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Poirier D. Description of Chemical Synthesis, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Characterization and Biological Activity of Estrane-Based Inhibitors/Activators of Steroidogenesis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083499. [PMID: 37110733 PMCID: PMC10143840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones play a crucial role in several aspects of human life, and steroidogenesis is the process by which hormones are produced from cholesterol using several enzymes that work in concert to obtain the appropriate levels of each hormone at the right time. Unfortunately, many diseases, such as cancer, endometriosis, and osteoporosis as examples, are caused by an increase in the production of certain hormones. For these diseases, the use of an inhibitor to block the activity of an enzyme and, in doing so, the production of a key hormone is a proven therapeutic strategy whose development continues. This account-type article focuses on seven inhibitors (compounds 1-7) and an activator (compound 8) of six enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, namely steroid sulfatase, aldo-keto reductase 1C3, types 1, 2, 3, and 12 of the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. For these steroid derivatives, three topics will be addressed: (1) Their chemical synthesis from the same starting material, estrone, (2) their structural characterization using nuclear magnetic resonance, and (3) their in vitro or in vivo biological activities. These bioactive molecules constitute potential therapeutic or mechanistic tools that could be used to better understand the role of certain hormones in steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec Research Center-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Fouad Mansour M, Blanchette S, Pelletier M, Poirier D, Tchernof A. 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity, expression and cellular localization in abdominal adipose tissues from women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023; 98:229-237. [PMID: 36267004 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2) may be involved in the local modulation of estradiol (E2) availability in adipose tissues. OBJECTIVE To assess the conversion of E2 into estrone (E1) as well as the expression of 17β-HSD2 and its localization in omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissues obtained from women. METHODS Rates of 14 C-E1 formation from 14 C-E2 were measured in OM and SC adipose tissue homogenates from 29 women. Specific 17β-HSD2 inhibitor EM-919 was tested in OM and SC adipose tissue homogenates (n = 6). 17β-HSD2 mRNA expression was measured in whole OM and SC adipose tissues (n = 14). Cellular localization of the enzyme was examined using immunohistochemistry. Anthropometric measurements were obtained and body composition as well as body fat distribution were measured. RESULTS Significant 14 C-E1 formation from 14 C-E2 in OM and SC tissue homogenates was detected. The rate of 14 C-E1 formation was significantly higher in OM than SC adipose tissue (p < .0001). The conversion of 14 C-E2 to 14 C-E1 was significantly inhibited by EM-919 in OM (p < .05) and SC (p < .05) adipose tissues. Significantly higher expression of 17β-HSD2 mRNA in OM versus SC fat was found (p = .03). 17β-HSD2 was localized in the vasculature of OM and SC tissues. Significant negative associations were detected between OM 17β-HSD2 activity and body mass index, WC, lean body mass as well as SC adipose tissue areas. CONCLUSION 17β-HSD2 converts E2 to E1 in OM and SC adipose tissues of women. The activity of this enzyme decreases with increasing adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fouad Mansour
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sophie Blanchette
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - André Tchernof
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- School of nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Kulmány ÁE, Herman BE, Zupkó I, Sinreih M, Rižner TL, Savić M, Oklješa A, Nikolić A, Nagy V, Ocsovszki I, Szécsi M, Jovanović-Šanta S. Heterocyclic androstane and estrane d-ring modified steroids: Microwave-assisted synthesis, steroid-converting enzyme inhibition, apoptosis induction, and effects on genes encoding estrogen inactivating enzymes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:105997. [PMID: 34509617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
d-ring-fused and d-homo lactone compounds in estratriene and androstane series were synthesized using microwave-assisted reaction conditions. Microwave-irradiated synthesis methods were convenient and effective, and provided high yields with short reaction times. Their inhibition of C17,20-lyase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) activities were studied in in vitro enzyme assays. d-ring-fused triazolyl estrone analog 24 showed potent inhibition of NADH-complexed 17β-HSD1, with a binding affinity similar to that of the substrate estrone; its inhibition against NADPH-complexed 17β-HSD1 was markedly weaker. Compound 24 also significantly and selectively reduced proliferation of cancer cell lines of gynecological origin. This estrane triazole changed the cell cycle and induced apoptosis of HeLa, SiHa, and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, measured by both increased subG1 fraction of cells and activation of caspase-independent signaling pathways. A third mode of anti-estrogenic action of 24 saw increased mRNA expression of the SULT1E1 gene in HeLa cells; in contrast, its 3-benzyloxy analog 23 increased mRNA expression of the HSD17B2 gene, thus showing pronounced pro-drug anti-estrogenic activity. Estradiol-derived d-ring triazole compound 24 thus acts at the enzyme, gene expression and cellular levels to decrease the production of active estrogen hormones, demonstrating its pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Erika Kulmány
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - István Zupkó
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Masa Sinreih
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Savić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Oklješa
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Andrea Nikolić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Viktória Nagy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Ocsovszki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mihály Szécsi
- Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Suzana Jovanović-Šanta
