1
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Pettigrew C, Nazarovs J, Soldan A, Singh V, Wang J, Hohman T, Dumitrescu L, Libby J, Kunkle B, Gross AL, Johnson S, Lu Q, Engelman C, Masters CL, Maruff P, Laws SM, Morris JC, Hassenstab J, Cruchaga C, Resnick SM, Kitner-Triolo MH, An Y, Albert M. Alzheimer's disease genetic risk and cognitive reserve in relationship to long-term cognitive trajectories among cognitively normal individuals. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:66. [PMID: 36978190 PMCID: PMC10045505 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetic risk factors and indices of cognitive reserve (CR) influence risk of cognitive decline, but it remains unclear whether they interact. This study examined whether a CR index score modifies the relationship between AD genetic risk factors and long-term cognitive trajectories in a large sample of individuals with normal cognition. METHODS Analyses used data from the Preclinical AD Consortium, including harmonized data from 5 longitudinal cohort studies. Participants were cognitively normal at baseline (M baseline age = 64 years, 59% female) and underwent 10 years of follow-up, on average. AD genetic risk was measured by (i) apolipoprotein-E (APOE) genetic status (APOE-ε2 and APOE-ε4 vs. APOE-ε3; N = 1819) and (ii) AD polygenic risk scores (AD-PRS; N = 1175). A CR index was calculated by combining years of education and literacy scores. Longitudinal cognitive performance was measured by harmonized factor scores for global cognition, episodic memory, and executive function. RESULTS In mixed-effects models, higher CR index scores were associated with better baseline cognitive performance for all cognitive outcomes. APOE-ε4 genotype and AD-PRS that included the APOE region (AD-PRSAPOE) were associated with declines in all cognitive domains, whereas AD-PRS that excluded the APOE region (AD-PRSw/oAPOE) was associated with declines in executive function and global cognition, but not memory. There were significant 3-way CR index score × APOE-ε4 × time interactions for the global (p = 0.04, effect size = 0.16) and memory scores (p = 0.01, effect size = 0.22), indicating the negative effect of APOE-ε4 genotype on global and episodic memory score change was attenuated among individuals with higher CR index scores. In contrast, levels of CR did not attenuate APOE-ε4-related declines in executive function or declines associated with higher AD-PRS. APOE-ε2 genotype was unrelated to cognition. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that APOE-ε4 and non-APOE-ε4 AD polygenic risk are independently associated with global cognitive and executive function declines among individuals with normal cognition at baseline, but only APOE-ε4 is associated with declines in episodic memory. Importantly, higher levels of CR may mitigate APOE-ε4-related declines in some cognitive domains. Future research is needed to address study limitations, including generalizability due to cohort demographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Pettigrew
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1600 McElderry St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Jurijs Nazarovs
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Anja Soldan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1600 McElderry St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Vikas Singh
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Jiangxia Wang
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Timothy Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Logan Dumitrescu
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Julia Libby
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Brian Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alden L Gross
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sterling Johnson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Corinne Engelman
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Paul Maruff
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Centre for Precision Health and Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, Edith Cowan University, 270 Jundaloop Drive, Jundaloop, WA, 6027, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - John C Morris
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Melissa H Kitner-Triolo
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yang An
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn Albert
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1600 McElderry St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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2
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Apolipoprotein E ɛ4-related effects on cognition are limited to the Alzheimer's disease spectrum. GeroScience 2021; 44:195-209. [PMID: 34591236 PMCID: PMC8811053 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the deleterious effects of APOE4 are restricted to the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) spectrum or cause cognitive impairment irrespectively of the development of AD is still a matter of debate, and the focus of this study. Our analyses included APOE4 genotype, neuropsychological variables, amyloid-βeta (Aβ) and Tau markers, FDG-PET values, and hippocampal volumetry data derived from the healthy controls sample of the ADNI database. We formed 4 groups of equal size (n = 30) based on APOE4 carriage and amyloid-PET status. Baseline and follow-up (i.e., 48 months post-baseline) results indicated that Aβ-positivity was the most important factor to explain poorer cognitive performance, while APOE4 only exerted a significant effect in Aβ-positive subjects. Additionally, multiple regression analyses evidenced that, within the Aβ-positive sample, hippocampal volumetry explained most of the variability in cognitive performance for APOE4 carriers. These findings represent a strong support for the so-called preclinical/prodromal hypothesis, which states that the reported differences in cognitive performance between healthy carriers and non-carriers are mainly due to the APOE4’s capability to increase the risk of AD. Moreover, our results reinforce the notion that a synergistic interaction of Aβ and APOE4 elicits a neurodegenerative process in the hippocampus that might be the main cause of impaired cognitive performance.
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Fockler J, Kwang W, Ashford MT, Flenniken D, Hwang J, Truran D, Mackin RS, Jin C, O'Hara R, Hallmayer JF, Yesavage JA, Weiner MW, Nosheny RL. Brain health registry GenePool study: A novel approach to online genetics research. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2021; 7:e12118. [PMID: 33614891 PMCID: PMC7882536 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Remote data collection, including the establishment of online registries, is a novel approach to efficiently identify risk for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in older adults, with growing evidence for feasibility and validity. Addition of genetic data to online registries has the potential to facilitate identification of older adults at risk and to advance the understanding of genetic contributions to AD. Methods 573 older adult participants with longitudinal online Brain Health Registry (BHR) data underwent apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping using remotely collected saliva samples and a novel, automated Biofluid Collection Management Portal. We evaluated acceptability of genetic sample collection and estimated associations between (1) sociodemographic variables and willingness to participate in genetics research and (2) APOE results and online cognitive and functional assessments. We also assessed acceptance of hypothetical genetics research participation by surveying a larger sample of 25,888 BHR participants. Results 51% of invited participants enrolled in the BHR genetics study, BHR‐GenePool Study (BHR‐GPS); 27% of participants had at least one APOE ε4 allele. Older participants and those with higher educational attainment were more likely to participate. In the remotely administered Cogstate Brief Battery, APOE ε4/ε4 homozygotes (HM) had worse online learning scores, and greater decline in processing speed and attention, compared to ε3/ε4 heterozygotes (HT) and ε4 non‐carriers (NC). Discussion APOE genotyping of more than 500 older adults enrolled in BHR supports the feasibility and validity of a novel, remote biofluids collection approach from a large cohort of older adults, with data linkage to longitudinal online cognitive data. This approach can be expanded for efficient collection of genetic data and other information from biofluids in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Fockler
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center San Francisco Veteran's Administration Medical Center San Francisco California USA.,San Francisco Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Winnie Kwang
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center San Francisco Veteran's Administration Medical Center San Francisco California USA.,San Francisco Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Miriam T Ashford
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center San Francisco Veteran's Administration Medical Center San Francisco California USA.,San Francisco Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Derek Flenniken
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center San Francisco Veteran's Administration Medical Center San Francisco California USA.,San Francisco Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Joshua Hwang
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center San Francisco Veteran's Administration Medical Center San Francisco California USA.,San Francisco Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Diana Truran
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center San Francisco Veteran's Administration Medical Center San Francisco California USA.,San Francisco Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - R Scott Mackin
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center San Francisco Veteran's Administration Medical Center San Francisco California USA.,San Francisco Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Chengshi Jin
- San Francisco Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Ruth O'Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University Stanford California USA
| | - Joachim F Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University Stanford California USA
| | - Jerome A Yesavage
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University Stanford California USA
| | - Michael W Weiner
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center San Francisco Veteran's Administration Medical Center San Francisco California USA.,San Francisco Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Rachel L Nosheny
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center San Francisco Veteran's Administration Medical Center San Francisco California USA.,San Francisco Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
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4
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Swenson S, Blum K, McLaughlin T, Gold MS, Thanos PK. The therapeutic potential of exercise for neuropsychiatric diseases: A review. J Neurol Sci 2020; 412:116763. [PMID: 32305746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is known to have a myriad of health benefits. There is much to be learned from the effects of exercise and its potential for prevention, attenuation and treatment of multiple neuropsychiatric diseases and behavioral disorders. Furthermore, recent data and research on exercise benefits with respect to major health crises, such as, that of opioid and general substance use disorders, make it very important to better understand and review the mechanisms of exercise and how it could be utilized for effective treatments or adjunct treatments for these diseases. In addition, mechanisms, epigenetics and sex differences are examined and discussed in terms of future research implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Swenson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Western Univesity Health Sciences, Graduate College, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark S Gold
- Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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5
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Lowe AJ, Paquola C, Vos de Wael R, Girn M, Lariviere S, Tavakol S, Caldairou B, Royer J, Schrader DV, Bernasconi A, Bernasconi N, Spreng RN, Bernhardt BC. Targeting age-related differences in brain and cognition with multimodal imaging and connectome topography profiling. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:5213-5230. [PMID: 31444896 PMCID: PMC6864903 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by accumulation of structural and metabolic changes in the brain. Recent studies suggest transmodal brain networks are especially sensitive to aging, which, we hypothesize, may be due to their apical position in the cortical hierarchy. Studying an open‐access healthy cohort (n = 102, age range = 30–89 years) with MRI and Aβ PET data, we estimated age‐related cortical thinning, hippocampal atrophy and Aβ deposition. In addition to carrying out surface‐based morphological and metabolic mapping experiments, we stratified effects along neocortical and hippocampal resting‐state functional connectome gradients derived from independent datasets. The cortical gradient depicts an axis of functional differentiation from sensory‐motor regions to transmodal regions, whereas the hippocampal gradient recapitulates its long‐axis. While age‐related thinning and increased Aβ deposition occurred across the entire cortical topography, increased Aβ deposition was especially pronounced toward higher‐order transmodal regions. Age‐related atrophy was greater toward the posterior end of the hippocampal long‐axis. No significant effect of age on Aβ deposition in the hippocampus was observed. Imaging markers correlated with behavioral measures of fluid intelligence and episodic memory in a topography‐specific manner, confirmed using both univariate as well as multivariate analyses. Our results strengthen existing evidence of structural and metabolic change in the aging brain and support the use of connectivity gradients as a compact framework to analyze and conceptualize brain‐based biomarkers of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Lowe
