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Beckwith-Cohen B, Petersen-Jones SM. Manifestations of systemic disease in the retina and fundus of cats and dogs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1337062. [PMID: 38444779 PMCID: PMC10912207 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1337062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The fundus is unique in that it is the only part of the body that allows for a noninvasive and uninterrupted view of vasculature and nervous tissue. Utilization of this can be a powerful tool in uncovering salient incidental findings which point to underlying systemic diseases, and for monitoring response to therapy. Retinal venules and arterioles allow the clinician to assess changes in vascular color, diameter, outline, and tortuosity. The retina and optic nerve may exhibit changes associated with increased or decreased thickness, inflammatory infiltrates, hemorrhages, and detachments. While some retinal manifestations of systemic disease may be nonspecific, others are pathognomonic, and may be the presenting sign for a systemic illness. The examination of the fundus is an essential part of the comprehensive physical examination. Systemic diseases which may present with retinal abnormalities include a variety of disease classifications, as represented by the DAMNIT-V acronym, for Degenerative/Developmental, Anomalous, Metabolic, Neoplastic, Nutritional, Inflammatory (Infectious/Immune-mediated/ischemic), Toxic, Traumatic and Vascular. This review details systemic illnesses or syndromes that have been reported to manifest in the fundus of companion animals and discusses key aspects in differentiating their underlying cause. Normal variations in retinal anatomy and morphology are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie Beckwith-Cohen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Simon M. Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Krentz D, Bergmann M, Felten S, Hartmann K. [Options for treatment of feline infectious peritonitis - previously and today]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:351-360.. [PMID: 37956666 DOI: 10.1055/a-2147-3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is one of the most common infectious diseases in cats that is fatal when untreated. So far, there is no legally available effective treatment in Germany. Treatment options include only symptomatic treatment (e. g. glucocorticoids, propentofylline), immunomodulatory approaches (e. g. interferons, polyprenyl immunostimulant), and antiviral chemotherapy with protease inhibitors (e. g. GC376) or nucleoside analogues (e. g. GS-441524, remdesivir). Symptomatic treatment does not cure FIP but may lead to a short-term improvement of clinical signs in a subset of cats. Immunomodulatory treatment has also not shown to be very promising. In contrary, the antiviral compounds GS-441524 and GC376 exhibited significant efficacy in several studies and their use saved the lives of many cats suffering from FIP. However, both agents are currently not licensed and thus cannot be legally administered by veterinarians in Germany. Legally, cats may only be legally treated with GS-441524 in a few countries (e.g. Great Britain and Australia). In other countries, GS-441524 is imported by cat owners via the black market and administered on their own. This article provides an overview of the available treatment options and an outlook on the legal use of effective antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Krentz
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Sandra Felten
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Carossino M, Del Piero F, Lee J, Needle DB, Levine JM, Riis RR, Maes R, Wise AG, Mullaney K, Ferracone J, Langohr IM. Relationship between Uveal Inflammation and Viral Detection in 30 Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080883. [PMID: 36015004 PMCID: PMC9415852 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus is the most common infectious cause of uveitis in cats. Confirmatory diagnosis is usually only reached at postmortem examination. The relationship between the histologic inflammatory pattern, which depends on the stage of the disease, and the likelihood of detection of the viral antigen and/or RNA has not been investigated. We hypothesized that viral detection rate by either immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization or RT-qPCR is dependent upon the predominant type of uveal inflammatory response (i.e., pyogranulomatous vs. plasmacytic). Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate cases of FIP-induced uveitis, localize the viral antigen and RNA, and assess the relationship between the inflammatory pattern (macrophage- vs. plasma cell-rich) and the likelihood of detecting the FIP antigen and/or RNA. We evaluated 30 cats with FIP-induced uveitis. The viral antigen and/or RNA were detected within uveal macrophages in 11/30 cases, of which 8 tested positive by RT-qPCR. Correlation analysis determined a weak to moderate but significant negative correlation between the degree of plasmacytic uveal inflammation and the likelihood of detecting the FIP antigen and RNA. This study suggests that predominance of plasmacytic inflammation in cases of FIP uveitis reduces the odds of a confirmatory diagnosis through the viral detection methods available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (I.M.L.); Tel.: +1-(225)-578-9604 (M.C.); +1-(508)-270-2521 (I.M.L.)
