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Boulangé A, Lejon V, Berthier D, Thévenon S, Gimonneau G, Desquesnes M, Abah S, Agboho P, Chilongo K, Gebre T, Fall AG, Kaba D, Magez S, Masiga D, Matovu E, Moukhtar A, Neves L, Olet PA, Pagabeleguem S, Shereni W, Sorli B, Taioe MO, Tejedor Junco MT, Yagi R, Solano P, Cecchi G. The COMBAT project: controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of vector-borne animal trypanosomosis in Africa. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 2:67. [PMID: 37645305 PMCID: PMC10445831 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14759.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases affecting livestock have serious impacts in Africa. Trypanosomosis is caused by parasites transmitted by tsetse flies and other blood-sucking Diptera. The animal form of the disease is a scourge for African livestock keepers, is already present in Latin America and Asia, and has the potential to spread further. A human form of the disease also exists, known as human African trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness. Controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of animal trypanosomosis (COMBAT) is a four-year research and innovation project funded by the European Commission, whose ultimate goal is to reduce the burden of animal trypanosomosis (AT) in Africa. The project builds on the progressive control pathway (PCP), a risk-based, step-wise approach to disease reduction or elimination. COMBAT will strengthen AT control and prevention by improving basic knowledge of AT, developing innovative control tools, reinforcing surveillance, rationalizing control strategies, building capacity, and raising awareness. Knowledge gaps on disease epidemiology, vector ecology and competence, and biological aspects of trypanotolerant livestock will be addressed. Environmentally friendly vector control technologies and more effective and adapted diagnostic tools will be developed. Surveillance will be enhanced by developing information systems, strengthening reporting, and mapping and modelling disease risk in Africa and beyond. The socio-economic burden of AT will be assessed at a range of geographical scales. Guidelines for the PCP and harmonized national control strategies and roadmaps will be developed. Gender equality and ethics will be pivotal in all project activities. The COMBAT project benefits from the expertise of African and European research institutions, national veterinary authorities, and international organizations. The project consortium comprises 21 participants, including a geographically balanced representation from 13 African countries, and it will engage a larger number of AT-affected countries through regional initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Boulangé
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - David Berthier
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Toulouse, F-31076, France
| | - Samuel Abah
- Mission Spéciale D'Eradication des Glossines (MSEG), Ministère de l'Elevage, des Pêches et des Industries Animales, Ngaoundéré, BP 263, Cameroon
| | - Prudenciène Agboho
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso
| | - Kalinga Chilongo
- Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Unit (TTCU), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, P.O Box 50197, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Tsegaye Gebre
- National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis (NICETT), P.O Box 19917, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, B-1050, Belgium
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Aldjibert Moukhtar
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement (IRED), N'Djamena, Route de Farcha, BP 433, Chad
| | - Luis Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, 00200, Mozambique
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Pamela A. Olet
- Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Council (KENTTEC), Nairobi, 00800, Kenya
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d'Eradication de la mouche Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), Ministère des ressources animales et halieutiques, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1087, Burkina Faso
| | - William Shereni
- Division of Tsetse Control Services (TCD), Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water and Rural Development, P.O Box CY52, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Brice Sorli
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes (IES), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Moeti O. Taioe
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - Rehab Yagi
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Animal Resources Research Corporation, Khartoum, 12217, Sudan
| | - Philippe Solano
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 00153, Italy
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Boulangé A, Lejon V, Berthier D, Thévenon S, Gimonneau G, Desquesnes M, Abah S, Agboho P, Chilongo K, Gebre T, Fall AG, Kaba D, Magez S, Masiga D, Matovu E, Moukhtar A, Neves L, Olet PA, Pagabeleguem S, Shereni W, Sorli B, Taioe MO, Tejedor Junco MT, Yagi R, Solano P, Cecchi G. The COMBAT project: controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of vector-borne animal trypanosomosis in Africa. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 2:67. [PMID: 37645305 PMCID: PMC10445831 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14759.