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Casey Paquola
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Reinder Vos de Wael
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Manesh Girn
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sara Lariviere
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shahin Tavakol
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Benoit Caldairou
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jessica Royer
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dewi V Schrader
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrea Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Neda Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Boris C Bernhardt
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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6
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Choi KY, Lee JJ, Gunasekaran TI, Kang S, Lee W, Jeong J, Lim HJ, Zhang X, Zhu C, Won SY, Choi YY, Seo EH, Lee SC, Gim J, Chung JY, Chong A, Byun MS, Seo S, Ko PW, Han JW, McLean C, Farrell J, Lunetta KL, Miyashita A, Hara N, Won S, Choi SM, Ha JM, Jeong JH, Kuwano R, Song MK, An SSA, Lee YM, Park KW, Lee HW, Choi SH, Rhee S, Song WK, Lee JS, Mayeux R, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Choo ILH, Nho K, Kim KW, Lee DY, Kim S, Kim BC, Kim H, Jun GR, Schellenberg GD, Ikeuchi T, Farrer LA, Lee KH, Neuroimaging Initative AD. APOE Promoter Polymorphism-219T/G is an Effect Modifier of the Influence of APOE ε4 on Alzheimer's Disease Risk in a Multiracial Sample. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081236. [PMID: 31426376 PMCID: PMC6723529 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in the APOE gene region may explain ethnic differences in the association of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with ε4. Ethnic differences in allele frequencies for three APOE region SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) were identified and tested for association in 19,398 East Asians (EastA), including Koreans and Japanese, 15,836 European ancestry (EuroA) individuals, and 4985 African Americans, and with brain imaging measures of cortical atrophy in sub-samples of Koreans and EuroAs. Among ε4/ε4 individuals, AD risk increased substantially in a dose-dependent manner with the number of APOE promoter SNP rs405509 T alleles in EastAs (TT: OR (odds ratio) = 27.02, p = 8.80 × 10−94; GT: OR = 15.87, p = 2.62 × 10−9) and EuroAs (TT: OR = 18.13, p = 2.69 × 10−108; GT: OR = 12.63, p = 3.44 × 10−64), and rs405509-T homozygotes had a younger onset and more severe cortical atrophy than those with G-allele. Functional experiments using APOE promoter fragments demonstrated that TT lowered APOE expression in human brain and serum. The modifying effect of rs405509 genotype explained much of the ethnic variability in the AD/ε4 association, and increasing APOE expression might lower AD risk among ε4 homozygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Yeong Choi
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Jang Jae Lee
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Tamil Iniyan Gunasekaran
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Sarang Kang
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Department of Life Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Wooje Lee
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Jangho Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Ho Jae Lim
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Department of Life Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Congcong Zhu
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Department of Biochemistry and Signaling Disorder Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yu Yong Choi
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Eun Hyun Seo
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Department of Premedical Science, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Seok Cheol Lee
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Jungsoo Gim
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Chung
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Ari Chong
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sujin Seo
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Pan-Woo Ko
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Han
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Korea
| | - Catriona McLean
- Department of Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - John Farrell
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Akinori Miyashita
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Norikazu Hara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Sungho Won
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seong-Min Choi
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Jung-Min Ha
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Jee Hyang Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Ryozo Kuwano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Min Kyung Song
- Chonnam national university Gwangju 2nd geriatric hospital, Gwangju 61748, Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
| | - Young Min Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 50612, Korea
| | - Kyung Won Park
- Department of Neurology, Donga University College of Medicine, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sangmyung Rhee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Woo Keun Song
- Bio Imaging and Cell Logistics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Jung Sup Lee
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of Neurology and Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - I L Han Choo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Chosun University School of Medicine and Hospital, Gwangju 61453, Korea
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ki-Woong Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Korea
| | - Byeong C Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Hoowon Kim
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Gyungah R Jun
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4238, USA
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kun Ho Lee
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea.
- Department of Life Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea.
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Korea.
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7
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Chernick D, Ortiz-Valle S, Jeong A, Qu W, Li L. Peripheral versus central nervous system APOE in Alzheimer's disease: Interplay across the blood-brain barrier. Neurosci Lett 2019; 708:134306. [PMID: 31181302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele has been demonstrated as the preeminent genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), which comprises greater than 90% of all AD cases. The discovery of the connection between different APOE genotypes and AD risk in the early 1990s spurred three decades of intense and comprehensive research into the function of APOE in the normal and diseased brain. The importance of APOE in the periphery has been well established, due to its pivotal role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis and cardiovascular health. The influence of vascular factors on brain function and AD risk has been extensively studied in recent years. As a major apolipoprotein regulating multiple molecular pathways beyond its canonical lipid-related functions in the periphery and the central nervous system, APOE represents a critical link between the two compartments, and may influence AD risk from both sides of the blood-brain barrier. This review discusses recent advances in understanding the different functions of APOE in the periphery and in the brain, and highlights several promising APOE-targeted therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela Jeong
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Wenhui Qu
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Departments of Pharmacology, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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8
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Zimmermann J, Alain C, Butler C. Impaired memory-guided attention in asymptomatic APOE4 carriers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8138. [PMID: 31148578 PMCID: PMC6544654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention and memory may be impaired in individuals at-risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), though standard cognitive assessments typically study the two in parallel. In reality, attention and memory interact to facilitate information processing, and thus a more integrative approach is required. Here, we used a novel auditory paradigm to assess how long-term memory for auditory scenes facilitates detection of an auditory target in asymptomatic carriers of Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), the principle risk gene for late-onset AD. We tested 60 healthy middle-aged adults with varying doses of APOE4 - 20 APOE4 homozygotes (E4/E4), 20 heterozygotes (E3/E4) and 20 non-carriers (E3/E3) - to determine effect on memory-guided attention. While explicit memory was unaffected by genotype, APOE4 dose significantly impaired memory-guided attention. A relationship between explicit memory and memory-guided attention was observed in non-carriers, but this correlation was not significant in E3/E4 and E4/E4 carriers, suggesting that APOE4 carriers rely less on explicit memory to facilitate attention. Since memory-guided attention declined with age in APOE4 homozygotes, this impairment may reflect early disease rather than being a life-long trait. In sum, asymptomatic individuals at increased genetic risk of AD show an age-dependent decline in attention-memory interaction when memory alone is not impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Zimmermann
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto M5S 3G3 and Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, M6A 2E1, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Claude Alain
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto M5S 3G3 and Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, M6A 2E1, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chris Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK
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9
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O'Donoghue MC, Murphy SE, Zamboni G, Nobre AC, Mackay CE. APOE genotype and cognition in healthy individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease: A review. Cortex 2018; 104:103-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Sinha N, Berg CN, Tustison NJ, Shaw A, Hill D, Yassa MA, Gluck MA. APOE ε4 status in healthy older African Americans is associated with deficits in pattern separation and hippocampal hyperactivation. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 69:221-229. [PMID: 29909179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
African Americans are 1.4 times more likely than European Americans to carry the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele, a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about the neural correlates of cognitive function in older African Americans and how they relate to genetic risk for AD. In particular, no past study on African Americans has examined the effect of APOE ε4 status on pattern separation-mnemonic discrimination performance and its corresponding neural computations in the hippocampus. Previous work using the mnemonic discrimination paradigm has localized increased activation in the DG/CA3 hippocampal subregions as being correlated with discrimination deficits. In a case-control high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging study of 30 healthy African Americans, aged 60 years and older, we observed APOE ε4-related impairments in mnemonic discrimination, coincident with dysfunctional hyperactivation in the DG/CA3, and CA1 regions, despite no evidence of structural differences in the hippocampus between carriers and noncarriers. Our results add to the growing body of evidence that deficits in pattern separation may be an early marker for AD-related neuronal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sinha
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Chelsie N Berg
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas J Tustison
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ashlee Shaw
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Diane Hill
- Office of University-Community Partnerships, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Gluck
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA.