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jeongha Lee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - David B. Needle
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Ronald R. Riis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Roger Maes
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Annabel G. Wise
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Keenan Mullaney
- Washtenaw Technical Middle College, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ferracone
- PennVet New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Ingeborg M. Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (I.M.L.); Tel.: +1-(225)-578-9604 (M.C.); +1-(508)-270-2521 (I.M.L.)
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Updates on Coronavirus-Related Ocular Manifestations: From the Past to COVID-19 Pandemic. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect-117176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Context: Coronaviruses are the largest RNA viruses associated with some ocular manifestations. There are various contradictory reports about the ocular manifestations of coronaviruses in humans. Different ocular tissues can affect coronavirus-associated infectious diseases. Evidence Acquisition: All manuscripts were collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, and other relevant databases. All searches were done by specific keywords, including "coronavirus," "ocular disease," and "eye." Results: There are various contradictory reports about the ocular effects of coronaviruses in humans. Different ocular tissues are involved in coronavirus-associated infectious diseases. The ductal connection between the upper respiratory tract and eye mucosa through the nasolacrimal duct can be an entrance to respiratory viruses, such as coronaviruses. The coronavirus can infect the retina, conjunctiva, cornea, and uvea of the eye. The primary SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE2, is mainly expressed in the posterior tissues of the eye, such as the retina and RPE. Feline CoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are responsible for conjunctiva involvement in coronavirus-related ocular pathogenesis. Also, various studies are held on COVID-19 and the impact of the conjunctiva on diagnosis and medical complications. Given that the cornea has an acceptable expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes compared to lung tissue, some studies were done on the impact of the cornea in COVID-19. Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is also related to uvea complications. The experiments of human and animal models on the effects of coronaviruses on the retina and cornea in the event of various epidemics of coronaviruses and new and unknown ocular complications can be of great help to future studies. Conclusions: Given the importance of investigating the pathogenesis and other routes of SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in areas other than the respiratory tract, this report attempts to highlight the importance of eye infections caused by the virus, its role in maintaining the virus transmission chain, and its impact on public health.
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Sweet AN, André NM, Stout AE, Licitra BN, Whittaker GR. Clinical and Molecular Relationships between COVID-19 and Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP). Viruses 2022; 14:v14030481. [PMID: 35336888 PMCID: PMC8954060 DOI: 10.3390/v14030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led the medical and scientific community to address questions surrounding the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of COVID-19; however, relevant clinical models outside of humans are still lacking. In felines, a ubiquitous coronavirus, described as feline coronavirus (FCoV), can present as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)—a leading cause of mortality in young cats that is characterized as a severe, systemic inflammation. The diverse extrapulmonary signs of FIP and rapidly progressive disease course, coupled with a closely related etiologic agent, present a degree of overlap with COVID-19. This paper will explore the molecular and clinical relationships between FIP and COVID-19. While key differences between the two syndromes exist, these similarities support further examination of feline coronaviruses as a naturally occurring clinical model for coronavirus disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun N. Sweet
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Feline Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (A.N.S.); (N.M.A.); (A.E.S.)
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nicole M. André
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Feline Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (A.N.S.); (N.M.A.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Alison E. Stout
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Feline Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (A.N.S.); (N.M.A.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Beth N. Licitra
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Feline Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (A.N.S.); (N.M.A.); (A.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.N.L.); (G.R.W.)
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Feline Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (A.N.S.); (N.M.A.); (A.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.N.L.); (G.R.W.)
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Abstract
Recently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has spread around the world and is receiving worldwide attention. Approximately 20% of infected patients are suffering from severe disease of multiple systems and in danger of death, while the ocular complications of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients have not been reported generally. Herein, we focus on two major receptors of SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 and CD147 (BSG), in human ocular cells, and interpret the potential roles of coronaviruses in human ocular tissues and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Li
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ya Ma
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730 China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730 China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730 China.
