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Langova D, Slana I, Okunkova J, Moravkova M, Florianova M, Markova J. First Evidence of the Presence of the Causative Agent of Caseous Lymphadenitis- Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in Dairy Products Produced from the Milk of Small Ruminants. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121425. [PMID: 36558758 PMCID: PMC9786561 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the detection and quantification of selected bacteria and on the presence of enterotoxin genes in milk and dairy products from sheep and goat farms in the Czech Republic using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and multiplex PCR (PCR). The presence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (CP), Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus enterotoxin genes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was determined in 18 milk samples, 28 fresh cheeses, 20 ripened cheeses and 14 yoghurts. The serological status of the herds in relation to CP and MAP was taken into account. The most frequently detected bacterium was S. aureus (48.8%), and subsequent PCR revealed 11 MRSA positive samples. The S. aureus enterotoxin genes seg, sei and sec were detected in two goat cheeses. Cheese samples showed a statistically higher risk of SA and MRSA occurrence. CP (8.8%) and MAP (13.8%) were detected by qPCR on two different seropositive farms. Cultivation of qPCR positive CP samples on agar plates supplemented with potassium tellurite showed the presence of viable bacterium. The results obtained confirmed the necessity of monitoring the infectious status of dairy animals and rapid diagnosis of bacterial pathogens in milk and dairy products.
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Pickrodt C, Donat K, Moog U, Köhler H. Analysis of Colostrum and Udder Skin Swabs from a Dairy Goat Herd in Germany regarding the Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141779. [PMID: 35883326 PMCID: PMC9311880 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The analysis of transmission routes for paratuberculosis as well as their prevention are critical for effective disease control. The aim of the present study was to assess the importance of colostrum and the udder skin as routes for transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) within a dairy goat herd. Swabs of the udder skin and colostrum samples were collected from goats of a paratuberculosis-infected herd during lambing season and analyzed for MAP DNA. Additionally, cultivation of the swabs was performed. MAP could not be detected in the colostrum. A low number of udder skin swabs was positive for MAP DNA but no bacteria could be cultured. Because the detection methods are imperfect, the occurrence of MAP in colostrum or on the udder skin can never be completely excluded. Therefore, present recommendations concerning colostrum and youngstock management should still be re-evaluated, but applied in goat herds within a paratuberculosis control program until the role of colostrum and udder skin for within-herd transmission of MAP is further investigated. Abstract Oral intake of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in first days of life is considered to be the main route of infection for paratuberculosis. This can be related to a direct contact to contaminated feces or feeding of MAP containing colostrum. Colostrum is believed to become contaminated either by lactogenic shedding or introduction of MAP from environmental sources. In this pilot study, the presence of MAP in individual and bulk colostrum samples from a paratuberculosis-infected, vaccinated dairy goat herd in Germany and the effect of udder skin disinfection on the MAP load of colostrum were examined. In order to distinguish between lactogenic shedding and fecal contamination, 49 udder skin swabs were cultivated on solid medium whereas 29 swabs were additionally analyzed by qPCR. qPCR was applied on 110 individual colostrum samples collected from 55 goats, one before and one after disinfection with a mycobactericidal disinfectant, and 14 bulk colostrum samples. MAP DNA was detected in 10.3% (3/29) of the swab samples, but no viable MAP was cultivated from any sample. These results indicate a low-level MAP contamination of the udder skin and colostrum of milking goats suggesting a low risk of MAP transmission via these routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Pickrodt
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Karsten Donat
- Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, Victor-Goerttler-Straße 4, 07745 Jena, Germany; (K.D.); (U.M.)
- Clinic for Obstretics, Gynaecology and Andrology for Large and Small Animal Science with Veterinary Ambulance, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Straße 106, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Udo Moog
- Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, Victor-Goerttler-Straße 4, 07745 Jena, Germany; (K.D.); (U.M.)