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11
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López-Higes R, Rodríguez-Rojo IC, Prados JM, Montejo P, Del-Río D, Delgado-Losada ML, Montenegro M, López-Sanz D, Barabash A. APOE ε4 Modulation of Training Outcomes in Several Cognitive Domains in a Sample of Cognitively Intact Older Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:1201-1215. [PMID: 28550244 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most research points to the ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene as the most recognizable genetic risk factor associated with Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. It has been also suggested that the APOEɛ4 allele has a negative influence on cognitive functioning, which begins long before cognitive impairment becomes manifest. However, still, little is known about the APOEɛ4 interaction with cognitive intervention programs. OBJECTIVE The main goal of this study was to explore whether there was a differential APOE genotype modulation effect after cognitive training in different domains, such as language comprehension, executive functions, and memory. Contrary to other studies, hippocampal volume was controlled for. METHODS Fifty older adults (65+ years; 30 women and 20 men) participated in a multi-domain cognitive training that involved 30 sessions taking place over 12 weeks. Half of the participants were APOEɛ4 carriers. The control group was matched in age, gender, normalized hippocampal volume, cognitive reserve, Mini-Mental State Examination score, and Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Version. RESULTS The study revealed that there were consistent treatment benefits in complex sentence comprehension (noncanonical sentences and sentences with two propositions), a domain that was not directly trained, but only in the A POEɛ4 noncarrier group. CONCLUSION Genetic profile modulates training outcomes in sentence comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón López-Higes
- Department of Cognitive Processes, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada C Rodríguez-Rojo
- Department of Cognitive Processes, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Prados
- Department of Cognitive Processes, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Montejo
- Center for the Prevention of Cognitive Impairment, Madrid-Salud, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Del-Río
- Department of Cognitive Processes, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Montenegro
- Center for the Prevention of Cognitive Impairment, Madrid-Salud, Madrid, Spain
| | - David López-Sanz
- Department of Cognitive Processes, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Barabash
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroendocrinology and Genetics, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Sanitary Investigation, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Chen LY, Norby FL, Gottesman RF, Mosley TH, Soliman EZ, Agarwal SK, Loehr LR, Folsom AR, Coresh J, Alonso A. Association of Atrial Fibrillation With Cognitive Decline and Dementia Over 20 Years: The ARIC-NCS (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study). J Am Heart Assoc 2018. [PMID: 29514809 PMCID: PMC5907543 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous studies have reported that atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with cognitive decline and dementia. These studies, however, had limited follow‐up, were based mostly on white and highly selected populations, and did not account for attrition. We evaluated the association of incident AF with 20‐year change in cognitive performance (accounting for attrition) and incident dementia in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study. Methods and Results We analyzed data from 12 515 participants (mean age, 56.9 [SD, 5.7] years in 1990–1992; 56% women and 24% black) from 1990 to 1992 through 2011 to 2013. Incident AF was ascertained from study ECGs and hospital discharge codes. Cognitive tests were performed in 1990 to 1992, 1996 to 1998, and 2011 to 2013. Incident dementia was clinician adjudicated. We used generalized estimating equations and Cox proportional hazards models to assess the association of time‐dependent AF with change in Z scores of cognitive tests and incident dementia, respectively. During 20 years, 2106 participants developed AF and 1157 participants developed dementia. After accounting for cardiovascular risk factors, including ischemic stroke, the average decline over 20 years in global cognitive Z score was 0.115 (95% confidence interval, 0.014–0.215) greater in participants with AF than in those without AF. Further adjustment for attrition by multiple imputation by chained equations strengthened the association. In addition, incident AF was associated with an increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.45), after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, including ischemic stroke. Conclusions AF is associated with greater cognitive decline and increased risk of dementia, independent of ischemic stroke. Because cognitive decline is a precursor to dementia, our findings prompt further investigation to identify specific treatments for AF that will delay the trajectory of cognitive decline and, thus, prevent dementia in patients with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Y Chen
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Faye L Norby
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rebecca F Gottesman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson, MS
| | - Elsayed Z Soliman
- Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (EPICARE), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Sunil K Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Laura R Loehr
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Aaron R Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alvaro Alonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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13
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Woody SK, Zhou H, Ibrahimi S, Dong Y, Zhao L. Human ApoE ɛ2 Promotes Regulatory Mechanisms of Bioenergetic and Synaptic Function in Female Brain: A Focus on V-type H+-ATPase. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:1015-31. [PMID: 27340853 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans possess three major isoforms of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene encoded by three alleles: ApoE ɛ2 (ApoE2), ApoE ɛ3 (ApoE3), and ApoE ɛ4 (ApoE4). It is established that the three ApoE isoforms confer differential susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, an in-depth molecular understanding of the underlying mechanisms is currently unavailable. In this study, we examined the cortical proteome differences among the three ApoE isoforms using 6-month-old female, human ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4 gene-targeted replacement mice and two-dimensional proteomic analyses. The results reveal that the three ApoE brains differ primarily in two areas: cellular bioenergetics and synaptic transmission. Of particular significance, we show for the first time that the three ApoE brains differentially express a key component of the catalytic domain of the V-type H+-ATPase (Atp6v), a proton pump that mediates the concentration of neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles and thus is crucial in synaptic transmission. Specifically, our data demonstrate that ApoE2 brain exhibits significantly higher levels of the B subunit of Atp6v (Atp6v1B2) when compared to both ApoE3 and ApoE4 brains, with ApoE4 brain exhibiting the lowest expression. Our additional analyses show that Atp6v1B2 is significantly impacted by aging and AD pathology and the data suggest that Atp6v1B2 deficiency could be involved in the progressive loss of synaptic integrity during early development of AD. Collectively, our findings indicate that human ApoE isoforms differentially modulate regulatory mechanisms of bioenergetic and synaptic function in female brain. A more efficient and robust status in both areas-in which Atp6v may play a role-could serve as a potential mechanism contributing to the neuroprotective and cognition-favoring properties associated with the ApoE2 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Woody
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Helen Zhou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Shaher Ibrahimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Yafeng Dong
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Pathology and Laboratory Department, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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14
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Apolipoprotein-E (Apoe) ε4 and cognitive decline over the adult life course. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:18. [PMID: 29317609 PMCID: PMC5802532 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the association between APOE-ε4 and processing speed and memory between ages 43 and 69 in a population-based birth cohort. Analyses of processing speed (using a timed letter search task) and episodic memory (a 15-item word learning test) were conducted at ages 43, 53, 60-64 and 69 years using linear and multivariable regression, adjusting for gender and childhood cognition. Linear mixed models, with random intercepts and slopes, were conducted to test the association between APOE and the rate of decline in these cognitive scores from age 43 to 69. Model fit was assessed with the Bayesian Information Criterion. A cross-sectional association between APOE-ε4 and memory scores was detected at age 69 for both heterozygotes and homozygotes (β = -0.68 and β = -1.38, respectively, p = 0.03) with stronger associations in homozygotes; no associations were observed before this age. Homozygous carriers of APOE-ε4 had a faster rate of decline in memory between ages 43 and 69, when compared to non-carriers, after adjusting for gender and childhood cognition (β = -0.05, p = 0.04). There were no cross-sectional or longitudinal associations between APOE-ε4 and processing speed. We conclude that APOE-ε4 is associated with a subtly faster rate of memory decline from midlife to early old age; this may be due to effects of APOE-ε4 becoming manifest around the latter stage of life. Continuing follow-up will determine what proportion of this increase will become clinically significant.
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15
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Gerstenecker A, Roberson ED, Schellenberg GD, Standaert DG, Shprecher DR, Kluger BM, Litvan I. Genetic influences on cognition in progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord 2017; 32:1764-1771. [PMID: 29076559 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is common in progressive supranuclear palsy, but the influence of genetics on cognition in this disorder has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of genes previously identified as risk alleles, including microtubule-associated protein tau, myelin-associated oligodendrocyte basic protein, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, and syntaxin 6, as well as apolipoprotein E, on cognitive function in progressive supranuclear palsy. METHODS The sample was composed of 305 participants who met criteria for possible or probable progressive supranuclear palsy. Genetic information was determined by TaqMan genotyping assays. A neuropsychological battery was administered to all study participants. Measures included in the battery evaluated for general cognition, executive function, memory, attention, language, and visuospatial ability. RESULTS Cognition did not vary significantly between individuals homozygous or heterozygous for the microtubule-associated protein tau H1 haplotype. However, cognition varied significantly at the subhaplotype level, with carriers of the microtubule-associated protein tau rs242557/A allele, which marks the H1c subhaplotype, performing better than noncarriers on measures of general cognitive function, executive function, and attention. No associations were found for other genes. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study indicate that variations in microtubule-associated protein tau influence cognition in progressive supranuclear palsy. Although the H1c-specific rs242557/A allele is a risk factor for progressive supranuclear palsy, carriers of this allele may exhibit better cognition than non-carriers in patients with the atypical parkinsonian syndrome. Further studies are needed. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gerstenecker
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David G Standaert
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David R Shprecher
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Benzi M Kluger
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurosciences, Parkinson and Movement Disorders Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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16
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Bressler J, Yu B, Mosley TH, Knopman DS, Gottesman RF, Alonso A, Sharrett AR, Wruck LM, Boerwinkle E. Metabolomics and cognition in African American adults in midlife: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1173. [PMID: 28934192 PMCID: PMC5538110 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown alterations in metabolic profiles when patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease dementia were compared to cognitively normal subjects. Associations between 204 serum metabolites measured at baseline (1987-1989) and cognitive change were investigated in 1035 middle-aged community-dwelling African American participants in the biracial Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Cognition was evaluated using the Delayed Word Recall Test (DWRT; verbal memory), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST; processing speed) and the Word Fluency Test (WFT; verbal fluency) at visits 2 (1990-1992) and 4 (1996-1998). In addition, Cox regression was used to analyze the metabolites as predictors of incident hospitalized dementia between baseline and 2011. There were 141 cases among 1534 participants over a median 17.1-year follow-up period. After adjustment for established risk factors, one standard deviation increase in N-acetyl-1-methylhistidine was significantly associated with greater 6-year change in DWRT scores (β=-0.66 words; P=3.65 × 10-4). Two metabolites (one unnamed and a long-chain omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in vegetable oils (docosapentaenoate (DPA, 22:5 n-6)) were significantly associated with less decline on the DSST (DPA: β=1.25 digit-symbol pairs, P=9.47 × 10-5). Two unnamed compounds and three sex steroid hormones were associated with an increased risk of dementia (all P<3.9 × 10-4). The association of 4-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol disulfate 1 with dementia was replicated in European Americans. These results demonstrate that screening the metabolome in midlife can detect biologically plausible biomarkers that may improve risk stratification for cognitive impairment at older ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Yu
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - T H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - D S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R F Gottesman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Alonso
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A R Sharrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L M Wruck
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - E Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Detecting cognitive changes in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: A review of its feasibility. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 13:468-492. [PMID: 27702618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in characterizing the biological changes occurring in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cognitive dysfunction has been viewed, however, as a late-stage phenomenon, despite increasing evidence that changes may be detected in the decades preceding dementia. In the absence of comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for preclinical cognitive assessment, longitudinal cohort and neuroimaging studies have been reviewed to determine the temporal order and brain biomarker correlates of specific cognitive functions. Episodic memory decline was observed to be the most salient cognitive function, correlating with high levels of amyloid deposition and hypoconnectivity across large-scale brain networks. Prospective studies point to early decline in both episodic and semantic memory processing as well as executive functions in the predementia period. The cognitive tests have, however, been principally those used to diagnose dementia. New procedures are required which target more finely the medial temporal lobe subregions first affected by clinically silent AD pathology.
