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Docosahexaenoic acid supresses breast cancer cell proliferation and migration by promoting the expression of miR-99a and targeting mTOR signaling. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Gevariya N, Lachance G, Robitaille K, Joly Beauparlant C, Beaudoin L, Fournier É, Fradet Y, Droit A, Julien P, Marette A, Bergeron A, Fradet V. Omega-3 Eicosapentaenoic Acid Reduces Prostate Tumor Vascularity. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:516-527. [PMID: 33262291 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of omega (ω)-3 fatty acids on prostate cancer is controversial in epidemiological studies but experimental studies suggest a protective effect. However, little is known about the mechanism of action. Here, we studied the effects of purified fatty acid molecules on prostate tumor progression using the TRAMP-C2 syngeneic immunocompetent mouse model. Compared with ω-6 or ω-9-supplemented animals, we observed that late-stage prostate tumor growth was reduced with a monoacylglyceride (MAG)-conjugated form of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation, whereas docosahexanenoic acid (DHA) caused an early reduction. MAG-EPA significantly decreased tumor blood vessel diameter (P < 0.001). RNA sequencing analysis revealed that MAG-EPA downregulated angiogenesis- and vascular-related pathways in tumors. We also observed this tissue vascular phenotype in a clinical trial testing MAG-EPA versus a high oleic sunflower oil placebo. Using anti-CD31 IHC, we observed that MAG-EPA reduced blood vessel diameter in prostate tumor tissue (P = 0.03) but not in normal adjacent tissue. Finally, testing autocrine and paracrine effects in an avascular tumor spheroid growth assay, both exogenous MAG-EPA and endogenous ω3 reduced VEGF secretion and in vitro endothelial cell tube formation and blocked tumor spheroid growth, suggesting that ω3 molecules can directly hinder prostate cancer cell growth. Altogether, our results suggest that fatty acids regulate prostate cancer growth and that a tumor-specific microenvironment is required for the anti-vascular effect of MAG-EPA in patients with prostate cancer. IMPLICATIONS: Increasing the amount of ingested EPA omega-3 subtype for patients with prostate cancer might help to reduce prostate tumor progression by reducing tumor vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj Gevariya
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Lachance
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche de l'IUCPQ, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Karine Robitaille
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles Joly Beauparlant
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Laboratoire de bio-informatique and Centre de Génomique du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Lisanne Beaudoin
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Éric Fournier
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Laboratoire de bio-informatique and Centre de Génomique du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Fradet
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Laboratoire de bio-informatique and Centre de Génomique du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche en endocrinologie, métabolisme et inflammation de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Centre de recherche de l'IUCPQ, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alain Bergeron
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Fradet
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Oncology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada. .,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS) et Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, Québec, Canada
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Fasano E, Serini S, Cittadini A, Calviello G. Long-chain n-3 PUFA against breast and prostate cancer: Which are the appropriate doses for intervention studies in animals and humans? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:2245-2262. [PMID: 25897862 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.850060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The potential antineoplastic effect of the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) remains a highly controversial issue. Numerous animal studies have supported the anticancer role of these dietary fatty acids, whereas conflicting results have been obtained in population studies, and only a few intervention human trials have been so far performed. In view of the possibility that the anticancer effects may be maximally observed within a defined range of EPA and DHA doses, herein we critically review the results and doses used in both animal studies and human clinical trials focusing on the possible n-3 PUFA protective effects against breast and prostate cancer. Our main aim is to identify the EPA and/or DHA ranges of doses needed to obtain clear anticancer effects. This may be of great help in designing future animal studies, and also in understanding the most appropriate dose for further human intervention studies. Moreover, since the healthy effects of these fatty acids have been strictly related to their increased incorporation in plasma and tissue lipids, we also examine and discuss the incorporation changes following the administration of the effective anticancer EPA and/or DHA doses in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fasano
- a Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Simona Serini
- a Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Achille Cittadini
- a Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Gabriella Calviello
- a Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore , Rome , Italy
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Hannafon BN, Carpenter KJ, Berry WL, Janknecht R, Dooley WC, Ding WQ. Exosome-mediated microRNA signaling from breast cancer cells is altered by the anti-angiogenesis agent docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Mol Cancer 2015; 14:133. [PMID: 26178901 PMCID: PMC4504101 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a natural compound with anticancer and anti-angiogenesis activity that is currently under investigation as both a preventative agent and an adjuvant to breast cancer therapy. However, the precise mechanisms of DHA's anticancer activities are unclear. It is understood that the intercommunication between cancer cells and their microenvironment is essential to tumor angiogenesis. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are important mediators of intercellular communication and play a role in promoting angiogenesis. However, very little is known about the contribution of breast cancer exosomes to tumor angiogenesis or whether exosomes can mediate DHA's anticancer action. RESULTS Exosomes were collected from MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells after treatment with DHA. We observed an increase in exosome secretion and exosome microRNA contents from the DHA-treated cells. The expression of 83 microRNAs in the MCF7 exosomes was altered by DHA (>2-fold). The most abundant exosome microRNAs (let-7a, miR-23b, miR-27a/b, miR-21, let-7, and miR-320b) are known to have anti-cancer and/or anti-angiogenic activity. These microRNAs were also increased by DHA treatment in the exosomes from other breast cancer lines (MDA-MB-231, ZR751 and BT20), but not in exosomes from normal breast cells (MCF10A). When DHA-treated MCF7 cells were co-cultured with or their exosomes were directly applied to endothelial cell cultures, we observed an increase in the expression of these microRNAs in the endothelial cells. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-23b and miR-320b in endothelial cells decreased the expression of their pro-angiogenic target genes (PLAU, AMOTL1, NRP1 and ETS2) and significantly inhibited tube formation by endothelial cells, suggesting that the microRNAs transferred by exosomes mediate DHA's anti-angiogenic action. These effects could be reversed by knockdown of the Rab GTPase, Rab27A, which controls exosome release. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that DHA alters breast cancer exosome secretion and microRNA contents, which leads to the inhibition of angiogenesis. Our data demonstrate that breast cancer exosome signaling can be targeted to inhibit tumor angiogenesis and provide new insight into DHA's anticancer action, further supporting its use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany N Hannafon
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Karla J Carpenter
