1
|
Clark GJ, Pandya K, Lau-Cam CA. Assessment of In Vitro Tests as Predictors of the Antioxidant Effects of Insulin, Metformin, and Taurine in the Brain of Diabetic Rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1370:243-256. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93337-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
2
|
Ortiz MDC, Lores-Arnaiz S, Albertoni Borghese MF, Balonga S, Lavagna A, Filipuzzi AL, Cicerchia D, Majowicz M, Bustamante J. Mitochondrial dysfunction in brain cortex mitochondria of STZ-diabetic rats: effect of l-Arginine. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2570-80. [PMID: 24190597 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in many diseases, including diabetes. It is well known that oxygen free radical species are produced endogenously by mitochondria, and also nitric oxide (NO) by nitric oxide synthases (NOS) associated to mitochondrial membranes, in consequence these organelles constitute main targets for oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to analyze mitochondrial physiology and NO production in brain cortex mitochondria of streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats in an early stage of diabetes and the potential effect of L-arginine administration. The diabetic condition was characterized by a clear hyperglycaemic state with loose of body weight after 4 days of STZ injection. This hyperglycaemic state was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction that was evident by an impairment of the respiratory activity, increased production of superoxide anion and a clear mitochondrial depolarization. In addition, the alteration in mitochondrial physiology was associated with a significant decrease in both NO production and nitric oxide synthase type I (NOS I) expression associated to the mitochondrial membranes. An increased level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in brain cortex homogenates from STZ-diabetic rats indicated the presence of lipid peroxidation. L-arginine treatment to diabetic rats did not change blood glucose levels but significantly ameliorated the oxidative stress evidenced by lower TBARS and a lower level of superoxide anion. This effect was paralleled by improvement of mitochondrial respiratory function and a partial mitochondrial repolarization.In addition, the administration of L-arginine to diabetic rats prevented the decrease in NO production and NOSI expression. These results could indicate that exogenously administered L-arginine may have beneficial effects on mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and NO production in brain cortex mitochondria of STZ-diabetic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Del Carmen Ortiz
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mayhan WG, Arrick DM, Patel KP, Sun H. Exercise training normalizes impaired NOS-dependent responses of cerebral arterioles in type 1 diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H1013-20. [PMID: 21169403 PMCID: PMC3064313 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00873.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Our goal was to examine whether exercise training (ExT) could normalize impaired nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent dilation of cerebral (pial) arterioles during type 1 diabetes (T1D). We measured the in vivo diameter of pial arterioles in sedentary and exercised nondiabetic and diabetic rats in response to an endothelial NOS (eNOS)-dependent (ADP), an neuronal NOS (nNOS)-dependent [N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)], and a NOS-independent (nitroglycerin) agonist. In addition, we measured superoxide anion levels in brain tissue under basal conditions in sedentary and exercised nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Furthermore, we used Western blot analysis to determine eNOS and nNOS protein levels in cerebral vessels/brain tissue in sedentary and exercised nondiabetic and diabetic rats. We found that ADP and NMDA produced a dilation of pial arterioles that was similar in sedentary and exercised nondiabetic rats. In contrast, ADP and NMDA produced only minimal vasodilation in sedentary diabetic rats. ExT restored impaired ADP- and NMDA-induced vasodilation observed in diabetic rats to that observed in nondiabetics. Nitroglycerin produced a dilation of pial arterioles that was similar in sedentary and exercised nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Superoxide levels in cortex tissue were similar in sedentary and exercised nondiabetic rats, were increased in sedentary diabetic rats, and were normalized by ExT in diabetic rats. Finally, we found that eNOS protein was increased in diabetic rats and further increased by ExT and that nNOS protein was not influenced by T1D but was increased by ExT. We conclude that ExT can alleviate impaired eNOS- and nNOS-dependent responses of pial arterioles during T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William G Mayhan