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18
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Liu Y, Tan L, Wang HF, Liu Y, Hao XK, Tan CC, Jiang T, Liu B, Zhang DQ, Yu JT. Multiple Effect of APOE Genotype on Clinical and Neuroimaging Biomarkers Across Alzheimer's Disease Spectrum. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4539-47. [PMID: 26298664 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) allele is the most important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the underlying mechanisms responsible for it remain controversial. We used the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database to examine the influence of APOE ε4 dose on clinical and neuroimaging biomarkers across the AD spectrum (from cognitive normal to AD patients with severe cognitive impairment). A total of 1718 participants from the ADNI cohort were selected, and we evaluated the impact of ε4 dose on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels' Abeta1-42 (Aβ1-42), tau, and phosphorylated-tau (p-tau); cortical amyloid deposition (Florbetapir-PET-AV45); brain atrophy (MRI); brain metabolism (FDG-PET); hippocampal metabolism; and cognitive declines, through different cognitive subgroups. We found that (1) ε4 was associated with decreased CSF beta-amyloid (Aβ1-42) and increased cerebral Aβ deposition across the AD spectrum; (2) increased CSF tau, P-tau and cerebral hypometabolism, hippocampal atrophy, and cognition decline were all associated with APOE ε4 in prodromal AD stage; (3) increased CSF tau, P-tau and cerebral hypometabolism appear to begin earlier than hippocampal atrophy and cognitive decline. We hypothesized that APOE ε4 increases cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in all the stages of AD development, and also influences Aβ-initiated cascade of downstream neurodegenerative effects, thereby increasing the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Hao
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dao-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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19
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Barral S, Vardarajan BN, Reyes-Dumeyer D, Faber KM, Bird TD, Tsuang D, Bennett DA, Rosenberg R, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, Goate AM, Farlow M, Lantigua R, Medrano MZ, Wang X, Kamboh MI, Barmada MM, Schaid DJ, Foroud TM, Weamer EA, Ottman R, Sweet RA, Mayeux R. Genetic variants associated with susceptibility to psychosis in late-onset Alzheimer's disease families. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3116.e9-3116.e16. [PMID: 26359528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic symptoms are frequent in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) patients. Although the risk for psychosis in LOAD is genetically mediated, no genes have been identified. To identify loci potentially containing genetic variants associated with risk of psychosis in LOAD, a total of 263 families from the National Institute of Aging-LOAD cohort were classified into psychotic (LOAD+P, n = 215) and nonpsychotic (LOAD-P, n = 48) families based on the presence/absence of psychosis during the course of LOAD. The LOAD+P families yielded strong evidence of linkage on chromosome 19q13 (two-point [2-pt] logarithm of odds [LOD] = 3.8, rs2285513 and multipoint LOD = 2.7, rs541169). Joint linkage and association in 19q13 region detected strong association with rs2945988 (p = 8.7 × 10(-7)). Linkage results for the LOAD-P families yielded nonsignificant 19q13 LOD scores. Several 19q13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms generalized the association of LOAD+P in a Caribbean Hispanic (CH) cohort, and the strongest signal was rs10410711 (pmeta = 5.1 × 10(-5)). A variant located 24 kb upstream of rs10410711 and rs10421862 was strongly associated with LOAD+P (pmeta = 1.0 × 10(-5)) in a meta-analysis of the CH cohort and an additional non-Hispanic Caucasian dataset. Identified variants rs2945988 and rs10421862 affect brain gene expression levels. Our results suggest that genetic variants in genes on 19q13, some of which are involved in brain development and neurodegeneration, may influence the susceptibility to psychosis in LOAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barral
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Badri N Vardarajan
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dolly Reyes-Dumeyer
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelley M Faber
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Debby Tsuang
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roger Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Alison M Goate
- Icanhn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rafael Lantigua
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Z Medrano
- Department of Geriatrics, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago, Dominican Republic
| | - Xinbing Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Schaid
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elise A Weamer
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ruth Ottman
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Albert M, Soldan A, Gottesman R, McKhann G, Sacktor N, Farrington L, Grega M, Turner R, Lu Y, Li S, Wang MC, Selnes O. Cognitive changes preceding clinical symptom onset of mild cognitive impairment and relationship to ApoE genotype. Curr Alzheimer Res 2015; 11:773-84. [PMID: 25212916 DOI: 10.2174/156720501108140910121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study had two goals (1) to evaluate changes in neuropsychological performance among cognitively normal individuals that might precede the onset of clinical symptoms, and (2) to examine the impact of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype on these changes. METHODS Longitudinal neuropsychological, clinical assessments and consensus diagnoses were completed prospectively in 268 cognitively normal individuals. The mean duration of follow-up was 9.2 years (+/- 3.3). 208 participants remained normal and 60 developed cognitive decline, consistent with a diagnosis of MCI or dementia. Cox regression analyses were completed, for both baseline scores and rate of change in scores, in relation to time to onset of clinical symptoms. Analyses were completed both with and without ApoE-4 status included. Interactions with ApoE-4 status were also examined. RESULTS Lower baseline test scores, as well as greater rate of change in test scores, were associated with time to onset of clinical symptoms (p<0.001). The mean time from baseline to onset of clinical symptoms was 6.15 (+/- 3.4) years. The presence of an ApoE-4 allele doubled the risk of progression. The rate of change in two of the test scores was significantly different in ApoE-4 carriers vs. non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive performance declines prior to the onset of clinical symptoms that are a harbinger of a diagnosis of MCI. Cognitive changes in normal individuals who will subsequently decline may be observed at least 6.5 years prior to symptom onset. In addition, the risk of decline is doubled among individuals with an ApoE-4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ola Selnes
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine - Neurology 1620 McElderry Street Reed Hall West 1 , Baltimore, Maryland 21205 United States.
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21
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Sheppard DP, Graves LV, Holden HM, Delano-Wood L, Bondi MW, Gilbert PE. Spatial pattern separation differences in older adult carriers and non-carriers for the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 129:113-9. [PMID: 25957133 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We examined the performance of healthy young (n=57) and older adults (n=43) genotyped as apolipoprotein E-ε4 (APOE-ε4) carriers or APOE-ε4 non-carriers on a delayed match-to-sample task involving varying degrees of spatial interference hypothesized to assess spatial pattern separation. Older adult ε4 carriers were further divided into "impaired" and "unimpaired" groups based on their performance on a standardized test of verbal memory. We found that performance on the spatial pattern separation test increased as a function of decreased spatial interference across all groups. The older ε4 carriers in the impaired group performed significantly worse (p<.05) than unimpaired ε4 carriers, ε4 non-carriers, and young adults. The data suggest that spatial pattern separation may be less efficient in a subset of healthy older adults with subtle memory decline who are carriers of the ε4 allele. However, pattern separation performance may be comparable to that of young adults in a subset of older adult ε4 carriers and more broadly among non-carriers. Our findings offer additional evidence that pattern separation may vary in older adults, and they provide novel insight into pattern separation efficiency in ε4-positive older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Sheppard
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Lisa V Graves
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Heather M Holden
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Lisa Delano-Wood
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Mark W Bondi
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Paul E Gilbert
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA.
