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Somda MB, N'Djetchi MK, Kaboré J, Ilboudo H, Dama E, Boma S, Courtin F, Poinsignon A, Bengaly Z, Remoué F, Belem AMG, Bucheton B, Jamonneau V, Koffi M. Evaluation of antibody responses to tsetse fly saliva in domestic animals in the sleeping sickness endemic foci of Bonon and Sinfra, Côte d'Ivoire. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 34:100773. [PMID: 36041808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
After intensive control efforts, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) was declared eliminated in Côte d'Ivoire as a public health problem in December 2020 and the current objective is to achieve the interruption of the transmission (zero cases). Reaching this objective could be hindered by the existence of an animal reservoir of Trypanosoma (T.) brucei (b.) gambiense. In the framework of a study led in 2013 to assess the role of domestic animals in the epidemiology of HAT in the two last active foci from Côte d'Ivoire (Bonon and Sinfra), plasmas were sampled from four species of domestic animals for parasitological (microscopic examination by the buffy coat technique (BCT)), serological (immune trypanolysis (TL)) and molecular (specific PCR: TBR for T. brucei s.l., TCF for T. congolense forest type, TVW for T. vivax and PCR for T. b. gambiense) testing. In order to improve the understanding of the involvement/role of these animals in the transmission of T. b. gambiense, we have quantified in this study the IgG response to whole saliva extracts of Glossina palpalis gambiensis in order to perform an association analysis between anti-saliva responses and the positivity of diagnostic tests. Cattle and pigs had significantly higher rates of anti-tsetse saliva responses compared to goats and sheep (p < 0.01). In addition, the anti-tsetse saliva responses were strongly associated with the parasitology (BCT+), serology (TL+) and PCR (TBR+ and TCF+) results (p < 0.001). These associations indicate a high level of contacts between the positive/infected animals and tsetse flies. Our findings suggest that protecting cattle and pigs against tsetse bites could have a significant impact in reducing transmission of both animal and human trypanosome species, and advocates for a "One health" approach to better control African trypanosomosis in Côte d'Ivoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bienvenu Somda
- Université Nazi BONI (UNB), Laboratoire de santé animale tropicale (LASANTROP), 01 BP 1 091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de Recherche «maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité (UMaVeB)», 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Martial Kassi N'Djetchi
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé (UJLoG), Unité de Formation et de Recherche Environnement, Laboratoire des Interactions Hôte-Microorganisme-Environnement et Evolution, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Université Nazi BONI (UNB), Laboratoire de santé animale tropicale (LASANTROP), 01 BP 1 091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de Recherche «maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité (UMaVeB)», 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro (URCN), 11 BP 218 Ouagadougou CMS 11, Burkina Faso
| | - Emilie Dama
- Université Nazi BONI (UNB), Laboratoire de santé animale tropicale (LASANTROP), 01 BP 1 091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Soudah Boma
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de Recherche «maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité (UMaVeB)», 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Fabrice Courtin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 177 INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Poinsignon
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs : Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de Recherche «maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité (UMaVeB)», 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Franck Remoué
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs : Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Adrien Marie Gaston Belem
- Université Nazi BONI (UNB), Laboratoire de santé animale tropicale (LASANTROP), 01 BP 1 091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 177 INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 177 INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro (URCN), 11 BP 218 Ouagadougou CMS 11, Burkina Faso
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Hounyèmè RE, Kaboré J, Gimonneau G, Somda MB, Salou E, Missihoun AA, Bengaly Z, Jamonneau V, Boulangé A. Molecular epidemiology of Animal African Trypanosomosis in southwest Burkina Faso. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010106. [PMID: 35994491 PMCID: PMC9436040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) is a parasitic disease of livestock that has a major socio-economic impact in the affected areas. It is caused by several species of uniflagellate extracellular protists of the genus Trypanosoma mainly transmitted by tsetse flies: T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei brucei. In Burkina Faso, AAT hampers the proper economic development of the southwestern part of the country, which is yet the best watered area particularly conducive to agriculture and animal production. It was therefore important to investigate the extent of the infection in order to better control the disease. The objective of the present study was to assess the prevalence of trypanosome infections and collect data on the presence of tsetse flies.
Methods
Buffy coat, Trypanosoma species-specific PCR, Indirect ELISA Trypanosoma sp and trypanolysis techniques were used on 1898 samples collected. An entomological survey was also carried out.
Results
The parasitological prevalence of AAT was 1.1%, and all observed parasites were T. vivax. In contrast, the molecular prevalence was 23%, of which T. vivax was predominant (89%) followed by T. congolense (12.3%) and T. brucei s.l. (7.3%) with a sizable proportion as mixed infections (9.1%). T. brucei gambiense, responsible of sleeping sickness in humans, was not detected. The serological prevalence reached 49.7%. Once again T. vivax predominated (77.2%), but followed by T. brucei (14.7%) and T. congolense (8.1%). Seven samples, from six cattle and one pig, were found positive by trypanolysis. The density per trap of Glossina tachinoides and G. palpalis gambiensis was 1.2 flies.
Conclusions/Significance
Overall, our study showed a high prevalence of trypanosome infection in the area, pointing out an ongoing inadequacy of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Eustache Hounyèmè
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Département de Génétique et des Biotechnologies, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques (UFR/ST), Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Bienvenu Somda
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques (UFR/ST), Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Ernest Salou
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut du Développement Rural (IDR), Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Antoine Abel Missihoun
- Département de Génétique et des Biotechnologies, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Alain Boulangé
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Somda MB, Kaboré J, Karambiri SM, Dama E, Dabiré D, Compaoré CFA, Salou EW, Ilboudo H, Houaga I, Courtin F, Belem AMG, Jamonneau V, Bengaly Z. Evaluation of the Re-emergence Risk of Human African Trypanosomiasis in the Southwestern Burkina Faso, A Gold-Bearing Mutation Area. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:714-722. [PMID: 35029802 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The boom in Burkina Faso's artisanal gold mining since 2007 has attracted populations from Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea, which are the West African countries most affected by human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and therefore increases its risk of re-emergence. Our aim was to update the HAT data in Burkina Faso in the risk of the re-emergence context with the advent of artisanal gold mining. METHODS The study was carried out in the southwestern Burkina Faso where entomological surveys were conducted using biconical traps in March 2017. Follow by an active medical survey in April 2017, which was targeted the gold panners in 7 villages closer to artisanal gold sites, using CATT, mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique, trypanolysis test (TL) and ELISA test to measure human/tsetse contacts. The buffy coat technique and the TL were also applied in pigs to check their reservoir role of human trypanosomes. RESULTS Our results have shown no case of HAT among 958 individuals tested and all the 50 pigs were also negative, but the level of antibodies against tsetse saliva evidenced by ELISA revealed low human/tsetse contact. Moreover, gold panners practise agriculture and breeding in an infected tsetse area, which are increased the risk. CONCLUSION Our results illustrate that the risk of re-emergence is low. The passive surveillance system implemented in 2015 in southwestern Burkina Faso is needed to increase the sentinel sites to better cover this area by taking into account the gold mining. Finally, awareness-raising activities are needed among populations about HAT.