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases affecting livestock have serious impacts in Africa. Trypanosomosis is caused by parasites transmitted by tsetse flies and other blood-sucking Diptera. The animal form of the disease is a scourge for African livestock keepers, is already present in Latin America and Asia, and has the potential to spread further. A human form of the disease also exists, known as human African trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness. Controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of animal trypanosomosis (COMBAT) is a four-year research and innovation project funded by the European Commission, whose ultimate goal is to reduce the burden of animal trypanosomosis (AT) in Africa. The project builds on the progressive control pathway (PCP), a risk-based, step-wise approach to disease reduction or elimination. COMBAT will strengthen AT control and prevention by improving basic knowledge of AT, developing innovative control tools, reinforcing surveillance, rationalizing control strategies, building capacity, and raising awareness. Knowledge gaps on disease epidemiology, vector ecology and competence, and biological aspects of trypanotolerant livestock will be addressed. Environmentally friendly vector control technologies and more effective and adapted diagnostic tools will be developed. Surveillance will be enhanced by developing information systems, strengthening reporting, and mapping and modelling disease risk in Africa and beyond. The socio-economic burden of AT will be assessed at a range of geographical scales. Guidelines for the PCP and harmonized national control strategies and roadmaps will be developed. Gender equality and ethics will be pivotal in all project activities. The COMBAT project benefits from the expertise of African and European research institutions, national veterinary authorities, and international organizations. The project consortium comprises 21 participants, including a geographically balanced representation from 13 African countries, and it will engage a larger number of AT-affected countries through regional initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Boulangé
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - David Berthier
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Toulouse, F-31076, France
| | - Samuel Abah
- Mission Spéciale D'Eradication des Glossines (MSEG), Ministère de l'Elevage, des Pêches et des Industries Animales, Ngaoundéré, BP 263, Cameroon
| | - Prudenciène Agboho
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso
| | - Kalinga Chilongo
- Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Unit (TTCU), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, P.O Box 50197, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Tsegaye Gebre
- National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis (NICETT), P.O Box 19917, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, B-1050, Belgium
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Aldjibert Moukhtar
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement (IRED), N'Djamena, Route de Farcha, BP 433, Chad
| | - Luis Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, 00200, Mozambique
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Pamela A. Olet
- Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Council (KENTTEC), Nairobi, 00800, Kenya
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d'Eradication de la mouche Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), Ministère des ressources animales et halieutiques, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1087, Burkina Faso
| | - William Shereni
- Division of Tsetse Control Services (TCD), Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water and Rural Development, P.O Box CY52, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Brice Sorli
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes (IES), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Moeti O. Taioe
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - Rehab Yagi
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Animal Resources Research Corporation, Khartoum, 12217, Sudan
| | - Philippe Solano
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 00153, Italy
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Assessing the effect of insecticide-treated cattle on tsetse abundance and trypanosome transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface in Serengeti, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008288. [PMID: 32841229 PMCID: PMC7473525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of national control programmes against Rhodesian human African trypanosomiasis, farmer-led treatment of cattle with pyrethroid-based insecticides may be an effective strategy for foci at the edges of wildlife areas, but there is limited evidence to support this. We combined data on insecticide use by farmers, tsetse abundance and trypanosome prevalence, with mathematical models, to quantify the likely impact of insecticide-treated cattle. Sixteen percent of farmers reported treating cattle with a pyrethroid, and chemical analysis indicated 18% of individual cattle had been treated, in the previous week. Treatment of cattle was estimated to increase daily mortality of tsetse by 5–14%. Trypanosome prevalence in tsetse, predominantly from wildlife areas, was 1.25% for T. brucei s.l. and 0.03% for T. b. rhodesiense. For 750 cattle sampled from 48 herds, 2.3% were PCR positive for T. brucei s.l. and none for T. b. rhodesiense. Using mathematical models, we estimated there was 8–29% increase in mortality of tsetse in farming areas and this increase can explain the relatively low prevalence of T. brucei s.l. in cattle. Farmer-led treatment of cattle with pyrethroids is likely, in part, to be limiting the spill-over of human-infective trypanosomes from wildlife areas. The acute form of sleeping sickness in Africa is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. It is transmitted by tsetse flies and can be maintained in cycles involving both livestock and wildlife as hosts. Humans are incidentally infected and are particularly at risk of infection near protected areas where there is both wildlife and suitable habitat for tsetse. In these regions, the tsetse vector cannot be eradicated, nor can infection be prevented in wildlife. Here we use field studies of tsetse and livestock in combination with mathematical models of tsetse population change and trypanosome transmission to show that use of pyrethroid-based insecticides on cattle–by farmers at the edge of protected areas–could be contributing to lowering the risk of sleeping sickness in Serengeti District, Tanzania. To our knowledge, our study is the first to report farmer-led tsetse control, co-incident with tsetse decline and relatively low prevalence of T. brucei s.l. in cattle.