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - William L Berry
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - William C Dooley
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Wei-Qun Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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Malek G, Lad EM. Emerging roles for nuclear receptors in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4617-36. [PMID: 25156067 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly in the Western world. Over the last 30 years, our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease has grown exponentially thanks to the results of countless epidemiology, genetic, histological, and biochemical studies. This information, in turn, has led to the identification of multiple biologic pathways potentially involved in development and progression of AMD, including but not limited to inflammation, lipid and extracellular matrix dysregulation, and angiogenesis. Nuclear receptors are a superfamily of transcription factors that have been shown to regulate many of the pathogenic pathways linked with AMD and as such they are emerging as promising targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we will present the fundamental phenotypic features of AMD and discuss our current understanding of the pathobiological disease mechanisms. We will introduce the nuclear receptor superfamily and discuss the current literature on their effects on AMD-related pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goldis Malek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, 2351 Erwin Road, AERI Room 4006, Durham, NC, 27710, USA,
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Wang J, Shi Y, Zhang L, Zhang F, Hu X, Zhang W, Leak RK, Gao Y, Chen L, Chen J. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids enhance cerebral angiogenesis and provide long-term protection after stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 68:91-103. [PMID: 24794156 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating neurological disorder and one of the leading causes of death and serious disability. After cerebral ischemia, revascularization in the ischemic boundary zone provides nutritive blood flow as well as various growth factors to promote the survival and activity of neurons and neural progenitor cells. Enhancement of angiogenesis and the resulting improvement of cerebral microcirculation are key restorative mechanisms and represent an important therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that post-stroke angiogenesis would be enhanced by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), a major component of dietary fish oil. To this end, we found that transgenic fat-1 mice that overproduce n-3 PUFAs exhibited long-term behavioral and histological protection against transient focal cerebral ischemia (tFCI). Importantly, fat-1 transgenic mice also exhibited robust improvements in revascularization and angiogenesis compared to wild type littermates, suggesting a potential role for n-3 fatty acids in post-stroke cerebrovascular remodeling. Mechanistically, n-3 PUFAs induced upregulation of angiopoietin 2 (Ang 2) in astrocytes after tFCI and stimulated extracellular Ang 2 release from cultured astrocytes after oxygen and glucose deprivation. Ang 2 facilitated endothelial proliferation and barrier formation in vitro by potentiating the effects of VEGF on phospholipase Cγ1 and Src signaling. Consistent with these findings, blockade of Src activity in post-stroke fat-1 mice impaired n-3 PUFA-induced angiogenesis and exacerbated long-term neurological outcomes. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that n-3 PUFA supplementation is a potential angiogenic treatment capable of augmenting brain repair and improving long-term functional recovery after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Wang
- Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yejie Shi
- Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lili Zhang
- Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ling Chen
- Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and PLA Institute of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Taguchi A, Kawana K, Tomio K, Yamashita A, Isobe Y, Nagasaka K, Koga K, Inoue T, Nishida H, Kojima S, Adachi K, Matsumoto Y, Arimoto T, Wada-Hiraike O, Oda K, Kang JX, Arai H, Arita M, Osuga Y, Fujii T. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is suppressed by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89605. [PMID: 24586907 PMCID: PMC3937340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are responsible for tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 secreted from cancer stroma populated by CAFs is a prerequisite for cancer angiogenesis and metastasis. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA) have been reported to have anti-tumor effects on diverse types of malignancies. Fat-1 mice, which can convert omega-6 to omega-3 PUFA independent of diet, are useful to investigate the functions of endogenous omega-3 PUFA. To examine the effect of omega-3 PUFA on tumorigenesis, TC-1 cells, a murine epithelial cell line immortalized by human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenes, were injected subcutaneously into fat-1 or wild type mice. Tumor growth and angiogenesis of the TC-1 tumor were significantly suppressed in fat-1 compared to wild type mice. cDNA microarray of the tumors derived from fat-1 and wild type mice revealed that MMP-9 is downregulated in fat-1 mice. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated immunoreactivity for MMP-9 in the tumor stromal fibroblasts was diffusely positive in wild type whereas focal in fat-1 mice. MMP-9 was expressed in primary cultured fibroblasts isolated from fat-1 and wild type mice but was not expressed in TC-1 cells. Co-culture of fibroblasts with TC-1 cells enhanced the expression and the proteinase activity of MMP-9, although the protease activity of MMP-9 in fat-1-derived fibroblasts was lower than that in wild type fibroblasts. Our data suggests that omega-3 PUFAs suppress MMP-9 induction and tumor angiogenesis. These findings may provide insight into mechanisms by which omega-3 PUFAs exert anti-tumor effects by modulating tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Taguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Kawana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (K. Kawana); (MA)
| | - Kensuke Tomio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Yamashita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Isobe
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Koga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Inoue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Nishida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Kojima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Adachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahide Arimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jing X. Kang
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (K. Kawana); (MA)
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Sobrin L, Seddon JM. Nature and nurture- genes and environment- predict onset and progression of macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 40:1-15. [PMID: 24374240 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of irreversible visual loss and the disease burden is rising world-wide as the population ages. Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to the development of this disease. Among environmental factors, smoking, obesity and dietary factors including antioxidants and dietary fat intake influence onset and progression of AMD. There are also several lines of evidence that link cardiovascular, immune and inflammatory biomarkers to AMD. The genetic etiology of AMD has been and continues to be an intense and fruitful area of investigation. Genome-wide association studies have revealed numerous common variants associated with AMD and sequencing is increasing our knowledge of how rare genetic variants strongly impact disease. Evidence for interactions between environmental, therapeutic and genetic factors is emerging and elucidating the mechanisms of this interplay remains a major challenge in the field. Genotype-phenotype associations are evolving. The knowledge of non-genetic, modifiable risk factors along with information about heritability and genetic risk variants for this disease acquired over the past 25 years have greatly improved patient management and our ability to predict which patients will develop or progress to advanced forms of AMD. Personalized medicine and individualized prevention and treatment strategies may become a reality in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sobrin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johanna M Seddon