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Magar ST, Gyawali BR. Otorhinolaryngological and Ophthalmological Manifestations of COVID-19 in the Pediatric Population. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2020; 58:1093-1096. [PMID: 34506381 PMCID: PMC8028516 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 pandemic has affected several countries throughout the world. Being very contagious, it can affect any individual. So far, the prevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in children amongst the total infected population is very low, ranging from 1-5%. Difficulty in diagnosing the disease clinically in the pediatric population owing to their inability to explain their symptoms often renders a possibility of overlooking this disease. Moreover, new modes of presentation are being reported apart from the classical tell-tale signs. In this scenario, medical professionals dealing with the children should be well aware of different modes of presentation of this disease in the pediatric population. This study thus aims to review otorhinolaryngological and ophthalmological manifestations in the pediatric population affected by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Thapa Magar
- Department of Ophthalmology, AnD Health Services and ENT Care Center, Chandragiri-3, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bigyan Raj Gyawali
- Department of ENT-HNS, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, T.U. Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
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8
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Stranieri A, Probo M, Pisu MC, Fioletti A, Meazzi S, Gelain ME, Bonsembiante F, Lauzi S, Paltrinieri S. Preliminary investigation on feline coronavirus presence in the reproductive tract of the tom cat as a potential route of viral transmission. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 22:178-185. [PMID: 30900940 PMCID: PMC7221457 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19837114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an immune-mediated disease initiated
by feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection. To date, the only proven route of
transmission is the faecal–oral route, but a possible localisation of FCoV
in the reproductive tract of tom cats is of concern, owing to the
involvement of the male reproductive tract during FIP and to the presence of
reproduction disorders in FCoV-endemic feline catteries. The aim of the
study was to investigate the presence and localisation of FCoV in semen
and/or in the reproductive tract of tom cats, and its possible association
with seroconversion and viraemic phase. Methods Blood, serum, semen and/or testicle samples were obtained from 46 tom cats.
Serology was performed on 38 serum samples, nested reverse transcriptase PCR
(nRT-PCR) and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were
performed on 39 blood samples and on 17 semen samples, and histology,
immunohistochemistry and nRT-PCR were performed on 39 testicles. Results Twenty-four of 38 serum samples were positive on serology. Semen samples were
negative on RT-PCR and RT-qPCR for FCoV, while all blood samples were
negative at both molecular methods, except for one sample positive at
RT-qPCR with a very low viral load. All testicles were negative at
immunohistochemistry, while six were positive at nRT-PCR for FCoV. Serology
and blood PCR results suggest that the virus was present in the environment,
stimulating transient seroconversion. FCoV seems not to localise in the
semen of tom cats, making the venereal route as a way of transmission
unlikely. Although viral RNA was found in some testicles, it could not be
correlated with the viraemic phase. Conclusions and relevance In the light of these preliminary results, artificial insemination appears
safer than natural mating as it eliminates the direct contact between
animals, thus diminishing the probability of faecal–oral FCoV
transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Central Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Monica Probo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Fioletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Meazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Central Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Maria E Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Central Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Central Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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Ziółkowska N, Paździor-Czapula K, Lewczuk B, Mikulska-Skupień E, Przybylska-Gornowicz B, Kwiecińska K, Ziółkowski H. Feline Infectious Peritonitis: Immunohistochemical Features of Ocular Inflammation and the Distribution of Viral Antigens in Structures of the Eye. Vet Pathol 2018; 54:933-944. [PMID: 29065819 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817728557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a serious, widely distributed systemic disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV), in which ocular disease is common. However, questions remain about the patterns of ocular inflammation and the distribution of viral antigen in the eyes of cats with FIP. This study characterized the ocular lesions of FIP including the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen by Müller cells in the retina in cases of FIP and to what extent macrophages are involved in ocular inflammation in FIP. Immunohistochemistry for FCoV, CD3, CD79a, glial fibrillary acidic protein, calprotectin, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen was performed on paraffin sections from 15 naturally occurring cases of FIP and from controls. Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression was increased in the retina in cases of FIP. Müller cell proliferation was present within lesions of retinal detachment. Macrophages were present in FIP-associated ocular lesions, but they were the most numerous inflammatory cells only within granulomas (2/15 cats, 13%). In cases of severe inflammation of the ciliary body with damage to blood vessel walls and ciliary epithelium (3/15, 20%), some macrophages expressed FCoV antigens, and immunolabeling for calprotectin on consecutive sections suggested that these FCoV-positive macrophages were likely to be recently derived from blood. In cases of severe and massive inflammation of most ocular structures (4/15, 26%), B cells and plasma cells predominated over T cells and macrophages. These results indicate that gliosis can be present in FIP-affected retinas and suggest that breakdown of the blood-ocular barrier can allow FCoV-bearing macrophages to access the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ziółkowska