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Abstract
Parasites elicit several physiological changes in their host to enhance transmission. Little is known about the functional association between parasitism and microbiota-provisioned resources typically dedicated to animal hosts and how these goods may be rerouted to optimize parasite development. This study is the first to identify a specific symbiont-generated metabolite that impacts insect vector competence by facilitating parasite establishment and, thus, eventual transmission. Specifically, we demonstrate that the tsetse fly obligate mutualist Wigglesworthia provisions folate (vitamin B9) that pathogenic African trypanosomes exploit in an effort to successfully establish an infection in the vector’s MG. This process is essential for the parasite to complete its life cycle and be transmitted to a new vertebrate host. Disrupting metabolic contributions provided by the microbiota of arthropod disease vectors may fuel future innovative control strategies while also offering minimal nontarget effects. Many symbionts supplement their host’s diet with essential nutrients. However, whether these nutrients also enhance parasitism is unknown. In this study, we investigated whether folate (vitamin B9) production by the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) essential mutualist, Wigglesworthia, aids auxotrophic African trypanosomes in completing their life cycle within this obligate vector. We show that the expression of Wigglesworthia folate biosynthesis genes changes with the progression of trypanosome infection within tsetse. The disruption of Wigglesworthia folate production caused a reduction in the percentage of flies that housed midgut (MG) trypanosome infections. However, decreased folate did not prevent MG trypanosomes from migrating to and establishing an infection in the fly’s salivary glands, thus suggesting that nutrient requirements vary throughout the trypanosome life cycle. We further substantiated that trypanosomes rely on symbiont-generated folate by feeding this vitamin to Glossina brevipalpis, which exhibits low trypanosome vector competency and houses Wigglesworthia incapable of producing folate. Folate-supplemented G. brevipalpis flies were significantly more susceptible to trypanosome infection, further demonstrating that this vitamin facilitates parasite infection establishment. Our cumulative results provide evidence that Wigglesworthia provides a key metabolite (folate) that is “hijacked” by trypanosomes to enhance their infectivity, thus indirectly impacting tsetse species vector competency. Parasite dependence on symbiont-derived micronutrients, which likely also occurs in other arthropod vectors, represents a relationship that may be exploited to reduce disease transmission.
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Moreno SA, Cantos GV. The kinetic properties of hexokinases in African trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon match the blood glucose levels of mammal hosts. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 217:51-59. [PMID: 29277605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that the hexokinases of trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon match the blood glucose levels of hosts. We studied the kinetic properties of purified hexokinase in T. equiperdum (specific activity=302U/mg), and compare with other members of Trypanozoon. With ATP (Km=104.7μM) as phosphate donor, hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose (Km=24.9μM) and mannose (Km=8.8μM). With respect to glucose, mannose and inorganic pyrophosphate respectively are a competitive, and a mixed inhibitor of hexokinase. With respect to ATP, both are mixed inhibitors of this enzyme. In T. equiperdum, hexokinase shows a high affinity for glucose. Pleomorphism-transformation of trypanosomes from a multiplicative to a non-multiplicative form-results in a self-limited growth stabilizing glucose consumption. It delays the death of the host, thus prolonging its exposure to tsetse flies. When glucose levels descend, top-down regulation allows trypanosomes to survive through the expression of alternative metabolic pathways. It accelerates the death of the host, but helps trypanosome density to increase enough to ensure transmission without tsetse flies. Pleomorphism, and a hexokinase with a high affinity for glucose, are two main adaptive traits of T. b. brucei. The latter trait, and a strong top-down regulation, are two main adaptive traits of T. equiperdum. For trypanosomes living in glucose-rich blood, a hexokinase with a high affinity for glucose would unnecessarily harm hosts. This may explain why the human parasites, T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, possess hexokinases with a low affinity for glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andrea Moreno
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 05101, Venezuela.