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5850, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sartoretto JL, Santos RA, Scavone C, Tostes RC, Nigro D, Carvalho MHC, Cuman RKN, Fortes ZB. The influence of improved glycaemic control with chlorpropamide on microvascular reactivity and nitric oxide synthase activity in diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:1117-23. [PMID: 17725854 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.8.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia is a primary cause of vascular complications in diabetes. A hallmark of these vascular complications is endothelial cell dysfunction, which is partly due to reduced production of nitric oxide. The aim of this study was to verify the influence of improved glycaemic control with chlorpropamide on microvascular reactivity, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS) expression, and NOS activity in neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (n-STZ). Diabetes was induced by STZ injection into neonates Wistar rats. n-STZ diabetic rats were treated with chlorpropamide (200 mg kg−1, 15 days, by gavage). The changes in mesenteric arteriolar and venular diameters were determined in anaesthetized control and n-STZ diabetic rats, before and after topical application of acetylcholine, bradykinin and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). We also assessed e-NOS expression (using polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription of mRNAs into cDNAs) and NOS activity (conversion of L-arginine to citrulline) in the mesenteric vascular bed of chlorpropamide-treated n-STZ, vehicle-treated n-STZ, and control rats. In n-STZ, chlorpropamide treatment reduced high glycaemic levels, improved glucose tolerance and homoeostatic model assessment (HOMA-beta), and restored NOS activity. Impaired vasodilator responses of arterioles and venules to acetylcholine, bradykinin and SNP were partially corrected by chlorpropamide treatment in n-STZ. We concluded that improved metabolic control and restored NOS activity might be collaborating with improved microvascular reactivity found in chlorpropamide-treated n-STZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Sartoretto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yoshida M, Iwashita H, Otani M, Masunaga K, Inadome A. Delivery of DNA into bladder via electroporation. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 423:249-257. [PMID: 18370204 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-194-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of in vivo gene transfer into the rat bladder by electroporation (EP) was evaluated. The bladder was exposed through an abdominal midline incision in 8-week-old male rats. Plasmid DNA of marker genes, green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luciferase, and the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene were then injected into the subserosal space of the bladder and EP was applied. At 72 h after gene transfer, GFP and luciferase were assayed in the isolated bladder, and immunohistochemical staining was used to detect nNOS. NOx released from isolated bladder strips was also assessed using microdialysis procedure. From the luciferase assay, 45 V, 1 Hz, 50 ms, and 8 pulses were selected as the optimum conditions for EP. Bladder specimens with GFP genes injected by EP showed numerous bright sites of GFP expression in the smooth-muscle layer. In rats with the nNOS gene injected by EP, there was marked nNOS immunoreactivity, and NOx released from bladder strips was significantly greater than that in the control groups. These results suggest that EP is a useful technique for in vivo gene transfer into rat bladder smooth muscles, and that the nNOS gene transferred by this procedure functionally expresses and contributes to NO production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arrick DM, Sharpe GM, Sun H, Mayhan WG. nNOS-dependent reactivity of cerebral arterioles in Type 1 diabetes. Brain Res 2007; 1184:365-71. [PMID: 17991456 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our goals were to determine whether Type 1 diabetes (T1D) alters neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-dependent reactivity of cerebral arterioles and to identify a potential role for oxidative stress in T1D-induced impairment in nNOS-dependent responses of cerebral arterioles. Rats were injected with vehicle (sodium citrate buffer) or streptozotocin (50 mg/kg IP) to induce T1D. Two to three months later, we measured functional responses of cerebral arterioles to nNOS-dependent (NMDA and kainate) and -independent (nitroglycerin) agonists in nondiabetic and diabetic rats before and during inhibition of oxidative stress using tempol (100 microM). In addition, we measured superoxide anion production under basal conditions, during stimulation with NMDA and kainate, and during treatment with tempol. We found that nNOS-dependent, but -independent, vasodilatation was impaired in diabetic compared to nondiabetic rats. In addition, treatment of the cerebral microcirculation with tempol restored impaired nNOS-dependent vasodilatation in diabetic rats toward that observed in nondiabetic rats. Furthermore, the production of superoxide anion (lucigenin chemiluminescence) was increased in parietal cortical tissue of diabetic rats under basal conditions. Application of NMDA and kainate did not increase superoxide anion production in nondiabetic or diabetic rats. However, tempol decreased basal production of superoxide anion in diabetic rats. Our findings suggest that T1D impairs nNOS-dependent dilatation of cerebral arterioles by a mechanism that appears to be related to the formation of superoxide anion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Arrick