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-804-2240
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de Lacerda Roberto JP, Limeira CH, da Costa Barnabé NN, Soares RR, Silva MLCR, de Barros Gomes AA, Dos Santos Higino SS, de Azevedo SS, Alves CJ. Antibody detection and molecular analysis for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in goat milk: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 2021; 135:72-77. [PMID: 33450499 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is an incurable infectious disease that affects several species, including goat (Capra hircus). The etiologic agent is Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) that has tropism for the intestine, causing anorexia, progressive weight loss and death. In goats, the main transmission route is the ingestion of water and food contaminated by infected feces. Affected animals also eliminate the agent through milk, with a potential biological risk to public health. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a research of the literature available in electronic media for a systematic review, followed by a meta-analysis of the results found on prevalence and diagnostic tests adopted in the detection of MAP antibodies and DNA in goat milk. The following search parameters were used: "Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis" AND (goat OR small ruminant) AND (milk OR pasteurized milk). Strictly obeying pre-established criteria, 437 articles were selected from the respective electronic databases of scientific content: ScienceDirect (285), PubMed (68), Web of Science (60) and Scopus (24), of which nine papers were elected to the construction of the systematic review and meta-analysis. The prevalence of MAP antibodies in milk detected by milk-ELISA ranged from 1.1 to 67.7% and the prevalence of MAP DNA in goat milk detected by MAP-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ranged from 1.94 to 37.74%. A meta-analysis indicated a combined MAP infection prevalence of 8.24%, but with high heterogeneity among study findings (I2 = 98.7%). The identification of the MAP in goat milk implies the need for surveillance of the agent in order to prevent economic losses and impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clécio Henrique Limeira
- Federal University of Campina Grande, Post-Graduate Program in Animal Science and Health, Patos, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Rodrigues Soares
- Federal University of Campina Grande, Post-Graduate Program in Animal Science and Health, Patos, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sérgio Santos de Azevedo
- Federal University of Campina Grande, Post-Graduate Program in Animal Science and Health, Patos, PB, Brazil
| | - Clebert José Alves
- Federal University of Campina Grande, Post-Graduate Program in Animal Science and Health, Patos, PB, Brazil.
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Fusco V, Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Logrieco AF, Cho G, Kabisch J, Böhnlein C, Franz CMAP. Microbial quality and safety of milk and milk products in the 21st century. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2013-2049. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Daniele Chieffi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Gyu‐Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Christina Böhnlein
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
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Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis DNA and Antibodies in Dairy Goat Colostrum and Milk. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040096. [PMID: 31795524 PMCID: PMC6958391 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is endemic in the Dutch dairy goat population causing economic loss, and negatively influencing welfare. Moreover, there are concerns about a potential zoonotic risk. Therefore the industry’s objectives are to decrease MAP prevalence, limit economic losses as well as reduce the concentration of MAP in (bulk) milk. To diminish within-farm spread of infection, vaccination, age dependent group housing with separation of newborns from adults, as well as rearing on artificial or treated colostrum and milk replacers are implemented. However, the importance of MAP contaminated colostrum and milk as a route of infection in dairy goat herds is unknown. Therefore the aim of this study was to detect the presence of MAP DNA in colostrum and milk from dairy goats in infected herds. A convenience sample of 120 colostrum samples and 202 milk samples from MAP infected dairy goat herds were tested by IS900 real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for MAP DNA. Furthermore, 22 colostrum samples and 27 post mortem milk samples of goats with clinical signs consistent with paratuberculosis from known infected herds were tested. The majority of samples were from goats vaccinated against MAP. Positive or doubtful PCR results were obtained in none of the 120 and two of the 22 colostrum samples, and in eight of the 202 and four of the 27 milk samples Negative PCR results were obtained in the remaining 140 (99%) colostrum samples and 217 (95%) milk samples.
