1
|
de la Fournière S, Guillemi EC, Paoletta MS, Pérez A, Obregón D, Cabezas-Cruz A, Sarmiento NF, Farber MD. Transovarial Transmission of Anaplasma marginale in Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) microplus Ticks Results in a Bottleneck for Strain Diversity. Pathogens 2023; 12:1010. [PMID: 37623970 PMCID: PMC10459439 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intraerythrocytic bacterium of bovines, responsible for large economic losses worldwide. It is mainly transmitted by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks and, despite mounting evidence suggesting transovarial transmission, the occurrence of this phenomenon remains controversial. We evaluated the vector competence of R. microplus larvae vertically infected with A. marginale to transmit the bacterium to a naïve bovine. A subgroup of engorged female ticks collected from an A. marginale-positive animal was dissected and the presence of the pathogen in its tissues was confirmed. A second subgroup of ticks was placed under controlled conditions for oviposition. After confirming the presence of A. marginale in the hatched larvae, an experimental infestation assay was conducted. Larvae were placed on an A. marginale-free splenectomized calf. The bacterium was detected in the experimentally infested bovine 22 days post-infestation. We analyzed the A. marginale diversity throughout the transmission cycle using the molecular marker MSP1a. Different genotypes were detected in the mammalian and arthropod hosts showing a reduction of strain diversity along the transmission process. Our results demonstrate the vertical transmission of A. marginale from R. microplus females to its larvae, their vector competence to transmit the pathogen, and a bottleneck in A. marginale strain diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía de la Fournière
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA—CONICET, P.O. Box 25, Hurlingham B1686LQF, Argentina; (S.d.l.F.); (E.C.G.); (M.S.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Eliana Carolina Guillemi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA—CONICET, P.O. Box 25, Hurlingham B1686LQF, Argentina; (S.d.l.F.); (E.C.G.); (M.S.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Martina Soledad Paoletta
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA—CONICET, P.O. Box 25, Hurlingham B1686LQF, Argentina; (S.d.l.F.); (E.C.G.); (M.S.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Agustina Pérez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA—CONICET, P.O. Box 25, Hurlingham B1686LQF, Argentina; (S.d.l.F.); (E.C.G.); (M.S.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Dasiel Obregón
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1H 2W1, Canada;
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinarie d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Néstor Fabián Sarmiento
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mercedes, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Mercedes 3470, Argentina;
| | - Marisa Diana Farber
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA—CONICET, P.O. Box 25, Hurlingham B1686LQF, Argentina; (S.d.l.F.); (E.C.G.); (M.S.P.); (A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Siddiki AZ, Alam S, Tithi FA, Hoque SF, Sajib EH, Bin Hossen FF, Hossain MA. Construction of a multi-epitope in silico vaccine against Anaplasma Marginale using immunoinformatics approach. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 50:102706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
3
|
Curtis AK, Reif KE, Kleinhenz MD, Martin MS, Skinner B, Kelly SM, Jones DE, Schaut RG, Reppert EJ, Montgomery SR, Narasimhan B, Anantatat T, Jaberi-Douraki M, Coetzee JF. Development of a subcutaneous ear implant to deliver an anaplasmosis vaccine to dairy steers. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5691273. [PMID: 31889177 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis is the most prevalent tick-transmitted disease of cattle worldwide and a major obstacle to profitable beef production. Use of chlortetracycline-medicated feed to control active anaplasmosis infections during the vector season has raised concerns about the potential emergence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria that may pose a risk to human health. Furthermore, the absence of effectiveness data for a commercially available, conditionally licensed anaplasmosis vaccine is a major impediment to implementing anaplasmosis control programs. The primary objective of this study was to develop a single-dose vaccine delivery platform to produce long-lasting protective immunity against anaplasmosis infections. Twelve Holstein steers, aged 11 to 12 wk, were administered a novel 3-stage, single-dose vaccine against Anaplasma marginale, a major surface protein 1a. The vaccine consisted of a soluble vaccine administered subcutaneously (s.c.) for immune priming, a vaccine depot of a biodegradable polyanhydride rod with intermediate slow release of the vaccine for boosting immune response, and an immune-isolated vaccine platform for extended antigen release (VPEAR implant) deposited s.c. in the ear. Six calves were randomly assigned to 2 vaccine constructs (n = 3) that featured rods and implants containing a combination of 2 different adjuvants, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Dextran and Quil-A (Group A). The remaining 6 calves were randomly assigned to 2 vaccine constructs (n = 3) that featured rods and implants containing the same adjuvant (either DEAE-Dextran or Quil A) (Group B). Twenty-one months post-implantation, calves were challenged intravenously with A. marginale stabilate and were monitored weekly for signs of fever, decreased packed cell volume (PCV) and bacteremia. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects model and chi-squared tests (SAS v9.04.01, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Calves in Group A had higher PCV than calves in Group B (P = 0.006) at day 35 post-infection. Calves in Group A were less likely to require antibiotic intervention compared with calves in Group B (P = 0.014). Results indicate that calves exhibited diminished clinical signs of anaplasmosis when antigen was delivered with a combination of adjuvants as opposed to a single adjuvant. This demonstrates the feasibility of providing long-lasting protection against clinical bovine anaplasmosis infections using a subcutaneous ear implant vaccine construct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Kathryn E Reif
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Miriam S Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Brandt Skinner
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Sean M Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Douglas E Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Emily J Reppert
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Tippawan Anantatat
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Genetic diversity of major surface protein 1a of Anaplasma marginale in dairy cattle. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 89:104608. [PMID: 33470211 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Major surface protein 1 alpha (Msp1α) is a stable genetic marker for identifying Anaplasma marginale. Our aims were to investigate the genetic diversity of A. marginale based on microsatellites and tandem repeats of the msp1α gene and to determine the phylogenetic relationships among six isolates obtained from 63 dairy cows positive for the pathogen from Turkey and from strains worldwide. Msp1α microsatellite analysis revealed infection with three genotypes (B, C, G). Genotype B was found in cows held in an intensive management system, while genotypes C and G were found in grazing cows. Microsatellite sequences produced SD-ATG distances of 19 and 23 nucleotides, with 23 nucleotides predominating, showing high infection potential. Fourteen different tandem repeats of A. marginale were found in the samples, and four msp1α gene repeats designated Tr4, Tr5, Tr6 and Tr7 were newly described. The majority of A. marginale isolates exhibited more than three Msp1a tandem repeats, with a maximum of seven. The Msp1a tandem repeats α-73-73-73-73-73-73 were commonly observed in intensively managed cows. The phylogenetic analysis revealed A. marginale strains from Turkey clustering with those of the Americas, Africa, Asia and Europe, suggesting a history of cattle trade and transport.