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Boma S, Vitouley SH, Somda MB, Bengaly Z, Houaga I, Lombo Y, Tchamdja E, Dayo GK. In vivo analysis of trypanocidal drug resistance in sahelian goats infected by Trypanosoma vivax strains collected in northern Togo. Vet Parasitol 2022; 306:109723. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Percoma L, Rayaissé JB, Gimonneau G, Bengaly Z, Pooda SH, Pagabeleguem S, Ganaba R, Sow A, Argilés R, Bouyer J, Ouedraogo M, Zhao W, Paone M, Sidibé I, Gisele O, Cecchi G. An atlas to support the progressive control of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomosis in Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:72. [PMID: 35246216 PMCID: PMC8895521 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), transmitted by tsetse flies, is arguably the main disease constraint to integrated crop-livestock agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, and African heads of state and governments adopted a resolution to rid the continent of this scourge. In order to sustainably reduce or eliminate the burden of AAT, a progressive and evidence-based approach is needed, which must hinge on harmonized, spatially explicit information on the occurrence of AAT and its vectors. Methods A digital repository was assembled, containing tsetse and AAT data collected in Burkina Faso between 1990 and 2019. Data were collected either in the framework of control activities or for research purposes. Data were systematically verified, harmonized, georeferenced and integrated into a database (PostgreSQL). Entomological data on tsetse were mapped at the level of individual monitoring traps. When this was not possible, mapping was done at the level of site or location. Epidemiological data on AAT were mapped at the level of location or village. Results Entomological data showed the presence of four tsetse species in Burkina Faso. Glossina tachinoides, present from the eastern to the western part of the country, was the most widespread and abundant species (56.35% of the catches). Glossina palpalis gambiensis was the second most abundant species (35.56%), and it was mainly found in the west. Glossina morsitans submorsitans was found at lower densities (6.51%), with a patchy distribution in the southern parts of the country. A single cluster of G. medicorum was detected (less than 0.25%), located in the south-west. Unidentified tsetse flies accounted for 1.33%. For the AAT component, data for 54,948 animal blood samples were assembled from 218 geographic locations. The samples were tested with a variety of diagnostic methods. AAT was found in all surveyed departments, including the tsetse-free areas in the north. Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense infections were the dominant ones, with a prevalence of 5.19 ± 18.97% and 6.11 ± 21.56%, respectively. Trypanosoma brucei infections were detected at a much lower rate (0.00 ± 0.10%). Conclusions The atlas provides a synoptic view of the available information on tsetse and AAT distribution in Burkina Faso. Data are very scanty for most of the tsetse-free areas in the northern part of the country. Despite this limitation, this study generated a robust tool for targeting future surveillance and control activities. The development of the atlas also strengthened the collaboration between the different institutions involved in tsetse and AAT research and control in Burkina Faso, which will be crucial for future updates and the sustainability of the initiative. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05131-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassane Percoma
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Ecole de Lutte Anti-Tsétsé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jean Baptiste Rayaissé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France.,INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Sié Hermann Pooda
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université de Dédougou (UDDG), BP 176, Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université de Dédougou (UDDG), BP 176, Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Rasmané Ganaba
- Agence de Formation, de Recherche et d'Expertise en Santé pour l'Afrique (AFRICSanté), 01 BP 298, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Sow
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Conakry, Guinea
| | - Rafael Argilés
- Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France.,Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria.,CIRAD, UMR, ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Moussa Ouedraogo
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Weining Zhao
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Paone
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Issa Sidibé
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Ouedraogo/Sanon Gisele
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
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Bossard G, Millogo L, Thévenon S, Vitouley H, Bengaly Z, Desquesnes M. Corrigendum to “No more cold-chain failures, using dehydrated reagents in ELISA antibody-detection against animal trypanosomes of African origin” [Vet. Parasitol. 299 (2021) 109568]. Vet Parasitol 2022; 303:109680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tounkara M, Boulangé A, Thonnus M, Bringaud F, Bélem AMG, Bengaly Z, Thévenon S, Berthier D, Rivière L. Novel protein candidates for serodiagnosis of African animal trypanosomosis: Evaluation of the diagnostic potential of lysophospholipase and glycerol kinase from Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009985. [PMID: 34919562 PMCID: PMC8719729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomosis, a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites transmitted by tsetse flies, affects both humans and animals in sub-Saharan Africa. While the human form (HAT) is now limited to foci, the animal form (AAT) is widespread and affects the majority of sub-Saharan African countries, and constitutes a real obstacle to the development of animal breeding. The control of AAT is hampered by a lack of standardized and easy-to used diagnosis tools. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of TbLysoPLA and TbGK proteins from Trypanosoma brucei brucei for AAT serodiagnosis in indirect ELISA using experimental and field sera, individually, in combination, and associated with the BiP C-terminal domain (C25) from T. congolense. These novel proteins were characterized in silico, and their sequence analysis showed strong identities with their orthologs in other trypanosomes (more than 60% for TbLysoPLA and more than 82% for TbGK). TbLysoPLA displays a low homology with cattle (<35%) and Piroplasma (<15%). However, TbGK shares more than 58% with cattle and between 45–55% with Piroplasma. We could identify seven predicted epitopes on TbLysoPLA sequence and 14 potential epitopes on TbGK. Both proteins were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli. Their diagnostic potential was evaluated by ELISA with sera from cattle experimentally infected with T. congolense and with T.b. brucei, sera from cattle naturally infected with T. congolense, T. vivax and T.b. brucei. Both proteins used separately had poor diagnostic performance. However, used together with the BiP protein, they showed 60% of sensitivity and between 87–96% of specificity, comparable to reference ELISA tests. In conclusion, we showed that the performance of the protein combinations is much better than the proteins tested individually for the diagnosis of AAT. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is an endemic disease in sub-Saharan Africa that hinders the development of livestock production on the continent. The control of the disease is based on chemotherapy, vector control and diagnosis. Misuse, as well as the continuous/regular use of a limited number of anti-trypanosomal drugs, is responsible for the appearance of increasingly drug-resistant strains of trypanosomes. In terms of serological diagnosis, the most efficient test at present suffers from a lack of reagent standardization. Unfortunately, even the most promising candidates fail due to low sensitivity in primately or chronically infected animals. Based on this observation it seems obvious that diagnosis must be revisited. In this study we evaluated the diagnostic potential of two Trypanosoma brucei proteins, TbLysoPLA and TbGK, in indirect ELISA for antibody detection. To provide a proof of concept that the judicious association of immunoreactive proteins could improve the sensitivity and specificity of tests based on recombinant antigens, we used these molecules alone and then in combination, associated or not with the BiP protein of T. congolense. The evaluation in serological diagnosis showed that the two proteins used separately had a poor performance. However, when used together with the BiP protein, they showed a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity between 87 and 96%, comparable to the reference tests. It shows for the first time that the performance of protein combinations is much better than that of the proteins tested individually for the diagnosis of AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magamba Tounkara
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Alain Boulangé
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Magali Thonnus
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - David Berthier
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïc Rivière
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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Silva Pereira S, de Almeida Castilho Neto KJG, Duffy CW, Richards P, Noyes H, Ogugo M, Rogério André M, Bengaly Z, Kemp S, Teixeira MMG, Machado RZ, Jackson AP. Variant antigen diversity in Trypanosoma vivax is not driven by recombination. Nat Commun 2020; 11:844. [PMID: 32051413 PMCID: PMC7015903 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma) are vector-borne haemoparasites that survive in the vertebrate bloodstream through antigenic variation of their Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG). Recombination, or rather segmented gene conversion, is fundamental in Trypanosoma brucei for both VSG gene switching and for generating antigenic diversity during infections. Trypanosoma vivax is a related, livestock pathogen whose VSG lack structures that facilitate gene conversion in T. brucei and mechanisms underlying its antigenic diversity are poorly understood. Here we show that species-wide VSG repertoire is broadly conserved across diverse T. vivax clinical strains and has limited antigenic repertoire. We use variant antigen profiling, coalescent approaches and experimental infections to show that recombination plays little role in diversifying T. vivax VSG sequences. These results have immediate consequences for both the current mechanistic model of antigenic variation in African trypanosomes and species differences in virulence and transmission, requiring reconsideration of the wider epidemiology of animal African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Silva Pereira
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Kayo J G de Almeida Castilho Neto
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Craig W Duffy
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Peter Richards
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Harry Noyes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Moses Ogugo
- Livestock Genetic Programme, International Livestock Research Institute, 30709 Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- International Research Centre for Livestock Development in the Sub-humid Zone (CIRDES), No. 559, rue 5-31 angle, Avenue du Gouverneur Louveau, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Steve Kemp
- Livestock Genetic Programme, International Livestock Research Institute, 30709 Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374 Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Z Machado
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK.
