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Park JH, Kim JK, Song BS. Comparison of gamma irradiation and heating treatment on cytotoxicity, insulinotropic activity, and molecular structure change of mistletoe viscothionin. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:1531-1539. [PMID: 33088602 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mistletoe offers health-promoting effects; however, it has toxicity, requiring careful application. Viscothionin is a polypeptide of mistletoe that while contributing to toxicity also demonstrates anti-cancer and anti-diabetic activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether gamma irradiation or heating treatment could selectively reduce viscothionin-mediated cytotoxicity. Gamma irradiation effectively inhibited viscothionin-induced cytotoxicity to RIN5mF cells, but heating treatment did not affect its cytotoxicity. Both heating and gamma irradiation further increased the insulinotropic activity of viscothionin, whereas the effect of gamma irradiation was dose-dependent and diminished above 20 kGy. Structural analysis showed that gamma irradiation significantly altered the ordered structure of viscothionin, unlike heating treatment, resulting in a change of its molecular properties, which could be linked to the observed changes in the cytotoxicity and insulinotropic activity of the polypeptide. These results suggest gamma irradiation as an alternative method for minimizing viscothionin toxicity without interfering with anti-diabetic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Heum Park
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Seok Song
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212 Republic of Korea
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Hussain S, Güzel Y, Pezzei C, Rainer M, Huck CW, Bonn GK. Solid-phase extraction of plant thionins employing aluminum silicate based extraction columns. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2200-7. [PMID: 24913248 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thionins belong to a family of cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight (∼5 KDa) biologically active proteins in the plant kingdom. They display a broad cellular toxicity against a wide range of organisms and eukaryotic cell lines. Thionins protect plants against different pathogens, including bacteria and fungi. A highly selective solid-phase extraction method for plant thionins is reported deploying aluminum silicate (3:2 mullite) powder as a sorbent in extraction columns. Mullite was shown to considerably improve selectivity compared to a previously described zirconium silicate embedded poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) monolithic polymer. Due to the presence of aluminum(III), mullite offers electrostatic interactions for the selective isolation of cysteine-rich proteins. In comparison to zirconium(IV) silicate, aluminum(III) silicate showed reduced interactions towards proteins which resulted into superior washings of unspecific compounds while still retaining cysteine-rich thionins. In the presented study, European mistletoe, wheat and barley samples were subjected to solid-phase extraction analysis for isolation of viscotoxins, purothionins and hordothionins, respectively. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy was used for determining the selectivity of the sorbent toward thionins. The selectively retained thionins were quantified by colorimetric detection using the bicinchoninic acid assay. For peptide mass-fingerprint analysis tryptic digests of eluates were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Hussain
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain, Innsbruck, Austria
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Solid-phase extraction method for the isolation of plant thionins from European mistletoe, wheat and barley using zirconium silicate embedded in poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) hollow-monoliths. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7509-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bar-Sela G. White-Berry Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) as complementary treatment in cancer: Does it help? Eur J Integr Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zughaier SM, Shafer WM, Stephens DS. Antimicrobial peptides and endotoxin inhibit cytokine and nitric oxide release but amplify respiratory burst response in human and murine macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2006; 7:1251-62. [PMID: 16098213 PMCID: PMC1388267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), in addition to their antibacterial properties, are also chemotactic and signalling molecules that connect the innate and adaptive immune responses. The role of AMP [alpha defensins, LL-37, a cathepsin G-derived peptide (CG117-136), protegrins (PG-1), polymyxin B (PMX) and LLP1] in modulating the respiratory burst response in human and murine macrophages in the presence of bacterial endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS)] was investigated. AMP were found to neutralize endotoxin induction of nitric oxide and TNFalpha release in macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, macrophages primed overnight with AMP and LOS or LPS significantly enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) release compared with cells primed with endotoxin or AMP alone, while no responses were seen in unprimed cells. This enhanced ROS release by macrophages was seen in all cell lines including those obtained from C3H/HeJ (TLR4-/-) mice. Similar effects were also seen when AMP and endotoxin were added directly with zymosan to trigger phagocytosis and the respiratory burst in unprimed RAW 264.7 and C3H/HeJ macrophages. Amplification of ROS release was also demonstrated in a cell-free system of xanthine and xanthine oxidase. Although AMP inhibited cytokine and nitric oxide induction by endotoxin in a TLR4-dependent manner, AMP and endotoxin amplified ROS release in a TLR4-independent manner possibly by exerting a prolonged catalytic effect on the ROS generating enzymes such as the NADPH-oxidase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu M Zughaier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, and Laboratories of Microbial Pathogenesis, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Giudici M, Poveda JA, Molina ML, de la Canal L, González-Ros JM, Pfüller K, Pfüller U, Villalaín J. Antifungal effects and mechanism of action of viscotoxin A3. FEBS J 2006; 273:72-83. [PMID: 16367749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.05042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Viscotoxins are cationic proteins, isolated from different mistletoe species, that belong to the group of thionins, a group of basic cysteine-rich peptides of approximately 5 kDa. They have been shown to be cytotoxic to different types of cell, including animal, bacterial and fungal. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the cell targets and the mechanism of action of viscotoxin isoform A3 (VtA3). We describe a detailed study of viscotoxin interaction with fungal-derived model membranes, its location inside spores of Fusarium solani, as well as their induced spore death. We show that VtA3 induces the appearance of ion-channel-like activity, the generation of H2O2, and an increase in cytoplasmic free Ca2+. Moreover, we show that Ca2+ is involved in VtA3-induced spore death and increased H2O2 concentration. The data presented here strongly support the notion that the antifungal activity of VtA3 is due to membrane binding and channel formation, leading to destabilization and disruption of the plasma membrane, thereby supporting a direct role for viscotoxins in the plant defence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Giudici