Collapse
|
5
|
Díaz-Sánchez AA, Meli ML, Obregón Álvarez D, Fonseca-Rodríguez O, Cabezas-Cruz A, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Corona-González B. Development and application of a multiplex TaqMan® real-time qPCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Anaplasma marginale and Theileria annulata and molecular characterization of Anaplasma marginale from cattle in Western Cuba. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101356. [PMID: 31870635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasmosis and theileriosis are considered the most important tick-borne diseases for livestock production worldwide, causing significant economic losses in tropical and subtropical regions. The present study was aimed to develop a multiplex TaqMan® qPCR assay to simultaneously detect Anaplasma marginale and Theileria annulata and to applied it to investigate naturally infected cattle in Cuba. The assay was highly specific, sensible, and efficient; it was more sensitive than a well-established nested PCR and detected 1 DNA copy of each target. Consistent repeatability and reproducibility within and between multiplex qPCR runs was shown. A total of 223 blood samples collected in western Cuba were analyzed for haemoparasites infection in cattle. The multiplex qPCR assay detected A. marginale in 213 samples (95.5%; CI: 95%; 91.9%-97.5%), but all samples were negative for T. annulata. Additionally, the genetic diversity of A. marginale was assessed using 16S rRNA, MSP1a and MSP4 nucleotide and protein sequences. The MSP1a tandem repeats ranged from three to five, and twelve different MSP1a tandem repeats of A. marginale were found, which presented genotypes C, E, and G in the 5'UTR microsatellite region. Phylogenetic analysis using the msp4 gene showed that Cuban strains were closely related to others previously reported in Mexico, Brazil and Asian countries. The multiplex qPCR described here proved to be a rapid, specific and cost-effective mean for the simultaneous detection of A. marginale and T. annulata. Further epidemiological studies using this assay will improve the surveillance of the associated diseases in regions where they are endemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Alberto Díaz-Sánchez
- Centro Nacional De Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Carretera De Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, 32700 San José De Las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba; Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dasiel Obregón Álvarez
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Belkis Corona-González
- Centro Nacional De Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Carretera De Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, 32700 San José De Las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fedorina EA, Arkhipova AL, Kosovskiy GY, Kovalchuk SN. Molecular survey and genetic characterization of Anaplasma marginale isolates in cattle from two regions of Russia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:251-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
7
|
Vechtova P, Sterbova J, Sterba J, Vancova M, Rego ROM, Selinger M, Strnad M, Golovchenko M, Rudenko N, Grubhoffer L. A bite so sweet: the glycobiology interface of tick-host-pathogen interactions. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:594. [PMID: 30428923 PMCID: PMC6236881 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases constitute 17% of all infectious diseases in the world; among the blood-feeding arthropods, ticks transmit the highest number of pathogens. Understanding the interactions between the tick vector, the mammalian host and the pathogens circulating between them is the basis for the successful development of vaccines against ticks or the tick-transmitted pathogens as well as for the development of specific treatments against tick-borne infections. A lot of effort has been put into transcriptomic and proteomic analyses; however, the protein-carbohydrate interactions and the overall glycobiology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens has not been given the importance or priority deserved. Novel (bio)analytical techniques and their availability have immensely increased the possibilities in glycobiology research and thus novel information in the glycobiology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens is being generated at a faster pace each year. This review brings a comprehensive summary of the knowledge on both the glycosylated proteins and the glycan-binding proteins of the ticks as well as the tick-transmitted pathogens, with emphasis on the interactions allowing the infection of both the ticks and the hosts by various bacteria and tick-borne encephalitis virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Vechtova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jarmila Sterbova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sterba
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vancova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ryan O M Rego
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Selinger
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Strnad
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Maryna Golovchenko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nataliia Rudenko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jaimes-Dueñez J, Triana-Chávez O, Mejía-Jaramillo AM. Genetic, host and environmental factors associated with a high prevalence of Anaplasma marginale. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1286-1295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
9
|
Molecular evidence of the reservoir competence of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) for Anaplasma marginale in Cuba. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 13:180-187. [PMID: 31014871 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is a potential reservoir for Anaplasma marginale in livestock ecosystems of tropical countries. However, their participation in the epidemiological process of bovine anaplasmosis in endemic areas remains unclear. In the present study, the reservoir competence of water buffalo for A. marginale was explored by focusing on the analysis of rickettsemia levels in carrier animals, and the genetic characterization of A. marginale strains from cattle and buffalo. Eight groups of cattle and water buffaloes were randomly selected from cohabiting herds in four livestock ecosystems of Cuba, together with two control groups from unrelated cattle and buffalo herds. A total of 180 adult animals (88 water buffalo and 92 cattle) were sampled. Rickettsemia in carrier animals was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The rickettsemia (parasitemia) levels in cattle were higher than in buffaloes, however the rickettsemia in buffalo may be enough to infect R. microplus ticks. The genetic diversity of A. marginale was assessed by strain characterization and phylogenetic analysis of 27 msp1α gene sequences. The results showed genetic similarity among strains from cattle and water buffalo, suggesting the occurrence of cross-species transmission.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cangussu ASR, Mariúba LAM, Lalwani P, Pereira KDES, Astolphi-Filho S, Orlandi PP, Epiphanio S, Viana KF, Ribeiro MFB, Silva HM, Marinho CRF, Nogueira PA. A hybrid protein containing MSP1a repeats and Omp7, Omp8 and Omp9 epitopes protect immunized BALB/c mice against anaplasmosis. Vet Res 2018; 49:6. [PMID: 29351812 PMCID: PMC5775529 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale (A. marginale) has a remarkable impact on livestock production, and an effective vaccine is not currently available due to the inexistence of a small animal model. Recently, BALB/c mice were successfully infected with A. marginale, resulting in an acute and persistent anaplasmosis infection. Here, we designed a hybrid protein containing repeats of polypeptide 1a from major surface protein-1 complex (MSP1a) repeats and common epitopes of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) OMP7, OMP8 and OMP9 expressed in Escherichia coli. Our proof-of-concept assessed vaccinal effectiveness against a challenge with live bacteria. The MSP1a/OMP7/8/9 immunized BALB/C mice exhibited a strong reduction in rickettsemia and had no signs of anaplasmosis or hepatic lesions. In contrast, the non-immunized mice exhibited signs of anaplasmosis and a body weight loss associated with increases in monocyte and neutrophil counts. Furthermore, the non-immunized mice displayed atrophies with chronic inflammatory infiltrates in the spleen and increased binucleation and hydropic degeneration in the hepatocytes. Our findings demonstrated that immunization with our hybrid protein induced a strong reduction in rickettsemia and conferred protection against anaplasmosis. Therefore, given the strong evidence of the protective effect against anaplasmosis, hybrid protein designs are potential candidates for the rational design of vaccinal subunits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Sander R Cangussu
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas-Programa de pós-graduação em Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, Manaus, AM/Brasil, Brazil. .,Universidade Federal do Tocantins-Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Gurupi, TO/Brazil, Brazil.
| | - Luis André M Mariúba
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane-Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas/Brazil, Brazil
| | - Pritesh Lalwani
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane-Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas/Brazil, Brazil
| | | | - Spartaco Astolphi-Filho
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas-Programa de pós-graduação em Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, Manaus, AM/Brasil, Brazil
| | - Patricia P Orlandi
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane-Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas/Brazil, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo/Brazil, Brazil
| | - Kelvison F Viana
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins-Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Gurupi, TO/Brazil, Brazil
| | - Mucio Flavio B Ribeiro
- Departamento de Parasitologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais/Brazil, Brazil
| | - Hidelberto M Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitário Unirg, Gurupi, Tocantins/Brazil, Brazil
| | - Claudio R F Marinho
- Departamento de Parasitologia do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Nogueira
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane-Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas/Brazil, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Outbreak of anaplasmosis associated with novel genetic variants of Anaplasma marginale in a dairy cattle. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 54:20-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
12
|
Battilani M, De Arcangeli S, Balboni A, Dondi F. Genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Anaplasma. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:195-211. [PMID: 28122249 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma are obligate intracellular bacteria of cells of haematopoietic origin and are aetiological agents of tick-borne diseases of both veterinary and medical interest common in both tropical and temperate regions. The recent disclosure of their zoonotic potential has greatly increased interest in the study of these bacteria, leading to the recent reorganisation of Rickettsia taxonomy and to the possible discovery of new species belonging to the genus Anaplasma. This review is particularly focused on the common and unique characteristics of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, with an emphasis on genetic diversity and evolution, and the main distinguishing features of the diseases caused by the different Anaplasma spp. are described as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Battilani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bo, Italy.
