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Kumar R, Sahu DS, Chandra G, Yadav SP, Kumar R, Ali N, Roy D, Maurya PS. Effect of Astaxanthin and Copper Supplementation on Growth, Immunity, Antioxidant, and Blood Biochemical Status of Growing Murrah Buffalo Heifers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:5052-5063. [PMID: 35061144 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-03091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to explore the effect of astaxanthin (ASTX) and copper (Cu) supplementation on the growth, immunity, antioxidant, and blood biochemical status of growing Murrah buffalo heifers. Twenty-eight Murrah buffalo heifers were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 7) after blocking by body weight (BW) (129.86 ± 5.37 kg) and age (9.05 ± 1.02 months). The heifers were fed basal total mixed ration diet without supplementation (CON) or with ASTX (0.20 mg/kg BW; AX), Cu (10 mg/kg DM; CU), or ASTX + Cu (0.20 mg/kg BW + 10 mg/kg DM; AX + CU) for 90 days of study period. The result showed that BW and dry matter intake (DMI) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in AX + CU than that in other groups. The average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were statistically higher (P < 0.05) in treatments than the values observed in CON. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was reported significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the AX + CU group followed by AX, CU, and CON groups. The total leukocytes count (TLC), lymphocytes, and total immunoglobulin (TIG) were statistically higher (P < 0.05) in AX + CU groups than that found in other groups. However, neutrophil % decreased (P < 0.05) in the AX + CU group than its level in other groups. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant (TAA) levels were observed higher (P < 0.05) in treatments supplemented with ASTX, Cu, or both than CON group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration was lower (P < 0.05) in treatments than its level found in the CON group. Glucose level was higher (P < 0.05); however, non-esterifies fatty acid (NEFA) was lower (P < 0.05) in AX + CU than that in others groups. The level of cholesterol (CH), HDL cholesterol (HDL-CH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were reported lower (P < 0.05) in the AX + CU group followed by CU, AX, and CON groups. The copper (Cu) level was higher (P < 0.05) in CU and AX + CU than AX and CON groups. The result of the present study indicated that the supplementation of ASTX, Cu alone, or their combination improved the growth, immunity, antioxidant status, and liver function of growing heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Animal Husbandry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, 250110, UP, India
| | - Deo Saran Sahu
- Department of Animal Husbandry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, 250110, UP, India
| | - Gulab Chandra
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, 250110, UP, India.
| | - Satya Prakash Yadav
- Department of Animal Husbandry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, 250110, UP, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Department of Animal Husbandry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, 250110, UP, India
| | - Nazim Ali
- Department of Animal Husbandry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, 250110, UP, India
| | - Debashis Roy
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, 250110, UP, India
| | - Prem Sagar Maurya
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, 250110, UP, India
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Babak MV, Ahn D. Modulation of Intracellular Copper Levels as the Mechanism of Action of Anticancer Copper Complexes: Clinical Relevance. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080852. [PMID: 34440056 PMCID: PMC8389626 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a vital element required for cellular growth and development; however, even slight changes in its homeostasis might lead to severe toxicity and deleterious medical conditions. Cancer patients are typically associated with higher Cu content in serum and tumor tissues, indicating increased demand of cancer cells for this micronutrient. Cu is known to readily cycle between the +1 and +2 oxidation state in biological systems. The mechanism of action of Cu complexes is typically based on their redox activity and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to deadly oxidative stress. However, there are a number of other biomolecular mechanisms beyond ROS generation that contribute to the activity of anticancer Cu drug candidates. In this review, we discuss how interfering with intracellular Cu balance via either diet modification or addition of inorganic Cu supplements or Cu-modulating compounds affects tumor development, progression, and sensitivity to treatment modalities. We aim to provide the rationale for the use of Cu-depleting and Cu-overloading conditions to generate the best possible patient outcome with minimal toxicity. We also discuss the advantages of the use of pre-formed Cu complexes, such as Cu-(bis)thiosemicarbazones or Cu-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones, in comparison with the in situ formed Cu complexes with metal-binding ligands. In this review, we summarize available clinical and mechanistic data on clinically relevant anticancer drug candidates, including Cu supplements, Cu chelators, Cu ionophores, and Cu complexes.