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Paździor-Czapula
- 2 Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bogdan Lewczuk
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Mikulska-Skupień
- 3 Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Przybylska-Gornowicz
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kamila Kwiecińska
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Hubert Ziółkowski
- 4 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Drechsler Y, Alcaraz A, Bossong FJ, Collisson EW, Diniz PPVP. Feline coronavirus in multicat environments. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 41:1133-69. [PMID: 22041208 PMCID: PMC7111326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Drechsler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
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Reggiori F, de Haan CA, Molinari M. Unconventional use of LC3 by coronaviruses through the alleged subversion of the ERAD tuning pathway. Viruses 2011; 3:1610-23. [PMID: 21994798 PMCID: PMC3187687 DOI: 10.3390/v3091610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens of bacterial and viral origin hijack pathways operating in eukaryotic cells in many ways in order to gain access into the host, to establish themselves and to eventually produce their progeny. The detailed molecular characterization of the subversion mechanisms devised by pathogens to infect host cells is crucial to generate targets for therapeutic intervention. Here we review recent data indicating that coronaviruses probably co-opt membranous carriers derived from the endoplasmic reticulum, which contain proteins that regulate disposal of misfolded polypeptides, for their replication. In addition, we also present models describing potential mechanisms that coronaviruses could employ for this hijacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomembranes, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (F.R.); (C.A.M.d.H.); (M.M.); Tel.: +31-88-755-7652 (F.R.); +31-30-253-4195 (C.A.M.d.H.); +41-91-820-0319 (M.M.); Fax: +31-30-254-1797 (F.R.); +31-30-253-6723 (C.A.M.d.H.); +41-91-820-0302 (M.M.)
| | - Cornelis A.M. de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (F.R.); (C.A.M.d.H.); (M.M.); Tel.: +31-88-755-7652 (F.R.); +31-30-253-4195 (C.A.M.d.H.); +41-91-820-0319 (M.M.); Fax: +31-30-254-1797 (F.R.); +31-30-253-6723 (C.A.M.d.H.); +41-91-820-0302 (M.M.)
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (F.R.); (C.A.M.d.H.); (M.M.); Tel.: +31-88-755-7652 (F.R.); +31-30-253-4195 (C.A.M.d.H.); +41-91-820-0319 (M.M.); Fax: +31-30-254-1797 (F.R.); +31-30-253-6723 (C.A.M.d.H.); +41-91-820-0302 (M.M.)
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12
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Giori L, Giordano A, Giudice C, Grieco V, Paltrinieri S. Performances of different diagnostic tests for feline infectious peritonitis in challenging clinical cases. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:152-7. [PMID: 21338364 PMCID: PMC7166807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) can be difficult to diagnose. Histopathology is considered the gold standard test but immunohistochemistry (IHC) is mandatory to confirm/exclude the disease. This study aimed to assess the performances of tests carried out in vivo or at postmortem examination in challenging cases in which FIP was confirmed or excluded based on IHC or on adequate follow‐up. Methods: Twelve cases (four without FIP, eight with FIP) were retrospectively studied. Clinical findings, serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), analysis of the effusions (AE), antifeline coronavirus serology, serum concentration of α1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP) and histopathology were classified as consistent, doubtful or non‐consistent with FIP. Sensitivity, specificity and concordance (κ) with the final diagnosis were calculated. Results: Concordance was absent for serology (κ=−0·08) and AE (κ=−0·52), poor for histopathology (κ=0·09), fair for SPE (κ=0·25) and perfect for AGP (κ=1·00). Sensitivity was high for AGP (100%) and low for AE (50%), SPE (37·5%) and histopathology (37·5%). Specificity was high for AGP or histopathology (100%) and low for SPE (50%) and AE (0%). Clinical Significance: IHC must always be performed to confirm FIP. If this is not possible, when histopathology is controversial, elevated AGP concentrations may support the diagnosis of FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Giori
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, Section of Veterinary General Pathology and Parasitology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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13
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Abstract