| | - Stefano De Arcangeli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bo, Italy
| | - Andrea Balboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pothmann D, Poppert S, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Hogan B, Mastropaolo M, Thiel C, Silaghi C. Prevalence and genetic characterization of Anaplasma marginale in zebu cattle ( Bos indicus ) and their ticks ( Amblyomma variegatum , Rhipicephalus microplus ) from Madagascar. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:1116-1123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
Phylogenic analysis of adhesion related genes Mad1 revealed a positive selection for the evolution of trapping devices of nematode-trapping fungi. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22609. [PMID: 26941065 PMCID: PMC4778117 DOI: 10.1038/srep22609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesions, the major components of the extracellular fibrillar polymers which accumulate on the outer surface of adhesive traps of nematode-trapping fungi, are thought to have played important roles during the evolution of trapping devices. Phylogenetic analyses based on the genes related to adhesive materials can be of great importance for understanding the evolution of trapping devices. Recently, AoMad1, one homologous gene of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae cell wall protein MAD1, has been functionally characterized as involved in the production of adhesions in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. In this study, we cloned Mad1 homologous genes from nematode-trapping fungi with various trapping devices. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that species which formed nonadhesive constricting ring (CR) traps more basally placed and species with adhesive traps evolved along two lineages. Likelihood ratio tests (LRT) revealed that significant positive selective pressure likely acted on the ancestral trapping devices including both adhesive and mechanical traps, indicating that the Mad1 genes likely played important roles during the evolution of nematode-trapping fungi. Our study provides new insights into the evolution of trapping devices of nematode-trapping fungi and also contributes to understanding the importance of adhesions during the evolution of nematode-trapping fungi.
Collapse
|
15
|
Machado RZ, Silva JBD, André MR, Gonçalves LR, Matos CA, Obregón D. Outbreak of anaplasmosis associated with the presence of different Anaplasma marginale strains in dairy cattle in the states of São Paulo and Goiás, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2015; 24:438-46. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612015078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The present study reports the genetic diversity of Anaplasma marginale during anaplasmosis outbreaks in rural properties of the states of Goiás and São Paulo, Brazil. Mortality rates of 3.5% (37/1,050) in calves, 4.7% (45/954) in heifers and 1.1% (25/2,200) in lactating cows were observed in a cattle herd of the municipality of Mambaí, state of Goiás, central-western Brazil. In a cattle herd from the municipality of Lins, state of São Paulo, in southeastern Brazil, none of the animals died, despite presenting clinical signs suggestive of bovine anaplasmosis and exhibiting a drastic decrease in milk production. Thus, blood samples were collected from 100 animals with clinical signs suggestive of bovine anaplasmosis in the municipalities of Mambaí and Lins. Based on the microsatellite structure of the MSP1a of A. marginale, the genotypes E and H were observed in Lins, and the C, D and E genotypes were found in Mambaí. The analysis of the tandem repeat structures of the MSP1a showed nine different strains (τ-10 -15, α-β2, α-β3-13, α-β2 192, τ-β-100, α-β2-Γ, 193-β-100, 191-13-Γ and 191-13-18) in Lins and two (α-β3-Γ and E-F-φ2-F2) in Mambaí. Three new tandem repeats of MSP1a (191, 192 and 193) were described. The τ-10-15 and α-β3-Γ strains were predominantly associated with the occurrence of clinical anaplasmosis and mortality in calves, heifers and lactating cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Antonio Matos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Brasil; Direcção de Ciências Animais, Moçambique
| | - Dasiel Obregón
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Brasil; Universidad Agraria de La Habana, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zink SD, Van Slyke GA, Palumbo MJ, Kramer LD, Ciota AT. Exposure to West Nile Virus Increases Bacterial Diversity and Immune Gene Expression in Culex pipiens. Viruses 2015; 7:5619-31. [PMID: 26516902 PMCID: PMC4632394 DOI: 10.3390/v7102886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex interactions between microbial residents of mosquitoes and arboviruses are likely to influence many aspects of vectorial capacity and could potentially have profound effects on patterns of arbovirus transmission. Such interactions have not been well studied for West Nile virus (WNV; Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) and Culex spp. mosquitoes. We utilized next-generation sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA bacterial genes derived from Culex pipiens Linnaeus following WNV exposure and/or infection and compared bacterial populations and broad immune responses to unexposed mosquitoes. Our results demonstrate that WNV infection increases the diversity of bacterial populations and is associated with up-regulation of classical invertebrate immune pathways including RNA interference (RNAi), Toll, and Jak-STAT (Janus kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription). In addition, WNV exposure alone, without the establishment of infection, results in similar alterations to microbial and immune signatures, although to a lesser extent. Multiple bacterial genera were found in greater abundance in WNV-exposed and/or infected mosquitoes, yet the most consistent and notable was the genus Serratia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Zink
- Griffin Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
| | - Greta A Van Slyke
- Griffin Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
| | - Michael J Palumbo
- Wadsworth Center Bioinformatics Core, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Griffin Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
| | - Alexander T Ciota
- Griffin Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Silvestre BT, Silveira JAG, Meneses RM, Facury-Filho EJ, Carvalho AU, Ribeiro MFB. Identification of a vertically transmitted strain from Anaplasma marginale (UFMG3): Molecular and phylogenetic characterization, and evaluation of virulence. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 7:80-84. [PMID: 26381444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis is a disease caused by the intraerythrocytic rickettsia species Anaplasma marginale and results in great economic losses in tropical and subtropical regions. Vertical transmission is an important phenomenon that contributes to the persistence of different strains of the agent within the same herd. The identification of new strains and genetic characterization studies are essential to understanding their epidemiology and virulence and for vaccine development. The aim of this study was to perform molecular and phylogenetic characterizations of a new vertically transmitted strain from A. marginale and to evaluate its virulence by experimental inoculation of rickettsia-free calves. Thirty newborn Holstein calves were subjected to molecular tests for the detection of A. marginale, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina. Calves positive for A. marginale (n=3) were splenectomized and monitored for the clinical manifestations of anaplasmosis. Blood samples from one of the calves that presented rickettsemia of 42.8% and spontaneous recovery of clinical parameters were used for molecular and phylogenetic characterization (msp1a gene), and inoculum production was used for the evaluation of virulence. This strain was identified as UFMG3. Three tandem repeat forms (13 and MGI19) were identified from the analysis of the msp1a gene, in which the form MGI19 appeared twice. Analysis of these repeats revealed the presence of the sequences QASTSS and SSASGQQQESS and of aspartic acid (D) at position 20 of both repeats. Phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship among the UFMG3, MGI19 and UFMG2 strains. For virulence evaluation, six Holstein calves were inoculated intravenously with 2×10(7)A. marginale UFMG3-infected erythrocytes. The calves showed maximum rickettsemia of 5.1%, a moderate decrease in packed cell volume and spontaneous recovery of clinical parameters without the need for treatment. The results of experimental inoculation suggest that the strain A. marginale UFMG3 has low virulence and potential application for use as a live vaccine against A. marginale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna T Silvestre
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Júlia A G Silveira
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Meneses
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elias J Facury-Filho
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio U Carvalho
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Múcio F B Ribeiro