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Andrade-Neto VV, da Silva Pacheco J, Inácio JD, Almeida-Amaral EE, Torres-Santos EC, Cunha-Junior EF. Efficacy of Spironolactone Treatment in Murine Models of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:636265. [PMID: 33927619 PMCID: PMC8077169 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.636265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational studies involving the reuse and association of drugs are approaches that can result in higher success rates in the discovery and development of drugs for serious public health problems, including leishmaniasis. If we consider the number of pathogenic species in relation to therapeutic options, this arsenal is still small, and each drug possesses a disadvantage in terms of toxicity, efficacy, price, or treatment regimen. In the search for new drugs, we performed a drug screening of L. amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of fifty available drugs belonging to several classes according to their pharmacophoric group. Spironolactone, a potassium-sparing diuretic, proved to be the most promising drug candidate. After demonstrating the in vitro antileishmanial activity, we evaluated the efficacy on a murine experimental model with L. amazonensis and L. infantum. The treatment controlled the cutaneous lesion and reduced the parasite burden of L. amazonensis significantly, as effectively as meglumine antimoniate. The treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis was effective in reducing the parasite load on the main affected organs (spleen and liver) via high doses of spironolactone. The association between spironolactone and meglumine antimoniate promoted better control of the parasite load in the spleen and liver compared to the group treated with meglumine antimoniate alone. These results reveal a possible benefit of the concomitant use of spironolactone and meglumine antimoniate that should be studied more in depth for the future possibility of repositioning for leishmaniasis co-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Viana Andrade-Neto
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Job Domingos Inácio
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elmo Eduardo Almeida-Amaral
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Caio Torres-Santos
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edezio Ferreira Cunha-Junior
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Unidade Integrada de Pesquisa em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Macaé, Brazil
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5
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Aranyakanont C, Ijiri S, Hasegawa Y, Adachi S. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 12 is responsible for maturation-inducing steroid synthesis during oocyte maturation in Nile tilapia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 290:113399. [PMID: 31982399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
17α, 20β-Dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) is a maturation-inducing steroid in many teleost fish. Carbonyl reductase-like 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (CR/20β-HSD) is a candidate enzyme responsible for DHP production during oocyte maturation in various fish, including Nile tilapia. However, a novel type of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, type 12-like (17β-HSD12L), is responsible for DHP production during oocyte maturation in masu salmon. 17β-HSD12 (presumably orthologous to salmon 17β-HSD12L) has been detected in Nile tilapia; however, its enzymatic activity and specific ability to convert the DHP substrate 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) have not been examined. This study aimed to determine whether CR/20β-HSD or 17β-HSD12 is responsible for DHP production during oocyte maturation in the Nile tilapia. Mammalian expression vectors containing tilapia hsd17b12 or CR/20bhsd were transfected into HEK293T cells, followed by incubation with 17OHP. HEK293T cells transfected with hsd17b12 exhibited a strong ability to convert exogenous 17OHP to DHP (73.8% yield). Cells transfected with CR/20bhsd or the control vector converted only 7.4% and 7.5% of 17OHP to DHP, respectively. In addition, based on LC-MS/MS analyses, 17β-HSD12 did not convert any substrates other than 17OHP, including DHP, adrenosterone, androstenedione, estrone, testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, and estradiol-17β. CR/20β-HSD showed strong 17β-HSD oxidoreductase activity especially with adrenosterone and androstenedione. Tissue-specific hsd17b12 expression analyzed by RT-PCR showed that hsd17b12 mRNA was strongest amplification in full-grown follicles. Finally, full-grown ovarian follicles were incubated with salmon pituitary extract (SPE, 100 µg/mL) or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG, 100 IU/mL) to induce 20β-HSD activity in vitro, and enzyme activity was assessed by co-incubation with 100 ng/mL 17OHP for 2, 4, 8, and 16 h. Conversion of 17OHP to DHP by ovarian follicles incubated with SPE and HCG peaked at 16 h, subsequent with increased follicular hsd17b12 mRNA levels, which were significantly higher than those in control incubations. However, the levels of CR/20bhsd mRNA remained low and did not differ among time points. The present study strongly suggests that 17β-HSD12, and not CR/20β-HSD, is the 20β-HSD responsible for DHP production by ovarian follicles during oocyte maturation in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak Aranyakanont
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University , Minato-cho 3-1-1, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Shigeho Ijiri
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University , Minato-cho 3-1-1, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Yuya Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University , Minato-cho 3-1-1, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Shinji Adachi
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University , Minato-cho 3-1-1, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
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Zhou S, Huang G, Chen G. Synthesis and biological activities of drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 197:112313. [PMID: 32335412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an asymptomatic progressive disease. With the improvement of people's living standard and the aging of population, osteoporosis and its fracture have become one of the main diseases threatening the aging society. The serious medical and social burden caused by this has aroused wide public concern. Osteoporosis is listed as one of the three major diseases of the elderly. At present, the drugs for osteoporosis include bone resorption inhibitors and bone formation promoters. The purpose of these anti-osteoporosis drugs is to balance osteoblast bone formation and osteoclast bone resorption. With the development of anti-osteoporosis drugs, new anti osteoporosis drugs have been designed and synthesized. There are many kinds of new compounds with anti osteoporosis activity, but most of them are concentrated on the original drugs with anti osteoporosis activity, or the natural products with anti-osteoporosis activity are extracted from the natural products for structural modification to obtain the corresponding derivatives or analogues. These target compounds showed good ALP activity in vitro and in vivo, promoted osteoblast differentiation and mineralization, or had anti TRAP activity, inhibited osteoclast absorption. This work attempts to systematically review the studies on the synthesis and bioactivity of anti-osteoporosis drugs in the past 10 years. The structure-activity relationship was discussed, which provided a reasonable idea for the design and development of new anti-osteoporosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Gangliang Huang
- Active Carbohydrate Research Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Application, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Guangying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China.