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Rodrigues CM, Garcia HA, Rodrigues AC, Costa-Martins AG, Pereira CL, Pereira DL, Bengaly Z, Neves L, Camargo EP, Hamilton PB, Teixeira MM. New insights from Gorongosa National Park and Niassa National Reserve of Mozambique increasing the genetic diversity of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma vivax-like in tsetse flies, wild ungulates and livestock from East Africa. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:337. [PMID: 28716154 PMCID: PMC5513381 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax is a major pathogen of livestock in Africa and South America (SA), and genetic studies limited to small sampling suggest greater diversity in East Africa (EA) compared to both West Africa (WA) and SA. METHODS Multidimensional scaling and phylogenetic analyses of 112 sequences of the glycosomal glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) gene and 263 sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA (ITS rDNA) were performed to compare trypanosomes from tsetse flies from Gorongosa National Park and Niassa National Reserve of Mozambique (MZ), wild ungulates and livestock from EA, and livestock isolates from WA and SA. RESULTS Multidimensional scaling (MDS) supported Tvv (T. vivax) and TvL (T. vivax-like) evolutionary lineages: 1) Tvv comprises two main groups, TvvA/B (all SA and WA isolates plus some isolates from EA) and TvvC/D (exclusively from EA). The network revealed five ITS-genotypes within Tvv: Tvv1 (WA/EA isolates), Tvv2 (SA) and Tvv3-5 (EA). EA genotypes of Tvv ranged from highly related to largely different from WA/SA genotypes. 2) TvL comprises two gGAPDH-groups formed exclusively by EA sequences, TvLA (Tanzania/Kenya) and TvLB-D (MZ). This lineage contains more than 11 ITS-genotypes, seven forming the lineage TvL-Gorongosa that diverged from T. vivax Y486 enough to be identified as another species of the subgenus Duttonella. While gGAPDH sequences were fundamental for classification at the subgenus, major evolutionary lineages and species levels, ITS rDNA sequences permitted identification of known and novel genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results corroborate a remarkable diversity of Duttonella trypanosomes in EA, especially in wildlife conservation areas, compared to the moderate diversity in WA. Surveys in wilderness areas in WA may reveal greater diversity. Biogeographical and phylogenetic data point to EA as the place of origin, diversification and spread of Duttonella trypanosomes across Africa, providing relevant insights towards the understanding of T. vivax evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mf Rodrigues
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Herakles A Garcia
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Patología Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Adriana C Rodrigues
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André G Costa-Martins
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos L Pereira
- National Administration of Conservation Areas, Ministry of Tourism, Maputo, Mozambique.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Niassa National Reserve, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Luis Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrick B Hamilton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Marta Mg Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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7
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Alderton S, Macleod ET, Anderson NE, Schaten K, Kuleszo J, Simuunza M, Welburn SC, Atkinson PM. A Multi-Host Agent-Based Model for a Zoonotic, Vector-Borne Disease. A Case Study on Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Province, Zambia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005252. [PMID: 28027323 PMCID: PMC5222522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper presents a new agent-based model (ABM) for investigating T. b. rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis (rHAT) disease dynamics, produced to aid a greater understanding of disease transmission, and essential for development of appropriate mitigation strategies. METHODS The ABM was developed to model rHAT incidence at a fine spatial scale along a 75 km transect in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia. The method offers a complementary approach to traditional compartmentalised modelling techniques, permitting incorporation of fine scale demographic data such as ethnicity, age and gender into the simulation. RESULTS Through identification of possible spatial, demographic and behavioural characteristics which may have differing implications for rHAT risk in the region, the ABM produced output that could not be readily generated by other techniques. On average there were 1.99 (S.E. 0.245) human infections and 1.83 (S.E. 0.183) cattle infections per 6 month period. The model output identified that the approximate incidence rate (per 1000 person-years) was lower amongst cattle owning households (0.079, S.E. 0.017), than those without cattle (0.134, S.E. 0.017). Immigrant tribes (e.g. Bemba I.R. = 0.353, S.E.0.155) and school-age children (e.g. 5-10 year old I.R. = 0.239, S.E. 0.041) were the most at-risk for acquiring infection. These findings have the potential to aid the targeting of future mitigation strategies. CONCLUSION ABMs provide an alternative way of thinking about HAT and NTDs more generally, offering a solution to the investigation of local-scale questions, and which generate results that can be easily disseminated to those affected. The ABM can be used as a tool for scenario testing at an appropriate spatial scale to allow the design of logistically feasible mitigation strategies suggested by model output. This is of particular importance where resources are limited and management strategies are often pushed to the local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Alderton