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Irer SV, Alper GE, Sezer ED, Duman E, Saatcioglu F, Yilmaz C. The effect of l-deprenyl on tissue mRNA expressions of NOS isoforms and NO levels in an experimental diabetes mellitus model. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:811-5. [PMID: 17447001 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and aging share some common mechanisms in their pathogenesis and diabetics are more prone to diseases of the elderly. Seeking for therapies likely to be proposed in the synchronised treatment of aging and diabetes is of great interest and l-deprenyl, a selective monoamine oxidase (MAO-B) inhibitor, is a possible candidate with its antioxidant, antiapoptotic and neuroprotective properties. Tissue MAO, NO and mRNA expression of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) isoforms were assessed in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats to evaluate the effect of l-deprenyl treatment. Twelve weeks of treatment had no significant effect on NO levels. Four-weeks treatment decreased tissue MAO activities and caused a decrease in expression of NOS-2 and NOS-3 in heart tissue of both controls and diabetics, and a decrease of liver NOS-3 expression in controls (p < 0.05). l-Deprenyl, causing a decrease in tissue NOS expressions, might be of benefit by protecting the organism from the toxic radical effects of NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S V Irer
- Department of Biochemistry, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng H, Mayhan WG, Bidasee KR, Patel KP. Blunted nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity within the paraventricular nucleus in diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 290:R992-R1002. [PMID: 16322352 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00363.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that a central mechanism may be contributing to the sympathetic abnormality in diabetes. Nitric oxide (NO) has been known as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. The goal of this study was to examine the role of the endogenous NO system of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in regulation of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The change in number of NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons [a marker for neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) activity] in the PVN was measured. Diabetic rats were found to have significantly fewer nNOS positive cells in the PVN than in the control group (120 +/- 11 vs. 149 +/- 13, P < 0.05). Using RT PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining, it was also found that nNOS mRNA expression and protein level in the PVN were significantly decreased in the diabetic rats. Furthermore, using an in vivo microdialysis technique, we found that there was a lower NO(x) release from the PVN perfusates in rats with diabetes compared with the control rats (142 +/- 33 nM vs. 228 +/- 29 nM, P < 0.05). In alpha-chloralose- and urethane-anesthetized rats, an inhibitor of NO synthase, l-NMMA, microinjected into the PVN produced a dose-dependent increase in RSNA, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) in both control and diabetic rats. These responses were significantly attenuated in rats with diabetes compared with control rats (RSNA: 11 +/- 3% vs. 35 +/- 3%, P < 0.05). On the other hand, an NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), microinjected into the PVN produced a dose-dependent decrease in RSNA, MAP, and HR in the control and diabetic rats. RSNA (17 +/- 3%, vs. 41 +/- 6%, P < 0.05) and MAP in response to SNP were significantly blunted in the diabetic group compared with the control group. In conclusion, these data indicate an altered NO mechanism in the PVN of diabetic rats. This altered mechanism may contribute to the increased renal sympathetic neural activity observed in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sartoretto JL, Melo GAN, Carvalho MHC, Nigro D, Passaglia RT, Scavone C, Cuman RKN, Fortes ZB. Metformin treatment restores the altered microvascular reactivity in neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats increasing NOS activity, but not NOS expression. Life Sci 2005; 77:2676-89. [PMID: 15964597 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in vascular function are well recognized in diabetes. Hyperglycemia may be central to the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction but is not certain whether improvements in glycaemic control will improve vascular function. The effects of metformin, an antidiabetic agent that improves insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control, on the microvascular reactivity have not been reported in neonatal streptozotocin-induced (n-STZ) diabetes. Diabetes was induced by STZ injection (160 mg/kg, ip) in neonates (2-day-old) Wistar