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Zhang CY, Calvo EL, Yang CQ, Liu J, Sang XY, Lin SX. Transcriptome of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 plays both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent roles in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 195:105471. [PMID: 31513846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death for women in western countries. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) play important roles in the last step of sex-hormone activation and the first step of sex-hormone inactivation. 17β-HSD2 is responsible for oxidizing the sex hormones. We used microarray technology to analyze the effect of 17β-HSD2 on the MCF-7 cell transcript profile after knocking down 17β-HSD2. Five hundred forty-two genes were regulated 1.5-fold or higher after treatment with 17β-HSD2 siRNA. Knocking down 17β-HSD2 interrupted nucleosome assembly. Pathway-Act-Network analysis showed that the MAPK and apoptosis signaling pathways were most regulated. In the gene-gene interaction network analysis, UGT2B15, which is involved in hormone metabolism, was the most regulated core gene. FOS, GREB1, and CXCL12 were the most regulated genes, and CXCL12 was related to tumor migration. Following 17β-HSD2 knock-down, the cell viability decreased to 75.9%. The S-phase percentage decreased by 19.4%, the Q2-phase percentage in cell apoptosis testing increased by 1.5 times, and cell migration decreased to 66.0%. These results were consistent with our gene chip analysis and indicated that 17β-HSD2 plays both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent enzymatic roles. In-depth investigations of this enzyme on the genomic level will help clarify its related molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yan Zhang
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, PR China; Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre (CHUQ, CHUL) and Department of Molecular Medicine, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Ezequiel-Luis Calvo
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre (CHUQ, CHUL) and Department of Molecular Medicine, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Chang-Qing Yang
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ye Sang
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre (CHUQ, CHUL) and Department of Molecular Medicine, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sheng-Xiang Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre (CHUQ, CHUL) and Department of Molecular Medicine, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Rozhon W, Akter S, Fernandez A, Poppenberger B. Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signal Transduction. Molecules 2019; 24:E4372. [PMID: 31795392 PMCID: PMC6930552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors are invaluable tools for investigating protein function in reverse genetic approaches. Their application bears many advantages over mutant generation and characterization. Inhibitors can overcome functional redundancy, their application is not limited to species for which tools of molecular genetics are available and they can be applied to specific tissues or developmental stages, making them highly convenient for addressing biological questions. The use of inhibitors has helped to elucidate hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and here we review compounds that were developed for the plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are steroids that have strong growth-promoting capacities, are crucial for all stages of plant development and participate in adaptive growth processes and stress response reactions. In the last two decades, impressive progress has been made in BR inhibitor development and application, which has been instrumental for studying BR modes of activity and identifying and characterizing key players. Both, inhibitors that target biosynthesis, such as brassinazole, and inhibitors that target signaling, such as bikinin, exist and in a comprehensive overview we summarize knowledge and methodology that enabled their design and key findings of their use. In addition, the potential of BR inhibitors for commercial application in plant production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Salah M, Abdelsamie AS, Frotscher M. Inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, 2 and 14: Structures, biological activities and future challenges. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:66-81. [PMID: 30336189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the past 25 years, the modulation of estrogen action by inhibition of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 (17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD2), respectively, has been pursued intensively. In the search for novel treatment options for estrogen-dependent diseases (EDD) and in order to explore estrogenic signaling pathways, a large number of steroidal and nonsteroidal inhibitors of these enzymes has been described in the literature. The present review gives a survey on the development of inhibitor classes as well as the structural formulas and biological properties of their most interesting representatives. In addition, rationally designed dual inhibitors of both 17β-HSD1 and steroid sulfatase (STS) as well as the first inhibitors of 17β-HSD14 are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salah
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ahmed S Abdelsamie
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E81, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Martin Frotscher
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Siebenbuerger L, Hernandez-Olmos V, Abdelsamie AS, Frotscher M, van Koppen CJ, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Scheuer C, Laschke MW, Menger MD, Boerger C, Hartmann RW. Highly Potent 17β-HSD2 Inhibitors with a Promising Pharmacokinetic Profile for Targeted Osteoporosis Therapy. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10724-10738. [PMID: 30480443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular elevation of E2 levels in bone by inhibition of 17β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2) without affecting systemic E2 levels is an attractive approach for a targeted therapy against osteoporosis, a disease which is characterized by loss of bone mineral density. Previously identified inhibitor A shows high potency on human and mouse 17β-HSD2, but poor pharmacokinetic properties when applied perorally in mice. A combinatorial chemistry approach was utilized to synthesize truncated derivatives of A, leading to highly potent compounds with activities in the low nanomolar to picomolar range. Compound 33, comparable to A in terms of inhibitor potency against both human and mouse enzymes, displays high in vitro metabolic stability in human and mouse liver S9 fraction as well as low toxicity and moderate hepatic CYP inhibition. Thus, compound 33 showed a highly improved peroral pharmacokinetic profile in comparison to A, making 33 a promising candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Hernandez-Olmos
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP , Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 , 60596 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Ahmed S Abdelsamie
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department , National Research Centre , Dokki, 12622 Cairo , Egypt.,Department of Pharmacy , Saarland University , Campus C2.3 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Martin Frotscher
- Department of Pharmacy , Saarland University , Campus C2.3 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | | | | | - Claudia Scheuer
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery , Saarland University , 66421 Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery , Saarland University , 66421 Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery , Saarland University , 66421 Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Carsten Boerger
- PharmBioTec GmbH , Science Park 1 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Rolf W Hartmann
- Department of Pharmacy , Saarland University , Campus C2.3 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany.,Department of Drug Design and Optimization , Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) , Campus E8.1 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
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Tchernof A, Brochu D, Maltais‐Payette I, Mansour MF, Marchand GB, Carreau A, Kapeluto J. Androgens and the Regulation of Adiposity and Body Fat Distribution in Humans. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1253-1290. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Synthesis, anti-17β-HSD and antiproliferative activity of new substituted 5-nitrosopyrimidine analogs. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1795-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Type 2 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase as a novel target for the treatment of osteoporosis. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:1431-56. [PMID: 26230882 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low estradiol level in postmenopausal women is implicated in osteoporosis, which occurs because of the high bone resorption rate. Estrogen formation is controlled by 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 17-β HSD enzymes, where 17-β HSD type 1 contributes in the formation of estradiol, while type 2 catalyzes its catabolism. Inhibiting 17-β HSD2 can help in increasing estradiol concentration. Several promising 17-β HSD2 inhibitors that can act at low nanomolar range have been identified. However, there are some specific challenges associated with the application of these compounds. Our review provides an up-to-date summary of the current status and recent progress in the production of 17-β HSD2 inhibitors as well as the future challenges in their clinical application.