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Stephenson JA, Al-Taan O, Arshad A, Morgan B, Metcalfe MS, Dennison AR. The multifaceted effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated Fatty acids on the hallmarks of cancer. J Lipids 2013; 2013:261247. [PMID: 23762563 PMCID: PMC3671553 DOI: 10.1155/2013/261247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid have been shown to have multiple beneficial antitumour actions that affect the essential alterations that dictate malignant growth. In this review we explore the putative mechanisms of action of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in cancer protection in relation to self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion, and how these will hopefully translate from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Stephenson
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- Department of Imaging, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - O. Al-Taan
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - A. Arshad
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - B. Morgan
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- Department of Imaging, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - M. S. Metcalfe
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - A. R. Dennison
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
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Hepatocyte growth factor and omega-3-enriched feeds have a synergistic effect on mucosal mass in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47:194-8. [PMID: 22244416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) decreases intestinal inflammation and cytokine levels in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Luminal omega-3 (OM-3) is anti-angiogenic, reduces inflammation, and may decrease symptoms in patients with Crohn's disease. This study evaluates the synergism of HGF and OM-3. METHODS Twenty adult female transgenic HLA-B27 rats were divided into 4 groups: group 1: regular feeds, IV saline; group 2: OM-3-enriched feeds, IV saline; group 3: regular feeds, IV HGF (150 µg/kg per day); and group 4: OM-3-enriched feeds, IV HGF(150 µg/kg per day). Rats were killed at 14 days after pump placement. Small and large bowel mucosa was harvested, and DNA and protein were extracted and quantified. Statistical analysis was done by analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey's HSD test. RESULTS Content of protein and DNA in the ileum were significantly increased by supplementation of HGF (P < .001, P < .01, respectively) alone. OM-3 significantly increased protein content but not DNA (P = .02, P = 0.3, respectively). Combined, they had a synergistic effect greater than either supplement alone (P = .0001, P = .002, respectively). In the colon, HGF and OM-3 did not significantly increase protein or DNA content individually or together. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of the synergistic effect of a growth factor (HGF) and a dietary supplement (OM-3) in an immunologic model of IBD.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the present review is to evaluate the most recent evidence for a role of antioxidant nutrients in the prevention or delay in progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a major cause of visual impairment and blindness in the aging population. RECENT FINDINGS Recent human studies (>2008) report a decreased AMD risk with increased intakes of lutein/zeaxanthin, B vitamins, zinc and docosahexaenoic acid but an increased risk with increased intakes of beta-carotene and vitamin E. These latter findings are inconsistent with previous reports (<2008). SUMMARY Findings on the association of certain antioxidants and docosahexaenoic acid support a role for nutrition in a decreased risk of AMD. The inconsistent findings of an increased risk with increased intake of beta-carotene and vitamin E warrants continued investigation into these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Johnson
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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Gleissman H, Yang R, Martinod K, Lindskog M, Serhan CN, Johnsen JI, Kogner P. Docosahexaenoic acid metabolome in neural tumors: identification of cytotoxic intermediates. FASEB J 2009; 24:906-15. [PMID: 19890019 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-137919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) protects neural cells from stress-induced apoptosis. On the contrary, DHA exerts anticancer effects, and we have shown that DHA induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma, an embryonal tumor of the sympathetic nervous system. We now investigate the DHA metabolome in neuroblastoma using a targeted lipidomic approach in order to elucidate the mechanisms behind the DHA-induced cytotoxicity. LC-MS/MS analysis was used to identify DHA-derived lipid mediators in neuroblastoma cells. Presence of the 15-lipoxygenase enzyme was investigated using immunoblotting, and cytotoxic potency of DHA and DHA-derived compounds was compared using the MTT cell viability assay. Neuroblastoma cells metabolized DHA to 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA) via 17-hydroperoxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HpDHA) through 15-lipoxygenase and autoxidation. In contrast to normal neural cells, neuroblastoma cells did not produce the anti-inflammatory and protective lipid mediators, resolvins and protectins. 17-HpDHA had significant cytotoxic potency, with an IC(50) of 3-6 microM at 72 h, compared to 12-15 microM for DHA. alpha-Tocopherol protected cells from 17-HpDHA-induced cytotoxicity. DHA inhibited secretion of prostaglandin-E(2) and augmented the cytotoxic potency of the cyclooxygenase-2-inhibitor celecoxib. The cytotoxic effect of DHA in neuroblastoma is mediated through production of hydroperoxy fatty acids that accumulate to toxic intracellular levels with restricted production of its products, resolvins and protectins.-Gleissman, H., Yang, R., Martinod, K., Lindskog, M., Serhan, C. N., Johnsen, J. I., Kogner, P. Docosahexaenoic acid metabolome in neural tumors: identification of cytotoxic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gleissman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Q6:05, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Calviello G, Serini S, Piccioni E, Pessina G. Antineoplastic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in combination with drugs and radiotherapy: preventive and therapeutic strategies. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:287-301. [PMID: 19373602 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802582777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many data support the beneficial effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of several chronic pathologies including cancer. Different molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain their effects, including alterations in arachidonic acid oxidative metabolism and metabolic conversion of n-3 PUFAs to novel discovered bioactive derivatives; modification of oxidative stress; changes in cell membrane fluidity and structure and altered metabolism and function of membrane proteins. Considerable knowledge has been recently gathered on the possible beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs administered in combination with different antineoplastic drugs and radiotherapy against melanoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, and colon, breast, prostate, and lung cancer. The efficacy of these combinations has been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro, and clinical trials have also been conducted. The aim of this review is to analyze all the n-3 PUFA combinations investigated so far, their efficacy, and the possible molecular mechanisms involved. It would be highly auspicable that the detailed analysis of the literature in this field could further support the common use of n-3 PUFAs in combination with other chemopreventive agents and warrant more clinical investigations designed to test the effectiveness of n-3 PUFA treatments coupled with conventional antineoplastic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Calviello
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, L.go F. Vito, 1, Rome 00168, Italy.
