activity. Simultaneously, a significant decrease in concentration of phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylinositol was found. Quantitative protein evaluation showed an increase in band 4.1 protein content with no changes in the level of constitutive PKCalpha responsible for the phosphorylation of this protein and its affinity to glycophorine C. In parallel a greater increase of PKCalpha translocation after PMA treatment compared to controls was observed. Possible oxidative damage of erythrocyte membranes indicated by an increase in malonyldialdehyde level and decrease in SH-group content as well as by an increase in the w/ ratio was documented. From the results it is concluded that primary breast cancer seems to affect the membranes of mature erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Kaczmarek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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Mendez LE, Manci N, Cantuaria G, Gomez-Marin O, Penalver M, Braunschweiger P, Nadji M. Expression of glucose transporter-1 in cervical cancer and its precursors. Gynecol Oncol 2002; 86:138-43. [PMID: 12144819 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.2002.6745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased glucose uptake and utilization is a known phenomenon exhibited by malignant cells. Overexpression of the glucose transporter protein family is thought to be the principal mechanism by which these cells achieve up-regulation. Our purpose is to determine glucose transporter-1 (GLUT 1) expression in squamous carcinoma of the cervix and precursor lesions. METHODS Archival histologic sections were obtained from 31 cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the uterine cervix, 15 cases of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 5 cases of low-grade, and 9 normal cervices. Immunohistochemistry for GLUT 1 protein was performed using polyclonal GLUT 1 antibody (Dako, Carpinteria, CA) and the labeled streptavidin-biotin procedure. RESULTS Compared to the internal control, the pattern of staining varied from weak (1+) to strong (3+) reactions. In normal cervix, 1+ GLUT 1 staining was seen in the basal cells of the squamous epithelium. All 31 (100%) cases of SCC were positive for GLUT 1. Positive reactions seemed more intense in tumor cells that were farther away from the stromal blood supply. There was a correlation between intensity of reaction for GLUT 1 and histologic grade of tumor (P = 0.0027) and with progression from normal or dysplastic lesions to invasive cancer (P = 0.0001). Intensity was a predictor of the presence of poorly differentiated tumor type. Low-grade CIN staining was seen in less than one-third of the epithelium, while in high-grade lesions the reaction was present in over one-half of the epithelium. CONCLUSIONS GLUT 1 is overexpressed in cervical carcinoma. The process appears to be related to grade of tumor but not to the progression from preneoplastic lesions. The results suggest that GLUT 1 overexpression is a late phenomenon in cellular transformation. Furthermore, the possible relation of expression to tumor blood supply suggests that the malignant cells may have an adaptive environmental ability to compensate for a compromised microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Mendez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Florida 33136, USA.
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Kalir T, Wang BY, Goldfischer M, Haber RS, Reder I, Demopoulos R, Cohen CJ, Burstein DE. Immunohistochemical staining of GLUT1 in benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian epithelia. Cancer 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baer S, Casaubon L, Schwartz MR, Marcogliese A, Younes M. Glut3 expression in biopsy specimens of laryngeal carcinoma is associated with poor survival. Laryngoscope 2002; 112:393-6. [PMID: 11889403 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200202000-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The aim of the study was to determine the clinical significance of the expression of Glut1 and Glut3 proteins in biopsy specimens of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective study. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, we immunostained sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 48 biopsies of invasive SCC of the larynx for Glut1 and Glut3. The percentages of positive cells were recorded, then correlated with overall patient survival using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Breslow-Gehan-Wilcoxon test for statistical significance. RESULTS All cases were positive for Glut1, and Glut1 expression was not associated with survival difference at any cut-off value. Eighteen (38%) of the cases were Glut3-negative and 30 (62%) were Glut3-positive. Glut3-positive cases were associated with poorer survival than Glut3-negative cases (P =.0336). No significant difference was found between Glut3-negative and Glut3-positive groups in respect to sex, tumor site (glottic vs. supraglottic), nodal or distant metastasis, or treatment modality. However, there were significantly more poorly differentiated tumors in the Glut3-positive group than in the Glut3-negative group (27% vs. 0%, respectively; P =.0182, Fisher's Exact Test). After poorly differentiated tumors were excluded from the survival analysis, Glut3 immunoreactivity remained a significant marker of poor prognosis (P =.0385). CONCLUSION Immunohistochemical detection of Glut3 in biopsy specimens of SCC of the larynx is a marker of poorer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Baer
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine and Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Wachsberger PR, Gressen EL, Bhala A, Bobyock SB, Storck C, Coss RA, Berd D, Leeper DB. Variability in glucose transporter-1 levels and hexokinase activity in human melanoma. Melanoma Res 2002; 12:35-43. [PMID: 11828256 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200202000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma exhibits heterogeneous growth patterns and widely varying sensitivities to multiple treatment modalities. This variability may reflect intrinsic genetic differences in factors giving rise to altered metabolism. Glucose is the primary energy source of tumours, including melanoma, and glucose transporter isoform 1 (Glut-1) and hexokinase are key rate-limiting factors in glucose metabolism. The levels of Glut-1 and total hexokinase activity were measured in 31 melanoma biopsies to determine the extent of tumour-to-tumour variability in these parameters. Relative Glut-1 levels were determined by Western immunoblot analysis using human anti-Glut-1 rabbit polyclonal antibody, and hexokinase activity was measured in the same samples by an enzymatic assay monitoring the reduction in the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) (in nmol NADP+ reduced/min per mg protein). All melanomas were from patients who had received no therapy prior to surgery. Immediately after excision, tumour biopsies were disaggregated to single cells by collagenase and DNase and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Thirty human melanomas exhibited a 22-fold variation in levels of Glut-1 and 29 exhibited a nine-fold variation in total cellular hexokinase activity. Glut-1 levels and hexokinase activity were not correlated with one another. The broad range in Glut-1 levels and hexokinase activity observed between melanomas suggests that these glycolytic rate-limiting parameters that influence the rate of glucose metabolism may contribute to the variability in melanoma response to treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Wachsberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College, 111 South 11th Street, Thomas Jefferson University, PA 19107, USA.