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22
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Ungar L, Altmann A, Greicius MD. Apolipoprotein E, gender, and Alzheimer's disease: an overlooked, but potent and promising interaction. Brain Imaging Behav 2014; 8:262-73. [PMID: 24293121 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-013-9272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an increasingly prevalent, fatal neurodegenerative disease that has proven resistant, thus far, to all attempts to prevent it, forestall it, or slow its progression. The ε4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E gene (APOE4) is a potent genetic risk factor for sporadic and late-onset familial AD. While the link between APOE4 and AD is strong, many expected effects, like increasing the risk of conversion from MCI to AD, have not been widely replicable. One critical, and commonly overlooked, feature of the APOE4 link to AD is that several lines of evidence suggest it is far more pronounced in women than in men. Here we review previous literature on the APOE4 by gender interaction with a particular focus on imaging-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Ungar
- Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FIND) Lab, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,
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23
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Sachdev PS, Lipnicki DM, Crawford JD, Wen W, Brodaty H. Progression of cognitive impairment in stroke/TIA patients over 3 years. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:1324-30. [PMID: 24659793 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine how cognitive deficits progress in the years following a stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). METHODS A follow-up study, with neuropsychological and MRI assessments undertaken 3 years after baseline assessments made 3-6 months poststroke in 183 stroke/TIA patients and 97 healthy controls participating in the Sydney Stroke Study. Additional measures included cardiovascular risk factors and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. RESULTS Stroke/TIA patients had poorer cognitive function and more vascular risk factors than controls at baseline, but did not show greater decline in cognitive function over 3 years except for verbal memory. Patients with a subsequent stroke/TIA showed greater decline in global cognitive function and a number of domains. Rates of incident dementia were 5.9% per year in patients and 0.4% in controls. Both groups showed increased atrophy of the hippocampus, amygdala and whole brain, and an increase in white matter hyperintensities over 3 years; whole brain atrophy was greater in patients. Cognitive decline was greater in women and in those with smaller hippocampi at baseline. For patients without a subsequent stroke/TIA, those with smaller hippocampi or the APOE ε4 allele had greater global cognitive and verbal memory decline. CONCLUSIONS In poststroke patients, cognitive decline was not greater than in comparison subjects, except for verbal memory, unless they had another stroke/TIA. However, dementia incidence was higher in patients, as might be expected from their poorer baseline cognitive functioning. Smaller hippocampi were associated with an increased risk of decline in memory, and APOE ε4 was a risk factor in those without a subsequent stroke/TIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Primary Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Darren M Lipnicki
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - John D Crawford
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Primary Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Academic Department for Old Age Psychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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24
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Chen LY, Lopez FL, Gottesman RF, Huxley RR, Agarwal SK, Loehr L, Mosley T, Alonso A. Atrial fibrillation and cognitive decline-the role of subclinical cerebral infarcts: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Stroke 2014; 45:2568-74. [PMID: 25052319 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.005243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The mechanism underlying the association of atrial fibrillation (AF) with cognitive decline in stroke-free individuals is unclear. We examined the association of incident AF with cognitive decline in stroke-free individuals, stratified by subclinical cerebral infarcts (SCIs) on brain MRI scans. METHODS We analyzed data from 935 stroke-free participants (mean age±SD, 61.5±4.3 years; 62% women; and 51% black) from 1993 to 1995 through 2004 to 2006 in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, a biracial community-based prospective cohort study. Cognitive testing (including the digit symbol substitution and the word fluency tests) was performed in 1993 to 1995, 1996 to 1998, and 2004 to 2006 and brain MRI scans in 1993 to 1995 and 2004 to 2006. RESULTS During follow-up, there were 48 incident AF events. Incident AF was associated with greater annual average rate of decline in digit symbol substitution (-0.77; 95% confidence interval, -1.55 to 0.01; P=0.054) and word fluency (-0.80; 95% confidence interval, -1.60 to -0.01; P=0.048). Among participants without SCIs on brain MRI scans, incident AF was not associated with cognitive decline. In contrast, incident AF was associated with greater annual average rate of decline in word fluency (-2.65; 95% confidence interval, -4.26 to -1.03; P=0.002) among participants with prevalent SCIs in 1993 to 1995. Among participants who developed SCIs during follow-up, incident AF was associated with a greater annual average rate of decline in digit symbol substitution (-1.51; 95% confidence interval, -3.02 to -0.01; P=0.049). CONCLUSIONS The association of incident AF with cognitive decline in stroke-free individuals can be explained by the presence or development of SCIs, raising the possibility of anticoagulation as a strategy to prevent cognitive decline in AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Y Chen
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (L.Y.C.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (F.L.L., A.A.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (R.F.G.); Queensland Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Center, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia (R.R.H.); Division of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.K.A.); Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (L.L.); and University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson (T.M.).
| | - Faye L Lopez
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (L.Y.C.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (F.L.L., A.A.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (R.F.G.); Queensland Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Center, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia (R.R.H.); Division of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.K.A.); Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (L.L.); and University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson (T.M.)
| | - Rebecca F Gottesman
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (L.Y.C.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (F.L.L., A.A.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (R.F.G.); Queensland Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Center, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia (R.R.H.); Division of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.K.A.); Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (L.L.); and University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson (T.M.)
| | - Rachel R Huxley
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (L.Y.C.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (F.L.L., A.A.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (R.F.G.); Queensland Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Center, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia (R.R.H.); Division of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.K.A.); Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (L.L.); and University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson (T.M.)
| | - Sunil K Agarwal
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (L.Y.C.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (F.L.L., A.A.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (R.F.G.); Queensland Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Center, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia (R.R.H.); Division of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.K.A.); Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (L.L.); and University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson (T.M.)
| | - Laura Loehr
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (L.Y.C.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (F.L.L., A.A.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (R.F.G.); Queensland Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Center, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia (R.R.H.); Division of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.K.A.); Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (L.L.); and University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson (T.M.)
| | - Thomas Mosley
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (L.Y.C.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (F.L.L., A.A.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (R.F.G.); Queensland Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Center, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia (R.R.H.); Division of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.K.A.); Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (L.L.); and University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson (T.M.)
| | - Alvaro Alonso
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (L.Y.C.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (F.L.L., A.A.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (R.F.G.); Queensland Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Center, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia (R.R.H.); Division of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.K.A.); Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (L.L.); and University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson (T.M.)
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25
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Knight RG, Tsui HSL, Abraham WC, Skeaff CM, McMahon JA, Cutfield NJ. Lack of effect of the apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype on cognition during healthy aging. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2014; 36:742-50. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2014.935706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Barral S, Reitz C, Small SA, Mayeux R. Genetic variants in a 'cAMP element binding protein' (CREB)-dependent histone acetylation pathway influence memory performance in cognitively healthy elderly individuals. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2881.e7-2881.e10. [PMID: 25150575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular pathways underlying age-related memory changes remain unclear. There is a substantial genetic contribution to memory performance through life span. A recent study has implicated RbAp48, which mediates its effect on age-related memory decline by interacting with cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element binding protein (CREB)1 binding protein and influencing this histone acetylation pathway. To validate these findings, we tested whether genetic variants in RbAp48, CREB1, and CREBBP are associated with memory performance in 3 independent data sets consisting of 2674 cognitively healthy elderly individuals. Genetic variant rs2526690 in the CREBBP gene was significantly associated with episodic memory performance (pmeta = 3.7 × 10(-4)) in a multivariate model adjusted for age, sex, and apolipoprotein E status. Identifying genetic variants that modulate mechanisms of cognitive aging will allow identifying valid targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barral
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christiane Reitz
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott A Small
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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27
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Adeosun SO, Hou X, Zheng B, Stockmeier C, Ou X, Paul I, Mosley T, Weisgraber K, Wang JM. Cognitive deficits and disruption of neurogenesis in a mouse model of apolipoprotein E4 domain interaction. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2946-59. [PMID: 24324264 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.497909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) allele is the major genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) due to the higher prevalence and earlier onset of AD in apoE4 carriers. Accumulating data suggest that the interaction between the N- and the C-terminal domains in the protein may be the main pathologic feature of apoE4. To test this hypothesis, we used Arg-61 mice, a model of apoE4 domain interaction, by introducing the domain interaction feature of human apoE4 into native mouse apoE. We carried out hippocampus-dependent learning and memory tests and related cellular and molecular assays on 12- and 3-month-old Arg-61 and age-matched background C57BL/6J mice. Learning and memory task performance were impaired in Arg-61 mice at both old and young ages compared with C57BL/6J mice. Surprisingly, young Arg-61 mice had more mitotic doublecortin-positive cells in the subgranular zone; mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and TrkB were also higher in 3-month-old Arg-61 hippocampus compared with C57BL/6J mice. These early-age neurotrophic and neurogenic (proliferative) effects in the Arg-61 mouse may be an inadequate compensatory but eventually detrimental attempt by the system to "repair" itself. This is supported by the higher cleaved caspase-3 levels in the young animals that not only persisted, but increased in old age, and the lower levels of doublecortin at old age in the hippocampus of Arg-61 mice. These results are consistent with human apoE4-dependent cognitive and neuro-pathologic changes, supporting the principal role of domain interaction in the pathologic effect of apoE4. Domain interaction is, therefore, a viable therapeutic/prophylactic target for cognitive impairment and AD in apoE4 subjects.