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14
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Fouad Mansour M, Pelletier M, Boulet MM, Mayrand D, Brochu G, Lebel S, Poirier D, Fradette J, Cianflone K, Luu-The V, Tchernof A. Oxidative activity of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase on testosterone in male abdominal adipose tissues and cellular localization of 17β-HSD type 2. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 414:168-76. [PMID: 26123590 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone can be converted into androstenedione (4-dione) by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activity likely performed by 17β-HSD type 2. Our objective was to evaluate the rate of testosterone conversion to 4-dione as well as expression and localization of 17β-HSD type 2 in omental (OM) vs. subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissues of men. Formation of 4-dione from testosterone was significantly higher in homogenates (p ≤ 0.001) and explants (p ≤ 0.01) of OM than SC tissue. Microscopy analyses and biochemical assays in cell fractions localized the enzyme in the vasculature/endothelial cells of adipose tissues. Conversion of testosterone to 4-dione was weakly detected in most OM and/or SC preadipocyte cultures. Positive correlations were found between 17β-HSD type 2 activity in whole tissue and BMI or SC adipocyte diameter. We conclude that conversion of testosterone to 4-dione detected in abdominal adipose tissue is caused by 17β-HSD type 2 which is localized in the vasculature of the adipose compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fouad Mansour
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Medical Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Medical Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Michèle Boulet
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Medical Center, Québec, Canada; Quebec Cardiology and Pulmonology Institute, School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Dominique Mayrand
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval /LOEX Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Medical Center, Québec, Canada; Department of Surgery, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Gaétan Brochu
- Department of General Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Medical Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Stefane Lebel
- Quebec Cardiology and Pulmonology Institute, School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Donald Poirier
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Medical Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Fradette
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval /LOEX Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Medical Center, Québec, Canada; Department of Surgery, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Katherine Cianflone
- Quebec Cardiology and Pulmonology Institute, School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Van Luu-The
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Medical Center, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Medical Center, Québec, Canada; Quebec Cardiology and Pulmonology Institute, School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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15
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Gargano EM, Allegretta G, Perspicace E, Carotti A, Van Koppen C, Frotscher M, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Hartmann RW. 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Inhibition: Discovery of Selective and Metabolically Stable Compounds Inhibiting Both the Human Enzyme and Its Murine Ortholog. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134754. [PMID: 26230928 PMCID: PMC4521925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Design and synthesis of a new class of inhibitors for the treatment of osteoporosis and its comparative h17β-HSD2 and m17β-HSD2 SAR study are described. 17a is the first compound to show strong inhibition of both h17β-HSD2 and m17β-HSD2, intracellular activity, metabolic stability, selectivity toward h17β-HSD1, m17β-HSD1 and estrogen receptors α and β as well as appropriate physicochemical properties for oral bioavailability. These properties make it eligible for pre-clinical animal studies, prior to human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele M. Gargano
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Allegretta
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Enrico Perspicace
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Angelo Carotti
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Martin Frotscher
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sandrine Marchais-Oberwinkler
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
- * E-mail: (RWH); (SMO)
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
- * E-mail: (RWH); (SMO)
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16
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Penov Gaši KM, Djurendić EA, Szécsi M, Gardi J, Csanádi JJ, Klisurić OR, Dojčinović-Vujašković SV, Nikolić AR, Savić MP, Ajduković JJ, Oklješa AM, Kojić VV, Sakač MN, Jovanović-Šanta SS. Microwave assisted synthesis and biomedical potency of salicyloyloxy and 2-methoxybenzoyloxy androstane and stigmastane derivatives. Steroids 2015; 94:31-40. [PMID: 25541058 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A convenient microwave assisted solvent free synthesis as well as conventional synthesis of salicyloyloxy and 2-methoxybenzoyloxy androstane and stigmastane derivatives 7-19 from appropriate steroidal precursors 1-6 and methyl salicylate is reported. The microwave assisted synthesis in most cases was more successful regarding reaction time and product yields. It was more environmentally friendly too, compared to the conventional method. The antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of the synthesized derivatives were evaluated in a series of in vitro tests, as well as their inhibition potency exerted on hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes (Δ(5)-3βHSD, 17βHSD2 and 17βHSD3). All of the tested compounds were effective in OH radical neutralization, particularly compounds 9, 11 and 14, which exhibited about 100-fold stronger activity than commercial antioxidants BHT and BHA. In DPPH radical scavenging new compounds were effective, but less than reference compounds. 2-Methoxybenzoyl ester 10 exhibited strong cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells. Most compounds inhibited growth of PC-3 cells, where salicyloyloxy stigmastane derivative 15 showed the best inhibition potency. Compounds 9, 10 and 11 were the best inhibitors of 17βHSD2 enzyme. X-ray structure analysis and molecular mechanics calculations (MMC) were performed for the best cytotoxic agents, compounds 10 and 15. A comparison of crystal and MMC structures of compounds 10 and 15 revealed that their molecules conformations are stable even after releasing of the influence of crystalline field and that the influence of crystal packing on molecular conformation is not predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina M Penov Gaši
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Evgenija A Djurendić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mihály Szécsi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 8-10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Gardi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 8-10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - János J Csanádi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Olivera R Klisurić
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 4, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sanja V Dojčinović-Vujašković
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Andrea R Nikolić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marina P Savić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jovana J Ajduković
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar M Oklješa
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vesna V Kojić
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put Dr Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Marija N Sakač
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Suzana S Jovanović-Šanta
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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17
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Novel, potent and selective 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibitors as potential therapeutics for osteoporosis with dual human and mouse activities. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:317-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Perspicace E, Giorgio A, Carotti A, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Hartmann RW. Novel N-methylsulfonamide and retro-N-methylsulfonamide derivatives as 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2) inhibitors with good ADME-related physicochemical parameters. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:201-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Gupta A, Kumar BS, Negi AS. Current status on development of steroids as anticancer agents. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:242-70. [PMID: 23727548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Steroids are important biodynamic agents. Their affinities for various nuclear receptors have been an interesting feature to utilize them for drug development particularly for receptor mediated diseases. Steroid biochemistry and its crucial role in human physiology, has attained importance among the researchers. Recent years have seen an extensive focus on modification of steroids. The rational modifications of perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus of steroids have yielded several important anticancer lead molecules. Exemestane, SR16157, fulvestrant and 2-methoxyestradiol are some of the successful leads emerged on steroidal pharmacophores. The present review is an update on some of the steroidal leads obtained during past 25 years. Various steroid based enzyme inhibitors, antiestrogens, cytotoxic conjugates and steroidal cytotoxic molecules of natural as well as synthetic origin have been highlighted. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Gupta
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226015, U.P., India
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20
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Perspicace E, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Hartmann RW. Synthesis and biological evaluation of thieno[3,2-d]- pyrimidinones, thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines and quinazolinones: conformationally restricted 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17b-HSD2) inhibitors. Molecules 2013; 18:4487-509. [PMID: 23591928 PMCID: PMC6270028 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of conformationally restricted thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinones, thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines and quinazolinones was designed and synthesized with the goal of improving the biological activity as 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibitors of the corresponding amidothiophene derivatives. Two moderately active compounds were discovered and this allowed the identification of the biologically active open conformer as well as the extension of the enzyme binding site characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Perspicace
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; E-Mails: (E.P.); (S.M.-O.)
| | - Sandrine Marchais-Oberwinkler
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; E-Mails: (E.P.); (S.M.-O.)