- Institute of Complex System Simulation, School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Geography and Environment, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ewan T. Macleod
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School – Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil E. Anderson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Kathrin Schaten
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School – Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Kuleszo
- Geography and Environment, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Susan C. Welburn
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School – Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Atkinson
- Geography and Environment, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Engineering Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Obiorah PO, Ugochukwu ICI, Ugochukwu EI. Capillary refill time, bleeding time, clotting time, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and prothrombin time in natural cases of canine Trypanosoma congolense infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-016-2363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Garcia HA, Ramírez OJ, Rodrigues CMF, Sánchez RG, Bethencourt AM, Del M Pérez G, Minervino AHH, Rodrigues AC, Teixeira MMG. Trypanosoma vivax in water buffalo of the Venezuelan Llanos: An unusual outbreak of wasting disease in an endemic area of typically asymptomatic infections. Vet Parasitol 2016; 230:49-55. [PMID: 27884441 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax has been associated with asymptomatic infections in African and South American buffalo. In this study, T. vivax was analyzed in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from Venezuela in a molecular survey involving 293 blood samples collected from 2006 to 2015 across the Llanos region. Results demonstrated constant infections (average 23%) during the years analyzed. In general, animals were healthy carriers of T. vivax with low levels of parasitemia and were diagnosed exclusively by TviCATL-PCR. However, an outbreak of severe acute infections mostly in dairy animals was reported during a prolonged drought affecting 30.4% of a buffalo herd (115 animals examined). During the outbreak, animals exhibiting anemia and neurological disorders developed fatal infections, and 7% of the herd died within nine months before treatment against trypanosomosis. Microsatellite locus genotyping (MLG) of T. vivax samples before and during the outbreak revealed similar genotypes, but outbreak isolates exhibited the most divergent MLG. Venezuelan samples from symptomless and sick buffalo did not share the MLGs previously detected in asymptomatic Brazilian buffalo. Trypanosoma evansi was not detected in the herd examined during the outbreak. However, as expected Babesia sp. (62.6%) and Anaplasma sp. (55.6%) infections were highly prevalent in asymptomatic buffalo in the studied areas. This is the first South American outbreak of highly lethal acute T. vivax infections in water buffalo. Our results suggest that chronically infected and asymptomatic buffalo living in areas of enzootic equilibrium can develop symptomatic/lethal disease triggered by stressful scarcity of green forage and water during long droughts, inappropriate management of herds and likely concomitant anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Altogether, these factors weaken buffalo immune defenses, allowing T. vivax to proliferate and, consequently, allowing for progression to wasting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herakles A Garcia
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, Brazil; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Oneyda J Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Carla M F Rodrigues
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, Brazil
| | - Rafael G Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Angelica M Bethencourt
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Gabriela Del M Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Antonio H H Minervino
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Floresta, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, PA, Brazil
| | - Adriana C Rodrigues
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, Brazil
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, Brazil.
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Auty H, Morrison LJ, Torr SJ, Lord J. Transmission Dynamics of Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness at the Interface of Wildlife and Livestock Areas. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:608-621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Grandeur Alliances: Symbiont Metabolic Integration and Obligate Arthropod Hematophagy. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:739-749. [PMID: 27236581 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Several arthropod taxa live exclusively on vertebrate blood. This food source lacks essential metabolites required for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, and as such, these arthropods have formed symbioses with nutrient-supplementing microbes that facilitate their host's 'hematophagous' feeding ecology. Herein we highlight metabolic contributions of bacterial symbionts that reside within tsetse flies, bed bugs, lice, reduviid bugs, and ticks, with specific emphasis on B vitamin and cofactor biosynthesis. Importantly, these arthropods can transmit pathogens of medical and veterinary relevance and/or cause infestations that induce psychological and dermatological distress. Microbial metabolites, and the biochemical pathways that generate them, can serve as specific targets of novel control mechanisms aimed at disrupting the metabolism of hematophagous arthropods, thus combatting pest invasion and vector-borne pathogen transmission.