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28
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Suri S, Heise V, Trachtenberg AJ, Mackay CE. The forgotten APOE allele: a review of the evidence and suggested mechanisms for the protective effect of APOE ɛ2. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2878-86. [PMID: 24183852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing efforts to improve survival, and enhance quality of life have led biomedical research to focus on disease and the mechanisms that increase risk for disease. The other side of that coin may be as important, i.e. examining the protective factors that allow some individuals to enjoy long, healthy lives. One of the best examples of a gene that positively influences cognitive health is the apolipoprotein (APOE) ɛ2 allele. The APOE ɛ4 allele is a well-established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has thus dominated the APOE literature, with the putative protective role of ɛ2 receiving little attention. This review describes the effects of APOE ɛ2 on the structure and function of the brain. With a focus on neurodegeneration, we discuss evidence for APOE ɛ2's protective effects, explore some key mechanisms through which this protection may be conferred, and address a few inconsistencies in the literature. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the association between APOE ɛ2, cognition and longevity may provide new targets for research on promoting life-long health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Suri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom; FMRIB Centre (Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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Fung WLA, Naylor MG, Bennett DA, Lange C, Blacker D. Principal components methods for narrow-sense heritability in the analysis of multidimensional longitudinal cognitive phenotypes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:770-8. [PMID: 23650207 PMCID: PMC3758806 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic association studies of longitudinal cognitive phenotypes are an alternate approach to discovering genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the standard linear mixed model approach is limited in the face of multidimensional longitudinal data and multiple genotypes. In this setting, the principal components of heritability (PCH) approach may increase efficiency by deriving a linear combination of phenotypes to maximize the heritability attributable to a particular genetic locus. The current study investigated the performance of two PCH methods, the Principal Components of Heritability Association Test (PCHAT) and C2BAT, in detecting association of the known AD susceptibility allele APOE-ϵ4 with cognitive function at baseline and decline in cognition over time. METHODS PCHAT, C2BAT, and standard linear mixed models were used to test for association between APOE-ϵ4 allele and performance on 19 neuropsychological tests using subjects without dementia at baseline from the Religious Orders Study (ROS) (n = 693) and Memory and Aging Project (MAP) (n = 778). Analyses were conducted across the three methods for three nested phenotype definitions (all 19 measures, executive function and episodic memory measures, and episodic memory only), and for baseline data only versus longitudinal change. RESULTS In all cases, APOE-ϵ4 was significantly associated with baseline level of and change over time in cognitive function, and PCHAT and C2BAT yielded evidence of association comparable to or stronger than conventional methods. CONCLUSION PCHAT, C2BAT, and other PCH methods may have utility for genetic association studies of multidimensional cognitive and other phenotypes by maximizing genetic information while limiting multiple comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Lun Alan Fung
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa G. Naylor
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
,Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christoph Lange
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
,Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah Blacker
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Jansen D, Zerbi V, Janssen CIF, van Rooij D, Zinnhardt B, Dederen PJ, Wright AJ, Broersen LM, Lütjohann D, Heerschap A, Kiliaan AJ. Impact of a multi-nutrient diet on cognition, brain metabolism, hemodynamics, and plasticity in apoE4 carrier and apoE knockout mice. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:1841-68. [PMID: 23832599 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism and genetic background together strongly influence the development of both cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). A non-pharmacological way to prevent the genotype-induced occurrence of these pathologies is given by dietary behavior. In the present study, we tested the effects of long-term consumption of a specific multi-nutrient diet in two models for atherosclerosis and vascular risk factors in AD: the apolipoprotein ε4 (apoE4) and the apoE knockout (apoE ko) mice. This specific multi-nutrient diet was developed to support neuronal membrane synthesis and was expected to contribute to the maintenance of vascular health. At 12 months of age, both genotypes showed behavioral changes compared to control mice and we found increased neurogenesis in apoE ko mice. The specific multi-nutrient diet decreased anxiety-related behavior in the open field, influenced sterol composition in serum and brain tissue, and increased the concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in the brain. Furthermore, we found that wild-type and apoE ko mice fed with this multi-nutrient diet showed locally increased cerebral blood volume and decreased hippocampal glutamate levels. Taken together, these data suggest that a specific dietary intervention has beneficial effects on early pathological consequences of hypercholesterolemia and vascular risk factors for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Jansen
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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Salmon DP, Ferris SH, Thomas RG, Sano M, Cummings JL, Sperling RA, Petersen RC, Aisen PS. Age and apolipoprotein E genotype influence rate of cognitive decline in nondemented elderly. Neuropsychology 2013; 27:391-401. [PMID: 23876113 PMCID: PMC3831285 DOI: 10.1037/a0032707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the impact of age and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype on the rate of cognitive decline in nondemented elderly participants in a simulated Alzheimer's disease (AD) primary prevention treatment trial carried out by the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. METHOD Cognitive tests were administered at baseline and at four subsequent annual evaluations to 417 nondemented participants (172 men, 245 women) between the ages of 74 and 93 (M = 79.13 ± 3.34). APOE genotyping was available for 286 of the participants. RESULTS Four-year decline was evident on measures of orientation, memory, executive function, and language. Faster decline was evident in APOE ε4+ (a genetic risk factor for AD; n = 73) than in ε4- participants (n = 213), even after controlling for education, gender, ethnicity, and baseline functional and cognitive abilities. This discrepancy increased with age, indicating an Age × Genotype interaction. CONCLUSION These results are consistent with population-based studies, and extend the findings to a carefully screened sample that meets inclusion and exclusion criteria for an AD primary prevention trial. The interaction between age and APOE genotype on rate of decline suggests that preclinical disease may be overrepresented in older ε4+ individuals. Thus, APOE genotype and age should be considered in the design of AD primary prevention treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Salmon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0948, USA.
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Risacher SL, Kim S, Shen L, Nho K, Foroud T, Green RC, Petersen RC, Jack CR, Aisen PS, Koeppe RA, Jagust WJ, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner MW, Saykin AJ. The role of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype in early mild cognitive impairment (E-MCI). Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:11. [PMID: 23554593 PMCID: PMC3612590 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Our goal was to evaluate the association of APOE with amyloid deposition, cerebrospinal fluid levels (CSF) of Aβ, tau, and p-tau, brain atrophy, cognition and cognitive complaints in E-MCI patients and cognitively healthy older adults (HC) in the ADNI-2 cohort. Methods: Two-hundred and nine E-MCI and 123 HC participants from the ADNI-2 cohort were included. We evaluated the impact of diagnostic status (E-MCI vs. HC) and APOE ε4 status (ε4 positive vs. ε4 negative) on cortical amyloid deposition (AV-45/Florbetapir SUVR PET scans), brain atrophy (structural MRI scans processed using voxel-based morphometry and Freesurfer version 5.1), CSF levels of Aβ, tau, and p-tau, and cognitive performance and complaints. Results: E-MCI participants showed significantly impaired cognition, higher levels of cognitive complaints, greater levels of tau and p-tau, and subcortical and cortical atrophy relative to HC participants (p < 0.05). Cortical amyloid deposition and CSF levels of Aβ were significantly associated with APOE ε4 status but not E-MCI diagnosis, with ε4 positive participants showing more amyloid deposition and lower levels of CSF Aβ than ε4 negative participants. Other effects of APOE ε4 status on cognition and CSF tau levels were also observed. Conclusions:APOE ε4 status is associated with amyloid accumulation and lower CSF Aβ, as well as increased CSF tau levels in early prodromal stages of AD (E-MCI) and HC. Alternatively, neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and increased complaints are primarily associated with a diagnosis of E-MCI. These findings underscore the importance of considering APOE genotype when evaluating biomarkers in early stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Risacher
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Honig LS, Kang MS, Schupf N, Lee JH, Mayeux R. Association of shorter leukocyte telomere repeat length with dementia and mortality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 69:1332-9. [PMID: 22825311 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2012.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shortening of chromosomal telomeres is a consequence of cell division and is a biological factor related to cellular aging and potentially to more rapid organismal biological aging. OBJECTIVE To determine whether shorter telomere length (TL), as measured in human blood samples, is associated with the development of Alzheimer disease and mortality. DESIGN We studied available stored leukocyte DNA from a community-based study of aging using realtime polymerase chain reaction analysis to determine mean TL in our modification of a method measuring the ratio of telomere sequence to single-copy gene sequence. SETTING A multiethnic community-based study of aging and dementia. PARTICIPANTS One thousand nine hundred eighty-three subjects 65 years or older. Mean (SD) age at blood draw was 78.3 (6.9) years; at death, 86.0 (7.4) years. Median follow-up for mortality was 9.3 years; 190 (9.6%) developed incident dementia. RESULTS The TL was inversely related to age and shorter in men than women. Persons dying during follow-up had a shorter TL compared with survivors (mean [SD], 6218 [819] vs 6491 [881] base pairs [bp] [P.001]), even after adjustment for age, sex, education, and apolipoprotein E genotype. Individuals who developed dementia had significantly shorter TL (mean [SD], 6131 [798] bp for prevalent cases and 6315 [817] bp for incident cases) compared with those remaining dementia-free (6431 [864] bp). Cox-regression analyses showed that shorter TL was a risk for earlier onset of dementia (P=.05), but stratified analyses for sex showed that this association of age at onset of dementia with shorter TL was significant in women only. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that shortened leukocyte TL is associated with risks for dementia and mortality and may therefore be a marker of biological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Honig