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; E-Mails: (E.P.); (S.M.-O.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-681-302-70300; Fax: +49-681-302-70308
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21
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Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Xu K, Wetzel M, Perspicace E, Negri M, Meyer A, Odermatt A, Möller G, Adamski J, Hartmann RW. Structural Optimization of 2,5-Thiophene Amides as Highly Potent and Selective 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Osteoporosis. J Med Chem 2012; 56:167-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3014053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuiying Xu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66041
Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marie Wetzel
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66041
Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Enrico Perspicace
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66041
Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Matthias Negri
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Arne Meyer
- Division of Molecular and Systems
Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, CH-4056 Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems
Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, CH-4056 Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Genome Analysis
Center, Institute
of Experimental Genetic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Genome Analysis
Center, Institute
of Experimental Genetic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle
Genetik, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66041
Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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22
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Discovery of a new class of bicyclic substituted hydroxyphenylmethanones as 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2) inhibitors for the treatment of osteoporosis. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 47:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Wetzel M, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Perspicace E, Möller G, Adamski J, Hartmann RW. Introduction of an Electron Withdrawing Group on the Hydroxyphenylnaphthol Scaffold Improves the Potency of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 (17β-HSD2) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7547-57. [PMID: 21972996 DOI: 10.1021/jm2008453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gabriele Möller
- Genome Analysis Center, Institute
of Experimental Genetic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Genome Analysis Center, Institute
of Experimental Genetic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle
Genetik, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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24
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Xu K, Al-Soud YA, Wetzel M, Hartmann RW, Marchais-Oberwinkler S. Triazole ring-opening leads to the discovery of potent nonsteroidal 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5978-90. [PMID: 22037253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2) catalyzes the oxidation of the highly potent steroids: the estrogen estradiol (E2) and the androgen testosterone (T) to the less active estrone and androstenedione, respectively. Inhibition of this enzyme may help maintain the local E2 level in bone tissue when the circulating E2 level drops and is therefore a novel and promising approach for the treatment of osteoporosis. In this work, a series of new nonsteroidal and achiral 17β-HSD2 inhibitors, namely N-benzyl-diphenyl-3(or 4)-carboxamide and N-benzyl-5-phenyl-thiophene-2-carboxamide was designed and the compounds were synthesized in a two to three steps reaction. A small library was built applying parallel synthesis. Highly potent 17β-HSD2 inhibitors could be identified in the thiophene-2-carboxamide class with IC(50) in the low nanomolar range. These compounds also showed a good selectivity profile toward 17β-HSD1 and toward the estrogen receptors α and β. The most interesting 17β-HSD2 inhibitor identified in this study is the 5-(2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-N-methylthiophene-2-carboxamide 6w displaying an IC(50) of 61 nM and a selectivity factor of 73 toward 17β-HSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiying Xu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Germany
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25
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Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Henn C, Möller G, Klein T, Negri M, Oster A, Spadaro A, Werth R, Wetzel M, Xu K, Frotscher M, Hartmann RW, Adamski J. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) as therapeutic targets: protein structures, functions, and recent progress in inhibitor development. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 125:66-82. [PMID: 21193039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) are oxidoreductases, which play a key role in estrogen and androgen steroid metabolism by catalyzing final steps of the steroid biosynthesis. Up to now, 14 different subtypes have been identified in mammals, which catalyze NAD(P)H or NAD(P)(+) dependent reductions/oxidations at the 17-position of the steroid. Depending on their reductive or oxidative activities, they modulate the intracellular concentration of inactive and active steroids. As the genomic mechanism of steroid action involves binding to a steroid nuclear receptor, 17β-HSDs act like pre-receptor molecular switches. 17β-HSDs are thus key enzymes implicated in the different functions of the reproductive tissues in both males and females. The crucial role of estrogens and androgens in the genesis and development of hormone dependent diseases is well recognized. Considering the pivotal role of 17β-HSDs in steroid hormone modulation and their substrate specificity, these proteins are promising therapeutic targets for diseases like breast cancer, endometriosis, osteoporosis, and prostate cancer. The selective inhibition of the concerned enzymes might provide an effective treatment and a good alternative to the existing endocrine therapies. Herein, we give an overview of functional and structural aspects for the different 17β-HSDs. We focus on steroidal and non-steroidal inhibitors recently published for each subtype and report on existing animal models for the different 17β-HSDs and the respective diseases. Article from the Special issue on Targeted Inhibitors.