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Identification and Characterization of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Proteins Involved in Infection of the Tick Vector, Ixodes scapularis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137237. [PMID: 26340562 PMCID: PMC4560377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging zoonotic pathogen transmitted by Ixodes scapularis that causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Here, a high throughput quantitative proteomics approach was used to characterize A. phagocytophilum proteome during rickettsial multiplication and identify proteins involved in infection of the tick vector, I. scapularis. The first step in this research was focused on tick cells infected with A. phagocytophilum and sampled at two time points containing 10–15% and 65–71% infected cells, respectively to identify key bacterial proteins over-represented in high percentage infected cells. The second step was focused on adult female tick guts and salivary glands infected with A. phagocytophilum to compare in vitro results with those occurring during bacterial infection in vivo. The results showed differences in the proteome of A. phagocytophilum in infected ticks with higher impact on protein synthesis and processing than on bacterial replication in tick salivary glands. These results correlated well with the developmental cycle of A. phagocytophilum, in which cells convert from an intracellular reticulated, replicative form to the nondividing infectious dense-core form. The analysis of A. phagocytophilum differentially represented proteins identified stress response (GroEL, HSP70) and surface (MSP4) proteins that were over-represented in high percentage infected tick cells and salivary glands when compared to low percentage infected cells and guts, respectively. The results demonstrated that MSP4, GroEL and HSP70 interact and bind to tick cells, thus playing a role in rickettsia-tick interactions. The most important finding of these studies is the increase in the level of certain bacterial stress response and surface proteins in A. phagocytophilum-infected tick cells and salivary glands with functional implication in tick-pathogen interactions. These results gave a new dimension to the role of these stress response and surface proteins during A. phagocytophilum infection in ticks. Characterization of Anaplasma proteome contributes information on host-pathogen interactions and provides targets for development of novel control strategies for pathogen infection and transmission.
Collapse
|
19
|
Belkahia H, Ben Said M, Alberti A, Abdi K, Issaoui Z, Hattab D, Gharbi M, Messadi L. First molecular survey and novel genetic variants' identification of Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale and A. bovis in cattle from Tunisia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:361-71. [PMID: 26117444 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Few data are available about the presence and distribution of Anaplasma species in cattle in North African countries. In this study prevalence, co-infections, risk factors and genetic diversity of Anaplasma species were evaluated in bovines from Northern Tunisia. A total of 232 cattle from 36 randomly selected farms in three Tunisian localities were investigated for the presence of Anaplasma species in blood by Real-time PCR and/or nested PCR. Overall infection rates of Anaplasma spp., Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma centrale and Anaplasma bovis were 34.9%, 25.4%, 15.1%, and 3.9%, respectively. Anaplasma phagocytophilum was not detected in cattle. The most common co-infection pattern was an association of A. marginale and A. centrale (11.2%). Five cattle (2.1%) all reared in the sub-humid bioclimatic area, were co-infected by the three Anaplasma species. Molecular prevalence of Anaplasma infection varied significantly according to locality, bioclimatic area, tick infestation and type of breeding. Animals of the Holstein breed were less infected by A. marginale and A. centrale than other breeds. Genetic analysis of A. marginale msp4 gene indicated a high sequence diversity of Tunisian strains, suggesting a multiple introduction of infected cattle from different origins. Phylogenetic studies based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that the most prevalent A. centrale strains were closely related to the A. centrale vaccine strain. Moreover, all A. bovis variants clustered with other A. bovis sequences obtained from domestic and wild ruminant strains. This is the first molecular investigation on Anaplasma species in Tunisian cattle providing pivotal background for designing epidemiological studies and to develop control strategies in the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanène Belkahia
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia; Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Khaoula Abdi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Valorisation des Bio-Géo Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sidi Thabet, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Zakia Issaoui
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Dorra Hattab
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Messadi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Molecular and immunological characterization of three strains of Anaplasma marginale grown in cultured tick cells. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:522-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
21
|
Baêta BA, Ribeiro CCDU, Teixeira RC, Cabezas-Cruz A, Passos LMF, Zweygarth E, Fonseca AH. Characterization of two strains of Anaplasma marginale isolated from cattle in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, after propagation in tick cell culture. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 6:141-5. [PMID: 25468764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
IDE8 tick cell cultures have been used for the isolation and propagation of several isolates of Anaplasma marginale. The genetic heterogeneity of A. marginale strains in cattle is diverse in endemic regions worldwide and the analyses of msp1α (major surface protein 1 alpha) gene sequences have allowed the identification of different strains. This study reports the isolation and propagation of two new isolates of A. marginale in IDE8 cells from blood of two cattle and their morphological and molecular characterization using light microscopy and the msp1α gene, respectively. Small colonies were observed in cytospin smears of each of the isolates 60 days after culture initiation. Based on msp1α sequence variation, the two isolates were found to be separate strains and were named AmRio1 and AmRio2. Analysis of msp1α microsatellite in both strains resulted in a single genotype, genotype E. The amino acid sequence of one MSP1α tandem repeat from the strain AmRio1 resulted in a new sequence (named 162) with one amino acid change. The results of these phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that A. marginale strains from Brazil and Argentina formed two large clusters of which one was less divergent that the other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna A Baêta
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carla C D U Ribeiro
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Rafaella C Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), INSERM U1019 - CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France; SaBio, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain.
| | - Lygia M F Passos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Erich Zweygarth
- Institute for Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Adivaldo H Fonseca
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mutshembele AM, Cabezas-Cruz A, Mtshali MS, Thekisoe OM, Galindo RC, de la Fuente J. Epidemiology and evolution of the genetic variability of Anaplasma marginale in South Africa. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 5:624-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
23
|
Silvestre BT, Rabelo ÉM, Versiani AF, da Fonseca FG, Silveira JA, Bueno LL, Fujiwara RT, Ribeiro MF. Evaluation of humoral and cellular immune response of BALB/c mice immunized with a recombinant fragment of MSP1a from Anaplasma marginale using carbon nanotubes as a carrier molecule. Vaccine 2014; 32:2160-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
24
|
Functional and immunological relevance of Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a sequence and structural analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65243. [PMID: 23776456 PMCID: PMC3679145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis is caused by cattle infection with the tick-borne bacterium, Anaplasma marginale. The major surface protein 1a (MSP1a) has been used as a genetic marker for identifying A. marginale strains based on N-terminal tandem repeats and a 5′-UTR microsatellite located in the msp1a gene. The MSP1a tandem repeats contain immune relevant elements and functional domains that bind to bovine erythrocytes and tick cells, thus providing information about the evolution of host-pathogen and vector-pathogen interactions. Here we propose one nomenclature for A. marginale strain classification based on MSP1a. All tandem repeats among A. marginale strains were classified and the amino acid variability/frequency in each position was determined. The sequence variation at immunodominant B cell epitopes was determined and the secondary (2D) structure of the tandem repeats was modeled. A total of 224 different strains of A. marginale were classified, showing 11 genotypes based on the 5′-UTR microsatellite and 193 different tandem repeats with high amino acid variability per position. Our results showed phylogenetic correlation between MSP1a sequence, secondary structure, B-cell epitope composition and tick transmissibility of A. marginale strains. The analysis of MSP1a sequences provides relevant information about the biology of A. marginale to design vaccines with a cross-protective capacity based on MSP1a B-cell epitopes.