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Spencer L, Mann C, Metcalfe M, Webb M, Pollard C, Spencer D, Berry D, Steward W, Dennison A. The effect of omega-3 FAs on tumour angiogenesis and their therapeutic potential. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:2077-86. [PMID: 19493674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acid (omega-3 FA) consumption has long been associated with a lower incidence of colon, breast and prostate cancers in many human populations. Human trials have demonstrated omega-3 FA to have profound anti-inflammatory effects in those with cancer. In vitro and small animal studies have yielded a strong body of evidence establishing omega-3 FA as having anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects. This review explores the evidence and the mechanisms by which omega-3 FA may act as angiogenesis inhibitors and identifies opportunities for original research trialling omega-3 FAs as anti-cancer agents in humans. The conclusions drawn from this review suggest that omega-3 FAs in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) found principally in oily fish have potent anti-angiogenic effects inhibiting production of many important angiogenic mediators namely; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), Platelet-Derived Endothelial Cell Growth Factor (PDECGF), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide, Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta (NFKB), matrix metalloproteinases and beta-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Spencer
- Department of HPB and Pancreatic Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK.
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Kaur B, Jørgensen A, Duttaroy AK. Fatty acid uptake by breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231): effects of insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and TNFalpha. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 80:93-9. [PMID: 19217762 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to exert metabolic effects, fatty acids must be taken up by cells and metabolize effectively to different classes of cellular lipids (triacylglycerols, phospholipids, etc.) for incorporation into different cellular and intracellular compartments. Therefore, the main aim of the present study is to investigate the uptake and metabolism of fatty acids representing three different series of fatty acids such as oleic acid, 18:1n-9 (OA), arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6 (AA), and eicosapentaneoic acid, 20:5n-3 (EPA) by breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231. Moreover, we investigated the effects of insulin and several adipokines on the fatty acid uptake by these cells as obesity and insulin resistance syndrome have been suggested to affect breast cancer risk. We report for the first time that AA was predominantly taken up by these cells compared with EPA and OA. Pre-incubation of these cells with TNFalpha stimulated most of the uptake of EPA (30%), whereas uptake of OA and AA was stimulated only 10-15% compared with the controls. Insulin, leptin, and adiponectin had no effect on fatty acid uptake by these cells. Together these results demonstrate that preferential uptake of AA in MDA-MB-231 cells, and the fatty acid uptake activity of these cells is influenced by TNFalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljit Kaur
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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17
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Aikawa J, Moretto KD, Denes F, Yamazaki RK, Freitas FAP, Hirabara SM, Tchaikovski O, Kaelher MDA, Brito GAP, Curi R, Fernandes LC. Glucose metabolism by lymphocytes, macrophages, and tumor cells from Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats supplemented with fish oil for one generation. Cell Biochem Funct 2009; 26:874-80. [PMID: 18946876 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Here we investigated the effect of lifelong supplementation of the diet with coconut fat (CO, rich in saturated fatty acids) or fish oil (FO, rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) on tumor growth and lactate production from glucose in Walker 256 tumor cells, peritoneal macrophages, spleen, and gut-associated lymphocytes. Female Wistar rats were supplemented with CO or FO prior to mating and then throughout pregnancy and gestation and then the male offspring were supplemented from weaning until 90 days of age. Then they were inoculated subcutaneously with Walker 256 tumor cells. Tumor weight at 14 days in control rats (those fed standard chow) and CO supplemented was approximately 30 g. Supplementation of the diet with FO significantly reduced tumor growth by 76%. Lactate production (nmol h(-1) mg(-1) protein) from glucose by Walker 256 cells in the group fed regular chow (W) was 381.8 +/- 14.9. Supplementation with coconut fat (WCO) caused a significant reduction in lactate production by 1.6-fold and with fish oil (WFO) by 3.8-fold. Spleen lymphocytes obtained from W and WCO groups had markedly increased lactate production (553 +/- 70 and 635 +/- 150) when compared to non-tumor-bearing rats ( approximately 260 +/- 30). FO supplementation reduced significantly the lactate production (297 +/- 50). Gut-associated lymphocytes obtained from W and WCO groups increased lactate production markedly (280 +/- 31 and 276 +/- 25) when compared to non-tumor-bearing rats ( approximately 90 +/- 18). FO supplementation reduced significantly the lactate production (168 +/- 14). Lactate production by peritoneal macrophages was increased by tumor burden but there was no difference between the groups fed the various diets. Lifelong consumption of FO protects against tumor growth and modifies glucose metabolism in Walker tumor cells and lymphocytes but not in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Aikawa
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba-Pr, Brazil
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Hooijmans CR, Van der Zee CEEM, Dederen PJ, Brouwer KM, Reijmer YD, van Groen T, Broersen LM, Lütjohann D, Heerschap A, Kiliaan AJ. DHA and cholesterol containing diets influence Alzheimer-like pathology, cognition and cerebral vasculature in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 33:482-98. [PMID: 19130883 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol and docosahexenoic acid (DHA) may affect degenerative processes in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) by influencing Abeta metabolism indirectly via the vasculature. We investigated whether DHA-enriched diets or cholesterol-containing Typical Western Diets (TWD) alter behavior and cognition, cerebral hemodynamics (relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV)) and Abeta deposition in 8- and 15-month-old APP(swe)/PS1(dE9) mice. In addition we investigated whether changes in rCBV precede changes in Abeta deposition or vice versa. Mice were fed regular rodent chow, a TWD-, or a DHA-containing diet. Behavior, learning and memory were investigated, and rCBV was measured using contrast-enhanced MRI. The Abeta load was visualized immunohistochemically. We demonstrate that DHA altered rCBV in 8-month-old APP/PS1 and wild type mice[AU1]. In 15-month-old APP/PS1 mice DHA supplementation improved spatial memory, decreased Abeta deposition and slightly increased rCBV, indicating that a DHA-enriched diet can diminish AD-like pathology. In contrast, TWD diets decreased rCBV in 15-month-old mice. The present data indicate that long-term dietary interventions change AD-like pathology in APP/PS1 mice. Additionally, effects of the tested diets on vascular parameters were observed before effects on Abeta load were noted. These data underline the importance of vascular factors in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Hooijmans
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, (department: Anatomy and Cognitive Neuroscience) Geert Grooteplein noord 21, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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An enhanced apoptosis and a reduced angiogenesis are associated with the inhibition of lung colonisation in animals fed an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich diet injected with a highly metastatic murine melanoma line. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:688-93. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508043791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Both epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that dietary n-3 PUFA inhibit carcinogenesis and tumour growth. Metastatic diffusion has also been found to be affected in animals fed diets containing purified n-3 PUFA or fish oil. In the present study, we investigated whether the metastatic diffusion of a highly metastatic variant (F10-SR cells) isolated from the B16 melanoma F10 line was affected by feeding host animals a diet containing 5 % fish oil. In these animals, compared with those fed a diet containing 5 % maize oil, there was a reduced number of metastatic pulmonary colonies. The immunohistochemical analysis of appropriate markers revealed that the antimetastatic effect of dietary n-3 PUFA was not related to a reduction of proliferation, but rather to an enhanced apoptotic activity. The reduction of von Willebrand factor immunoreactivity found in pulmonary colonies of F10-SR cells grown in fish oil-fed animals indicates that a decrease of angiogenesis contributes to the antimetastatic effect of dietary n-3 PUFA. This conclusion stands in spite of the higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor observed in pulmonary colonies grown in fish oil-fed animals.