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Luttikholt S, Lievaart-Peterson K, Gonggrijp M, Aalberts M, van Schaik G, Vellema P. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis ELISA Responses in Milk Samples from Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Dairy Goat Herds in The Netherlands. Vet Sci 2019; 6:E58. [PMID: 31234509 PMCID: PMC6632119 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of our study were to calculate the most appropriate cut-off value for milk samples in a serum-validated Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) ELISA and to analyze MAP ELISA responses in milk samples from vaccinated and nonvaccinated dairy goats in the Netherlands. Analyzed herds were representative for location and herd size of dairy goat herds in the Netherlands. A significantly higher proportion of the analyzed 49 herds were organic as compared with the total Dutch dairy goat population. First, the MAP ELISA was optimized using 992 paired serum and milk samples. At a cut-off of 25 S/P%, the relative sensitivity (Se) was 58.4% (n = 992, 95% CI: 48.8%-67.6%) and relative specificity (Sp) was 98.5% (n = 992, 95% CI: 97.5%-99.2%), as compared to serum ELISA results. The percentage of positively tested herds was 78.2% (n = 49, 95% CI: 63.4%-88.1%). The percentage of positive milk samples per herd (n = 22) was on average 4.6% (median, min, and max of 4.7%, 0.0%, and 10.7%, respectively). Average age of ELISA-positive (3.2 years) and -negative goats (3.2 years) was not different. Significantly more vaccinated goats tested positive (6.7%) as compared with nonvaccinated goats (1.1%). This study shows that a high number of vaccinated and nonvaccinated commercial dairy goat herds in the Netherlands have MAP-ELISA-positive goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Luttikholt
- Department of Small Ruminant Health, GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Maaike Gonggrijp
- Epidemiology Group, GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
| | - Marian Aalberts
- Department of Research and Development, GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerdien van Schaik
- Epidemiology Group, GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Piet Vellema
- Department of Small Ruminant Health, GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
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Profiling of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the milk of lactating goats using antigen-antibody based assays. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 64:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Derakhshandeh A, Namazi F, Khatamsaz E, Eraghi V, Hemati Z. Goat paratuberculosis in Shiraz: Histopathological and molecular approaches. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2018; 9:253-257. [PMID: 30357105 PMCID: PMC6198152 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2018.32080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) was investigated in goats slaughtered in Shiraz abattoir using histopathological examinations and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ilium and mesenteric lymph node samples from 66 suspected goat carcasses to Johne’s disease were collected. Among 66 examined slaughtered goats, nine (13.63%) goats were positive for MAP in both histopathological and PCR examinations. Eight goats were positive in PCR method while no lesion related to Johne’s disease was observed in their histopathological sections. All positive goats in histopathological examination were also positive in PCR. Based on the results of PCR, the detection rate of MAP in Shiraz abattoir was 25.80% (17 goats). According to the present findings, although both histopathological and PCR methods are appropriate for detecting Johne’s disease, PCR is more sensitive than histopathological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Namazi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elmira Khatamsaz
- DVM Graduate, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vida Eraghi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Hemati
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Gavin WG, Porter CA, Hawkins N, Schofield MJ, Pollock JM. Johne's disease: a successful eradication programme in a dairy goat herd. Vet Rec 2018; 182:483. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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‘Nano-immuno test’ for the detection of live Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis bacilli in the milk samples using magnetic nano-particles and chromogen. Vet Res Commun 2018; 42:183-194. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-018-9721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Magnetic Separation Methods for the Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Various Types of Matrices: A Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017. [PMID: 28642876 PMCID: PMC5469987 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5869854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The main reasons to improve the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) are animal health and monitoring of MAP entering the food chain via meat, milk, and/or dairy products. Different approaches can be used for the detection of MAP, but the use of magnetic separation especially in conjunction with PCR as an end-point detection method has risen in past years. However, the extraction of DNA which is a crucial step prior to PCR detection can be complicated due to the presence of inhibitory substances. Magnetic separation methods involving either antibodies or peptides represent a powerful tool for selective separation of target bacteria from other nontarget microorganisms and inhibitory sample components. These methods enable the concentration of pathogens present in the initial matrix into smaller volume and facilitate the isolation of sufficient quantities of pure DNA. The purpose of this review was to summarize the methods based on the magnetic separation approach that are currently available for the detection of MAP in a broad range of matrices.