Practical relevance Feline uveitis can be a subtle, insidious, painful, vision-threatening disease with causes that can sometimes be fatal. It is essential that clinicians remain alert to its various clinical presentations, thoroughly diagnose cases once detected, and treat the primary cause whenever possible. Clinical challenges In the majority of patients, a cause is not found and aggressive immunomodulating therapy of what may become a chronic or recurrent immune-mediated disease must be instigated. As with immune-mediated disease elsewhere, this involves local or systemic immunosuppression with slow tapering and frequent monitoring. The aim of this review is to aid diagnosis and therapy of uveitis by likening it to inflammation elsewhere (because it is more similar than it is different) while highlighting differences (because these are helpful). Global importance Feline uveitis is similar in its presentation throughout the world. Although the list of infectious causes may vary in composition or order of likelihood, idopathic, immune-mediated and neoplastic causes of feline uveitis are univerasal. Patient group Patients of either gender and all ages and breeds are affected by uveitis. Evidence base Despite the fact that feline uveitis is a serious and common disorder, the peer-reviewed literature regarding this disease is somewhat limited. Approximately half the publications are review articles, case reports or case series. The majority of prospective and retrospective research describes epidemiologic surveys of antibodies, antigens and organism DNA in serum and aqueous humor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Maggs
- University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Abstract
This report describes a case of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in a castrated cat which first presented with the unusual sign of priapism. Laboratory examinations showed increased serum protein content and decreased albumin/globulin ratio. Serum electrophoresis revealed increased α2- and γ-globulin content. One month after the first examination, the cat died. At necropsy, histopathological evaluation of organs showed inflammatory granulomatous lesions compatible with non-effusive FIP and coronavirus-specific polymerase chain reaction confirmed the diagnosis. FIP antigen was demonstrated immunohistochemically in penile tissue.
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15
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Timmann D, Cizinauskas S, Tomek A, Doherr M, Vandevelde M, Jaggy A. Retrospective analysis of seizures associated with feline infectious peritonitis in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2007; 10:9-15. [PMID: 17765591 PMCID: PMC7128422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seizures have been reported frequently in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) but have not been studied in detail in association with this disease. The purpose of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of neurological signs in a population of 55 cats with a histopathologically confirmed neurological form of FIP. Seizure patterns were determined and it was attempted to relate occurrence of seizures with age, breed, sex and neuropathological features. Fourteen cats had seizure(s), while 41 cats had no history of seizure(s). Generalised tonic–clonic seizures were seen in nine cats; and complex focal seizures were observed in four patients. The exact type of seizure could not be determined in one cat. Status epilepticus was observed in one patient but seizure clusters were not encountered. Occurrence of seizures was not related to age, sex, breed or intensity of the inflammation in the central nervous system. However, seizures were significantly more frequent in animals with marked extension of the inflammatory lesions to the forebrain (P = 0.038). Thus, the occurrence of seizures in FIP indicates extensive brain damage and can, therefore, be considered to be an unfavourable prognostic sign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Timmann
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division of Animal Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Pearce J, Giuliano EA, Galle LE, Klauss G, Ota J, Moore CP. Management of bilateral uveitis in a Toxoplasma gondii-seropositive cat with histopathologic evidence of fungal panuveitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2007; 10:216-21. [PMID: 17565553 PMCID: PMC7169290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A 5‐year‐old, neutered male Domestic Short‐haired cat was referred with a 5‐month history of anterior uveitis and cataract in the right eye. Clinical examination confirmed anterior uveitis and immature cataract in the right eye and chorioretinitis in the left eye. Ocular ultrasound showed a retinal detachment in the right eye. Diagnostic testing revealed elevated serum titers for Toxoplasma gondii. Anterior uveitis in the right eye and chorioretinitis in the left eye progressed, resulting in blindness despite a 21‐day course of clindamycin and aggressive topical medical management of uveitis. The right eye was enucleated and histopathologic evaluation of the globe revealed panuveitis and multiple organisms morphologically consistent with Histoplasma capsulatum. Systemic treatment with itraconazole was initiated. Vision returned after 3 months of treatment and complete resolution of the retinal hemorrhages with formation of a flat chorioretinal scar was noted after 6 months of therapy. Itraconazole was discontinued 7 months after starting therapy, at which time the funduscopic appearance of the chorioretinal scar had remained static for 1 month. The cat has remained visual without evidence of disease progression for 6 months following discontinuation of itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pearce
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
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17
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Abstract
Systemic feline diseases (parasitic, bacterial, fungal, viral, neoplastic, metabolic, vascular, and immune-mediated) are often associated with ocular symptoms. An ocular examination is an important diagnostic tool and should be part of any physical examination. Conversely, cats afflicted with systemic disease require periodic ocular examinations for prognostic information and to prevent vision threatening complications. Typical feline systemic diseases encountered by the practicing clinician are presented with their commonly associated ocular signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle C La Croix
- Eye Care for Animals, 1892 East Fort Union Boulevard, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA.