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26
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Wetzel M, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Hartmann RW. 17β-HSD2 inhibitors for the treatment of osteoporosis: Identification of a promising scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:807-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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28
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Punt A, Jeurissen SM, Boersma MG, Delatour T, Scholz G, Schilter B, van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IMCM. Evaluation of Human Interindividual Variation in Bioactivation of Estragole Using Physiologically Based Biokinetic Modeling. Toxicol Sci 2009; 113:337-48. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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29
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Laplante Y, Rancourt C, Poirier D. Relative involvement of three 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (types 1, 7 and 12) in the formation of estradiol in various breast cancer cell lines using selective inhibitors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:146-53. [PMID: 18812208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relative involvement of three reductive 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) isoforms, namely types 1, 7 and 12, in the formation of potent estrogen estradiol (E2) in 10 human breast cancer cell lines (T-47D, MCF-7, ZR-75-1, CAMA-1, BT-20, BRC-17, BRC-31, BRC-32, BRC-36 and BRN-196) and also in 1 choriocarcinoma cell line (JEG-3) using selective inhibitors. In T-47D, BT-20 and JEG-3 cells, a 17beta-HSD1 inhibitor almost completely inhibited the formation of E2 at 1microM from 60nM of estrone (E1) (98%, 91% and 90%, respectively), whereas no significant inhibition of E2 formation was obtained using inhibitors of types 7 and 12. However, we obtained lower levels of inhibition (32%, 36% and 35% respectively using inhibitors of types 1, 7 and 12 at 10microM) in MCF-7 cells and even lower and variable levels of inhibition (15%, 23% and 18% respectively using inhibitors of types 1, 7 and 12 at 10microM) in ZR-75-1 cells. No inhibition of E2 formation was observed in CAMA-1 cells with a 17beta-HSD1 inhibitor at 1microM whereas inhibitors of types 7 and 12 inhibited 40% and 30% of E2 formation, respectively. In BRC and BRN cell lines, types 1, 7 and 12 17beta-HSDs were all involved in the formation of E2, but type 12 seemed to predominate. At 10microM, each inhibitor inhibited 10-50% of the formation of E2. Using MCF-7 and BRC-32 cell lines, a combination of the three inhibitors (3x10microM) does not fully inhibit the 17beta-HSD activity (65% and 75%). In addition to identify the relative importance of types 1, 7 and 12 17beta-HSDs in the formation of E2 in human breast cancer cell lines, our results show also a great variability between each cell line. In some cases the formation of E2 was completely inhibited, but this was not the result observed in other cell lines, suggesting the presence of another enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Laplante
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (Medicinal Chemistry Division), CHUQ-CHUL Research Center and Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Rouillard F, Roy J, Poirier D. Chemical Synthesis of (S)-Spiro(estradiol-17,2′-[1,4]oxazinan)-6′-one Derivatives Bearing Two Levels of Molecular Diversity. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200701077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bydal P, Luu-The V, Labrie F, Poirier D. Steroidal lactones as inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5: chemical synthesis, enzyme inhibitory activity, and assessment of estrogenic and androgenic activities. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 44:632-44. [PMID: 18472187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are well known to play a predominant role in prostate cancer and other androgen-dependent diseases. To decrease the level of androgen testosterone in the prostate, we are interested in developing inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17beta-HSD5). This enzyme expressed in the prostate is one of the two enzymes able to convert 4-androstene-3,17-dione into testosterone. From a screening study, it was found that a series of steroid derivatives bearing a lactone on D-ring demonstrated potent inhibition of 17beta-HSD5 over-expressed in HEK-293 cells. The results of enzymatic assays using intact cells indicated that a C18-steroid (estradiol or 3-deoxyestradiol) backbone and a spiro-delta-lactone (six-member ring) are important for a strong inhibitory activity. Moreover, the presence of a dimethyl group at the alpha-position of the lactone carbonyl increases the selectivity of the inhibitor toward 17beta-HSD5. Compound 26, a 3-deoxyestradiol derivative with a dimethylated spiro-delta-lactone at position 17, possesses the most potent inhibitory activity for 17beta-HSD5 (IC(50)=2.9 nM). It showed no binding affinity for estrogen, androgen, progestin and glucocorticoid receptors (ER, AR, PR and GR). A weak proliferative effect was, however, observed on ZR-75-1 (ER+) cells in culture at high concentration (1 microM), but not at 0.03 microM. Interestingly, no significant proliferative effect was detected on Shionogi (AR+) cells in culture in the presence of 0.1 and 1 microM of lactone 26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bydal
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUL Research Center and University Laval, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Chou CP, Lu SY, Ueng TH. Modulation of serum concentrations and hepatic metabolism of 17β-estradiol and testosterone by amitraz in rats. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:729-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Roepke TA, Chang ES, Cherr GN. Maternal exposure to estradiol and endocrine disrupting compounds alters the sensitivity of sea urchin embryos and the expression of an orphan steroid receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 305:830-41. [PMID: 16823834 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are known to affect reproduction and development in marine invertebrates. In previous work, we have shown that developing sea urchin embryos were sensitive to estradiol and estrogenic EDCs at environmentally relevant concentrations in a tamoxifen-sensitive manner (Roepke et al. 2005. Aquat Toxicol 71:155-173). In this study, we report the effects of maternal exposure to EDCs on embryo sensitivity and regulation of an orphan steroid receptor in sea urchin eggs. Maternal exposures were conducted by injecting female Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchins initiating oogenesis with two concentrations of estradiol, octylphenol, tributyltin and o, p-DDD for 8 weeks with an induced spawning before and after the injection cycle. Developing embryos were less sensitive to estradiol following maternal exposure to estradiol, octylphenol and DDD. The steroidogenesis inhibitor, spironolactone, and the aromatase inhibitor, formestane, affected normal sea urchin development with EC50 values of 18 and 2 microM, respectively. Binding of estradiol was demonstrated in homogenates supernatants of sea urchin embryos by filtration centrifugation and column chromatography, but saturation was not reached until 4-6 hr and was highly variable. Analysis of eggs from pre- and post-injection spawns using real-time Q-PCR for the mRNA of an orphan steroid receptor, SpSHR2, shows that receptor mRNA increased in eggs with estradiol, octylphenol and tributyltin but decreased with DDD. RIA showed that estradiol may be present during gastrulation. In summary, maternal exposure to estradiol and EDCs alters embryo sensitivity and regulates the expression of an orphan steroid receptor in the egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Roepke
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Bodega Bay, California 94923, USA