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Vadlejch J, Kotrba R, Čadková Z, Růžičková A, Langrová I. Effects of age, sex, lactation and social dominance on faecal egg count patterns of gastrointestinal nematodes in farmed eland (Taurotragus oryx). Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:265-72. [PMID: 26277201 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The eland is a large African antelope that can be bred in a temperate climate, under similar conditions and production systems as cattle. However, knowledge of parasites in farmed elands outside the area of their native habitat is still limited, and information concerning factors that influence these parasites is lacking. Therefore, faecal samples from an entire herd of elands, including calves and adult females and males, were examined monthly over a one year period. Almost 84% of the animals were found to be positive for gastrointestinal nematodes. Strongyle-type eggs were most frequently detected (prevalence 75%), followed by Capillaria sp., Nematodirus sp. and Trichuris sp. eggs. Following culturing eggs to infective larvae, Teladorsagia sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Nematodirus sp., Cooperia sp. and Oesophagostomum sp. were identified. Following necropsy of two calves that died during the study one abomasal nematode (Teladorsagia circumcincta), five small intestinal nematode species (Nematodirus helvetianus, N. spathiger, Cooperia oncophora, C. curticei and Capillaria bovis) and two large intestinal nematodes (Oesophagostomum venulosum and Trichuris ovis) were recovered. From these findings, it is evident that the eland harbours nematodes that are typical for domestic cattle and small ruminants. Morphological and morphometric analyses of recovered nematodes revealed that these parasites do not require any special morphological adaptation to establish infection in elands. The faecal output of strongyle-type and Nematodirus sp. eggs was seasonal, with the highest egg production taking place during spring and summer. Calves had higher faecal egg counts (for all the monitored nematode species) than adults did. Lactation in females was significantly (P<0.0001) associated with higher strongyle nematode egg shedding. Social dominance also affected faecal egg count patterns. The lower the hierarchical position among adults (regardless of sex), the higher the risk of nematode infection. This effect was evident for strongyles (P<0.0001) and Capillaria sp. nematodes (P=0.0065). The results of our study suggest that control measures applicable in domestic cattle and small ruminants might be similarly applicable for controlling gastrointestinal nematode infections in captive farmed elands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vadlejch
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 957, 165 21 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - R Kotrba
- Department of Animal Sciences and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Z Čadková
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 957, 165 21 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - A Růžičková
- Department of Animal Sciences and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - I Langrová
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 957, 165 21 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
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"Wigglesworthia morsitans" Folate (Vitamin B9) Biosynthesis Contributes to Tsetse Host Fitness. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5375-86. [PMID: 26025907 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00553-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Closely related ancient endosymbionts may retain minor genomic distinctions through evolutionary time, yet the biological relevance of these small pockets of unique loci remains unknown. The tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae), the sole vector of lethal African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma spp.), maintains an ancient and obligate mutualism with species belonging to the gammaproteobacterium Wigglesworthia. Extensive concordant evolution with associated Wigglesworthia species has occurred through tsetse species radiation. Accordingly, the retention of unique symbiont loci between Wigglesworthia genomes may prove instrumental toward host species-specific biological traits. Genome distinctions between "Wigglesworthia morsitans" (harbored within Glossina morsitans bacteriomes) and the basal species Wigglesworthia glossinidia (harbored within Glossina brevipalpis bacteriomes) include the retention of chorismate and downstream folate (vitamin B9) biosynthesis capabilities, contributing to distinct symbiont metabolomes. Here, we demonstrate that these W. morsitans pathways remain functionally intact, with folate likely being systemically disseminated through a synchronously expressed tsetse folate transporter within bacteriomes. The folate produced by W. morsitans is demonstrated to be pivotal for G. morsitans sexual maturation and reproduction. Modest differences between ancient symbiont genomes may still play key roles in the evolution of their host species, particularly if loci are involved in shaping host physiology and ecology. Enhanced knowledge of the Wigglesworthia-tsetse mutualism may also provide novel and specific avenues for vector control.