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Begolo D, Vincent IM, Giordani F, Pöhner I, Witty MJ, Rowan TG, Bengaly Z, Gillingwater K, Freund Y, Wade RC, Barrett MP, Clayton C. The trypanocidal benzoxaborole AN7973 inhibits trypanosome mRNA processing. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007315. [PMID: 30252911 PMCID: PMC6173450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites-trypanosomes and leishmanias-infect millions of humans and cause economically devastating diseases of livestock, and the few existing drugs have serious deficiencies. Benzoxaborole-based compounds are very promising potential novel anti-trypanosomal therapies, with candidates already in human and animal clinical trials. We investigated the mechanism of action of several benzoxaboroles, including AN7973, an early candidate for veterinary trypanosomosis. In all kinetoplastids, transcription is polycistronic. Individual mRNA 5'-ends are created by trans splicing of a short leader sequence, with coupled polyadenylation of the preceding mRNA. Treatment of Trypanosoma brucei with AN7973 inhibited trans splicing within 1h, as judged by loss of the Y-structure splicing intermediate, reduced levels of mRNA, and accumulation of peri-nuclear granules. Methylation of the spliced leader precursor RNA was not affected, but more prolonged AN7973 treatment caused an increase in S-adenosyl methionine and methylated lysine. Together, the results indicate that mRNA processing is a primary target of AN7973. Polyadenylation is required for kinetoplastid trans splicing, and the EC50 for AN7973 in T. brucei was increased three-fold by over-expression of the T. brucei cleavage and polyadenylation factor CPSF3, identifying CPSF3 as a potential molecular target. Molecular modeling results suggested that inhibition of CPSF3 by AN7973 is feasible. Our results thus chemically validate mRNA processing as a viable drug target in trypanosomes. Several other benzoxaboroles showed metabolomic and splicing effects that were similar to those of AN7973, identifying splicing inhibition as a common mode of action and suggesting that it might be linked to subsequent changes in methylated metabolites. Granule formation, splicing inhibition and resistance after CPSF3 expression did not, however, always correlate and prolonged selection of trypanosomes in AN7973 resulted in only 1.5-fold resistance. It is therefore possible that the modes of action of oxaboroles that target trypanosome mRNA processing might extend beyond CPSF3 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Begolo
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabel M. Vincent
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Giordani
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ina Pöhner
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael J. Witty
- Global Alliance for Livestock and Veterinary Medicine, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy G. Rowan
- Global Alliance for Livestock and Veterinary Medicine, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche–Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Kirsten Gillingwater
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Freund
- Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Rebecca C. Wade
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Clayton
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Rodrigues CM, Garcia HA, Rodrigues AC, Costa-Martins AG, Pereira CL, Pereira DL, Bengaly Z, Neves L, Camargo EP, Hamilton PB, Teixeira MM. New insights from Gorongosa National Park and Niassa National Reserve of Mozambique increasing the genetic diversity of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma vivax-like in tsetse flies, wild ungulates and livestock from East Africa. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:337. [PMID: 28716154 PMCID: PMC5513381 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax is a major pathogen of livestock in Africa and South America (SA), and genetic studies limited to small sampling suggest greater diversity in East Africa (EA) compared to both West Africa (WA) and SA. METHODS Multidimensional scaling and phylogenetic analyses of 112 sequences of the glycosomal glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) gene and 263 sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA (ITS rDNA) were performed to compare trypanosomes from tsetse flies from Gorongosa National Park and Niassa National Reserve of Mozambique (MZ), wild ungulates and livestock from EA, and livestock isolates from WA and SA. RESULTS Multidimensional scaling (MDS) supported Tvv (T. vivax) and TvL (T. vivax-like) evolutionary lineages: 1) Tvv comprises two main groups, TvvA/B (all SA and WA isolates plus some isolates from EA) and TvvC/D (exclusively from EA). The network revealed five ITS-genotypes within Tvv: Tvv1 (WA/EA isolates), Tvv2 (SA) and Tvv3-5 (EA). EA genotypes of Tvv ranged from highly related to largely different from WA/SA genotypes. 2) TvL comprises two gGAPDH-groups formed exclusively by EA sequences, TvLA (Tanzania/Kenya) and TvLB-D (MZ). This lineage contains more than 11 ITS-genotypes, seven forming the lineage TvL-Gorongosa that diverged from T. vivax Y486 enough to be identified as another species of the subgenus Duttonella. While gGAPDH sequences were fundamental for classification at the subgenus, major evolutionary lineages and species levels, ITS rDNA sequences permitted identification of known and novel genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results corroborate a remarkable diversity of Duttonella trypanosomes in EA, especially in wildlife conservation areas, compared to the moderate diversity in WA. Surveys in wilderness areas in WA may reveal greater diversity. Biogeographical and phylogenetic data point to EA as the place of origin, diversification and spread of Duttonella trypanosomes across Africa, providing relevant insights towards the understanding of T. vivax evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mf Rodrigues
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Herakles A Garcia
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Patología Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Adriana C Rodrigues
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André G Costa-Martins
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos L Pereira
- National Administration of Conservation Areas, Ministry of Tourism, Maputo, Mozambique.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Niassa National Reserve, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Luis Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrick B Hamilton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Marta Mg Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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11
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Desquesnes M, Bengaly Z, Millogo L, Meme Y, Sakande H. The analysis of the cross-reactions occurring in antibody-ELISA for the detection of trypanosomes can improve identification of the parasite species involved. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2001.11813624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Somda MB, Cornelie S, Bengaly Z, Mathieu-Daudé F, Poinsignon A, Dama E, Bouyer J, Sidibé I, Demettre E, Seveno M, Remoué F, Sanon A, Bucheton B. Identification of a Tsal152-75 salivary synthetic peptide to monitor cattle exposure to tsetse flies. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:149. [PMID: 26979518 PMCID: PMC4791801 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The saliva of tsetse flies contains a cocktail of bioactive molecules inducing specific antibody responses in hosts exposed to bites. We have previously shown that an indirect-ELISA test using whole salivary extracts from Glossina morsitans submorsitans was able to discriminate between (i) cattle from tsetse infested and tsetse free areas and (ii) animals experimentally exposed to low or high numbers of tsetse flies. In the present study, our aim was to identify specific salivary synthetic peptides that could be used to develop simple immunoassays to measure cattle exposure to tsetse flies. Methods In a first step, 2D-electrophoresis immunoblotting, using sera from animals exposed to a variety of bloodsucking arthropods, was performed to identify specific salivary proteins recognised in cattle exposed to tsetse bites. Linear epitope prediction software and Blast analysis were then used to design synthetic peptides within the identified salivary proteins. Finally, candidate peptides were tested by indirect-ELISA on serum samples from tsetse infested and tsetse free areas, and from exposure experiments. Results The combined immunoblotting and bioinformatics analyses led to the identification of five peptides carrying putative linear epitopes within two salivary proteins: the tsetse salivary gland protein 1 (Tsal1) and the Salivary Secreted Adenosine (SSA). Of these, two were synthesised and tested further based on the absence of sequence homology with other arthropods or pathogen species. IgG responses to the Tsal152–75 synthetic peptide were shown to be specific of tsetse exposure in both naturally and experimentally exposed hosts. Nevertheless, anti-Tsal152–75 IgG responses were absent in animals exposed to high tsetse biting rates. Conclusions These results suggest that Tsal152–75 specific antibodies represent a biomarker of low cattle exposure to tsetse fly. These results are discussed in the light of the other available tsetse saliva based-immunoassays and in the perspective of developing a simple serological tool for tsetse eradication campaigns to assess the tsetse free status or to detect tsetse reemergence in previously cleared areas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1414-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bienvenu Somda
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso. .,Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1 091, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Sylvie Cornelie
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 224, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5, France
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Françoise Mathieu-Daudé
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 224, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5, France
| | - Anne Poinsignon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 224, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5, France
| | - Emilie Dama
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.,Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1 091, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Jeremy Bouyer
- CIRAD, UMR CIRAD-INRA Contrôle des Maladies Animales, Campus International de Baillarguet, F34398, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites dans les maladies dues aux Trypanosomatidae, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, 34398 Cedex 5, France
| | - Issa Sidibé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.,Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC), Projet de Création de Zones Libérées Durablement de Tsé-tsé et de Trypanosomoses (PCZLD), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Edith Demettre
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U1191, UM1, UM2, Plate-forme de Protéomique Fonctionnelle CNRS UMS BioCampus 3426, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Martial Seveno
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U1191, UM1, UM2, Plate-forme de Protéomique Fonctionnelle CNRS UMS BioCampus 3426, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Remoué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 224, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5, France
| | - Antoine Sanon
- Université de Ouagadougou, UFR/SVT, Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), BP 9499, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites dans les maladies dues aux Trypanosomatidae, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, 34398 Cedex 5, France
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13
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Pooda HS, Rayaisse JB, Hien DFDS, Lefèvre T, Yerbanga SR, Bengaly Z, Dabiré RK, Belem AMG, Sidibé I, Solano P, Mouline K. Administration of ivermectin to peridomestic cattle: a promising approach to target the residual transmission of human malaria. Malar J 2015; 13 Suppl 1:496. [PMID: 26651335 PMCID: PMC4676103 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-1001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The success of current control tools in combatting malaria vectors is well established. However, sustained residual transmission of Plasmodium parasites persists. Mass drug administration (MDA) to humans of the endectocide ivermectin for vector control is receiving increasing attention. However, vectors feeding upon animals escape this promising approach. Zoophagy of mosquitoes sustains both the vector population and endemic population of vector-borne pathogens. Therefore, only a strategy that will combine ivermectin MDAs targeted at humans and their peridomestic animals could be successful at controlling residual malaria transmission. Methods Burkinabé cattle have been treated with injectable therapeutic dose of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg of body weight) to render blood meals toxic to field representative populations of Anopheles coluzzii carrying the kdr mutation. Direct skin-feeding assays were performed from 2 to 28 days after injection (DAI) and mosquitoes were followed for their survival, ability to become gravid and fecundity. Membrane feeding assays were further performed to test if an ivermectin blood meal taken at 28 DAI impacts gametocyte establishment and development in females fed with infectious blood. Results The mosquitocidal effect of ivermectin is complete for 2 weeks after injection, whether 12 days cumulative mortalities were of 75 and 45 % the third and fourth weeks, respectively. The third week, a second ivermectin blood meal at sub-lethal concentrations further increased mortality to 100 %. Sub-lethal concentrations of ivermectin also significantly decreased egg production by surviving females, increasing further the detrimental effect of the drug on vector densities. Although females fitness was impaired by sub-lethal ivermectin blood meals, these did not diminish nor increase their susceptibility to infection. Conclusion This study demonstrates the potential of integrated MDA of ivermectin to both human and peridomestic cattle to target vector reservoirs of residual malaria transmission. Such integration lies in ‘One-Health’ efforts being implemented around the globe, and would be especially relevant in rural communities in Africa where humans are also at risk of common zoonotic diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-1001-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann S Pooda
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Ministère des Ressources Animale/Campagne Panafricaine d'éradication de la mouche tsé-tsé et des trynaposomoses, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rayaisse
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | | | - Thierry Lefèvre
- Direction Régionale de l'Ouest de l'Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, Université de Montpellier, 911 Av. Agropolis, Montpellier, France.