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Hooijmans CR, Rutters F, Dederen PJ, Gambarota G, Veltien A, van Groen T, Broersen LM, Lütjohann D, Heerschap A, Tanila H, Kiliaan AJ. Changes in cerebral blood volume and amyloid pathology in aged Alzheimer APP/PS1 mice on a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) diet or cholesterol enriched Typical Western Diet (TWD). Neurobiol Dis 2007; 28:16-29. [PMID: 17720508 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High dietary cholesterol and low dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is unclear how these components influence the course of the disease. We investigated the effects of dietary lipids on beta-amyloid deposition and blood circulation in the brains of 18-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Starting at 6 months of age, mice were fed a regular rodent chow, a Typical Western Diet (TWD) containing 1% cholesterol, or a diet with a high (0.5%) level of DHA for 12 months. Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and flow (CBF) were determined with (2)H MR spectroscopy and gradient echo contrast enhanced MRI. Deposition of beta-amyloid was visualized in fixed brain tissue with immunohistochemistry. The TWD diet increased plaque burden in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, but did not significantly reduce rCBV. In contrast, the DHA-enriched diet increased rCBV without changing blood flow indicating a larger circulation in the brain probably due to vasodilatation and decreased the amount of vascular beta-amyloid deposition. Together, our results indicate that the long-term intake of dietary lipids can impact both brain circulation and beta-amyloid deposition, and support the involvement of hemodynamic changes in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Hooijmans
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Anatomy, Geert Grooteplein noord 21, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Mund RC, Pizato N, Bonatto S, Nunes EA, Vicenzi T, Tanhoffer R, de Oliveira HHP, Curi R, Calder PC, Fernandes LC. Decreased tumor growth in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats chronically supplemented with fish oil involves COX-2 and PGE2 reduction associated with apoptosis and increased peroxidation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2007; 76:113-20. [PMID: 17234396 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that addition of fish oil (FO) to the diet reduces tumor growth but the mechanism(s) of action involved is (are) still unknown. In this study, we examine some possible mechanisms in tumor-bearing rats chronically supplemented with FO. Male Wistar rats (21 days old) were fed with regular chow and supplemented with coconut or FO (1g/kg body weight) until they reached 70 days of age. Then, they were inoculated with a suspension of Walker 256 ascitic tumor cells (2 x 10(7)ml) and after 14 days they were killed. Supplementation with FO resulted in significantly lower tumor weight, greater tumor cell apoptosis, lower ex vivo tumor cell proliferation, a higher tumor content of lipid peroxides, lower expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in tumor tissue and a lower plasma concentration of prostaglandin E2 than observed in rats fed regular chow or supplemented with coconut oil. These results suggest that reduction of tumor growth by FO involves an increase in apoptosis and of lipid peroxidation in tumor tissue, with a reduction in tumor cell proliferation ex vivo, COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. Thus, FO may act simultaneously through multiple effects to reduce tumor growth. Whether these effects are connected through a single underlying mechanism remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogéria C Mund
- Department of Physiology, University Federal of Paraná, Biological Science Building, 81530-990, Curitiba, Brazil
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Yu S, Fang N, Li Q, Zhang J, Luo H, Ronis M, Badger TM. In vitro actions on human cancer cells and the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry fingerprint of phytochemicals in rice protein isolate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:4482-92. [PMID: 16756384 DOI: 10.1021/jf0605852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice protein isolate (RPI) has been reported to reduce the incidence of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors in rats. To determine the potential role of phytochemicals associated with the RPI, we studied in vitro antitumor activities of an ether fraction from RPI using human tumor cell lines, including two human breast carcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB-453 and MCF-7) and two myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226 and IM-9). Concentration-dependent antiproliferative effects of the ether fraction were observed in all cell lines using the standard 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Fraction-induced apoptosis (P < 0.05) was detected in all cell lines, and this was associated with the induction of proapoptotic bax protein and cdk inhibitors (p21) and the suppression of cdk4 and cyclin D1 activity. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with both positive and negative modes was used to analyze the phytochemicals in the ether fraction from RPI. Fifty-seven phytochemicals were identified or characterized by their diagnostic fragmentation patterns and direct comparison with the authentic standards on the basis of electrospray ionization-MS/MS data. The major components bound to RPI were lysoglycerophospholipids, fatty acids, and fatty acid 3-[2-(2,3-dihydroxy-propoxycarbonyl)-2-hydroxy-ethoxy]-2-hydroxy-propyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanggong Yu
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 1120 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
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Johnson EJ, Schaefer EJ. Potential role of dietary n-3 fatty acids in the prevention of dementia and macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:1494S-1498S. [PMID: 16841859 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1494s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are major causes of disability in the elderly. n-3 Fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are highly concentrated in brain and retinal tissue and may prevent or delay the progression of dementia and AMD. Low dietary intakes and plasma concentrations have been reported to be associated with dementia, cognitive decline, and AMD risk. The major dietary sources of DHA are fish and fish oils, although dietary supplements are available. At this point, it is not possible to make firm recommendations regarding n-3 fatty acids and the prevention of dementia and AMD. Our own unpublished observations from the Framingham Heart Study suggest that > or =180 mg/d of dietary DHA (approximately 2.7 fish servings/wk) is associated with an approximately 50% reduction in dementia risk. At least this amount of DHA is generally found in one commercially available 1-g fish oil capsule given daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Johnson