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Sheela RR, Babu U, Mu J, Elankumaran S, Bautista DA, Raybourne RB, Heckert RA, Song W. Immune responses against Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection in virally immunosuppressed chickens. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:670-9. [PMID: 12853403 PMCID: PMC164247 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.4.670-679.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To understand the role of immune mechanisms in protecting chickens from Salmonella infections, we examined the immune responses of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis-infected chickens and the effect of chicken anemia virus (CAV), a T-cell-targeted virus, on S. enterica serovar Enteritidis-induced immune responses. One-day-old chicks were orally inoculated with S. enterica serovar Enteritidis with or without intramuscular injection of CAV. The bacterial infection, pathology, and immune responses of chickens were evaluated at 14, 28, and 56 days postinoculation. The infection increased the levels of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis-specific mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA), the number of gut-associated T cells, and the titer of serum IgG specific for S. enterica serovar Enteritidis surface antigens. CAV infection depressed these immune responses, especially the mucosal immune responses, but did not increase the number of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis-infected cells in the intestine. The severity of pathological lesions appeared to be reciprocal to the level of immune responses, but the S. enterica serovar Enteritidis infection persisted. These results suggest that oral infection of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis in chickens induces both mucosal and systemic immune responses, which have a limited effect on the S. enterica serovar Enteritidis infection under conditions designed to mimic the field situation.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Chicken anemia virus/physiology
- Chickens
- Circoviridae Infections/complications
- Circoviridae Infections/immunology
- Circoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Disease Susceptibility
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunocompromised Host
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/complications
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/veterinary
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/virology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Intestines/microbiology
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/complications
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/prevention & control
- Salmonella enteritidis/immunology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby R Sheela
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Abba M, De Luca JC, Mattioli G, Zaccardi E, Dulout FN. Clastogenic effect of copper deficiency in cattle. Mutat Res 2000; 466:51-5. [PMID: 10751725 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper plays an essential role as a micronutrient. Deficiency of this element (hypocuprosis) in experimental and domestic animals has a severe impact on growth as well as on reproduction. The occurrence of lesions during hypocuprosis is correlated with the depletion of an enzymatic group in which copper takes part. The aim of this work was to analyse chromosomal aberrations in Aberdeen Angus cows of the province of Buenos Aires in relation with the Cu plasma levels. Short term lymphocyte cultures were made from samples obtained from four groups of animals: two groups with normal levels of copper in plasma and two groups with severe hypocupremia. This analysis showed a significant increase of the frequency of chromosomal aberrations (p<0.001) in the hypocupremic groups in relation with control groups. Finally, the Spearman correlation analysis showed a significant negative association (p<0.05) between copper levels and the yield of chromosomal aberrations. The increase of the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations found in the hypocupremic groups could be explained by the higher oxidative stress suffered by these animals. A lower catalytic activity of enzymes such as Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and cytochrome-c oxidase could increase the intracellular production of active oxygen species (O(2)(-), H(2)O(2) and OH(o)) with the consequent clastogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones en Genética Básica y Aplicada (CIGEBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 118 CC, 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
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Brown ED, Blakely SR, Babu U, Grundel E, Mitchell GV. Vegetable concentrates interact with canthaxanthin to affect carotenoid bioavailability and superoxide dismutase activity but not immune response in rats. Nutr Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(97)00063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Windhauser MM, Kappel LC, McClure J, Hegsted M. Suboptimal levels of dietary copper vary immunoresponsiveness in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 1991; 30:205-17. [PMID: 1720641 DOI: 10.1007/bf02991415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of severe, moderate, and mild copper deficiencies on cellular and humoral immunity were studied. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats, 5 wk of age, were fed diets containing 0.5, 2.0, 3.5, or 5.0 micrograms Cu/g for either 4 or 8 wk. Ten of the rats were fed the control diet, but were pair-fed with the 0.5-micrograms/g treatment group. All rats were immunized once with sheep red blood cells. Mean plasma-copper concentration reflected the dietary levels of copper, and ceruloplasmin activity correlated highly to plasma copper. Rats consuming suboptimal levels of copper responded differently to the deficiencies, so copper status varied among those animals. After 8 wk, cell proliferation, when stimulated by phytohemagglutinin, was dependent on the copper status of the animal. Severely deficient rats had consistently lower lymphocyte stimulation indexes for phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, but specific antibody response was not reduced. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations were variable for all rats, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations were lower for the severely deficient rats. Suboptimal dietary copper may alter immune function in rats, depending on the ensuing effect on copper status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Windhauser
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
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Abstract
The accentuation of deficiency signs in male rats indicates that a high intake (60% of calories) of fructose and sucrose decreases the bioavailability of dietary copper as compared with the bioavailability when starch is the carbohydrate source. While there are few quantitative data, it appears that under these conditions copper bioavailability may be 30% lower in the presence of sucrose or fructose. This phenomenon has not been observed in female rats, and there is little evidence that the results can be extrapolated to the adult human. In human subjects and pigs that consumed 20% of calories as starch or fructose in a low-copper diet, there was no appreciable difference in the indexes of copper status and none in the apparent absorption of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L O'Dell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
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KRAMER TIMR, JOHNSON WTHOMAS, BRISKE-ANDERSON MARY. Erythrocytes and Latex Particles Correct the Impaired Mitogenic Reactivity of Spleen Lymphoid Cells from Copper-Deficient Rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb00163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kramer TR, Thomas Johnson W, Briske-Anderson M. Erythrocytes and latex particles enhance blastogenesis of concanavalin—A stimulated spleen lymphoid cells from copper deficient rats. Nutr Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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