| | - Serge R Yerbanga
- Direction Régionale de l'Ouest de l'Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Direction Régionale de l'Ouest de l'Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Adrien M G Belem
- Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Issa Sidibé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Ministère des Ressources Animale/Campagne Panafricaine d'éradication de la mouche tsé-tsé et des trynaposomoses, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Philippe Solano
- UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, TA A 17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Karine Mouline
- Direction Régionale de l'Ouest de l'Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, Université de Montpellier, 911 Av. Agropolis, Montpellier, France.
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Garcia HA, Rodrigues AC, Rodrigues CM, Bengaly Z, Minervino AH, Riet-Correa F, Machado RZ, Paiva F, Batista JS, Neves L, Hamilton PB, Teixeira MM. Microsatellite analysis supports clonal propagation and reduced divergence of Trypanosoma vivax from asymptomatic to fatally infected livestock in South America compared to West Africa. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:210. [PMID: 24885708 PMCID: PMC4023172 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical transmission of the major livestock pathogen Trypanosoma vivax by other biting flies than tsetse allows its spread from Africa to the New World. Genetic studies are restricted to a small number of isolates and based on molecular markers that evolve too slowly to resolve the relationships between American and West African populations and, thus, unable us to uncover the recent history of T. vivax in the New World. METHODS T. vivax genetic diversity, population structure and the source of outbreaks was investigated through the microsatellite multiloci (7 loci) genotype (MLGs) analysis in South America (47isolates from Brazil, Venezuela and French Guiana) and West Africa (12 isolates from The Gambia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin and Nigeria). Relationships among MLGs were explored using phylogenetic, principal component and STRUCTURE analyses. RESULTS Although closely phylogenetically related, for the first time, genetic differences were detected between T. vivax isolates from South America (11 genotypes/47 isolates) and West Africa (12 genotypes/12 isolates) with no MLGs in common. Diversity was far greater across West Africa than in South America, where genotypes from Brazil (MLG1-6), Venezuela (MLG7-10) and French Guiana (MLG11) shared similar but not identical allele composition. No MLG was exclusive to asymptomatic (endemic areas) or sick (outbreaks in non-endemic areas) animals, but only MLGs1, 2 and 3 were responsible for severe haematological and neurological disorders. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed closely related genotypes of T. vivax in Brazil and Venezuela, regardless of endemicity and clinical conditions of the infected livestock. The MLGs analysis from T. vivax across SA and WA support clonal propagation, and is consistent with the hypothesis that the SA populations examined here derived from common ancestors recently introduced from West Africa. The molecular markers defined here are valuable to assess the genetic diversity, to track the source and dispersion of outbreaks, and to explore the epidemiological and pathological significance of T. vivax genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Mg Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Dama E, Cornelie S, Camara M, Somda MB, Poinsignon A, Ilboudo H, Elanga Ndille E, Jamonneau V, Solano P, Remoue F, Bengaly Z, Belem AMG, Bucheton B. In silico identification of a candidate synthetic peptide (Tsgf118-43) to monitor human exposure to tsetse flies in West Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2455. [PMID: 24086785 PMCID: PMC3784472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The analysis of humoral responses directed against the saliva of blood-sucking arthropods was shown to provide epidemiological biomarkers of human exposure to vector-borne diseases. However, the use of whole saliva as antigen presents several limitations such as problems of mass production, reproducibility and specificity. The aim of this study was to design a specific biomarker of exposure to tsetse flies based on the in silico analysis of three Glossina salivary proteins (Ada, Ag5 and Tsgf1) previously shown to be specifically recognized by plasma from exposed individuals. Methodology/Principal Findings Synthetic peptides were designed by combining several linear epitope prediction methods and Blast analysis. The most specific peptides were then tested by indirect ELISA on a bank of 160 plasma samples from tsetse infested areas and tsetse free areas. Anti-Tsgf118–43 specific IgG levels were low in all three control populations (from rural Africa, urban Africa and Europe) and were significantly higher (p<0.0001) in the two populations exposed to tsetse flies (Guinean HAT foci, and South West Burkina Faso). A positive correlation was also found between Anti-Tsgf118–43 IgG levels and the risk of being infected by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in the sleeping sickness foci of Guinea. Conclusion/Significance The Tsgf118–43 peptide is a suitable and promising candidate to develop a standardize immunoassay allowing large scale monitoring of human exposure to tsetse flies in West Africa. This could provide a new surveillance indicator for tsetse control interventions by HAT control programs. Increasing interest is paid to blood-sucking arthropod's salivary antigens to develop host direct biomarkers of exposure. Nevertheless use of whole saliva is problematic both because of mass production and specificity issues. Here, we describe an in silico approach we used to identify potential epitopes on the amino acid sequence of three tsetse salivary proteins (Ada, Ag5 and Tsgf1) that were previously shown to be specifically recognized by antibodies from exposed individuals. Three candidate peptides were synthesized and evaluated on a set of plasma collected in different tsetse-infested and tsetse-free areas. The Tsgf118–43 synthetic peptide appeared as a promising candidate to assess human exposure to tsetse flies as antibody responses were low in all three control groups and were significantly higher in our two exposed groups. Significantly higher anti- Tsgf118–43 responses were also observed in sleeping sickness patients as compared to uninfected controls suggesting that Tsgf118–43 may be used both to assess human tsetse contacts and the risk of infection by trypanosomes. This new sero-epidemiological tool could thus help National Control Programs to quickly map human exposure levels in order to better target vector control efforts and monitor vector control efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dama
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Sylvie Cornelie
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1 et Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine en Guinée, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Martin Bienvenu Somda
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Anne Poinsignon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1 et Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Emmanuel Elanga Ndille
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1 et Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Solano
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Remoue
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1 et Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Bruno Bucheton
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Bouyer J, Koné N, Bengaly Z. Dynamics of tsetse natural infection rates in the Mouhoun river, Burkina Faso, in relation with environmental factors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:47. [PMID: 24010125 PMCID: PMC3756308 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Burkina Faso, the cyclical vectors of African animal trypanosomoses (AAT) are riverine tsetse species, namely Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank (G.p.g.) and Glossina tachinoides Westwood (G.t.) (Diptera: Glossinidae). Experimental work demonstrated that environmental stress can increase the sensitivity of tsetse to trypanosome infection. Seasonal variations of the tsetse infection rates were monitored monthly over 17 months (May 2006–September 2007) in two sites (Douroula and Kadomba). In total, 1423 flies were dissected and the infection of the proboscis, middle intestine and salivary glands was noted. All the positive organs were analyzed using monospecific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. To investigate the role of different environmental factors, fly infection rates were analyzed using generalized linear mixed binomial models using the species, sex, and monthly averages of the maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures, rainfalls, Land Surface Temperature day (LSTd) and night (LSTn) as fixed effects and the trap position as a random effect. The overall infection rate was 10% from which the predominant species was T. congolense (7.6% of the flies), followed by T. vivax (2.2% of the flies). The best model (lowest AICc) for the global infection rates was the one with the maximum daily temperature only as fixed effect (p < 0.001). For T. congolense, the best model was the one with the tsetse species, sex, maximum daily temperature and rainfalls as fixed effect, where the maximum daily temperature was the main effect (p < 0.001). The number of T. vivax infections was too low to allow the models to converge. The maturation rate of T. congolense was very high (94%), and G. t. harbored a higher maturation rate (p = 0.03). The results are discussed in view of former laboratory studies showing that temperature stress can increase the susceptibility of tsetse to trypanosomes, as well as the possibility to improve AAT risk mapping using satellite images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Bouyer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France.