- Carotenoid & Health and Lipid Metabolism Laboratories, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Folador A, Hirabara SM, Bonatto SJR, Aikawa J, Yamazaki RK, Curi R, Fernandes LC. Effect of fish oil supplementation for 2 generations on changes in macrophage function induced by Walker 256 cancer cachexia in rats. Int J Cancer 2006; 120:344-50. [PMID: 17066422 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The effect of coconut fat (rich in medium saturated fatty acids) or fish oil (rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) supplementation for 2 generations on tumor growth, cancer cachexia, animal survival and macrophage function was investigated in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Female Wistar rats were supplemented with coconut fat or fish oil prior to mating and then throughout pregnancy and gestation. Both supplementations were daily and orally given at 1 g per kg body weight as a single bolus. Same treatment was performed by the 2 following generations. At 90 days of age, male offspring (50%) from F2 generation were subcutaneously inoculated with 2 x 10(7) Walker 256 tumor cells. At 14 days after tumor implantation, rats not supplemented displayed cancer cachexia characterized by loss of body weight, hypoglycemia, hyperlacticidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased food intake and depletion of glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscles. Supplementation with coconut fat did not affect these parameters. However, supplementation with fish oil decreased tumor growth (59%), prevented body weight loss and food intake reduction and attenuated cancer cachexia. In addition, fish oil increased animal survival up to 20 days (from 25% in rats not supplemented to 67% in rats supplemented with fish oil) and improved macrophage function characterized by increased phagocytosis capacity and production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide. These results suggest that fish oil supplementation for 2 generations improves macrophage function in association to reduced tumor growth and attenuated cancer cachexia, maintaining food intake and increasing animal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Folador
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute de Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Pizato N, Bonatto S, Yamazaki RK, Aikawa J, Nogata C, Mund RC, Nunes EA, Piconcelli M, Naliwaiko K, Curi R, Calder PC, Fernandes LC. Ratio of n6 to n-3 Fatty Acids in the Diet Affects Tumor Growth and Cachexia in Walker 256 Tumor-Bearing Rats. Nutr Cancer 2005; 53:194-201. [PMID: 16573380 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5302_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigate the impact of the dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids (FAs) from postweaning until adult age upon tumor growth, lipid peroxidation in tumor tissue, and metabolic indicators of cancer cachexia in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Weanling male Wistar rats received a normal low-fat (40 g/kg diet) chow diet or high-fat diets (300 g/kg) that included fish oil (FO) or sunflower oil or blends of FO and sunflower oil to yield n-6 to n-3 FA ratios of approximately 6:1, 30:1, and 60:1 ad libitum. After 8 wk, half of each group was inoculated with 1 ml of 2 x 10(7) Walker 256 cells. At the 14th day after tumor inoculation, the animals were killed, and tumors and blood were removed. The different diets did not modify the blood parameters in the absence of tumor bearing, except the high-FO diet, which decreased serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. Tumor weight in chow-fed rats was 19 g, and these rats displayed cancer cachexia, characterized by hypoglycemia, hyperlacticidemia, hypertriacylglycerolemia, loss of body weight, and food intake reduction. Tumor weight in FO-fed rats was 7.7 g, and these animals gained body weight (14.6 g) and maintained blood metabolic parameters similar to non-tumor-bearing animals. Tumor weight in rats fed the diet with an n-6 to n-3 FA ratio of 6:1 was similar to tumor-bearing, chow-fed rats, but they gained 2 g in the body weight and blood metabolic parameters were similar to those in non-tumor-bearing rats. However, a further increase in the n-6 FA content of the diet did not change the cachectic state associated with tumor bearing. In this experimental model, a dietary n-6 to n-3 FA ratio of 6:1 was able to increase food intake and body weight, restore the biochemical blood parameters of cachexia, and prevent the development of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Pizato
- Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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McCabe AJ, Wallace JMW, Gilmore WS, McGlynn H, Strain SJ. Docosahexaenoic acid reduces in vitro invasion of renal cell carcinoma by elevated levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 16:17-22. [PMID: 15629236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Revised: 06/16/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate in this study that the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from fish oil, namely, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can increase levels of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in the renal cell carcinoma cell line caki-1 by 26% and 17.42% respectively. The result of this elevation in TIMP-1 levels is a reduction of 48.48% in caki-1 invasion through the basement membrane component matrigel when cells are treated with DHA. By inhibition of 2-series prostaglandin production, a similar increase in TIMP-1 was observed in caki-1 cells. We conclude that the polyunstaurated fatty acid DHA, a component of fish oil, is capable of significantly reducing the invasive profile of renal cell carcinoma, and that this reduction is regulated by levels of 2-series prostaglandin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J McCabe
- Cancer and Aging Research Group, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK.