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Serological, culture and molecular survey of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in a goat flock in Tuscany. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 62:471-477. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis detection in animals, food, water and other sources or vehicles of human exposure: A scoping review of the existing evidence. Prev Vet Med 2016; 132:32-48. [PMID: 27664446 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease in ruminants and is hypothesized to be an infectious cause of Crohn's disease, as well as some other human diseases. Due to key knowledge gaps, the potential public health impact of M. paratuberculosis is unknown. This scoping review aims to identify and characterised the evidence on potential sources and vehicles of M. paratuberculosis exposure for humans to better understand how exposure is likely to occur. Evidence from 255 primary research papers is summarized; most examined the prevalence or concentration of M. paratuberculosis in animals (farmed domestic, pets and wildlife) (n=148), food for human consumption (62) (milk, dairy, meat, infant formula) or water (drinking and recreational) and the environment (farm, pasture and areas affected by runoff water) (20). The majority of this research has been published since 2000 (Figure- abstract). Nine case-control studies examining risk factors for Crohn's disease highlighted significant associations with the consumption of processed meats and cheese, while direct contact with ruminants, high risk occupations (farmer, veterinarian), milk consumption and water source were factors not associated with the disease and/or M. paratuberculosis exposure status. Molecular epidemiology studies demonstrated strain-sharing between species. Produce and seafood were the only previously suggested sources of human exposure for which there was no supporting evidence identified in this scoping review. The results of this review indicate that ruminant populations from around the globe are infected with M. paratuberculosis and many non-ruminant species have also been found to carry or be infected with M. paratuberculosis. Several potential sources for human exposure to M. paratuberculosis were identified; however there remain important gaps in quantitative information on the prevalence and concentration of M. paratuberculosis in contaminated sources of exposure. This information is critical to understanding the risk of exposure, opportunities for risk mitigation interventions and modelling exposures to distill the importance of various sources of human exposure to M. paratuberculosis including direct contact with animals and the environment as well as consumption of contaminated foods and water. Results of this study may be used to prioritize future research and to support evidence-informed decision-making on the M. paratuberculosis issue.
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Galiero A, Fratini F, Mataragka A, Turchi B, Nuvoloni R, Ikonomopoulos J, Cerri D. Detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cheeses from small ruminants in Tuscany. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 217:195-9. [PMID: 26555160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is an infectious disease which affects mainly domestic and wild ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). Map has been associated with human diseases like Crohn disease, type-1 diabetes, sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The aim of this study was to determine the level of Map positivity of cheeses produced in Tuscany (Italy) as an indication of human exposure to the specific pathogen. Sampling was focused on artisanal cheeses produced without commercial starter culture from raw sheep or goat milk, on small-scale farms. Samples were tested by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and culture. Map DNA was detected in 4/7 (57.14%) goat, and in 14/25 (56%) sheep cheeses by qPCR, whereas cultivation produced a positive result in only one case. This corresponded to a goat cheese that had also reacted positively by qPCR and yielded a viable Type S (sheep) strain of Map. The Map load of the tested samples based on qPCR ranged from 6×10 to 1.8×10(4)Map cells/g of cheese. The results indicate on average 56.57% and 66.6% positivity of cheese samples and farms, respectively. Hence, the type of cheeses that were analyzed within the context of this study seem to constitute a considerable source of human exposure to Map; although the question remains of whether the Map cells were present in a viable form, since positive results were almost exclusively recorded by qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Galiero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonia Mataragka
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Health and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Nuvoloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - John Ikonomopoulos
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Health and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Domenico Cerri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Detection of paratuberculosis using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA in West Algeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-015-2126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mortari A, Lorenzelli L. Recent sensing technologies for pathogen detection in milk: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 60:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Hanifian S, Khani S, Barzegari A, Shayegh J. Quantitative real-time PCR and culture examination of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis at farm level. Vet Microbiol 2013; 162:160-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Castellanos E, Juan LD, Domínguez L, Aranaz A. Progress in molecular typing of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Res Vet Sci 2012; 92:169-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk at dairy cattle farms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Microbiol 2011; 157:253-63. [PMID: 22245166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in milk for human consumption is a concern due to its possible relationship with Crohn's disease in humans. Pasteurization effectively reduces the MAP load by four to five logs, but the efficacy depends on the MAP concentration, which depends on the prevalence among contributing herds and individuals. Considerable variation of MAP in bulk tank milk (BTM) and individual cow's milk (IM) is reported, but factors associated with MAP occurrence in milk at farm level have not been described. This study systematically reviewed published studies aiming at estimating the occurrence of MAP in on-farm BTM and IM by meta-analysis. A total of 692 articles were identified through electronic databases and initially screened using title and abstract. The quality of the 61 potentially relevant articles was assessed using full text and 31 articles were eventually included in the meta-analysis. The apparent prevalence (AP) of MAP in BTM and IM on farm were summarized in relation to strata defined by the test used to identify MAP and the infection status of the herds/animals. There was considerable inconsistency in the reporting, resulting in missing information potentially explaining the dispersion in the estimated AP. The overall AP and 95% confidence intervals based on PCR and culture of MAP were summarized to 0.10 (0.04-0.22) in BTM and 0.20 (0.12-0.32) in IM. Quantifying the MAP load in test-positive milk samples was not possible because very few articles provided quantitative information on individual samples.