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Ndeledje N, Bouyer J, Stachurski F, Grimaud P, Belem AMG, Molélé Mbaïndingatoloum F, Bengaly Z, Oumar Alfaroukh I, Cecchi G, Lancelot R. Treating cattle to protect people? Impact of footbath insecticide treatment on tsetse density in Chad. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67580. [PMID: 23799148 PMCID: PMC3682971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Chad, several species of tsetse flies (Genus: Glossina) transmit African animal trypanosomoses (AAT), which represents a major obstacle to cattle rearing, and sleeping sickness, which impacts public health. After the failure of past interventions to eradicate tsetse, the government of Chad is now looking for other approaches that integrate cost-effective intervention techniques, which can be applied by the stake holders to control tsetse-transmitted trypanosomoses in a sustainable manner. The present study thus attempted to assess the efficacy of restricted application of insecticides to cattle leg extremities using footbaths for controlling Glossina m. submorsitans, G. tachinoides and G. f. fuscipes in southern Chad. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Two sites were included, one close to the historical human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) focus of Moundou and the other to the active foci of Bodo and Moissala. At both sites, a treated and an untreated herd were compared. In the treatment sites, cattle were treated on a regular basis using a formulation of deltamethrin 0.005% (67 to 98 cattle were treated in one of the sites and 88 to 102 in the other one). For each herd, tsetse densities were monthly monitored using 7 biconical traps set along the river and beside the cattle pen from February to December 2009. The impact of footbath treatment on tsetse populations was strong (p < 10(-3)) with a reduction of 80% in total tsetse catches by the end of the 6-month footbath treatment. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The impact of footbath treatment as a vector control tool within an integrated strategy to manage AAT and HAT is discussed in the framework of the "One Health" concept. Like other techniques based on the treatment of cattle, this technology should be used under controlled conditions, in order to avoid the development of insecticide and acaricide resistance in tsetse and tick populations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël Ndeledje
- Institut Universitaire des Sciences et Techniques d'Abéché (IUSTA), Abéché, Tchad
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Dakar, Sénégal
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Stachurski
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Grimaud
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement (IRED), N’Djamena, Tchad
| | | | | | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Guiliano Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier, France
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Pooda SH, Mouline K, De Meeûs T, Bengaly Z, Solano P. Decrease in survival and fecundity of Glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 (Diptera: Glossinidae) fed on cattle treated with single doses of ivermectin. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:165. [PMID: 23741989 PMCID: PMC3679994 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human and Animal Trypanosomes are major problems for the socio-economic growth of developing countries like Burkina Faso. Ivermectin is currently used to treat humans in mass drug administration programs in Africa, and is also commonly used for veterinary purposes. In this study, we tested the effect of ivermectin injected into cattle on the survival and fecundity of Glossina palpalis gambiensis, the main vector of human and animal trypanosomes in West Africa. Methods Three cows (local zebu*baoulé crossbreds) were used, and received either no ivermectin (for the control), or ivermectin at therapeutic dose (0.2 mg/kg) and 10 times the therapeutic dose (2 mg/kg) respectively. G. palpalis gambiensis were fed on the cattle for their first bloodmeal, and then either on cattle or on membrane for subsequent meals. Results Our results showed that survival of Glossina palpalis gambiensis was significantly decreased when they were fed on cattle treated with ivermectin. This decrease in survival ranged from 21% to 83.7% for the therapeutic dose (0.2 mg/kg), up to 8 days after treatment. The effects of a dose of 2 mg/kg were higher with a 78.3% to 93.9% decrease in survival, until 14 days after injection. The therapeutic dose of ivermectin also decreased fecundity, and delayed the first larviposition, but there was no significant effect on hatching rate. Conclusion Ivermectin injected into cattle may constitute an additional potential tool for the control of Glossina palpalis gambiensis and possibly other vector species. Further studies will be needed to assess its effect on trypanosome transmission, and to define more precisely the adequate dose to be used for control purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sié H Pooda
- Ministère des Ressources Animales et Halieutiques, PATTEC-PCZLD, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Sow A, Ganaba R, Percoma L, Sidibé I, Bengaly Z, Adam Y, Koné P, Sawadogo G, Van Den Abbeele J, Marcotty T, Delespaux V. Baseline survey of animal trypanosomosis in the region of the Boucle du Mouhoun, Burkina Faso. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:573-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Somda MB, Bengaly Z, Dama E, Poinsignon A, Dayo GK, Sidibe I, Remoue F, Sanon A, Bucheton B. First insights into the cattle serological response to tsetse salivary antigens: a promising direct biomarker of exposure to tsetse bites. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:332-40. [PMID: 23800781 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the context of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign, the value of tsetse saliva antibodies as a biomarker of cattle exposure to tsetse flies was evaluated, as this could provide an alternative and complementary tool to conventional entomological methods. Serum immune reactivity to Glossina (G.) palpalis (p.) gambiensis, G. tachinoides and G. morsitans (m.) submorsitans whole saliva extracts (WSE) were monitored in cattle from both tsetse free and tsetse infested areas, and in cows experimentally exposed to tsetse flies and other hematophagous arthropods. In the tsetse infested area, cattle IgG responses to Glossina WSE were significantly higher during the dry season (p<0.0001) when herds are most exposed to tsetse flies and in infected animals (p=0.01) as expected in the case of a biomarker of exposure. Experimental studies further confirmed this as a quick rise of specific IgGs was observed in animals exposed to tsetse flies (within weeks), followed by a rapid clearance after exposure was stopped. In contrast to the two other tsetse species, G. m. submorsitans WSE enabled to detect exposure to all tsetse species and were associated with low level of cross-reactivity to other blood sucking arthropods. Finally, IgG responses to G. m. submorsitans salivary antigens enabled to distinguish different groups of cows according to exposure levels, thus indicating that tsetse saliva antibodies are not only indicators of tsetse exposure but also are correlated to the intensity of tsetse contacts (p=0.0031). Implementation of this new sero-epidemiological marker of cattle exposure to tsetse flies in the framework of tsetse elimination campaigns is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bienvenu Somda
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
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Dama E, Cornelie S, Bienvenu Somda M, Camara M, Kambire R, Courtin F, Jamonneau V, Demettre E, Seveno M, Bengaly Z, Solano P, Poinsignon A, Remoue F, Belem AMG, Bucheton B. Identification of Glossina palpalis gambiensis specific salivary antigens: towards the development of a serologic biomarker of human exposure to tsetse flies in West Africa. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:416-27. [PMID: 23500186 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The saliva of blood sucking arthropods contains a number of pharmacologically active compounds that induce an antibody response in exposed human individuals. The objectives of the present study were (i) to assess the human IgG response directed against salivary antigens of Glossina palpalis gambiensis, the main vector of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in West Africa, as a biomarker of human-tsetse contacts; and (ii) to identify specific salivary antigens. Immune reactivity of human plasma collected within active human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) foci (coastal Guinea), historical foci where tsetse flies are still present (South-West Burkina Faso) and a tsetse free area (Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso), was measured by ELISA against whole saliva extracts. In the active HAT foci and areas where tsetse flies were present in high densities, specific IgG responses were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) to those in Bobo-Dioulasso or in Loropeni, where tsetse flies were either absent or only present at low densities. Furthermore, 2D-electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry enabled to reveal that several antigens were specifically recognized by plasma from exposed individuals. Among them, four salivary proteins were successfully identified (Ada, 5'Nuc, Ag5 and Tsgf1). These results represent a first attempt to identify Glossina salivary proteins or synthetic peptides to develop a standardized and specific biomarker of tsetse exposure in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dama