Collapse
|
25
|
Epitope-based vaccines with the Anaplasma marginale MSP1a functional motif induce a balanced humoral and cellular immune response in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60311. [PMID: 23579784 PMCID: PMC3620323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis is a hemoparasitic disease that causes considerable economic loss to the dairy and beef industries. Cattle immunized with the Anaplasma marginale MSP1 outer membrane protein complex presents a protective humoral immune response; however, its efficacy is variable. Immunodominant epitopes seem to be a key-limiting factor for the adaptive immunity. We have successfully demonstrated that critical motifs of the MSP1a functional epitope are essential for antibody recognition of infected animal sera, but its protective immunity is yet to be tested. We have evaluated two synthetic vaccine formulations against A. marginale, using epitope-based approach in mice. Mice infection with bovine anaplasmosis was demonstrated by qPCR analysis of erythrocytes after 15-day exposure. A proof-of-concept was obtained in this murine model, in which peptides conjugated to bovine serum albumin were used for immunization in three 15-day intervals by intraperitoneal injections before challenging with live bacteria. Blood samples were analyzed for the presence of specific IgG2a and IgG1 antibodies, as well as for the rickettsemia analysis. A panel containing the cytokines’ transcriptional profile for innate and adaptive immune responses was carried out through qPCR. Immunized BALB/c mice challenged with A. marginale presented stable body weight, reduced number of infected erythrocytes, and no mortality; and among control groups mortality rates ranged from 15% to 29%. Additionally, vaccines have significantly induced higher IgG2a than IgG1 response, followed by increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This is a successful demonstration of epitope-based vaccines, and protection against anaplasmosis may be associated with elicitation of effector functions of humoral and cellular immune responses in murine model.
Collapse
|
26
|
Pohl AE, Cabezas-Cruz A, Ribeiro MFB, Silveira JAGD, Silaghi C, Pfister K, Passos LMF. Detection of genetic diversity of Anaplasma marginale isolates in Minas Gerais, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2013; 22:129-35. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612013000100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the tick-borne rickettsiaAnaplasma marginale, is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and results in economic losses in the cattle industry. Major surface proteins (MSPs) have been used as markers for the genetic characterization of A. marginale strains and demonstrate that many isolates may occur in a given geographic area. However, in Brazil, little is known about the genetic diversity of A. marginale isolates within individual herds. This study was designed to examine the genetic variation among A. marginale infecting calves in a farm in the south of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Blood samples collected from 100 calves were used to prepare Giemsastained smears that were microscopically examined for the presence of A. marginale. From each blood sample, DNA was extracted and analyzed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing to determine diversity among the isolates. Examination of blood smears showed that 48% of the calves were infected with A. marginale, while the real-time PCR detected 70.2% positivity. Congenital infections were found in four calves. The microsatellite and tandem repeat analyses showed high genetic diversity among the isolates.
Collapse
|
27
|
Functional epitope core motif of the Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a and its incorporation onto bioelectrodes for antibody detection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33045. [PMID: 22427942 PMCID: PMC3299730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasmosis, a persistent intraerythrocytic infection of cattle by Anaplasma marginale, causes severe anemia and a higher rate of abortion, resulting in significant loss to both dairy and beef industries. Clinical diagnosis is based on symptoms and confirmatory laboratory tests are required. Currently, all the diagnostic assays have been developed with whole antigens with indirect ELISA based on multiple epitopes. In a pioneer investigation we demonstrated the use of critical motifs of an epitope as biomarkers for immunosensor applications. Mimotopes of the MSP1a protein functional epitope were obtained through Phage Display after three cycles of selection of a 12-mer random peptide library against the neutralizing monoclonal antibody 15D2. Thirty-nine clones were randomly selected, sequenced, translated and aligned with the native sequence. The consensus sequence SxSSQSEASTSSQLGA was obtained, which is located in C-terminal end of the 28-aa repetitive motif of the MSP1a protein, but the alignment and sequences' variation among mimotopes allowed us to map the critical motif STSSxL within the consensus sequence. Based on these results, two peptides were chemically synthesized: one based on the critical motif (STSSQL, Am1) and the other based on the consensus sequence aligned with the native epitope (SEASTSSQLGA, Am2). Sera from 24 infected and 52 healthy animals were tested by ELISA for reactivity against Am1 and Am2, which presented sensitivities of 96% and 100%, respectively. The Am1 peptide was incorporated onto a biolectrode (graphite modified with poly-3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) and direct serum detection was demonstrated by impedance, differential pulse voltammetry, and atomic force microscopy. The electrochemical sensor system proved to be highly effective in discriminating sera from positive and negative animals. These immunosensors were highly sensitive and selective for positive IgG, contaminants did not affect measurements, and were based on a simple, fast and reproducible electrochemical system.
Collapse
|
28
|
Protection in the absence of exclusion between two Brazilian isolates of Anaplasma marginale in experimentally infected calves. Vet J 2010; 186:374-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Molecular epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis with a particular focus in Mexico. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:1092-101. [PMID: 19786123 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale, has a worldwide distribution and is the cause of great economic losses in developing countries where it is highly endemic. Transmission is carried mainly by ixodid ticks: Dermacentor spp. and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. Mechanical transmission is important in disseminating the disease within and across herds. The relationship between the rickettsia, the host and the vector is complex. Several surface proteins (Msps) have been described with functions that span from adhesins towards the erythrocyte and tick cells to evasion of the immune system of the host through the generation of antigenic variants. Biologic transmission of A. marginale through Dermacentor ticks has been well studied but many questions are unresolved as to how this organism spreads within and across herds and little is known about the role Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) ticks play in transmission in the Americas. Mechanical transmission in the absence of ticks and lack of transmission through ticks are questions that need to be addressed. Phylogenetic studies of the rickettsia show wide antigenic and genetic mosaics which affects the design of new vaccines. In the present work we will discuss the molecular elements in the relationship between the rickettsia, the tick and the mammalian host associated to the distribution and persistence of the pathogen in nature.