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Gill CO, Saucier L, Meadus WJ. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy products, meat, and drinking water. J Food Prot 2011; 74:480-99. [PMID: 21375889 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the cause of Johne's disease, a chronic infection of the gut, in ruminant animals that provide milk and/or meat for human consumption. Map also may be involved in Crohn's disease and type 1 diabetes in humans. Although the role of Map in human diseases has not been established, minimizing the exposure of humans to the organism is considered desirable as a precautionary measure. Infected animals can shed Map in feces and milk, and the organism can become disseminated in tissues remote from the gut and its associated lymph nodes. The presence of at least some Map in raw milk and meat and in natural waters is likely, but the numbers of Map in those foods and waters should be reduced through cooking or purification. The available information relating to Map in milk and dairy products, meats, and drinking water is reviewed here for assessment of the risks of exposure to Map from consumption of such foods and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Gill
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada.
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21
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Donaghy JA, Johnston J, Rowe MT. Detection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in cheese, milk powder and milk using IS900 and f57-based qPCR assays. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 110:479-89. [PMID: 21155954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a quantitative PCR assay for sensitive and specific detection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) in a range of dairy products. METHODS AND RESULTS TaqMan(®) assays were designed to target the IS900 and f57 genetic elements of Map. Both real-time PCR assays were integrated with the Adiapure(®) Map DNA extraction kit and assessed separately for the detection/quantification of Map in spiked milk, Cheddar cheese and milk powder. Assays were validated against Cheddar cheese samples containing known concentrations of Map. The IS900 qPCR assay was significantly more sensitive than the assay based on the f57 primer/probe. At a threshold cycle value of 38, limits of detection (LOD) for the IS900 qPCR assay were 0·6 CFU ml(-1), 2·8 CFU g(-1) and 30 CFU g(-1) for artificially contaminated pasteurized milk, whole milk powder and Cheddar cheese, respectively. The respective LOD's for the f57 assay were 6·2 CFU ml(-1), 26·7 CFU g(-1) and 316 CFU g(-1). CONCLUSION The integrated Adiapure(®) extraction - IS900 real time assay described is a sensitive, quantitative method for the detection of Map in dairy products. This is the first study to consider qPCR as a quantitative estimation of Map-DNA in cheese and whole milk powder. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The assay developed allows sensitive detection and quantification of Map DNA in a range of dairy products which is valuable for the screening and surveillance of this potential zoonotic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Donaghy
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), AFESD, Newforge Lane, Belfast, UK.
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22
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Favila-Humara LC, Chávez-Gris GG, Carrillo-Casas EM, Hernández-Castro R. Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisDetection in Individual and Bulk Tank Milk Samples from Bovine Herds and Caprine Flocks. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:351-5. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía C. Favila-Humara
- National Center of Disciplinary Investigations in Animal Microbiology, National Institute of Forest, Agricultural, and Cattle Investigations, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gilberto G. Chávez-Gris
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Diagnostic and Verification Services Unity, Teaching Investigation and Extension Center for Animal Production in the Altiplane, Tequisquiapan, Mexico
| | - Erika M. Carrillo-Casas
- Direction of Education and Investigation, Department of Ecology and Pathogenic Agents, Department of Molecular Biology and Histocompatibility, Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Hernández-Castro
- Direction of Education and Investigation, Department of Ecology and Pathogenic Agents, Department of Molecular Biology and Histocompatibility, Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
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Eltholth MM, Marsh VR, Van Winden S, Guitian FJ. Contamination of food products with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis: a systematic review. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1061-71. [PMID: 19486426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although a causal link between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and Crohn's disease has not been proved, previous studies suggest that the potential routes of human exposure to MAP should be investigated. We conducted a systematic review of literature concerning the likelihood of contamination of food products with MAP and the likely changes in the quantity of MAP in dairy and meat products along their respective production chains. Relevant data were extracted from 65 research papers and synthesized qualitatively. Although estimates of the prevalence of Johne's disease are scarce, particularly for non-dairy herds, the available data suggest that the likelihood of contamination of raw milk with MAP in most studied regions is substantial. The presence of MAP in raw and pasteurized milk has been the subject of several studies which show that pasteurized milk is not always MAP-free and that the effectiveness of pasteurization in inactivating MAP depends on the initial concentration of the agent in raw milk. The most recent studies indicated that beef can be contaminated with MAP via dissemination of the pathogen in the tissues of infected animals. Currently available data suggests that the likelihood