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide CIRDES, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
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Vitouley HS, Sidibe I, Bengaly Z, Marcotty T, Van Den Abbeele J, Delespaux V. Is trypanocidal drug resistance a threat for livestock health and production in endemic areas? Food for thoughts from Sahelian goats infected by Trypanosoma vivax in Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:349-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wombou Toukam CM, Solano P, Bengaly Z, Jamonneau V, Bucheton B. Experimental evaluation of xenodiagnosis to detect trypanosomes at low parasitaemia levels in infected hosts. Parasite 2012; 18:295-302. [PMID: 22091459 PMCID: PMC3677595 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2011184295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In Human African Trypanosomosis (HAT) endemic areas, there are a number of subjects that are positive to serological tests but in whom trypanosomes are difficult to detect with the available parasitological tests. In most cases and particularly in West Africa, these subjects remain untreated, thus posing a fundamental problem both at the individual level (because of a possible lethal evolution of the disease) and at the epidemiological level (since they are potential reservoirs of trypanosomes). Xenodiagnosis may constitute an alternative for this type of cases. The objective of this study was to update the use of xenodiagnosis to detect trypanosomes in infected host characterized by low parasitaemia levels. This was carried out experimentally by infecting cattle and pigs with Trypanosoma congolense and T. brucei gambiense respectively, and by feeding tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans submorsitans and G. palpalis gambiensis, from the CIRDES colonies) on these animals at a time when the observed blood parasitaemia were low or undetectable by the classical microscopic parasitological tests used for the monitoring of infected animals. Our results showed that: i) the G. p. gambiensis colony at CIRDES could not be infected with the T. b. gambiense stocks used; ii) midgut infections of G. m. submorsitans were observed with both T. congolense and T. b. gambiense; iii) xenodiagnosis remains positive even at very low blood parasitaemia for both T. congolense and T. b. gambiense; and iv) to implement T. b. gambiense xenodiagnosis, batches of 20 G. m. submorsitans should be dissected two days after the infective meal. These results constitute a first step toward a possible implementation of xenodiagnosis to better characterize the parasitological status of seropositive individuals and the modalities of parasite transmission in HAT foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Wombou Toukam
- Centre international de recherche-développement sur l'élevage en zone subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
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Sow A, Sidibé I, Bengaly Z, Marcotty T, Séré M, Diallo A, Vitouley H, Nebié R, Ouédraogo M, Akoda G, Van den Bossche P, Van Den Abbeele J, De Deken R, Delespaux V. Field detection of resistance to isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate in Trypanosoma vivax from the region of the Boucle du Mouhoun in Burkina Faso. Vet Parasitol 2012; 187:105-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Adam Y, Marcotty T, Cecchi G, Mahama C, Solano P, Bengaly Z, Van den Bossche P. Bovine trypanosomosis in the Upper West Region of Ghana: Entomological, parasitological and serological cross-sectional surveys. Res Vet Sci 2012; 92:462-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sow A, Sidibé I, Bengaly Z, Bancé AZ, Sawadogo GJ, Solano P, Vreysen MJB, Lancelot R, Bouyer J. Irradiated male tsetse from a 40-year-old colony are still competitive in a Riparian forest in Burkina Faso. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37124. [PMID: 22590652 PMCID: PMC3349643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies are the cyclical vectors of African trypanosomosis that constitute a major constraint to development in Africa. Their control is an important component of the integrated management of these diseases, and among the techniques available, the sterile insect technique (SIT) is the sole that is efficient at low densities. The government of Burkina Faso has embarked on a tsetse eradication programme in the framework of the PATTEC, where SIT is an important component. The project plans to use flies from a Glossina palpalis gambiensis colony that has been maintained for about 40 years at the Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES). It was thus necessary to test the competitiveness of the sterile males originating from this colony. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS During the period January-February 2010, 16,000 sterile male G. p. gambiensis were released along a tributary of the Mouhoun river. The study revealed that with a mean sterile to wild male ratio of 1.16 (s.d. 0.38), the abortion rate of the wild female flies was significantly higher than before (p = 0.026) and after (p = 0.019) the release period. The estimated competitiveness of the sterile males (Fried index) was 0.07 (s.d. 0.02), indicating that a sterile to wild male ratio of 14.4 would be necessary to obtain nearly complete induced sterility in the female population. The aggregation patterns of sterile and wild male flies were similar. The survival rate of the released sterile male flies was similar to that observed in 1983-1985 for the same colony. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that gamma sterilised male G. p. gambiensis derived from the CIRDES colony have a competitiveness that is comparable to their competitiveness obtained 35 years ago and can still be used for an area-wide integrated pest management campaign with a sterile insect component in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Sow
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Vitouley HS, Mungube EO, Allegye-Cudjoe E, Diall O, Bocoum Z, Diarra B, Randolph TF, Bauer B, Clausen PH, Geysen D, Sidibe I, Bengaly Z, Van den Bossche P, Delespaux V. Improved PCR-RFLP for the detection of diminazene resistance in Trypanosoma congolense under field conditions using filter papers for sample storage. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1223. [PMID: 21814586 PMCID: PMC3144178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Sèna Vitouley
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Erick Ouma Mungube
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Oumar Diall
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Boucader Diarra
- Pan African Tsetse and Typanosomosis Eradication Programme (PATTEC), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Burkhard Bauer
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter-Henning Clausen
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Geysen
- Institut of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Issa Sidibe
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Peter Van den Bossche
- Institut of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Dayo GK, Gautier M, Berthier D, Poivey JP, Sidibe I, Bengaly Z, Eggen A, Boichard D, Thevenon S. Association studies in QTL regions linked to bovine trypanotolerance in a West African crossbred population. Anim Genet 2011; 43:123-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
In 2005, the Government of Senegal initiated a tsetse eradication campaign in the Niayes and La Petite Côte aiming at the removal of African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT), which is one of the main constraints to the development of more effective cattle production systems. The target area has particular meteorological and ecological characteristics that provide great potential for animal production, but it is unfortunately still infested by the riverine tsetse species Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank (Diptera: Glossinidae). The tsetse project in Senegal has adopted an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) approach that targets the entire tsetse population within a delimited area. During the first phase of the programme, a feasibility study was conducted that included the collection of entomological, veterinary, population genetics, environmental and socioeconomic baseline data. This paper presents the parasitological and serological prevalence data of AAT in cattle residing inside and outside the tsetse-infested areas of the target zone prior to the control effort. At the herd level, a mean parasitological prevalence of 2.4% was observed, whereas a serological prevalence of 28.7%, 4.4%, and 0.3% was obtained for Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei brucei, respectively. The observed infection risk was 3 times higher for T. congolense and T. vivax in the tsetse-infested than in the assumed tsetse-free areas. Moreover, AAT prevalence decreased significantly with distance from the nearest tsetse captured which indicated that cyclical transmission of the parasites by tsetse was predominant over mechanical transmission by numerous other biting flies present. The importance of these results for the development of a control strategy for the planned AW-IPM campaign is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Seck
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Parasitologie, BP 2057 Dakar - Hann, Sénégal.