Collapse
|
31
|
de la Fuente J, Kocan KM, Blouin EF, Zivkovic Z, Naranjo V, Almazán C, Esteves E, Jongejan F, Daffre S, Mangold AJ. Functional genomics and evolution of tick-Anaplasma interactions and vaccine development. Vet Parasitol 2009; 167:175-86. [PMID: 19819630 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) includes several tick-transmitted pathogens that impact veterinary and human health. Tick-borne pathogens cycle between tick vectors and vertebrate hosts and their interaction is mediated by molecular mechanisms at the tick-pathogen interface. These mechanisms have evolved characteristics that involve traits from both the tick vector and the pathogen to insure their mutual survival. Herein, we review the information obtained from functional genomics and genetic studies to characterize the tick-Anaplasma interface and evolution of A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum. Anaplasma and tick genes and proteins involved in tick-pathogen interactions were characterized. The results of these studies demonstrated that common and Anaplasma species-specific molecular mechanism occur by which pathogen and tick cell gene expression mediates or limits Anaplasma developmental cycle and trafficking through ticks. These results have advanced our understanding of the biology of tick-Anaplasma interactions and have opened new avenues for the development of improved methods for the control of tick infestations and the transmission of tick-borne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ruybal P, Moretta R, Perez A, Petrigh R, Zimmer P, Alcaraz E, Echaide I, Torioni de Echaide S, Kocan KM, de la Fuente J, Farber M. Genetic diversity of Anaplasma marginale in Argentina. Vet Parasitol 2009; 162:176-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
33
|
Molad T, Fleidrovich L, Mazuz M, Fish L, Leibovitz B, Krigel Y, Shkap V. Genetic diversity of major surface protein 1a of Anaplasma marginale in beef cattle. Vet Microbiol 2009; 136:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
34
|
Tamekuni K, Kano FS, Ataliba AC, Marana ER, Venâncio EJ, Vidotto MC, Garcia JL, Headley SA, Vidotto O. Cloning, expression, and characterization of the MSP1a and MSP1b recombinant proteins from PR1 Anaplasma marginale strain, Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2009; 86:98-107. [PMID: 18603273 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
35
|
Genetic diversity of Anaplasma marginale strains from an outbreak of bovine anaplasmosis in an endemic area. Vet Parasitol 2008; 158:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
36
|
Quantitative differences in salivary pathogen load during tick transmission underlie strain-specific variation in transmission efficiency of Anaplasma marginale. Infect Immun 2008; 77:70-5. [PMID: 18955472 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01164-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative fitness of arthropod-borne pathogens within the vector can be a major determinant of pathogen prevalence within the mammalian host population. Strains of the tick-borne rickettsia Anaplasma marginale differ markedly in transmission efficiency, with a consequent impact on pathogen strain structure. We have identified two A. marginale strains with significant differences in the transmission phenotype that is effected following infection of the salivary gland. We have proposed competing hypotheses to explain the phenotypes: (i) both strains are secreted equally, but there is an intrinsic difference in infectivity for the mammalian host, or (ii) one strain is secreted at a significantly higher level and thus represents delivery of a greater pathogen dose. Quantitative analysis of pathogen replication and secretion revealed that the high-efficiency St. Maries strain replicated to a 10-fold-higher titer and that a significantly greater percentage of infected ticks secreted A. marginale into the saliva and did so at a significantly higher level than for the low-efficiency Israel vaccine strain. Furthermore, the transmission phenotype of the vaccine strain could be restored to that of the St. Maries strain simply by increasing the delivered pathogen dose, either by direct inoculation of salivary gland organisms or by increasing the number of ticks during transmission feeding. We identified morphological differences in the colonization of each strain within the salivary glands and propose that these reflect strain-specific differences in replication and secretion pathways linked to the vector-pathogen interaction.
Collapse
|
37
|
Canales M, Almazán C, Pérez de la Lastra JM, de la Fuente J. Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a directs cell surface display of tick BM95 immunogenic peptides on Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2008; 135:326-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
38
|
Scoles GA, Ueti MW, Noh SM, Knowles DP, Palmer GH. Conservation of transmission phenotype of Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) strains among Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2007; 44:484-91. [PMID: 17547235 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[484:cotpoa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Before the eradication of Boophilus ticks from the United States, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Say) were important biological vectors of the cattle pathogen Anaplasma marginale Theiler. In the absence of Boophilus ticks, A. marginale continues to be transmitted by Dermacentor ticks. However, a few U.S. strains are not transmissible by Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), or both, raising the question of how these strains evolved and how they are maintained. We hypothesize that the U.S. non-Dermacentor-transmissible strains of A. marginale were formerly Boophilus-transmitted strains that have been maintained by a combination of persistent infection and mechanical transmission since the eradication of their biological vector from the United States. To test this hypothesis, we attempted to transmit a well-documented non-Dermacentor-transmissible A. marginale strain (Florida), by using D. andersoni and the two Boophilus species that formerly occurred in the United States. For comparison, we examined tick-borne transmission of a strain of A. marginale (Puerto Rico), which has previously been shown to be transmissible by both D. andersoni and B. microplus. All three species of tick transmitted the Puerto Rico strain, and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis confirmed the presence ofA. marginale colonies in their salivary glands. All three tick species failed to transmit the Florida strain. Although both D. andersoni and B. microplus acquired transient midgut and salivary gland infections after acquisition feeding, we were unable to detect colonies of the Florida strain in the salivary glands with IHC. This demonstrates that the transmission phenotype ofA. marginale strains is conserved among tick species, and it suggests that the failure of the Florida strain to be transmitted by ticks is related to a general inability to efficiently invade or replicate in tick cells, rather than to a failure to invade or replicate in cells of a specific tick species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glen A Scoles
- USDA-ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ueti MW, Reagan JO, Knowles DP, Scoles GA, Shkap V, Palmer GH. Identification of midgut and salivary glands as specific and distinct barriers to efficient tick-borne transmission of Anaplasma marginale. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2959-64. [PMID: 17420231 PMCID: PMC1932854 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00284-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the determinants of efficient tick-borne microbial transmission is needed to better predict the emergence of highly transmissible pathogen strains and disease outbreaks. Although the basic developmental cycle of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. within the tick has been delineated, there are marked differences in the ability of specific strains to be efficiently tick transmitted. Using the highly transmissible St. Maries strain of Anaplasma marginale in Dermacentor andersoni as a positive control and two unrelated nontransmissible strains, we identified distinct barriers to efficient transmission within the tick. The Mississippi strain was unable to establish infection at the level of the midgut epithelium despite successful ingestion of infected blood following acquisition feeding on a bacteremic animal host. This inability to colonize the midgut epithelium prevented subsequent development within the salivary glands and transmission. In contrast, A. marginale subsp. centrale colonized the midgut and then the salivary glands, replicating to a titer indistinguishable from that of the highly transmissible St. Maries strain and at least 100 times greater than that previously associated with successful transmission. Nonetheless, A. marginale subsp. centrale was not transmitted, even when a large number of infected ticks was used for transmission feeding. These results establish that there are at least two specific barriers to efficient tick-borne transmission, the midgut and salivary glands, and highlight the complexity of the pathogen-tick interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massaro W Ueti
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Blouin EF, de la Fuente J, Garcia-Garcia JC, Sauer JR, Saliki JT, Kocan KM. Applications of a cell culture system for studying the interaction ofAnaplasmamarginale with tick cells. Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA cell culture system for the tick-borne rickettsiaAnaplasma marginaleoffers new opportunities for research on this economically important pathogen of cattle.A. marginalemultiplies in membrane-bound inclusions in host cells. Whereas erythrocytes appear to be the only site of infection in cattle,A. marginaleundergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks and transmission occurs via the salivary glands during feeding. We recently developed a cell culture system forA. marginaleusing a cell line derived from embryos ofIxodes scapularis. Here we review the use of this cell culture system for studying the interaction ofA. marginalewith tick cells. Several assays were developed using theA. marginale/tick cell system. An adhesion assay was developed for the identification of proteins required byA. marginalefor adhesion to tick cells. The effect of antibodies against selected major surface proteins in inhibitingA. marginaleinfection was tested in an assay that allowed further confirmation of the role of surface proteins in the infection of tick cells. A drug screening assay forA. marginalewas developed and provides a method of initial drug selection without the use of cattle. The culture system was used to test for enhancing effects of tick saliva and saliva components onA. marginaleinfection. The tick cell culture system has proved to be a good model for studyingA. marginale–tick interactions. Information gained from these studies may be applicable to other closely related tick-borne pathogens that have been propagated in the same tick cell line.