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Rock KS, Stone CM, Hastings IM, Keeling MJ, Torr SJ, Chitnis N. Mathematical models of human african trypanosomiasis epidemiology. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 87:53-133. [PMID: 25765194 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), commonly called sleeping sickness, is caused by Trypanosoma spp. and transmitted by tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). HAT is usually fatal if untreated and transmission occurs in foci across sub-Saharan Africa. Mathematical modelling of HAT began in the 1980s with extensions of the Ross-Macdonald malaria model and has since consisted, with a few exceptions, of similar deterministic compartmental models. These models have captured the main features of HAT epidemiology and provided insight on the effectiveness of the two main control interventions (treatment of humans and tsetse fly control) in eliminating transmission. However, most existing models have overestimated prevalence of infection and ignored transient dynamics. There is a need for properly validated models, evolving with improved data collection, that can provide quantitative predictions to help guide control and elimination strategies for HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kat S Rock
- Mathematics Institute/WIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Chris M Stone
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ian M Hastings
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matt J Keeling
- Mathematics Institute/WIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Steve J Torr
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Garcia HA, Rodrigues AC, Rodrigues CM, Bengaly Z, Minervino AH, Riet-Correa F, Machado RZ, Paiva F, Batista JS, Neves L, Hamilton PB, Teixeira MM. Microsatellite analysis supports clonal propagation and reduced divergence of Trypanosoma vivax from asymptomatic to fatally infected livestock in South America compared to West Africa. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:210. [PMID: 24885708 PMCID: PMC4023172 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical transmission of the major livestock pathogen Trypanosoma vivax by other biting flies than tsetse allows its spread from Africa to the New World. Genetic studies are restricted to a small number of isolates and based on molecular markers that evolve too slowly to resolve the relationships between American and West African populations and, thus, unable us to uncover the recent history of T. vivax in the New World. METHODS T. vivax genetic diversity, population structure and the source of outbreaks was investigated through the microsatellite multiloci (7 loci) genotype (MLGs) analysis in South America (47isolates from Brazil, Venezuela and French Guiana) and West Africa (12 isolates from The Gambia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin and Nigeria). Relationships among MLGs were explored using phylogenetic, principal component and STRUCTURE analyses. RESULTS Although closely phylogenetically related, for the first time, genetic differences were detected between T. vivax isolates from South America (11 genotypes/47 isolates) and West Africa (12 genotypes/12 isolates) with no MLGs in common. Diversity was far greater across West Africa than in South America, where genotypes from Brazil (MLG1-6), Venezuela (MLG7-10) and French Guiana (MLG11) shared similar but not identical allele composition. No MLG was exclusive to asymptomatic (endemic areas) or sick (outbreaks in non-endemic areas) animals, but only MLGs1, 2 and 3 were responsible for severe haematological and neurological disorders. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed closely related genotypes of T. vivax in Brazil and Venezuela, regardless of endemicity and clinical conditions of the infected livestock. The MLGs analysis from T. vivax across SA and WA support clonal propagation, and is consistent with the hypothesis that the SA populations examined here derived from common ancestors recently introduced from West Africa. The molecular markers defined here are valuable to assess the genetic diversity, to track the source and dispersion of outbreaks, and to explore the epidemiological and pathological significance of T. vivax genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Mg Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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16
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Abstract
Microbial symbionts can be instrumental to the evolutionary success of their hosts. Here, we discuss medically significant tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae), a group comprised of over 30 species, and their use as a valuable model system to study the evolution of the holobiont (i.e., the host and associated microbes). We first describe the tsetse microbiota, which, despite its simplicity, harbors a diverse range of associations. The maternally transmitted microbes consistently include two Gammaproteobacteria, the obligate mutualists Wigglesworthia spp. and the commensal Sodalis glossinidius, along with the parasitic Alphaproteobacteria Wolbachia. These associations differ in their establishment times, making them unique and distinct from previously characterized symbioses, where multiple microbial partners have associated with their host for a significant portion of its evolution. We then expand into discussing the functional roles and intracommunity dynamics within this holobiont, which enhances our understanding of tsetse biology to encompass the vital functions and interactions of the microbial community. Potential disturbances influencing the tsetse microbiome, including salivary gland hypertrophy virus and trypanosome infections, are highlighted. While previous studies have described evolutionary consequences of host association for symbionts, the initial steps facilitating their incorporation into a holobiont and integration of partner biology have only begun to be explored. Research on the tsetse holobiont will contribute to the understanding of how microbial metabolic integration and interdependency initially may develop within hosts, elucidating mechanisms driving adaptations leading to cooperation and coresidence within the microbial community. Lastly, increased knowledge of the tsetse holobiont may also contribute to generating novel African trypanosomiasis disease control strategies.