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Ngatcha BT, Laplante Y, Labrie F, Luu-The V, Poirier D. 3Beta-alkyl-androsterones as inhibitors of type 3 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: inhibitory potency in intact cells, selectivity towards isoforms 1, 2, 5 and 7, binding affinity for steroid receptors, and proliferative/antiproliferative activities on AR+ and ER+ cell lines. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 248:225-32. [PMID: 16359782 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Type 3 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) is involved in the biosynthesis of the potent androgen testosterone (T), which plays an important role in androgen-sensitive diseases. In an attempt to design compounds to lower the level of T, we designed androsterone (ADT) derivatives substituted at the position 3beta as inhibitors of type 3 17beta-HSD, and then selected the eight most potent ones (compounds 1-8) for additional studies. In an intact cell assay, they inhibited efficiently the conversion of natural substrate 4-androstene-3,17-dione into T, although they were less active in intact cells (IC50 approximately 1 microM) than in homogenated cells (IC50=57-100 nM). A study of the inhibitory potency with four other 17beta-HSDs revealed they were selective, since they do not inhibit reductive types 1, 5 and 7, nor oxidative type 2. Interestingly, they did not show any binding affinity for steroid receptors (androgen, estrogen, glucocorticoid and progestin). Only two inhibitors, 3beta-phenyl-ADT (5) and 3beta-phenylmethyl-ADT (6) showed some proliferative activities on an AR+ cell line and on an ER+ cell line, but their effects were not mediated through the androgen or estrogen receptors. This study identified selective inhibitors of type 3 17beta-HSD acting through a mixed-type inhibition, and devoid of non-suitable androgenic and estrogenic proliferative activities. The more potent inhibitors were 3beta-hexyl-ADT (2), 3beta-cyclohexylethyl-ADT (4) and 3beta-phenylethyl-ADT (7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Tchédam Ngatcha
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUL Research Center and Université Laval, CHUQ-Pavillon CHUL, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Qué, Canada G1V 4G2
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Poirier D, Boivin RP, Tremblay MR, Bérubé M, Qiu W, Lin SX. Estradiol−Adenosine Hybrid Compounds Designed to Inhibit Type 1 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase. J Med Chem 2005; 48:8134-47. [PMID: 16366595 DOI: 10.1021/jm058235e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The steroidogenic enzyme type 1 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) is involved in the synthesis of estradiol (E(2)), a hormone well-known to stimulate the growth of estrogen-sensitive tumors. To obtain compounds able to control E(2) formation, two moieties were linked with a methylene side chain: an adenosine moiety for interacting with the cofactor-binding site and an E(2) moiety for interacting with the substrate-binding site. When tested as inhibitors of type 1 17beta-HSD, the hybrid compounds inhibited the reductive activity (E(1) into E(2)) with IC(50) values ranging from 52 to 1,000 nM. The optimal side-chain length was determined to be eight methylene groups for a 16 beta-orientation. The presence of two components (E(2) and adenosine) is essential for good inhibition, since 16 beta-nonyl-E(2) and 5-nonanoyl-O-adenosine, two compounds having only one of the components, did not inhibit the enzyme. Moreover, the 3D-structure analysis of EM-1,745 complexed with type 1 17beta-HSD showed key interactions with both substrate- and cofactor-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Poirier
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUQ-Pavillon CHUL and Université Laval, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Liu ZJ, Lee WJ, Zhu BT. Selective insensitivity of ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells to 2-methoxyestradiol: evidence for type II 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase as the underlying cause. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5802-11. [PMID: 15994956 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2-MeO-E2), a nonpolar endogenous metabolite of 17beta-estradiol, has strong antiproliferative, apoptotic, and antiangiogenic actions. Among the four human breast cancer cell lines tested (MCF-7, T-47D, ZR-75-1, and MDA-MB-435s), the ZR-75-1 cells were selectively insensitive to the antiproliferative actions of 2-MeO-E2, although these cells had a similar sensitivity as other cell lines to several other anticancer agents (5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, doxorubicin, colchicine, vinorelbine, and paclitaxel). Mechanistically, this insensitivity is largely attributable to the presence of high levels of a steroid-selective metabolizing enzyme, the type II 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD), in the ZR-75-1 cells, which rapidly converts 2-MeO-E2 to the inactive 2-methoxyestrone, but this enzyme does not metabolically inactivate other nonsteroidal anticancer agents. The type II 17beta-HSD-mediated conversion of 2-MeO-E2 to 2-methoxyestrone in ZR-75-1 cells followed the first-order kinetics, with a very short half-life (approximately 2 hours). In comparison, the T-47D, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-435s human breast cancer cells, which were highly sensitive to 2-MeO-E2, had very low or undetectable catalytic activity for the conversion of 2-MeO-E2 to 2-methoxyestrone. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis of the mRNA levels of three known oxidative 17beta-HSD isozymes (types II, IV, and VIII) revealed that only the type II isozyme was selectively expressed in the ZR-75-1 cells, whereas the other two isozymes were expressed in all four cell lines. Taken together, our results showed, for the first time, that the high levels of type II 17beta-HSD present in ZR-75-1 cells were largely responsible for the facile conversion of 2-MeO-E2 to 2-methoxyestrone and also for the selective insensitivity to the antiproliferative actions of 2-MeO-E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Liu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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Mukherjee K, Syed V, Ho SM. Estrogen-induced loss of progesterone receptor expression in normal and malignant ovarian surface epithelial cells. Oncogene 2005; 24:4388-400. [PMID: 15806153 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While estrogens are suspected risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer (OCa), progesterone (P4) has been shown to exert protective effects. The biological actions of P4 in target cells are mediated by progesterone receptors (PRs) that exist principally as A- and B-isoforms. We observed overexpression of PR-A and PR-B protein in two lines of OCa cells when compared to two lines of nontumorigenic, normal human ovarian surface epithelial (HOSE) cells. Treatment of HOSE or OCa cells with estrone or 17beta-estradiol at 10(-8) M for a period of 72 h induced significant loss of PR-A and PR-B mRNA and protein expression, with the regulation primarily controlled at the transcriptional level. In contrast, breast cancer cells (line MCF-7) exposed to estrogens upregulated PR-A and PR-B expression. Of significance, both the inhibitory and stimulatory actions of estrogens were blocked by the specific ER-antagonist ICI 182,780 (ICI, 10(-5) M), confirming estrogen specificity. Co-treatment of estrogen-exposed HOSE, OCa, and MCF-7 cell lines with inhibitors of type 1- and type 2-17beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase did not affect the previously observed changes in PR expression, suggesting that the action of each estrogen is direct and not mediated via conversion to its metabolic counterpart. Green fluorescence protein (GFP)-PR-A and GFP-PR-B were localized in the cytoplasmic compartment of untreated HOSE cells and translocated to the nucleus after P4 treatment, while both chimera PRs resided in the nuclei of OCa cells in a ligand-independent manner. In OCa cell cultures, P4 (10(-6) M), but not RU486 (10(-5) M), induced apoptosis that was blocked by co-treatment with the antiprogestin but enhanced by co-treatment with ICI. In sharp contrast, P4 induced proliferation, while ICI and RU486 caused cell death in MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, this study is first to demonstrate estrogens as negative regulators of PR expression in HOSE/OCa cells and to provide a mechanistic basis upon which to explain the antagonism of estrogens on the anti-OCa action of progestins. It also raises the possibility of using progestin and ICI as a combinational therapy for OCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Mukherjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Gobec S, Sova M, Kristan K, Rizner TL. Cinnamic acid esters as potent inhibitors of fungal 