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18
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Abstract
The article discusses feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), an important disease frequently seen in veterinary practice. FIP causes many problems to the veterinarian as it can be difficult to definitively diagnose the disease, as there is no effective treatment, and as prophylactic interventions are not very successful. Although intense research has created a lot of new knowledge about this disease in the last years, there are still many unanswered questions. The objective of this article is to review recent knowledge and to increase understanding of the complex pathogenesis of FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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19
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Neuman BW, Stein DA, Kroeker AD, Paulino AD, Moulton HM, Iversen PL, Buchmeier MJ. Antisense morpholino-oligomers directed against the 5' end of the genome inhibit coronavirus proliferation and growth. J Virol 2004; 78:5891-9. [PMID: 15140987 PMCID: PMC415795 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.11.5891-5899.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of a peptide related to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat represents a novel method for delivery of antisense morpholino-oligomers. Conjugated and unconjugated oligomers were tested to determine sequence-specific antiviral efficacy against a member of the Coronaviridae, Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). Specific antisense activity designed to block translation of the viral replicase polyprotein was first confirmed by reduction of luciferase expression from a target sequence-containing reporter construct in both cell-free and transfected cell culture assays. Peptide-conjugated morpholino-oligomers exhibited low toxicity in DBT astrocytoma cells used for culturing MHV. Oligomer administered at micromolar concentrations was delivered to >80% of cells and inhibited virus titers 10- to 100-fold in a sequence-specific and dose-responsive manner. In addition, targeted viral protein synthesis, plaque diameter, and cytopathic effect were significantly reduced. Inhibition of virus infectivity by peptide-conjugated morpholino was comparable to the antiviral activity of the aminoglycoside hygromycin B used at a concentration fivefold higher than the oligomer. These results suggest that this composition of antisense compound has therapeutic potential for control of coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Neuman
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuropharmacology, Division of Virology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Yuhki N, Beck T, Stephens RM, Nishigaki Y, Newmann K, O'Brien SJ. Comparative genome organization of human, murine, and feline MHC class II region. Genome Res 2003; 13:1169-79. [PMID: 12743023 PMCID: PMC403645 DOI: 10.1101/gr.976103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To study comparative molecular dynamics in the genesis of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), we determined a complete nucleotide sequence spanning 758,291 bp of the domestic cat (Felis catus) extended and classical class II region. The feline class II MHC includes 44 genes (31 predicted to be expressed) which display DNA sequence homology and ordered gene synteny with human HLA and mouse H2, in extended class II and centromere proximal regions (DM to DO) of the classical class II region. However, remarkable genomic alterations including gene gain and loss plus size differentials of 250 kb are evident in comparisons of the cat class II with those of human and mouse. The cat MHC lacks the entire DQ region and retains only relict pseudogene homologs of DP genes, compensated by expansion and reorganization of seven modern DR genes. Repetitive gene families within the feline MHC comprise 35% of the feline MHC with very different density and abundance of GC levels, SINES, LINES, STRs, and retro-elements from the same repeats in human and mouse MHC. Comparison of the feline MHC with the murine and human MHC offers a detailed view of the consequences of genome organization in three mammalian lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Yuhki
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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