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SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2005; 24:87-138. [PMID: 15555528 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work we advance the hypothesis that omega-3 (omega-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) exhibit cytoprotective and cytotherapeutic actions contributing to a number of anti-angiogenic and neuroprotective mechanisms within the retina. omega-3 LCPUFAs may modulate metabolic processes and attenuate effects of environmental exposures that activate molecules implicated in pathogenesis of vasoproliferative and neurodegenerative retinal diseases. These processes and exposures include ischemia, chronic light exposure, oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular signaling mechanisms, and aging. A number of bioactive molecules within the retina affect, and are effected by such conditions. These molecules operate within complex systems and include compounds classified as eicosanoids, angiogenic factors, matrix metalloproteinases, reactive oxygen species, cyclic nucleotides, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines, and inflammatory phospholipids. We discuss the relationship of LCPUFAs with these bioactivators and bioactive compounds in the context of three blinding retinal diseases of public health significance that exhibit both vascular and neural pathology. How is omega-3 LCPUFA status related to retinal structure and function? Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a major dietary omega-3 LCPUFA, is also a major structural lipid of retinal photoreceptor outer segment membranes. Biophysical and biochemical properties of DHA may affect photoreceptor membrane function by altering permeability, fluidity, thickness, and lipid phase properties. Tissue DHA status affects retinal cell signaling mechanisms involved in phototransduction. DHA may operate in signaling cascades to enhance activation of membrane-bound retinal proteins and may also be involved in rhodopsin regeneration. Tissue DHA insufficiency is associated with alterations in retinal function. Visual processing deficits have been ameliorated with DHA supplementation in some cases. What evidence exists to suggest that LCPUFAs modulate factors and processes implicated in diseases of the vascular and neural retina? Tissue status of LCPUFAs is modifiable by and dependent upon dietary intake. Certain LCPUFAs are selectively accreted and efficiently conserved within the neural retina. On the most basic level, omega-3 LCPUFAs influence retinal cell gene expression, cellular differentiation, and cellular survival. DHA activates a number of nuclear hormone receptors that operate as transcription factors for molecules that modulate reduction-oxidation-sensitive and proinflammatory genes; these include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) and the retinoid X receptor. In the case of PPAR-alpha, this action is thought to prevent endothelial cell dysfunction and vascular remodeling through inhibition of: vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, inducible nitric oxide synthase production, interleukin-1 induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 production, and thrombin-induced endothelin 1 production. Research on model systems demonstrates that omega-3 LCPUFAs also have the capacity to affect production and activation of angiogenic growth factors, arachidonic acid (AA)-based vasoregulatory eicosanoids, and MMPs. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a substrate for DHA, is the parent fatty acid for a family of eicosanoids that have the potential to affect AA-derived eicosanoids implicated in abnormal retinal neovascularization, vascular permeability, and inflammation. EPA depresses vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-specific tyrosine kinase receptor activation and expression. VEGF plays an essential role in induction of: endothelial cell migration and proliferation, microvascular permeability, endothelial cell release of metalloproteinases and interstitial collagenases, and endothelial cell tube formation. The mechanism of VEGF receptor down-regulation is believed to occur at the tyrosine kinase nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB). NFkappaB is a nuclear transcription factor that up-regulates COX-2 expression, intracellular adhesion molecule, thrombin, and nitric oxide synthase. All four factors are associated with vascular instability. COX-2 drives conversion of AA to a number angiogenic and proinflammatory eicosanoids. Our general conclusion is that there is consistent evidence to suggest that omega-3 LCPUFAs may act in a protective role against ischemia-, light-, oxygen-, inflammatory-, and age-associated pathology of the vascular and neural retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul SanGiovanni
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, National Eye Insitute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Building 31, Room 6A52, MSC 2510, Bethesda, MD 20892-2510, USA.
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Calviello G, Di Nicuolo F, Gragnoli S, Piccioni E, Serini S, Maggiano N, Tringali G, Navarra P, Ranelletti FO, Palozza P. n-3 PUFAs reduce VEGF expression in human colon cancer cells modulating the COX-2/PGE2 induced ERK-1 and -2 and HIF-1alpha induction pathway. Carcinogenesis 2004; 25:2303-10. [PMID: 15358633 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgh265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) inhibit the development of microvessels in mammary tumors growing in mice. Human colorectal tumors produce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) whose expression is up-regulated in tumor cells by both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PGE(2) and directly correlated to neoangiogenesis and clinical outcome. The goal of this study was to examine the capability of n-3 PUFAs to regulate VEGF expression in HT-29 human colorectal cells in vitro and in vivo. Constitutive VEGF expression was augmented in cultured HT-29 cells by serum starvation and the effects of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on VEGF, COX-2, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1 and -2 and hypoxia-inducible-factor 1-alpha (HIF-1alpha) expression and PGE(2) levels were assessed. Tumor growth, VEGF, COX and PGE(2) analysis were carried out in tumors derived from HT-29 cells transplanted in nude mice fed with either EPA or DHA. Both EPA and DHA reduced VEGF and COX-2 expression and PGE(2) levels in HT-29 cells cultured in vitro. Moreover, they inhibited ERK-1 and -2 phosphorylation and HIF-1alpha protein over-expression, critical steps in the PGE(2)-induced signaling pathway leading to the augmented expression of VEGF in colon cancer cells. EPA always showed higher efficacy than DHA in vitro. Both fatty acids decreased the growth of the tumors obtained by inoculating HT-29 cells in nude mice, microvessel formation and the levels of VEGF, COX-2 and PGE(2) in tumors. The data provide evidence that these n-3 PUFAs are able to inhibit VEGF expression in colon cancer cells and suggest that one possible mechanism involved may be the negative regulation of the COX-2/PGE(2) pathway. Their potential clinical application as anti-angiogenic compounds in colon cancer therapy is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Calviello
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Wallace JM. Nutritional and botanical modulation of the inflammatory cascade--eicosanoids, cyclooxygenases, and lipoxygenases--as an adjunct in cancer therapy. Integr Cancer Ther 2004; 1:7-37; discussion 37. [PMID: 14664746 DOI: 10.1177/153473540200100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging on the horizon in cancer therapy is an expansion of the scope of treatment beyond cytotoxic approaches to include molecular management of cancer physiopathology. The goal in these integrative approaches, which extends beyond eradicating the affected cells, is to control the cancer phenotype. One key new approach appears to be modulation of the inflammatory cascade, as research is expanding that links cancer initiation, promotion, progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis to inflammatory events. This article presents a literature review of the emerging relationship between neoplasia and inflammatory eicosanoids (PGE2 and related prostaglandins), with a focus on how inhibition of their synthesizing oxidases, particularly cyclooxygenase (COX), offers anticancer actions in vitro and in vivo. Although a majority of this research emphasizes the pharmaceutical applications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective COX-2 inhibitors, these agents fail to address alternate pathways available for the synthesis of proinflammatory eicosanoids. Evidence is presented that suggests the inhibition of lipoxygenase and its by-products-LTB4, 5-HETE, and 12-HETE-represents an overlooked but crucial component in complementary cancer therapies. Based on the hypothesis that natural agents capable of modulating both lipoxygenase and COX may advance the efficacy of cancer therapy, an overview and discussion is presented of dietary modifications and selected nutritional and botanical agents (notably, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, boswellia, bromelain, curcumin, and quercetin) that favorably influence eicosanoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Wallace
- Nutritional Solutions, Inc., 2935 North, 1000 East, North Logan, UT 84341, USA.