Collapse
|
41
|
Mtshali MS, de la Fuente J, Ruybal P, Kocan KM, Vicente J, Mbati PA, Shkap V, Blouin EF, Mohale NE, Moloi TP, Spickett AM, Latif AA. Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Anaplasma marginale Strains in Cattle in South Africa. Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:23-30. [PMID: 17359443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.00998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the tick-borne rickettsia Anaplasma marginale, is endemic in South Africa and results in considerable economic loss to the cattle industry. This study was designed to characterize strains of A. marginale at the molecular level from cattle raised in communal and commercial farms in the north-eastern and south-western regions of the Free State Province, South Africa, that varied in rainfall and vegetation. Seroprevalence to A. marginale was determined in 755 cattle by an Anaplasma spp. competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ranged from 44% to 98% and was similar in both regions. While Anaplasma centrale was not targeted in this study, A. marginale infections were identified by species-specific msp1alpha polymerase chain reaction in 129 of 215 of the samples studied. Similar genetic diversity of A. marginale strains was found in both the north-eastern and south-western regions. The sequences of 29 A. marginalemsp1alpha amplicons from South African strains revealed considerable genetic diversity providing 14 new repeat sequences. However, 42% of MSP1a repeat sequences were not unique to this region. These results indicated the presence of common genotypes between South African, American and European strains of A. marginale. Cattle movement between different parts of South Africa was suggested by the presence of identical A. marginale MSP1a genotypes in north-eastern and south-western regions of the Free State Province. Control strategies for anaplasmosis in South Africa should therefore be designed to be protective against genetically heterogeneous strains of A. marginale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Mtshali
- Parasitology Research Program, QwaQwa Campus, University of the Free State, Private Bag X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
de la Fuente J, Ayoubi P, Blouin EF, Almazán C, Naranjo V, Kocan KM. Anaplasmosis: focusing on host-vector-pathogen interactions for vaccine development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1078:416-23. [PMID: 17114750 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1374.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophylum are intracellular rickettsiae that cause bovine anaplasmosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis, respectively. The ultimate vaccine for the control of anaplasmosis would be one that reduces infection and transmission of the pathogen by ticks. Effective vaccines for control of anaplasmosis are not available despite attempts using different approaches, such as attenuated strains, infected erythrocyte and tick cell-derived purified antigens, and recombinant pathogen and tick-derived proteins. Three lines of functional analyses were conducted by our laboratory to characterize host-tick-Anaplasma interactions to discover potential vaccine candidate antigens to control tick infestations and the infection and transmission of Anaplasma spp.: (1) characterization of A. marginale adhesins involved in infection and transmission of the pathogen, (2) global expression analysis of genes differentially expressed in HL-60 human promyelocytic cells in response to infection with A. phagocytophilum, and (3) identification and characterization of tick-protective antigens by expression library immunization (ELI) and analysis of expressed sequence tags (EST) in a mouse model of tick infestations and by RNA interference in ticks. These experiments have resulted in the characterization of the A. marginale MSP1a as an adhesin for bovine erythrocytes and tick cells, providing support for its use as candidate vaccine antigen for the control of bovine . Microarray analysis of genes differentially expressed in human cells infected with A. phagocytophilum identified key molecules involved in pathogen infection and multiplication. The screening for tick-protective antigens resulted in vaccine candidates reducing tick infestation, molting, and oviposition and affecting Anaplasma infection levels in ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
de la Fuente J, Ruybal P, Mtshali MS, Naranjo V, Shuqing L, Mangold AJ, Rodríguez SD, Jiménez R, Vicente J, Moretta R, Torina A, Almazán C, Mbati PM, de Echaide ST, Farber M, Rosario-Cruz R, Gortazar C, Kocan KM. Analysis of world strains of Anaplasma marginale using major surface protein 1a repeat sequences. Vet Microbiol 2007; 119:382-90. [PMID: 17084044 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale is a tick-borne pathogen of cattle that causes the disease bovine anaplasmosis worldwide. Major surface proteins (MSPs) are involved in host-pathogen and tick-pathogen interactions and have been used as markers for the genetic characterization of A. marginale strains and phylogenetic studies. MSP1a is involved in the adhesion and transmission of A. marginale by ticks and varies among geographic strains in the number and sequence of amino-terminal tandem repeats. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of A. marginale strains collected from countries in North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia, inclusive of all continents. In this study, we characterized 131 strains of A. marginale using 79 MSP1a repeat sequences. These results corroborated the genetic heterogeneity of A. marginale strains in endemic regions worldwide. The phylogenetic analyses of MSP1a repeat sequences did not result in clusters according to the geographic origin of A. marginale strains but provided phylogeographic information. Seventy-eight percent of the MSP1a repeat sequences were present in strains from a single geographic region. Strong (> or =80%) support was found for clusters containing sequences from Italian, Spanish, Chinese, Argentinean and South American strains. The phylogenetic analyses of MSP1a repeat sequences suggested tick-pathogen co-evolution and provided evidence of multiple introductions of A. marginale strains from various geographic locations worldwide. These results contribute to the understanding of the genetic diversity and evolution of A. marginale and tick-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
De la Mora A, Trigo F, Jaramillo L, Garfias Y, Solórzano C, Agundis C, Pereyra A, Lascurain R, Zenteno E, Suárez-Güemes F. The N-acetyl-D-glucosamine specific adhesin from Mannheimia haemolytica activates bovine neutrophils oxidative burst. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 113:148-56. [PMID: 16780962 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work we identified specific bovine leukocytes that were bound by the Mannheimia haemolytica adhesin molecule (MhA) and the biological effect on the leukocytes. Histochemical staining and flow cytometry showed that MhA bind neutrophils (90%) and monocytes (5%). MhA induced an oxidative response in purified neutrophils; this effect was 1.5-fold higher than the effect observed with control cells activated with Zymosan. Cellular binding by MhA was inhibited with GlcNAc and its oligomers, as well as by glycoproteins containing tri- and tetra-antennary N-glycosydically linked glycans. MhA-induced oxidative burst was significantly inhibited by GlcNAc, iodoacetamide, superoxide dismutase, and piroxicam (p<0.05). Our findings suggest that among bovine leukocytes, neutrophils are the main target for MhA, inducing production of oxidative radicals by non-opsonic mechanism that seem to play an important role in tissue damage during mannheimiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso De la Mora