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Ertekin-Taner N, De Jager PL, Yu L, Bennett DA. Alternative Approaches in Gene Discovery and Characterization in Alzheimer's Disease. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2013; 1:39-51. [PMID: 23482655 PMCID: PMC3584671 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-013-0007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Uncovering the genetic risk and protective factors for complex diseases is of fundamental importance for advancing therapeutic and biomarker discoveries. This endeavor is particularly challenging for neuropsychiatric diseases where diagnoses predominantly rely on the clinical presentation, which may be heterogeneous, possibly due to the heterogeneity of the underlying genetic susceptibility factors and environmental exposures. Although genome-wide association studies of various neuropsychiatric diseases have recently identified susceptibility loci, there likely remain additional genetic risk factors that underlie the liability to these conditions. Furthermore, identification and characterization of the causal risk variant(s) in each of these novel susceptibility loci constitute a formidable task, particularly in the absence of any prior knowledge about their function or mechanism of action. Biologically relevant, quantitative phenotypes, i.e., endophenotypes, provide a powerful alternative to the more traditional, binary disease phenotypes in the discovery and characterization of susceptibility genes for neuropsychiatric conditions. In this review, we focus on Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a model neuropsychiatric disease and provide a synopsis of the recent literature on the use of endophenotypes in AD genetics. We highlight gene expression, neuropathology and cognitive endophenotypes in AD, with examples demonstrating the utility of these alternative approaches in the discovery of novel susceptibility genes and pathways. In addition, we discuss how these avenues generate testable hypothesis about the pathophysiology of genetic factors that have far-reaching implications for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Birdsall 3, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Phillip L. De Jager
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur NRB168, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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Barnes LL, Arvanitakis Z, Yu L, Kelly J, De Jager PL, Bennett DA. Apolipoprotein E and change in episodic memory in blacks and whites. Neuroepidemiology 2013; 40:211-9. [PMID: 23364031 DOI: 10.1159/000342778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 is related to faster decline in episodic memory in Whites, but the relation is unknown in Blacks. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ε4 has a selective effect on decline in episodic memory in Blacks. METHODS Data are from two cohort studies with similar design. The sample consisted of 1,211 participants [28.4% Blacks, mean age = 78.6 years (SD = 7.4), education = 14.7 years (SD = 3.1)] without dementia at baseline, who underwent annual clinical evaluations for up to 6 years. Summary measures of 5 cognitive abilities were derived from 18 neuropsychological tests. RESULTS In mixed models that controlled for age, sex, education, and race, possession of ε4 (present in 32.9% of Blacks and 21.0% of Whites, p < 0.001) was related to faster decline in episodic memory and 4 other cognitive abilities (all p values <0.01). In separate models that examined the interaction of race and ε4 on decline, there was no significant difference between Blacks and Whites in the effect of ε4 on decline in episodic memory, perceptual speed, or visuospatial ability. By contrast, the effect of ε4 differed for semantic memory and working memory. Results were similar after adjusting for vascular conditions. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that APOE ε4 is related to a faster rate of decline in episodic memory in Blacks similar to Whites. In addition, there were racial differences in the effect of ε4 in other cognitive abilities such that the ε4 allele was related to faster decline in semantic memory and working memory for Whites but not for Blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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36
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Supporting evidence for using biomarkers in the diagnosis of MCI due to AD. J Neurol 2012; 260:640-50. [PMID: 23070466 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Lim YY, Ellis KA, Harrington K, Ames D, Martins RN, Masters CL, Rowe C, Savage G, Szoeke C, Darby D, Maruff P, The Aibl Research Group. Use of the CogState Brief Battery in the assessment of Alzheimer's disease related cognitive impairment in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2012; 34:345-58. [PMID: 22248010 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2011.643227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate the CogState Brief Battery, which assesses psychomotor, attentional, working memory, and visual learning functions, in healthy older people and in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), enrolled in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study. In healthy older adults, weak relationships between demographic variables (e.g., education, depression) and cognitive performance were observed. In AD and MCI groups, the magnitude of impairment was greatest for tasks of working memory and memory, with a negative influence of apolipoprotein E ϵ4 status on learning but not working memory. These results suggest that the CogState Brief Battery can be used to screen for AD-related cognitive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Ying Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Finkel D, Reynolds CA, Larsson M, Gatz M, Pedersen NL. Both odor identification and ApoE-ε4 contribute to normative cognitive aging. Psychol Aging 2011; 26:872-83. [PMID: 21517181 PMCID: PMC3753815 DOI: 10.1037/a0023371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that apoliprotein E (ApoE) plays a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and possibly in the cognitive decline associated with normative aging. More recently, researchers have shown that ApoE is expressed in olfactory brain structures, and a relationship among ApoE, AD, and olfactory function has been proposed. In the current analyses, we investigated the contribution of ApoE and odor identification in decline trajectories associated with normative cognitive aging in various domains, using longitudinal data on cognitive performance available from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging. Data on both ApoE status and olfactory functioning were available from 455 individuals ranging in age from 50 to 88 years at the first measurement occasion. Odor identification was measured via a mailed survey. Cognitive performance was assessed in up to 5 waves of in-person testing covering a period of 16 years. Latent growth curve analyses incorporating odor identification and ApoE status indicated a main effect of odor identification on the performance level in three cognitive domains: verbal, memory, and speed. A main effect of ApoE on rates of decline after age 65 was found for verbal, spatial, and speed factors. The consistency of results across cognitive domains provides support for theories that posit central nervous system-wide origins of the olfaction-cognition-ApoE relationship; however, olfactory errors and APOE ε4 show unique and differential effects on cognitive trajectory features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Finkel
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany, IN 47150, USA.
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Taylor JL, Kennedy Q, Adamson MM, Lazzeroni LC, Noda A, Murphy GM, Yesavage JA. Influences of APOE ε4 and expertise on performance of older pilots. Psychol Aging 2011; 26:480-7. [PMID: 21668123 DOI: 10.1037/a0021697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how APOE ε4-related differences in cognitive performance translate to real-life performance, where training and experience may help to sustain performance. We investigated the influences of APOE ε4 status, expertise (FAA pilot proficiency ratings), and their interaction on longitudinal flight simulator performance. Over a 2-year period, 139 pilots aged 42-69 years were tested annually. APOE ε4 carriers had lower memory performance than noncarriers (p = .019). APOE interacted with Expertise (p = .036), such that the beneficial influence of expertise (p = .013) on longitudinal flight simulator performance was more pronounced for ε4 carriers. Results suggest that relevant training and activity may help sustain middle-aged and older adults' real-world performance, especially among APOE ε4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy L Taylor
- Psychiatry Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System. Palo Alto, CA 94304-1207, USA.
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Cirulli ET, Attix DK, Smith PJ, Chiba-Falek O, Pennuto TO, Linney KN, Goldstein DB. Contribution of pastimes and testing strategies to the performance of healthy volunteers on cognitive tests. Clin Neuropsychol 2011; 25:778-98. [PMID: 21722049 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2011.578587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians routinely query factors known to impact cognitive test scores, including age and education. However, without data delineating the impact of less-frequently tracked variables, clinicians are limited to educated inferences about their effect. We explored the relationship of demographics, pastimes, and strategies with cognitive scores in a sample of 499 healthy young volunteers. As expected, age, education, ethnicity, and native language were strongly associated with most tests, while gender and dysphoria were associated with only some. Interestingly, pastimes such as playing number games and word games, and doing activities similar to the tests, were strongly associated with many measures, and testing strategies with almost all. Importantly, at least an additional 50% of the variation in Digit Span Backward and Animals scores was explained by adding covariates about pastimes and strategies to demographic covariates. These results support the utility of querying these elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Cirulli
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Zhao S, Guo C, Wang M, Chen W, Wu Y, Tang W, Zhao Y. A clinical memory battery for screening for amnestic mild cognitive impairment in an elderly chinese population. J Clin Neurosci 2011; 18:774-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.07.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Atienza M, Atalaia-Silva KC, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Gil-Neciga E, Suarez-Gonzalez A, Cantero JL. Associative memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment: the role of hippocampal formation. Neuroimage 2011; 57:1331-42. [PMID: 21640840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological events featuring early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) appear in the entorhinal cortex (EC), subiculum (SB) and cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) of hippocampus, which may account for associative memory deficits in non-demented people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). To test this hypothesis in vivo, we investigated whether volume changes in these regions are related to failures in associative memory in MCI as compared to cognitively normal (CN) elderly subjects. Volume changes in EC and hippocampal subfields were determined by using deformation-based morphometry techniques applied to probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps derived from post mortem human brains. CN subjects were distinguished from MCI patients by firstly identifying local volume differences in EC and hippocampus, and then evaluating the way in which these anatomical changes correlated with performance in a non-intentional face-location association task. MCI patients not only performed worse than CN elders in building new associations, but they were further unable to benefit from semantic encoding to improve episodic binding. According to our initial hypothesis, local volume reductions in both EC and hippocampal CA accounted for group differences in associative memory whereas atrophy in CA, but not in EC, accounted for semantic encoding of associations. Two main conclusions can be drawn from the present study: i) access to semantic information during encoding does not reduce the episodic deficit in MCI; and ii) EC and hippocampal CA, two regions early affected by AD neuropathology, are responsible, at least partially, for associative memory deficits observed in MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Atienza
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Spanish Network of Excellence for Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