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase––a model enzyme of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3933-6. [PMID: 15225701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present the synthesis of a new family of nonsteroidal inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, designed from flavones and chalcones. Their inhibitory potential was screened on 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus (17beta-HSDcl), a model enzyme of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. In a series of cinnamates and related coumarin-3-carboxylates, a number of compounds proved to be potent inhibitors of both the oxidative and reductive reactions catalyzed by 17beta-HSDcl, with IC(50) values in the low micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Bydal P, Auger S, Poirier D. Inhibition of type 2 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by estradiol derivatives bearing a lactone on the D-ring: structure-activity relationships. Steroids 2004; 69:325-42. [PMID: 15219411 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral conversion of steroid precursors into biologically active forms can be a major source of steroid synthesis, and these steroids support the growth of hormone-dependent diseases. The 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) enzyme family is involved in the biosynthesis of active steroids and its inhibition constitutes an interesting approach for treating estrogen- and androgen-dependent cancers. We previously found that a compound formed by the introduction of a spiro-gamma-lactone at position 17 of estradiol (E2) produces a significant inhibition of type 2 17beta-HSD. To optimize the inhibitory potency of such compounds, we synthesized a series of estradiol derivatives bearing a lactone on the D-ring and tested their ability to inhibit the type 2 17beta-HSD transformation of 4-androstenedione into testosterone. The results of our structure-activity relationship study determined the importance of the 17beta-orientation of the oxygen atom. Indeed, the 17beta-O-isomer of spiro-gamma-lactone-E2 is a much more potent inhibitor than the 17alpha-O-analog (respectively 85 and 9% of inhibition at 1 microM). The carbonyl function is essential since the percentage of inhibition shifts from 85 to 30%, 15, or 3%, when the carbonyl group is transformed into a hydroxyl, a methoxy or a methylene (cycloether) group, respectively. Our results lead us to realize the importance of the spirolactone versus the C17beta-O/C16beta lactone (respectively 32 and 2% of inhibition at 0.1 microM, for the same size of lactone ring). The optimal size for the spirolactone was also established to be six members. All the types of substituents (methyl, dimethyl, allyl, propyl, and methoxycarbonyl) that we added on the spiro-delta-lactone moiety decreased the inhibitory activity, suggesting steric restrictions for the space that can be occupied in proximity of the spiro-delta-lactone functionality. 17-(Spiro-delta-lactone)-E2, compound 6, was thus the most potent inhibitor of type 2 17beta-HSD with a K(i) value of 29 +/- 5 nM. This compound reversibly inhibits type 2 17beta-HSD in a non-competitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bydal
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), Pavillon CHUL, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada
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Provost PR, Blomquist CH, Drolet R, Flamand N, Tremblay Y. Androgen inactivation in human lung fibroblasts: variations in levels of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and 5 alpha-reductase activity compatible with androgen inactivation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:3883-92. [PMID: 12161528 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.87.8.8764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgens delay lung maturation through their action on lung fibroblasts. Knowing that testosterone is secreted by the lung epithelial-like cell line A-549, we have studied the metabolism of androgens by several human lung diploid fibroblasts cell lines. No 17-ketosteroid reductase activity was detected. In contrast, testosterone was transformed mainly into androstenedione and androstanedione with no 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone formed, indicating the presence of 17 beta- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) type 2 and 5 alpha-reductase activities. The eight cell lines analyzed had either a low or high 17 beta-HSD type 2 activity level. No correlation between these levels and the sex or age stage of cells was established, but Northern blot analysis of human lung RNA samples of five adult subjects revealed very similar variations between subjects in the level of 17 beta-HSD type 2 mRNA. The 5 alpha-reductase activity had a marked substrate preference for androstenedione, the product of 17 beta-HSD type 2. When tritiated testosterone was used as substrate, only barely detectable levels of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone were observed by HPLC in the presence of the 17 beta-HSD type 2 inhibitor EM-919. The use of unlabeled testosterone or of the antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide demonstrated that the tritiated testosterone substrate itself had no effect on levels of 5 alpha-reduction. In fact, in these cells, 5 alpha-reductase has no significant activity on testosterone, but it further converts the product of 17 beta-HSD type 2, thus playing a role with 17 beta-HSD type 2 in androgen inactivation. Because androgens delay lung maturation and surfactant synthesis by their action on lung fibroblasts, it is of particular interest to find that the steroid metabolism of these lung fibroblast cells is oriented toward androgen inactivation. Because lung fibroblasts of subjects with low 17 beta-HSD type 2 expression levels are likely to be exposed to higher levels of androgens, an allelic variation of the 17 beta-HSD-2 gene is suspected, which would result in familial incidence of respiratory distress. This is in line with reported cases of familial incidence of respiratory distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre R Provost
- Laboratory of Ontogeny, Centre Hospitalier Unìversitaire de Québec, Pavillon Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
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Breitling R, Laubner D, Adamski J. Structure-based phylogenetic analysis of short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases and reclassification of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase family. Mol Biol Evol 2001; 18:2154-61. [PMID: 11719564 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases (SCAD) constitute a large and diverse family of ancient origin. Several of its members play an important role in human physiology and disease, especially in the metabolism of steroid substrates (e.g., prostaglandins, estrogens, androgens, and corticosteroids). Their involvement in common human disorders such as endocrine-related cancer, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer disease makes them an important candidate for drug targets. Recent phylogenetic analysis of SCAD is incomplete and does not allow any conclusions on very ancient divergences or on a functional characterization of novel proteins within this complex family. We have developed a 3D structure-based approach to establish the deep-branching pattern within the SCAD family. In this approach, pairwise superpositions of X-ray structures were used to calculate similarity scores as an input for a tree-building algorithm. The resulting phylogeny was validated by comparison with the results of sequence-based algorithms and biochemical data. It was possible to use the 3D data as a template for the reliable determination of the phylogenetic position of novel proteins as a first step toward functional predictions. We were able to discern new patterns in the phylogenetic relationships of the SCAD family, including a basal dichotomy of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs). These data provide an important contribution toward the development of type-specific inhibitors for 17beta-HSDs for the treatment and prevention of disease. Our structure-based phylogenetic approach can also be applied to increase the reliability of evolutionary reconstructions in other large protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Breitling
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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