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Alò PL, Visca P, Botti C, Galati GM, Sebastiani V, Andreano T, Di Tondo U, Pizer ES. Immunohistochemical expression of human erythrocyte glucose transporter and fatty acid synthase in infiltrating breast carcinomas and adjacent typical/atypical hyperplastic or normal breast tissue. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 116:129-34. [PMID: 11447743 DOI: 10.1309/5y2l-cdck-yb55-kdk6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of GLUT1, human erythrocyte glucose transporter 1, and fatty acid synthase (FAS), 66 human breast carcinomas and adjacent peritumoral tissue were studied. GLUT1 and FAS were expressed in 53 and 61 carcinomas, in 17 and 14 typical/atypical hyperplastic tissues, and in 16 and 13 tissues adjacent to tumor normal breast tissue, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed association between invasive carcinomas, invasive carcinomas with in situ component and GLUT1 immunostaining. GLUT1 staining was associated with tumor grade, FAS with tumor stage, and GLUT1 and FAS coexpression with tumor grade. Controls expressed no immunostaining. GLUT1 and FAS are new markers involved in the biologic activities of cancer cells. GLUT1 and FAS coexpression may indicate increased use of energy by the neoplastic cells correlated with poorly differentiated features and aggressive behavior. The innovative finding that GLUT1 and FAS are observed in mammary carcinoma adjacent nonneoplastic tissues may suggest a role in detecting initial phases of breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Alò
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia-Anatomia Patologica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Wang BY, Kalir T, Sabo E, Sherman DE, Cohen C, Burstein DE. Immunohistochemical staining of GLUT1 in benign, hyperplastic, and malignant endometrial epithelia. Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20000615)88:12<2774::aid-cncr16>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Juvenile hemangiomas are common, benign vascular tumors of infancy. These lesions enlarge rapidly through cellular hyperplasia during the first year of life and then involute over several years. Distinctive histopathologic features of hemangiomas diminish during this evolution, and differentiation from vascular malformations becomes increasingly difficult. This distinction has important therapeutic implications, as juvenile hemangiomas differ from malformations in natural history and in potential for recurrence. We report here that high endothelial immunoreactivity for the erythrocyte-type glucose transporter protein GLUT1 is a specific feature of juvenile hemangiomas during all phases of these lesions. In a retrospective study, we found intense endothelial GLUT1 immunoreactivity, involving more than 50% of lesional microvessels, in 97% (139 of 143) of juvenile hemangiomas from patients aged 1 month to 11 years. No endothelial GLUT1 immunoreactivity was found in any of 66 vascular malformations (17 arteriovenous, 33 venous, 11 lymphatic, and 5 port-wine) from patients aged 5 days to 75 years, or in any of 20 pyogenic granulomas or 7 granulation tissue specimens. Abundant Ki-67 positivity in these latter lesions established that GLUT1 expression does not simply reflect mitotically active endothelium. Focal GLUT1 immunoreactivity was found in 3 of 12 angiosarcomas, but not in any of 5 hemangioendotheliomas (epithelioid or infantile kaposiform). These findings establish GLUT1 immunoreactivity as a highly selective and diagnostically useful marker for juvenile hemangiomas. Because high levels of endothelial GLUT1 expression in normal tissue are restricted to microvessels with blood-tissue barrier function, these findings also have implications for the molecular and developmental pathogenic mechanisms of juvenile hemangiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E North
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock 72202, USA
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