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Wilson RS, Barral S, Lee JH, Leurgans SE, Foroud TM, Sweet RA, Graff-Radford N, Bird TD, Mayeux R, Bennett DA. Heritability of different forms of memory in the Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease Family Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 23:249-55. [PMID: 20930268 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-101515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study aim was to estimate the genetic contribution to individual differences in different forms of memory in a large family-based group of older adults. As part of the Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease Family Study, 899 persons (277 with Alzheimer's disease, 622 unaffected) from 325 families completed a battery of memory tests from which previously established composite measures of episodic memory, semantic memory, and working memory were derived. Heritability in these measures was estimated using the maximum likelihood variance component method, controlling for age, gender, and education. In analyses of unaffected family members, the adjusted heritability estimates were 0.62 for episodic memory, 0.49 for semantic memory, and 0.72 for working memory, where a heritability estimate of 1 indicates that genetic factors explain all of the phenotypic variance and a heritability of 0 indicates that genetic factors explain none. Adjustment for APOE genotype had little effect on these estimates. When analyses included affected and unaffected family members, adjusted heritability estimates were lower (0.47 for episodic memory, 0.32 for semantic memory, 0.42 for working memory). Adjusting for APOE slightly reduced the estimate for episodic memory (0.40) but had no effect on the remaining estimates. The results indicate that memory functions are under strong genetic influence in older persons with and without AD, and are only partly attributable to APOE. This suggests that genetic analyses of memory endophenotypes may help to identify genetic variants associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Wilson
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Franceschi C, Pauletto P, Incalzi RA, Fabbri LM. Invecchiamento, infiammazione sistemica e malattie croniche complesse. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.itjm.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Ryan L, Walther K, Bendlin BB, Lue LF, Walker DG, Glisky EL. Age-related differences in white matter integrity and cognitive function are related to APOE status. Neuroimage 2011; 54:1565-77. [PMID: 20804847 PMCID: PMC2997188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While an extensive literature is now available on age-related differences in white matter integrity measured by diffusion MRI, relatively little is known about the relationships between diffusion and cognitive functions in older adults. Even less is known about whether these relationships are influenced by the apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele, despite growing evidence that ε4 increases cognitive impairment in older adults. The purpose of the present study was to examine these relationships in a group of community-dwelling cognitively normal older adults. Data were obtained from a sample of 126 individuals (ages 52-92) that included 32 ε4 heterozygotes, 6 ε4 homozygotes, and 88 noncarriers. Two measures of diffusion, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA), were obtained from six brain regions-frontal white matter, lateral parietal white matter, the centrum semiovale, the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, and the temporal stem white matter-and were used to predict composite scores of cognitive function in two domains, executive function and memory function. Results indicated that ADC and FA differed with increasing age in all six brain regions, and these differences were significantly greater for ε4 carriers compared to noncarriers. Importantly, after controlling for age, diffusion measures predicted cognitive function in a region-specific way that was also influenced by ε4 status. Regardless of APOE status, frontal ADC and FA independently predicted executive function scores for all participants, while temporal lobe ADC additionally predicted executive function for ε4 carriers but not noncarriers. Memory scores were predicted by temporal lobe ADC but not frontal diffusion for all participants, and this relationship was significantly stronger in ε4 carriers compared to noncarriers. Taken together, age and temporal lobe ADC accounted for a striking 53% of the variance in memory scores within the ε4 carrier group. The results provide further evidence that APOE ε4 has a significant impact on the trajectory of age-related cognitive functioning in older adults. Possible mechanisms are discussed that could account for the associations between ε4, diffusion, and cognitive function, including the influence of ε4 on neural repair, oxidative stress, and the health of myelin-producing oligodendroglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ryan
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0068, USA.
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Matteini AM, Fallin MD, Kammerer CM, Schupf N, Yashin AI, Christensen K, Arbeev KG, Barr G, Mayeux R, Newman AB, Walston JD. Heritability estimates of endophenotypes of long and health life: the Long Life Family Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65:1375-9. [PMID: 20813793 PMCID: PMC2990267 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glq154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of gene variants that contribute to exceptional survival may provide critical biologic information that informs optimal health across the life span. METHODS As part of phenotype development efforts for the Long Life Family Study, endophenotypes that represent exceptional survival were identified and heritability estimates were calculated. Principal components (PCs) analysis was carried out using 28 physiologic measurements from five trait domains (cardiovascular, cognition, physical function, pulmonary, and metabolic). RESULTS The five most dominant PCs accounted for 50% of underlying trait variance. The first PC (PC1), which consisted primarily of poor pulmonary and physical function, represented 14.3% of the total variance and had an estimated heritability of 39%. PC2 consisted of measures of good metabolic and cardiovascular function with an estimated heritability of 27%. PC3 was made up of cognitive measures (h(2) = 36%). PC4 and PC5 contained measures of blood pressure and cholesterol, respectively (h(2) = 25% and 16%). CONCLUSIONS These PCs analysis-derived endophenotypes may be used in genetic association studies to help identify underlying genetic mechanisms that drive exceptional survival in this and other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Matteini
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Reitz C, Mayeux R. Use of genetic variation as biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment and progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 19:229-51. [PMID: 20061642 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is prevalent in the elderly. The high estimates of conversion to dementia have spurred the interest in identification of genetic risk factors associated with development of cognitive impairment and or its progression. However, despite notable achievements in human genetics over the years, in particular technological advances in gene mapping and in statistical methods that relate genetic variants to disease, to date only a small proportion of the genetic contribution to late-life cognitive impairment can be explained. A likely explanation for the difficulty in gene identification is that it is a multifactorial disorder with both genetic and environmental components, in which several genes with small effects each are likely to contribute to the quantitative traits associated with the disease. The motivation for identifying the underlying genetic risk factors elderly is clear. Not only could it shed light on disease pathogenesis, but it may also provide potential targets for effective treatment, screening, and prevention. In this article we review the current knowledge on underlying genetic variants and the usefulness of genetic variation as diagnostic tools and biomarkers. In addition, we discuss the potentials and difficulties researchers face in designing appropriate studies for gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reitz
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Schreurs BG. The effects of cholesterol on learning and memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 34:1366-79. [PMID: 20470821 PMCID: PMC2900496 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is vital to normal brain function including learning and memory but that involvement is as complex as the synthesis, metabolism and excretion of cholesterol itself. Dietary cholesterol influences learning tasks from water maze to fear conditioning even though cholesterol does not cross the blood brain barrier. Excess cholesterol has many consequences including peripheral pathology that can signal brain via cholesterol metabolites, pro-inflammatory mediators and antioxidant processes. Manipulations of cholesterol within the central nervous system through genetic, pharmacological, or metabolic means circumvent the blood brain barrier and affect learning and memory but often in animals already otherwise compromised. The human literature is no less complex. Cholesterol reduction using statins improves memory in some cases but not others. There is also controversy over statin use to alleviate memory problems in Alzheimer's disease. Correlations of cholesterol and cognitive function are mixed and association studies find some genetic polymorphisms are related to cognitive function but others are not. In sum, the field is in flux with a number of seemingly contradictory results and many complexities. Nevertheless, understanding cholesterol effects on learning and memory is too important to ignore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard G Schreurs
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, BRNI Building, Morgantown, WV 26505-3409-08, USA.
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Epistasis between APOE and nicotinic receptor gene CHRNA4 in age related cognitive function and decline. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2010; 16:424-32. [PMID: 20331911 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617710000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Healthy participants (n = 237) aged 45-79 were tested neuropsychologically with tests of memory, speed, and cognitive control and followed up for 3-5 years (mean, 3.4 years). The sample was genotyped for apolipoprotein E (APOE) and CHolinergic Receptor for Nicotine Alpha 4 (CHRNA4), and genetic effects on cognitive function at initial testing and on cognitive decline was studied. We predicted relatively stronger effects of APOE on memory, and of CHRNA4 on speeded tasks. The predictions were partially confirmed, but we found interactive effects of APOE and CHRNA4 in several cognitive domains. Being an APOE epsilon4/CHRNA4 TT carrier was associated with slower and less efficient performance, and with steeper decline in speed tasks and in delayed recall. Age dependent genetic effects were found for both APOE and CHRNA4, where old participants (60-79 years) showed a negative influence of TT carrier status on initial memory performance, but a tendency for steeper memory decline in epsilon4 carriers. Inconsistent and small effects of APOE reported in previous studies of healthy groups may be caused by failure to consider epistasis of APOE with nicotinic receptor and other genes.
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Espeseth T, Westlye LT, Walhovd KB, Fjell AM, Endestad T, Rootwelt H, Reinvang I. Apolipoprotein E ε4-related thickening of the cerebral cortex modulates selective attention. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:304-322.e1. [PMID: 20382449 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
APOE ε4 carriers have thicker cortex in several neocortical areas than ε4 noncarriers (Espeseth T., Westlye L.T., Fjell A.M., Walhovd K.B., Rootwelt H., Reinvang I., 2008. Accelerated age-related cortical thinning in healthy carriers of apolipoprotein E ε4. Neurobiol. Aging 29, 329-340). To investigate potential physiological and cognitive correlates of these anatomical effects structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were obtained from 20 APOE ε3 homozygotes and 20 ε4 hetero- and homozygotes, and event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a selective attention task (i.e. three-stimulus oddball). Several areas in both hemispheres were thicker in ε4 carriers than in noncarriers. ε4 carriers also had lower amplitudes to distractors (P3a) and lower target detection accuracy than noncarriers. Mean thickness in cortical areas were correlated with P3a amplitudes, which in turn correlated with accuracy. Path analyses showed that APOE-related difference in accuracy was mediated by APOE-related differences in cortical thickness and P3a amplitudes. The results suggest that APOE ε4 modulates the structural integrity of critical nodes in brain attentional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Espeseth
- Center for the Study of Human Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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