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Grébaut P, Chuchana P, Brizard JP, Demettre E, Seveno M, Bossard G, Jouin P, Vincendeau P, Bengaly Z, Boulangé A, Cuny G, Holzmuller P. Identification of total and differentially expressed excreted-secreted proteins from Trypanosoma congolense strains exhibiting different virulence and pathogenicity. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:1137-50. [PMID: 19285981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Animal trypanosomosis is a major constraint to livestock productivity in the tropics and has a significant impact on the life of millions of people globally (mainly in Africa, South America and south-east Asia). In Africa, the disease in livestock is caused mainly by Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The extracellular position of trypanosomes in the bloodstream of their host requires consideration of both the parasite and its naturally excreted-secreted factors (secretome) in the course of pathophysiological processes. We therefore developed and standardised a method to produce purified proteomes and secretomes of African trypanosomes. In this study, two strains of T. congolense exhibiting opposite properties of both virulence and pathogenicity were further investigated through their secretome expression and its involvement in host-parasite interactions. We used a combined proteomic approach (one-dimensional SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry) to characterise the whole and differentially expressed protein contents of secretomes. The molecular identification of differentially expressed trypanosome molecules and their correlation with either the virulence process or pathogenicity are discussed with regard to their potential as new diagnostic or therapeutic tools against animal trypanosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Grébaut
- CIRAD UMR 17 Trypanosomes (UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites dans les Trypanosomoses), TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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31
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Berthier D, Chantal I, Thevenon S, Sakande H, Maillard JC, Bengaly Z, Piquemal D, Marti J, Cuny G. Study of bovine trypanotolerance by whole transcriptome analysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1149:71-6. [PMID: 19120177 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1428.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomiases are parasitic diseases transmitted by tse-tse flies, considered as the main sanitary obstacle to animal production development in sub-Saharan Africa. However, if trypanosomiases have dramatic consequences on zebu (Bos indicus) populations, they have a weaker impact on the western African taurine (Bos taurus), which is known to be naturally tolerant to trypanosome infection. Mechanisms governing this trypanotolerant trait are still poorly understood, but today, recent postgenomic biotechnologies, such as the SAGE technique (serial analysis of gene expression) allow us to explore the full transcriptome. Twelve SAGE libraries were constructed from two trypanotolerant animals (N'Dama and Baoulé) and one susceptible species of cattle (the Sudanese zebu) during an experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection; 43,458 different tags were obtained at several particular points during the infection (before infection, at the maximum of parasitemia, the maximum of anemia, and at the end of the experiment after value normalization). Bioinformatics analyses highlighted some interesting gene variations with respect to the trypanotolerance status of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Berthier
- CIRAD, UMR 17 Trypanosomes, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
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32
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Holzmuller P, Grébaut P, Peltier JB, Brizard JP, Perrone T, Gonzatti M, Bengaly Z, Rossignol M, Aso PM, Vincendeau P, Cuny G, Boulangé A, Frutos R. Secretome of Animal Trypanosomes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1149:337-42. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1428.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Sow A, Sidibé I, Desquesnes M, Bengaly Z, Pangui LJ. The application of PCR-ELISA to the detection of Trypanosoma congolense type savannah (TCS) in bovine blood samples. Trop Biomed 2006; 23:123-9. [PMID: 17041561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PCR-ELISA was set up to detect strains of Trypanosoma congolense type savannah (TCS) in field samples of buffy coats. Results of PCR-ELISA and PCR were compared and the effectiveness of both techniques was also compared with the Murray's method for the detection of TCS in 257 bovine buffy coats. The PCR products were labelled with digoxigenin (DIG-dUTP) during amplification cycles of the repetitive satellite DNA. A biotinylated DNA capture probe was used to detect the PCR products by ELISA in streptavidin coated microplates. Both the PCR-ELISA and PCR were more sensitive and more specific than the Murray's method. Of the 257 buffy coats analysed by the three techniques, PCR-ELISA and PCR detected TCS in 98 and 97 buffy coats respectively, whereas the Murray's method detected only 39 samples. PCR-ELISA and PCR had almost the same sensitivity and specificity. PCR-ELISA and PCR respectively detected TCS in 39.2% and 38.6% in all the 334 samples analysed by both techniques in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sow
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage, 03 BP. 7026 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
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34
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Abstract
The objective of this study is to describe morbidity and mortality in calves <1-year-old and to associate the impact of gastrointestinal and haemoparasitoses on morbidity and mortality by comparing these parameters in ill and well calves in the cotton zone of Burkina Faso. Fifty-nine herds selected in two villages were involved. Calves born between February 1997 and February 1999 were monitored up to 1 year of age or until the end of the study in April 1999. Blood and faecal samples were taken from ill calves and matched with samples taken from well calves (as control) for analysis of haemoparasites and gastrointestinal worms. Infected ill calves were treated with a trypanocidal drug and/or an anthelmintic. Dead calves were necropsied; adult-worm burdens were determined and brain smears taken to detect the presence of Cowdria ruminantium. Diarrhoea was the main clinical observation and most calves shed worm eggs. The EPG for gastrointestinal parasites was higher neither in ill calves nor in diarrhoeal calves. Infections by trypanosome species were observed in ill calves only (prevalences of 8% and 15% in Daboura and Kourouma, respectively). Average PCV in infected calves (28%) was lower than that in non-infected calves (37%). Most ill calves (86%) recovered 2 weeks after the treatment with anthelmintic and/or trypanocide. The post-mortem worm counting in 12 calves revealed that half of necropsied calves had a burden ranging from 2040 to 20,072 helminths. Infection by Babesia bigemina was found in the blood smear of one ill calf and the presence of C. ruminantium was noted in the brain smear of one calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ganaba
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide 01 BP 454 01, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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35
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Bengaly Z, Sidibe I, Ganaba R, Desquesnes M, Boly H, Sawadogo L. Comparative pathogenicity of three genetically distinct types of Trypanosoma congolense in cattle: clinical observations and haematological changes. Vet Parasitol 2002; 108:1-19. [PMID: 12191895 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of African bovine trypanosomosis was compared in Zebu cattle subcutaneously inoculated with three clones of trypanosomes corresponding to the three genetically distinct types of Trypanosoma congolense; savannah-type, west African riverine/forest-type and kilifi-type. All inoculated animals became parasitaemic between 7 and 11 days post-infection (dpi). The savannah-type showed consistently higher levels of parasitaemia and lower packed red cell volume percentages and leukocyte counts than the other two types. The syndrome was also more severe in the savannah-type and led inexorably to death between 29 and 54 dpi while animals with the forest or the kilifi-types recovered from earlier symptoms and haematological alterations after 3 months of infection. By the end of the experiment, the animals self-cured from the forest-type infection and the kilifi-type passed under control. The results of the present study indicated clear difference in pathogenicity between the three types of T. congolense; the savannah-type was virulent while the forest-type was of low pathogenicity and the kilifi-type was non-pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Bengaly
- CIRDES-Centre International de Recherche-Developpement sur l'Elevage en Zone subhumide, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
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Bengaly Z, Sidibe I, Boly H, Sawadogo L, Desquesnes M. Comparative pathogenicity of three genetically distinct Trypanosoma congolense-types in inbred Balb/c mice. Vet Parasitol 2002; 105:111-8. [PMID: 11900925 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Inbred Balb/c mice were infected with three clones of Trypanosoma congolense (Sam.28.1, Dind.3.1 and K60.1A) corresponding, respectively, to the three genetically distinct types (savannah, forest and kilifi) defined within this species, for the purpose of comparing their pathogenicity for a better understanding of the epidemiology of African trypanosomosis. Another clone of savannah type, IL 3000, was also tested simultaneously to study a probable strain variation. Both the clones of savannah type were found of extreme virulence with loss of appetite, rough hair, rapid respiration, lethargy, and all mice died within a week. Parasitaemias evolved rapidly to the first peak by day 3-5 post-inoculation without any remission and the course of disease was correlated positively with the prepatent period. The clones of the forest type and the kilifi type were of low virulence with chronic infection and symptoms progressively less patent throughout the infection; only one mouse died in each experimental group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Bengaly