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
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Giudici M, Pascual R, de la Canal L, Pfüller K, Pfüller U, Villalaín J. Interaction of viscotoxins A3 and B with membrane model systems: implications to their mechanism of action. Biophys J 2003; 85:971-81. [PMID: 12885644 PMCID: PMC1303218 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2002] [Accepted: 02/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscotoxins are small proteins that are thought to interact with biomembranes, displaying different toxic activities against a varied number of cell types, being viscotoxin A(3) (VtA(3)) the most cytotoxic whereas viscotoxin B (VtB) is the less potent. By using infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies, we have studied the interaction of VtA(3) and VtB, both wild and reduced ones, with model membranes containing negatively charged phospholipids. Both VtA(3) and VtB present a high conformational stability, and a similar conformation both in solution and when bound to membranes. In solution, the infrared spectra of the reduced proteins show an increase in bandwidth compared to the nonreduced ones indicating a greater flexibility. VtA(3) and VtB bind with high affinity to membranes containing negatively charged phospholipids and are motional restricted, their binding being dependent on phospholipid composition. Whereas nonreduced proteins maintain their structure when bound to membranes, reduced ones aggregate. Furthermore, leakage experiments show that wild proteins were capable of disrupting membranes whereas reduced proteins were not. The effect of VtA(3) and VtB on membranes having different phospholipid composition is diverse, affecting the cooperativity and fluidity of the membranes. Viscotoxins interact with membranes in a complex way, most likely organizing themselves at the surface inducing the appearance of defects that lead to the destabilization and disruption of the membrane bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Giudici
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, E-03202 Elche-Alicante, Spain
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Benedetti A, Fulceri R, Allan BB, Houston P, Sukhodub AL, Marcolongo P, Ethell B, Burchell B, Burchell A. Histone 2A stimulates glucose-6-phosphatase activity by permeabilization of liver microsomes. Biochem J 2002; 367:505-10. [PMID: 12097138 PMCID: PMC1222888 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2002] [Revised: 06/07/2002] [Accepted: 07/03/2002] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone 2A increases glucose-6-phosphatase activity in liver microsomes. The effect has been attributed either to the conformational change of the enzyme, or to the permeabilization of microsomal membrane that allows the free access of substrate to the intraluminal glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic site. The aim of the present study was the critical reinvestigation of the mechanism of action of histone 2A. It has been found that the dose-effect curve of histone 2A is different from that of detergents and resembles that of the pore-forming alamethicin. Inhibitory effects of EGTA on glucose-6-phosphatase activity previously reported in histone 2A-treated microsomes have been also found in alamethicin-permeabilized vesicles. The effect of EGTA cannot therefore simply be an antagonization of the effect of histone 2A. Histone 2A stimulates the activity of another latent microsomal enzyme, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, which has an intraluminal catalytic site. Finally, histone 2A renders microsomal vesicles permeable to non-permeant compounds. Taken together, the results demonstrate that histone 2A stimulates glucose-6-phosphatase activity by permeabilizing the microsomal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia e Medicina Sperimentale, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Büssing A, Stein GM, Herterich-Akinpelu I, Pfüller U. Apoptosis-associated generation of reactive oxygen intermediates and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human lymphocytes and granulocytes by extracts from the seeds of Acalypha wilkesiana. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 1999; 66:301-309. [PMID: 10473177 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Seeds from Acalypha wilkesiana (Euphorbiaceae) are an essential component of a complex plant mixture used empirically by traditional healers in Southwest Nigeria to treat breast tumours and inflammation. To investigate their biological properties, we incubated human lymphocytes and granulocytes with aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. wilkesiana seeds (AWS). In lymphocytes, we observed an induction of apoptosis and generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), as measured by the oxidation of hydroethidine, within 2 h, while in granulocytes, an aqueous seed extract induced the oxidative burst and enhanced phagocytosis of Escherichia coli within 10-20 min. In the supernatants of 72-h cultured lymphocytes, AWS induced the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, and also T-cell-associated cytokines interleukin-5 and interferon-gamma. These preliminary results encourage further investigations of this drug with both cytotoxic and immunomodulating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Büssing
- Department of Applied Immunology, Communal Hospital Herdecke, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany. arbuess@t-online
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Büssing A, Stein GM, Wagner M, Wagner B, Schaller G, Pfüller U, Schietzel M. Accidental cell death and generation of reactive oxygen intermediates in human lymphocytes induced by thionins from Viscum album L. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 262:79-87. [PMID: 10231367 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic mechanisms of thionins from Viscum album L., the viscotoxins, were investigated in human granulocytes and lymphocytes. The time course of viscotoxin effects indicate accidental cell death, i.e. membrane permeabilization, degradation of cytoplasm and chromatin, swelling of mitochondria with loss of their cristae, and generation of reactive oxygen intermediates within 1-2 h, followed by secondary apoptosis-associated events. The viscotoxin homologue purothionin from whole-wheat flour and viscotoxin B, however, did not induce cell death in cultured lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity of cationic and amphipathic viscotoxin was prevented only by cleavage of its disulphide bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Büssing
- Krebsforschung Herdecke, Department of Applied Immunology, Communal Hospital Herdecke, Germany.
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