- Laboratorio de Patología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, BC, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Michelon A, Conceição FR, Binsfeld PC, da Cunha CW, Moreira AN, Argondizzo AP, McIntosh D, Armôa GRG, Campos AS, Farber M, McFadden J, Dellagostin OA. Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium bovis BCG expressing Anaplasma marginale MSP1a antigen. Vaccine 2006; 24:6332-9. [PMID: 16781025 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Humoral and cellular immune responses of mice inoculated with recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG expressing the MSP1a antigen of Anaplasma marginale were evaluated. The msp1a gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into the mycobacterial expression vectors pUS2000 and pMIP12. Immunization of isogenic BALB/c mice with the rBCG/pUS2000-msp1a construct induced significant seroconversion to MSP1a (p<0.001), which was 26 times above pre-immunization levels at day 63 post-initial immunization and which remained stable for the duration of the experiment (6 months). In contrast, rBCG/pMIP12-msp1a induced seroconversion at a level of 6 times above pre-immunization values, which peaked at day 63. Western blot analysis showed that sera derived from mice vaccinated with either rBCG construct recognized both native and recombinant forms of A. marginale MSP1a. In contrast to the humoral response data, immunization with rBCG/pMIP12-msp1a was found to induce a markedly stronger cellular response than that recorded for BCG/pUS2000-msp1a. These observations clearly demonstrated the immunogenicity of recombinant BCG expressing the MSP1a antigen and suggested that the immune responses were influenced by the level of antigen expression. The results of this research warrant studies of recombinant M. bovis BCG expressing MSP1a in cattle to test for protective antibody production for control of bovine anaplasmosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Michelon
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CP 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dinglasan RR, Jacobs-Lorena M. Insight into a conserved lifestyle: protein-carbohydrate adhesion strategies of vector-borne pathogens. Infect Immun 2006; 73:7797-807. [PMID: 16299269 PMCID: PMC1307025 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.12.7797-7807.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rhoel R Dinglasan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, W4008, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
de la Fuente J, Lew A, Lutz H, Meli ML, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Shkap V, Molad T, Mangold AJ, Almazán C, Naranjo V, Gortázar C, Torina A, Caracappa S, García-Pérez AL, Barral M, Oporto B, Ceci L, Carelli G, Blouin EF, Kocan KM. Genetic diversity of anaplasma species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development. Anim Health Res Rev 2005; 6:75-89. [PMID: 16164010 DOI: 10.1079/ahr2005104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) includes several pathogens of veterinary and human medical importance. An understanding of the diversity of Anaplasma major surface proteins (MSPs), including those MSPs that modulate infection, development of persistent infections, and transmission of pathogens by ticks, is derived in part, by characterization and phylogenetic analyses of geographic strains. Information concerning the genetic diversity of Anaplasma spp. MSPs will likely influence the development of serodiagnostic assays and vaccine strategies for the control of anaplasmosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kocan KM, Yoshioka J, Sonenshine DE, de la Fuente J, Ceraul SM, Blouin EF, Almazán C. Capillary tube feeding system for studying tick-pathogen interactions of Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) and Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2005; 42:864-74. [PMID: 16366000 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/42.5.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A capillary tube feeding (CTF) system was adapted for studying the interaction between Dermacentor variabilis (Say) and the rickettsial cattle pathogen Anaplasma marginale Theiler. A. marginale undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks that begins in midguts and ends by transmission from salivary glands. In this CTF system, male D. variabilis were fed A. marginale-infected blood or cultured tick cells. Ticks that fed on highly rickettsemic calves developed midgut and salivary gland infections as detected by PCR, whereas ticks that were fed from capillary tubes on the same blood developed only midgut infections. An unexpected result of capillary tube feeding was that antibodies against the A. marginale adhesin, major surface protein la, enhanced midgut infections and caused cell culture-derived A. marginale to infect midguts. Another unexpected result was the infection of the midguts of the nonvector tick Amblyomma americanum (L.), after capillary tube feeding on infected bovine blood. The gut cell response of ticks to A. marginale, as determined from SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein profiles, did not differ when ticks were fed infected or uninfected cells from capillary tubes. Selected protein bands, as identified by tryptic digestion-mass spectrometry, contained mostly proteins of bovine origin, including bovine albumin, undigested alpha- and beta-chain hemoglobin and hemoglobin fragments. Although infection of ticks by A. marginale CTF system was not the same as infection by feeding on cattle, the results obtained demonstrated the potential use of this system for identifying aspects of pathogen-vector interactions that are not readily recognized in naturally feeding ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Kocan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gilmore RD, Bellville TM, Sviat SL, Frace M. The Bartonella vinsonii subsp. arupensis immunodominant surface antigen BrpA gene, encoding a 382-kilodalton protein composed of repetitive sequences, is a member of a multigene family conserved among bartonella species. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3128-36. [PMID: 15845521 PMCID: PMC1087387 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.5.3128-3136.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella proteins that elicit an antibody response during an infection are poorly defined; therefore, to characterize antigens recognized by the host, a Bartonella genomic expression library was screened with serum from an infected mouse. This process led to the discovery of a Bartonella vinsonii subsp. arupensis gene encoding a 382-kDa protein, part of a gene family encoding large proteins, each containing multiple regions of repetitive segments. The genes were termed brpA to -C (bartonella repeat protein) and bore significant similarity to genes encoding the BadA adhesin protein and members of the variably expressed outer membrane protein family of proteins from Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana, respectively.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/chemistry
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Bartonella/chemistry
- Bartonella/genetics
- Bartonella/immunology
- Bartonella/metabolism
- Bartonella Infections/immunology
- Bartonella Infections/microbiology
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Conserved Sequence
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/chemistry
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Gilmore
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kocan KM, de la Fuente J, Blouin EF, Garcia-Garcia JC. Anaplasma marginale(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae): recent advances in defining host–pathogen adaptations of a tick-borne rickettsia. Parasitology 2005; 129 Suppl:S285-300. [PMID: 15938516 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182003004700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The tick-borne intracellular pathogenAnaplasma marginale(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) develops persistent infections in cattle and tick hosts. While erythrocytes appear to be the only site of infection in cattle,A. marginaleundergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks and transmission occurs via salivary glands during feeding. Many geographic isolates occur that vary in genotype, antigenic composition, morphology and infectivity for ticks. In this chapter we review recent research on the host–vector–pathogen interactions ofA. marginale. Major surface proteins (MSPs) play a crucial role in the interaction ofA. marginalewith host cells. The MSP1a protein, which is an adhesin for bovine erythrocytes and tick cells, is differentially regulated and affects infection and transmission ofA. marginalebyDermacentorspp. ticks. MSP2 undergoes antigenic variation and selection in cattle and ticks, and contributes to the maintenance of persistent infections. Phylogenetic studies ofA. marginalegeographic isolates usingmsp4andmsp1α provide information about the biogeography and evolution ofA. marginale:msp1α genotypes evolve under positive selection pressure. Isolates ofA. marginaleare maintained by independent transmission events and a mechanism of infection exclusion in cattle and ticks allows for only the infection of one isolate per animal. Prospects for development of control strategies by use of pathogen and tick-derived antigens are discussed. TheA. marginale/vector/host studies described herein could serve as a model for research on other tick-borne rickettsiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Kocan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, 250 McElroy Hall, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|