- CIRDES-Centre International de Recherche-Developpement sur l'Elevage en Zone subhumide, 01BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Bengaly Z, Kasbari M, Desquesnes M, Sidibé I. Validation of a polymerase chain reaction assay for monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of diminazene aceturate in trypanosome-infected sheep. Vet Parasitol 2001; 96:101-13. [PMID: 11230917 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic performance of a polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR) for monitoring the effectiveness of aceturate diminazene treatment was compared with those of an antibody-detection ELISA test and the buffy-coat technique using sheep experimentally infected with either savannah-type or forest-type Trypanosoma congolense or T. vivax. Within the period of infection, the PCR using specific savannah-type T. congolense primers showed a significant higher diagnostic sensitivity (p<0.05) than the buffy-coat technique. Both techniques gave closed results for detecting forest-type T. congolense or T. vivax infections. Following trypanocidal treatment, the PCR showed that specific product disappeared definitively 1 or 2 days later in animals in which a decrease of the antibody level and a significant improvement of the red packed cell volume were observed. The occurrence of relapse infection was detected by the PCR in one animal infected by T. vivax on day 19 post-treatment and confirmed by the persistence and increasing antibody level whereas the buffy-coat technique detected parasites 42 days later. Then, the PCR signals remained positive on several occasions while parasitaemia was detected only two times.The application of PCR combined with the antibody detection appeared to provide a useful tool as compared to the buffy-coat technique for monitoring the effectiveness of trypanocidal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide, 01 BP 454 01, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Desquesnes M, Bengaly Z, Millogo L, Meme Y, Sakande H. The analysis of the cross-reactions occurring in antibody-ELISA for the detection of trypanosomes can improve identification of the parasite species involved. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2001; 95:141-55. [PMID: 11299121 DOI: 10.1080/00034980120050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In Africa, the main pathogenic trypanosomes of livestock are Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei. The geographical distributions and hosts of these three species are very similar. As they differ markedly in pathogenicity and epidemiology, however, a species-specific serological test for infection would be very useful for epidemiological studies. The antibody-ELISA (Ab-ELISA) that have been developed for detecting the Trypanosoma spp. most commonly infecting livestock give satisfactory sensitivity and genus specificity. Unfortunately, they are not species-specific because of strong cross-reactions between the pathogenic Trypanosoma spp. In the present study, carried out in Burkina Faso, the results of standardized Ab-ELISA for T. vivax, T. brucei or T. congolense were compared using 1288 plasma samples from sheep experimentally infected with T. vivax, T. evansi and/or T. congolense. If the results were interpreted, as usual, only using a positivity threshold (PT), the strong cross-reactions observed led to a mean species-specificity of < 30%. However, analysis of the reactions observed in the three types of Ab-ELISA revealed that the homologous reactions were stronger than the heterologous for almost all of the single and mixed infections (98.3% and 99.0%, respectively). In monospecific infections exceeding the PT study of the positivity score produced in each of the three types of Ab-ELISA increased species-specificity to > 96%. It therefore appears that comparison of the strengths of the reactions seen in Ab-ELISA could greatly improve sero-epidemiological surveys of trypanosome infections in domestic ruminants, although the technique remains to be evaluated in experimentally infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Desquesnes
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement-Elevage et Médecine Vétérinaire Tropicale , B.P. 5035, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
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Duvallet G, de La Rocque S, Reifenberg JM, Solano P, Lefrançois T, Michel JF, Bengaly Z, Sidibe I, Cuisance D, Cuny G. Review on the molecular tools for the understanding of the epidemiology of animal trypanosomosis in West Africa. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1999; 94:245-8. [PMID: 10224537 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761999000200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of animal trypanosomosis around Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso, West Africa) benefited a lot in the last years from the progress of molecular tools. The two most used molecular techniques were the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of the disease in cattle and the characterization of the trypanosomes in the host and the vector on one hand, and the microsatellite DNA polymorphism in tsetse flies to study the intraspecific genetic variability of the vector on the other hand. The results obtained in the Sideradougou area during a recent two year survey with these techniques, associated with many other georeferenced informations concerning vector and cattle distribution, natural environment, landuse, ground occupation, livestock management, were combined in a Geographical Information System. This new approach of a complex pathogenic system led to a better evaluation of the risk of trypanosome transmission.
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Lefrançois T, Solano P, de la Rocque S, Bengaly Z, Reifenberg JM, Kabore I, Cuisance D. New epidemiological features on animal trypanosomiasis by molecular analysis in the pastoral zone of Sideradougou, Burkina Faso. Mol Ecol 1998; 7:897-904. [PMID: 9691491 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A multidisciplinary work was undertaken in the agropastoral zone of Sidéradougou, Burkina Faso to try to elucidate the key factors determining the presence of tsetse flies. In this study the PCR was used to characterize trypanosomes infecting the vector (Glossina tachinoides and Glossina palpalis gambiensis) and the host, i.e. cattle. A 2-year survey involved dissecting 2211 tsetse of the two Glossina species. A total of 298 parasitologically infected tsetse were analysed by PCR. Trypanosoma vivax was the most frequently identified trypanosome followed by the savannah type of T. congolense and, to a lesser extent, the riverine forest type of T. congolense, and by T brucei. No cases of T. simiae were found. From the 107 identified infections in cattle, the taxa were the same, but T. congolense savannah type was more frequent, whereas T. vivax and T. congolense riverine forest types were found less frequently. A correlation was found between midgut infection rates of tsetse, nonidentified infections and reptile bloodmeals. These rates were higher in G.p. gambiensis, and in the western part of the study area. T. vivax infections were related to cattle bloodmeals, and were more frequent in G. tachinoides and in the eastern study area. The PCR results combined with bloodmeal analysis helped us to establish the relationships between the vector and the host, to assess the trypanosome challenge in the two parts of the area, to elucidate the differences between the two types of T. congolense, and to suspect that most midgut infections were originating from reptilian trypanosomes.
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De La Rocque S, Lefrancois T, Reifenberg JM, Solano P, Kabore I, Bengaly Z, Augusseau X, Cuisance D. PCR analysis and spatial repartition of trypanosomes infecting tsetse flies in Sidéradougou area of Burkina Faso. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 849:32-8. [PMID: 9668447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A parasitological and entomological survey was conducted in the Sideradougou area (south of Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso) in order to identify transmission factors of African trypanosomosis. A total of 3600 tsetse flies (Glossina tachinoides, Glossina palpalis gambiensis) were captured along 120 km of linear gallery forest and half of them were dissected. PCR analysis was undertaken on parasitologically positive flies (161 G. tachinoides, 92 G. palpalis gambiensis) to characterize the different trypanosomes. All the results were integrated in a GIS (Geographical Information System). Spatial repartition of the characterized trypanosomes enabled to recognize different areas with specific patterns of infection. Relations with environmental factors are discussed.
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Bengaly Z, Kanwe AB, Duvallet G. Evaluation of an antigen detection-ELISA test for the diagnosis of trypanosomiasis in naturally infected cattle. Trop Med Parasitol 1995; 46:284-6. [PMID: 8826113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity and the specificity of the antigen detection ELISA proposed by Nantulya and Lindqvist (1989) for the diagnosis of African Animal Trypanosomiasis have been assessed in naturally-occurring infections. 1633 cattle were sampled in trypanosomiasis endemic area and examined for trypanosomes by darkground/phase contrast buffy-coat method described by Murray et al. (1977) and for circulating antigen by ELISA. Fifty sera from Markoye, a tsetse free area in north of Burkina Faso, and 49 sera from Germany were also tested. In trypanosomiasis infested area, BCT detected 144 (8.8%) positive animals while Ag-ELISA revealed 65.8% of positive. Out of the 144 BCT-parasite-positive, Ag-ELISA enable to detect 75% of positive. The predominant trypanosomes identified by BCT was Trypanosoma vivax followed by T. congolense while Ag-ELISA indicated T. congolense followed by T. brucei. Ag-ELISA detected 76.5% out of the 51 T. congolense-BCT-positive and only 17% of all T. vivax BCT-positive. Cattle carring mixed infection involving two or three trypanosomes, particularly those with T. brucei and T. congolense are the most frequent. In tsetse free area, Ag-ELISA detected one positive cattle carring T. brucei and T. congolense and showed an apparent specificity of 98%. No serum from Germany was detected positive. This study suggests the joint use of Ag-ELISA and BCT for the diagnosis of trypanosomiasis particularly in epidemiological study in endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherches-Dévéloppement sur l'Elevage en zone Sub-humide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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