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Suzuki S, Konnai S, Okagawa T, Githaka NW, Kariuki E, Gakuya F, Kanduma E, Shirai T, Ikebuchi R, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M, Murata S, Ohashi K. Molecular cloning and characterization of Th1 and Th2 cytokines of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Int J Immunogenet 2011; 39:170-82. [PMID: 22117600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2011.01062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) has been implicated as the reservoir of several bovine infectious agents. However, there is insufficient information on the protective immune responses in the African buffalo, particularly in infected animals. In this study, we analysed Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ, and Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. The cloned cDNA of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ contained an open reading frame of 468, 501, 408 and 540 nucleotides, encoding polypeptides of 155, 166, 135 and 179 amino acids, respectively. Nucleotide sequence homology of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4 was more than 98% between the African buffalo and cattle, which resulted in identical polypeptides. Meanwhile, IL-10 gene of African buffalo and cattle had 95% homology in nucleotide sequence, corresponding to thirteen amino acid residues substitution. Cysteine residues and potential glycosylation sites were conserved within the family Bovinae. Phylogenetic analyses including cytokines of the African buffalo placed them within a cluster comprised mainly of species belonging to the order Artiodactyla, including cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goat, pig and artiodactyl wildlife. A deeper understanding of the structure of these cytokines will shed light on their protective role in the disease-resistant African buffalo in comparison with other closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suzuki
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Chamond N, Cosson A, Blom-Potar MC, Jouvion G, D'Archivio S, Medina M, Droin-Bergère S, Huerre M, Goyard S, Minoprio P. Trypanosoma vivax infections: pushing ahead with mouse models for the study of Nagana. I. Parasitological, hematological and pathological parameters. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e792. [PMID: 20706595 PMCID: PMC2919405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a severe parasitic disease that affects both humans and livestock. Several different species may cause animal trypanosomosis and although Trypanosoma vivax (sub-genus Duttonella) is currently responsible for the vast majority of debilitating cases causing great economic hardship in West Africa and South America, little is known about its biology and interaction with its hosts. Relatively speaking, T. vivax has been more than neglected despite an urgent need to develop efficient control strategies. Some pioneering rodent models were developed to circumvent the difficulties of working with livestock, but disappointedly were for the most part discontinued decades ago. To gain more insight into the biology of T. vivax, its interactions with the host and consequently its pathogenesis, we have developed a number of reproducible murine models using a parasite isolate that is infectious for rodents. Firstly, we analyzed the parasitical characteristics of the infection using inbred and outbred mouse strains to compare the impact of host genetic background on the infection and on survival rates. Hematological studies showed that the infection gave rise to severe anemia, and histopathological investigations in various organs showed multifocal inflammatory infiltrates associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver, and cerebral edema. The models developed are consistent with field observations and pave the way for subsequent in-depth studies into the pathogenesis of T. vivax - trypanosomosis. While most research efforts have focused on T. b. brucei trypanosomosis, infections caused by T. vivax and T. congolense which predominate in livestock and small ruminants have been subject to little study. In order to circumvent the major constraints inherent to studying T. vivax/host interactions in the field, we developed in vivo murine models of T. vivax trypanosomosis. We show here that the mouse experimental model reproduce most features of the infection in cattle. More than reflecting only the main parasitological parameters of the animal infection, the mouse model can be used to elucidate the immunopathological mechanisms involved in parasite evasion and persistence, and the tissue damage seen during infection and disease. Studies planned for the future will allow us to further investigate T. vivax–induced immunopathology in an experimental context for which all the necessary tools are now available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chamond
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alain Cosson
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie Christine Blom-Potar
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Simon D'Archivio
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Medina
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Droin-Bergère
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michel Huerre
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Paola Minoprio
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma vivax supports the separation of South American/West African from East African isolates and a new T. vivax-like genotype infecting a nyala antelope from Mozambique. Parasitology 2008; 135:1317-28. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008004848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYIn this study, we addressed the phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships of Trypanosoma vivax and related trypanosomes nested in the subgenus Duttonella through combined morphological and phylogeographical analyses. We previously demonstrated that the clade T. vivax harbours a homogeneous clade comprising West African/South American isolates and the heterogeneous East African isolates. Herein we characterized a trypanosome isolated from a nyala antelope (Tragelaphus angasi) wild-caught in Mozambique (East Africa) and diagnosed as T. vivax-like based on biological, morphological and molecular data. Phylogenetic relationships, phylogeographical patterns and estimates of genetic divergence were based on SSU and ITS rDNA sequences of T. vivax from Brazil and Venezuela (South America), Nigeria (West Africa), and from T. vivax-like trypanosomes from Mozambique, Kenya and Tanzania (East Africa). Despite being well-supported within the T. vivax clade, the nyala trypanosome was highly divergent from all other T. vivax and T. vivax-like trypanosomes, even those from East Africa. Considering its host origin, morphological features, behaviour in experimentally infected goats, phylogenetic placement, and genetic divergence this isolate represents a new genotype of trypanosome closely phylogenetically related to T. vivax. This study corroborated the high complexity and the existence of distinct genotypes yet undescribed within the subgenus Duttonella.
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Moloo SK, Kabata JM, Gitire NM. Study on the mechanical transmission by tsetse fly Glossina morsitans centralis of Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense or T. brucei brucei to goats. Acta Trop 2000; 74:105-8. [PMID: 10643915 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S K Moloo
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
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