rats. n-STZ diabetic rats were treated with metformin (300 mg/kg, 15 d, by gavage). Using intravital microscopy the changes in mesenteric arteriolar and venular diameters were determined in anesthetized control and n-STZ diabetic rats, before and after topical application of endothelium-dependent vasodilator agents, mediators or not of the inflammatory response, and endothelium-independent vasodilator agent. We also determined the total nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity (conversion of L-arginine to citrulline) and endothelial(e), inducible(i), and neuronal(n) NOS expression (using polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription of the mRNAs into cDNAs) in the mesentery of metformin-treated n-STZ diabetic and vehicle-treated n-STZ diabetic and control rats. Although metformin treatment did not correct the high glycaemic levels and the impaired glucose tolerance, the reduced vasodilator responses and total NOS activity in n-STZ diabetic rats were corrected by the treatment. Neither diabetes nor metformin treatment altered the expression of the three NOS isoforms. We concluded that metformin restores the reduced response to vasodilator agents, independently of the correction of the metabolic alterations. Improvement of total NOS activity might be in part responsible for the correction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Luiz Sartoretto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chang HK, Jang MH, Lim BV, Lee TH, Shin MC, Shin MS, Kim H, Kim YP, Kim EH, Kim CJ. Administration of Ginseng radix decreases nitric oxide synthase expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2005; 32:497-507. [PMID: 15481640 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x04002144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Alternation of NOS expression is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous secondary complications of diabetes. Aqueous extract of Ginseng radix has traditionally been used for the various disorders including diabetes. In this study, the effect of Ginseng radix on the NOS expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was investigated via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. Enhanced NOS expression was detected in the hippocampus of diabetic rats and administration of Ginseng radix suppressed NOS expression. Ginseng radix may aid the treatment of central nervous system complications in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Chang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Iwashita H, Yoshida M, Nishi T, Otani M, Ueda S. In vivo transfer of a neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression vector into the rat bladder by electroporation. BJU Int 2004; 93:1098-103. [PMID: 15142171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2003.04788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possibility of in vivo gene transfer by attempting to transfer the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene into rat bladder using electroporation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The bladder was exposed through an abdominal midline incision in 8-week-old male rats. Plasmid DNA of the marker genes green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luciferase, and the nNOS gene, was then injected into the subserosal space of the bladder and electroporation applied. At 72 h after gene transfer, GFP and luciferase were assayed in the isolated bladder and immunohistochemical staining used to detect nNOS; NO(x) released from isolated bladder strips was also assessed using microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS From the luciferase assay, 45 V, 1 Hz, 50 ms and eight pulses were selected as the optimum conditions for electroporation. Bladder specimens with GFP genes injected by electroporation showed bright and numerous sites of GFP expression in the smooth muscle layer. In rats with the nNOS gene injected by electroporation there was marked nNOS immunoreactivity, and NO(x) released from bladder strips was significantly greater than in the control groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that electroporation is a useful technique for in vivo gene transfer into rat bladder smooth muscles, and that the nNOS gene transferred by this procedure functionally expresses and contributes to NO production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Iwashita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yuan ZR, Liu B, Zhang Y, Yuan L, Muteliefu G, Lu J. Upregulated expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by insulin in both neurons and astrocytes. Brain Res 2004; 1008:1-10. [PMID: 15081376 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Both insulin and nitric oxide (NO) play important roles in the brain. However, there are no unequivocal evidences pointing to a direct effect of insulin on nitric oxide pathway in the brain. In the present study, the effects of insulin on the expression and activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were investigated in the cultured cerebellum cell line R2, cerebral cortical astrocytes, and neurons of rats by using flow cytometry, in situ hybridization, RT-PCR, and electron spin resonance (ESR) techniques. In astrocytes, the expression of nNOS was significantly stimulated by insulin in a concentration-dependent manner, with a maximal increase of about 47.6% compared with the control values (p<0.05, t test, n=5). Furthermore, in situ hybridization analysis showed that the expression of nNOS was also significantly increased by insulin (0.64 ng/ml, 6 h), reaching 134.2+/-9.6% of the control values (p<0.05, t test, n=3). In addition, by using nNOS specific primers, RT-PCR analysis also demonstrated the same effect of insulin (0.64 ng/ml, 6 h) on nNOS mRNA expression. Similarly, significant increase of the expression of nNOS protein and mRNA were also observed in both R2 cells and neurons of rats after incubation with insulin. In addition, significant increase of the activity of nNOS in R2 cells and astrocytes were also detected after incubation with insulin (0.64 ng/ml, 9 h) by using ESR technique. Overall, our results suggested that exogenous insulin could upregulate the expression and activity of nNOS in R2 cells, cerebral cortical astrocytes, and neurons of rats. The phenomena opened new insights for further investigation of the physical and pathological significances of insulin in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Rui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Health Science Center of Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dorfman VB, López-Costa JJ, Vega C, Bayona JC, Capani F, Fabián Loidl C, Coirini H. Changes of NADPH-diaphorase reactivity in lumbar spinal cord of short-term streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Brain Res 2004; 997:185-93. [PMID: 14706871 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is an endocrine and metabolic disorder often associated with erectile dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy. Among other factors, penile erection is induced by activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei neurons produce NO and project to spinal cord areas implicated in penile reflexes. These nuclei have shown an increase of NOS in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. NOS-containing neurons are identical to the populations of neurons selectively stained for NADPH-diaphorase activity. Using this technique, we have evaluated changes of NOS in the lumbar spinal cord of diabetic rats with or without insulin treatment. Positive staining was found in motoneurons, dorsal horn neurons (layer II), neurons surrounding the ependimus (layer X) and neurons at the intermediolateral cell column (ILCC). Diabetic animals showed significant decrease in reactive area and increase of the histochemical reaction in motoneurons from the sexual dimorphic nuclei and in neurons of the ILCC. A marked decrease of the number of reactive neurons was also observed in layer II. Morphologic alterations were observed in neurons of layer X as an increase in the percentage of multipolar neurons and a decrease in the number and length of secondary processes. The alterations observed in these animals were absent in the insulin treated diabetic animals. These results show the plasticity of lumbar spinal cord neurons, suggesting a direct participation of NO synthesis in the physiopathology of the erection dysfunction in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Berta Dorfman
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, V. de Obligado 2490, C1428AND, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kino M, Yamato T, Aomine M. Simultaneous measurement of nitric oxide, blood glucose, and monoamines in the hippocampus of diabetic rat: an in vivo microdialysis study. Neurochem Int 2004; 44:65-73. [PMID: 12971908 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(03)00125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to examine the relationships among the levels of nitric oxide (NO), monoamines, and blood glucose in the diabetic hippocampus. The levels of NO and monoamines (serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT] and dopamine [DA]) were simultaneously measured in several experiments, using in vivo microdialysis techniques. We used both experimentally and spontaneously diabetic rats as the diabetic animal model, and compared the findings with those obtained from non-diabetic rats. The effects of the changed level of blood glucose due to insulin administration on the levels of NO, 5-HT, and DA were assessed. Total NO metabolite levels (NOx) were calculated as the sum of nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) levels. The results in the present study showed that: (1) the plasma levels of NOx in both diabetic rats were low compared to those in control rats, (2) the hippocampal NOx levels in both diabetic rats were almost the same as those in control rats, while the levels of 5-HT and DA were low in the diabetics, and (3) a sudden decrease in the plasma glucose level due to insulin administration reduced the NOx level as well as enhanced the 5-HT level in the diabetic hippocampus, a finding consistent with the results of 7 days administration of insulin. Taken together, these findings suggest that changes in the plasma glucose level cause, at least in part, the changes in the levels of NOx and monoamines in the diabetic brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kino