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Togni V, Ota CCC, Folador A, Júnior OT, Aikawa J, Yamazaki RK, Freitas FA, Longo R, Martins EF, Calder PC, Curi R, Fernandes LC. Cancer cachexia and tumor growth reduction in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats supplemented with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for one generation. Nutr Cancer 2004; 46:52-8. [PMID: 12925304 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc4601_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effect of lifelong supplementation of the diet with coconut oil (CO, rich in saturated fatty acids) or fish oil (FO, rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs) on tumor growth, animal survival, and metabolic indicators of cachexia in adult rats. Female Wistar rats were supplemented with CO or FO prior to mating and then throughout pregnancy and gestation, and then the male offspring were supplemented from weaning until 90 days of age. Then they were inoculated subcutaneously with Walker 256 tumor cells. Tumor weight at 14 days in control rats (those fed standard chow) was approximately 20 g. These animals displayed cancer cachexia, which was characterized by loss of weight, hypoglycemia, hyperlacticidemia, hypertriacylglycerolemia, and depletion of glycogen stores. Supplementation of the diet with CO did not change these parameters, except that there was a smaller decrease in serum triacylglycerol concentration. Supplementation of the diet with FO significantly decreased tumor growth (by approximately 60%), increased survival (50% at 30 days postinoculation vs. 30% in the controls and 13.5% in the CO group), and prevented the fall in body weight. Furthermore, FO supplementation partly abolished the fall in serum glucose, totally prevented the elevation in serum lactate concentrations, partly prevented the hypertriacylgylcerolemia, and preserved tissue glycogen stores. Lifelong consumption of FO, rich in n-3 PUFAs, protects against tumor growth and cancer cachexia and improves survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Togni
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 81531-971 Curitiba, Pr, Brazil
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Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a poorly understood syndrome of anorexia, weight loss, and muscle wasting that negatively impacts quality of life and survival in cancer patients. Research has clearly implicated pro-inflammatory cytokines in the biology of cancer cachexia. More recent research implicates products of arachidonic acid and suggests that cachexia may be a chronic inflammatory condition rather than a nutritional aberration. To date, nutritional support to slow weight loss has focused primarily on increasing calorie intake. Alternatively, many foods contain factors that can modulate the synthesis or activity of pro-inflammatory mediators, especially the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid. These factors and foods are sometimes called nutraceuticals, and research is needed to evaluate their efficacy in combating cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna O McCarthy
- National Institute of Nursing Research, 31 Center Drive, Room 5B-13, Bethesda, MD 20892-2178, USA.
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Jho D, Babcock TA, Helton WS, Espat NJ. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Implications for the Treatment of Tumor-Associated Inflammation. Am Surg 2003. [DOI: 10.1177/000313480306900107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our in vivo and in vitro studies using ω-3 fatty acids (FA) have provided insight into the biological effects and mechanisms of their anti-inflammatory action(s). The implications for this research are profound because there are few nutritional therapies available that have the potential to be clinically effective in malignancies and other chronic inflammatory conditions as ω-3 FA. In this summary of experiments the biological effects of ω-3 FA are discussed and the potential mechanisms of action presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jho
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tricia A. Babcock
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - W. Scott Helton
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - N. Joseph Espat
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Grant WB. An ecologic study of dietary and solar ultraviolet-B links to breast carcinoma mortality rates. Cancer 2002; 94:272-81. [PMID: 11815987 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of diet in the etiology of breast carcinoma has been debated for decades. The ecologic approach generally finds that dietary fat is highly associated with breast carcinoma mortality, with fish intake and solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, a source of vitamin D, inversely associated. Case-control and cohort studies generally find a variety of chemical, nonfat dietary, environmental, genetic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors to be important. METHODS An ecologic study was conducted using breast carcinoma mortality rates (1989-1996), dietary supply data, and latitude (an index of solar UV-B radiation) from 35 countries. RESULTS The fraction of energy derived from animal products (risk) combined with that from vegetable products (risk reduction), followed by solar UV-B radiation and, to a lesser extent, energy derived from alcohol (risk) and fish intake (risk reduction), were found to explain 80% of the variance of breast carcinoma mortality rates. Dietary fat contributed insignificantly in regressions involving the other factors. CONCLUSIONS It is hypothesized that animal products are associated with risk for breast carcinoma because they are associated with greater amounts of insulin-like growth factor-1 and lifetime doses of estrogen. Vegetable products contain several risk reduction components including antioxidants and phytoestrogens. The association with latitude is very likely because of solar UV-B radiation and vitamin D. Alcohol modulates estrogen's effects on breasts. Fish intake is associated with risk reduction through vitamin D and n-3 oils. These results are consistent with those of many case-control and cohort studies but should be assessed in well designed cohort studies.
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Mukutmoni M, Hubbard NE, Erickson KL. Prostaglandin E(2) modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production in murine macrophages. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2001; 65:123-31. [PMID: 11728162 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2001.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that dietary (n-3) fatty acids decrease mammary tumor vascularization and PGE(2) production. One possible mechanism may be the modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by PGE(2). Macrophages are major producers of VEGF, and thus we assessed the role of PGE(2) in vitro and in vivo on their VEGF production. When added to macrophages, pharmacological (10(-7) M) but not physiological (10(-9) to 10(-11) M) concentrations of PGE(2) increased VEGF mRNA and protein levels. That increased expression was relatively rapid and sustained up to 8 hrs, but declined by 24 hrs. Similarly, dibutryl cAMP increased production of VEGF protein which was completely inhibited by H89. Addition of cAMP-elevating agents further potentiated the production of VEGF by PGE(2). Next, (n-3) and (n-6) fatty acids were added to macrophages in vitro or provided in the diet. Macrophages of mice fed safflower oil (n-6) had 2- to 4-fold greater copy number of VEGF transcripts after lipopolysaccarhide (LPS) stimulation compared to fish oil (n-3). A decreasing trend was seen in LPS-induced VEGF secretion from macrophages in vitro after docosahexaenoic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid incubation compared to arachidonic acid. While pharmacological concentrations of PGE(2) modulate VEGF expression, physiological alterations did not alter VEGF protein production by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mukutmoni
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8643, USA
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