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, Department of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jang MH, Shin MC, Lim BV, Kim HB, Kim YP, Kim EH, Kim H, Shin MS, Kim SS, Kim CJ. Acupuncture increases nitric oxide synthase expression in hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2003; 31:305-13. [PMID: 12856869 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x03000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of acupuncture at Zusanli acupoint on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was investigated via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. Animals were divided into four groups: the control group, the nondiabetic and acupunctured group, the STZ-induced diabetes group, and the STZ-induced diabetes and acupunctured group. From the results, NADPH-d-positive neurons in the hippocampus were decreased in STZ-induced diabetic rats, while acupuncture increased NOS expression significantly under diabetic conditions. In the present study, it can be suggested that acupuncture treatment may modulate NOS activity in the hippocampus under diabetic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyeon Jang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Maggi A, Cignarella A, Brusadelli A, Bolego C, Pinna C, Puglisi L. Diabetes undermines estrogen control of inducible nitric oxide synthase function in rat aortic smooth muscle cells through overexpression of estrogen receptor-beta. Circulation 2003; 108:211-7. [PMID: 12821541 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000079311.39939.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports from our group have shown that 17beta-estradiol reduces the synthesis and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) in response to inflammatory mediators. In this study, we investigated the effect of 17beta-estradiol on iNOS function in aortic SMC from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Comparative analysis of NO release and of iNOS mRNA and protein content after 24-hour stimulation with a cytokine mixture revealed milder iNOS activation in diabetic than in control SMC. Furthermore, 17beta-estradiol dose-dependently blocked iNOS synthesis and activity in control but not in diabetic SMC. The defective estrogen response in diabetic SMC at 24 hours could not be attributed to reduced expression of estrogen receptors (ER). In fact, mRNA and protein levels of ERalpha and, to a greater extent, of ERbeta, were increased in diabetic compared with nondiabetic SMC. Cytokines decreased ERalpha and ERbeta expression in both groups. However, 17beta-estradiol dose-dependently restored the expression of ERalpha but further downregulated that of ERbeta, indicating a differential regulation of ER isoforms. CONCLUSIONS Estrogenic control of iNOS was impaired in diabetic SMC. This was associated with a larger increase of ERbeta than of ERalpha protein, whereas 17beta-estradiol regulated the two isoforms in an opposite fashion. Thus, modifications in the estrogen modulation of iNOS and in the expression pattern of ER may be involved in diabetic vascular dysfunction.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Drug Resistance
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Estrogen Receptor alpha
- Estrogen Receptor beta
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/drug effects
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Nitrites/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Streptozocin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Maggi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Khandelwal RL, Gupta D, Sulakhe PV. Decreased activity and impaired induction of nitric oxide synthase by lipopolysaccharides in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1620:259-66. [PMID: 12595097 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(03)00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of diabetes was determined on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in rat heart and liver. The diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and NOS activity was determined after 1 or 12 weeks post-STZ injection. In both tissues, the majority of NOS activity was associated with endothelial constitutive calcium-sensitive NOS (ecNOS) isoform and found in the particulate (100,000xg pellet) fraction in young rats. The diabetes as well as age reduced this activity significantly in heart, whereas only the age caused a decrease in ecNOS activity in liver tissue. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced calcium-insensitive iNOS activity in both young and old rats. The induction was significantly higher (up to 10-fold) in liver as compared to heart. Although the maximum induction of iNOS in young rats was almost similar in diabetic tissues as compared to control animals, there was a lag period for induction of iNOS in diabetic tissues. In old diabetic rats, the induction by LPS was almost completely abolished. These results suggest that diabetes causes either no change or a decrease in ecNOS activity and impairment in the induction of iNOS by LPS in rat heart and liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramji L Khandelwal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Naassila M, Pierrefiche O, Beaugé FJ, Sébire N, Daoust M. Chronic ethanol exposure differentially regulates NOS1 mRNA levels depending on rat brain area. Neurosci Lett 2003; 338:221-4. [PMID: 12581836 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several works have suggested a potential role for nitric oxide in alcohol-seeking behavior and we have recently shown that the specific blockade of the expression of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) decreases rat ethanol intake. Our previous results have also shown that chronic ethanol exposure has differential effect on the brain NOS activity depending on rat brain area. In the present study, we examine the effects of chronic administration of ethanol on the NOS1-mRNA levels measured with the competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction technique. Chronic administration of ethanol differentially regulated NOS1-mRNA levels depending on rat brain area. Chronic ethanol exposure had no effect on the NOS1-mRNA levels in frontal cortex, but decreased the NOS1-mRNA levels in hippocampus (P<0.01, 39% decrease) and induced a strong increase in striatum (P<0.01, 92% increase). These effects of ethanol were not affected by 7-nitro indazole (25 mg/kg, i.p. daily for 1 week) treatment. These data further support that NOS1 is regulated by chronic exposure to ethanol and that these effects are related to modifications of mRNA levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Naassila
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, EA 2088 Environnement Toxique Périnatal-Adaptations Physiologiques et Comportementales, 1 rue des Louvels, 80000 Amiens, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reagan LP, McEwen BS. Diabetes, but not stress, reduces neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in rat hippocampus: implications for hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Neuroreport 2002; 13:1801-4. [PMID: 12395127 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200210070-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Since deficits in long-term potentiation (LTP) and learning are observed in diabetic rats and following stress, we examined the expression of nNOS mRNA and protein in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats and rats subjected to restraint stress. Stress did not modulate nNOS expression, while nNOS mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased in the hippocampus of STZ diabetic rats. These results suggest that: (1) decreased expression of nNOS mRNA and protein may contribute to deficits in hippocampal dependent learning and LTP in diabetic rats; and (2) other mechanisms may be involved in stress mediated decreases in hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Reagan
- Haroldand Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Görgün FM, Gümüştaş MK, Altug T, Kökoglu E. Vitamin E supplementation in streptozotocin-treated rats alters cerebellar and plasma nitric oxide metabolism. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2002; 65:631-637. [PMID: 11991635 DOI: 10.1080/152873902317349772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) free radicals appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of disorders including diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in plasma and cerebellar nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. Further, it was of interest to determine whether an antioxidant, vitamin E, could reverse the STZ-induced effects. STZ significantly decreased cerebellar NOS but increased the level of plasma total nitrite + nitrate and the level of plasma nitrate. Supplementation with vitamin E effectively reduced the STZ-induced effects. Data demonstrate that vitamin E may serve as a protective antioxidant in STZ-induced diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Murat Görgün
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yu W, Juang S, Lee J, Liu T, Cheng J. Decrease of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the cerebellum of aged rats. Neurosci Lett 2000; 291:37-40. [PMID: 10962148 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is produced as an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) to participate in some pathophysiological pathways. In the present study, change of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) was examined in isolated cerebellum of Wistar rats aged from 2 to 24 months. Northern blot showed a lower mRNA level of nNOS in rats aged 6, 12 and 24 months than that in rats aged 2 months. Western blot analysis also indicated that the expression of nNOS protein was lower in rats aged 6, 12 and 24 months than that of 2 months rats. However, the activity of nNOS determined by conversion of [(3)H] L-arginine to [(3)H] L-citrulline was decreased significantly in rats aged 24 months only. These results indicate the decrease of NOS expression in cerebellum of aged rat that seems helpful to explain the causes of malfunction in CNS of aged mammalian.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 70101, Republic of, Tainan City, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|