of dairy and meat products being contaminated with MAP on retail sale should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Eltholth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Whittington RJ, Windsor PA. In utero infection of cattle with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: A critical review and meta-analysis. Vet J 2009; 179:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Haghkhah M, Ansari-Lari M, Novin-Baheran AM, Bahramy A. Herd-level prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis by bulk-tank milk PCR in Fars province (southern Iran) dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2008; 86:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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An inter-laboratory ring trial for the detection and isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from raw milk artificially contaminated with naturally infected faeces. Food Microbiol 2008; 25:128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Kumar S, Singh S, Sevilla I, Singh A, Whittington R, Juste R, Sharma G, Singh P, Sohal J. Lacto-prevalence, genotyping of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and evaluation of three diagnostic tests in milk of naturally infected goatherds. Small Rumin Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nebbia P, Robino P, Zoppi S, De Meneghi D. Detection and excretion pattern of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in milk of asymptomatic sheep and goats by Nested-PCR. Small Rumin Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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GRANT IRENER. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in foods: current evidence and potential consequences. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2006.00248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Storset AK, Berg I, Djønne B. Evaluation of the gamma interferon test for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in goats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 107:87-94. [PMID: 15885801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gamma interferon assay was evaluated for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in goats with special emphasis on false positive reactions. Four categories of herds were tested: (A) herds that had a history of paratuberculosis, had given positive Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fecal samples and were vaccinated against paratuberculosis; (B) herds that had been vaccinated but had never shown clinical signs of paratuberculosis nor given positive M. a. paratuberculosis fecal samples; and (C) non-vaccinated herds without paratuberculosis. To extend the analysis of samples from young goats free of paratuberculosis, animals less than 18 months of age from non-vaccinated herds without paratuberculosis, category D, were included. Heparinized blood was stimulated with purified protein derivate (PPD) from M. a. paratuberculosis for 24 h and plasma was assayed for the presence of gamma interferon. Results were recorded as the difference between OD values of PPD stimulated and control samples. Vaccinated animals from herds with paratuberculosis, category A, showed significant higher gamma interferon responses than animals from vaccinated herds without paratuberculosis, category B. In both these groups the responses were correlated to age with higher responses in younger animals. Some of the vaccinated animals in herds without paratuberculosis had a gamma interferon response lasting for several years, which demonstrate a long lasting interference with diagnostic testing in vaccinated goats. Only three of the 121 non-vaccinated animals free of paratuberculosis in category C had responses against PPD (corrected OD values at 0.2, 0.24 and 0.5), and none of the 255 young animals in category D had corrected OD values exceeding 0.2. This indicates that false positive reactions do not appear to the same extent in young goats as in young cattle. We conclude that the low responses of non-infected goats could make the gamma interferon assay useful in monitoring the paratuberculosis status of non-vaccinated herds. However, more information about the early gamma interferon responses of naturally infected goats and the presence of false negative samples are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Storset
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Tasara T, Hoelzle LE, Stephan R. Development and evaluation of a Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) specific multiplex PCR assay. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 104:279-87. [PMID: 15982769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Revised: 01/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There are specificity questions inherent in most of the current PCR systems that amplify the MAP IS900 sequence as an indicator for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) presence due to false positives associated with IS900-like sequences that exists in other Mycobacterium species besides MAP. We developed a multiplex PCR system designed to enhance specificity for MAP detection in a single PCR reaction. This PCR assay co-amplifies the mycobacterium species 16S rRNA gene, MAP IS900 and f57 sequences. The assay incorporates an internal PCR amplification control (IC) template system enabling PCR amplification conditions to be assessed in each reaction. The assay's specificity was confirmed by testing 10 isolates of MAP and 59 isolates of other bacterial species. In parallel we also applied on the same samples, one of the established nested PCR systems that targets only the IS900 sequence. The multiplex PCR assay was highly specific for MAP, the nested PCR system was also positive with several other mycobacterium species. In this context, we report for the first time false positive IS900 PCR signals in Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium terrae and Mycobacterium xenopi strains associated with one of the established PCR systems widely used for MAP detection. Finally, the potential application of this multiplex PCR system in milk analysis is demonstrated through analysis of raw milk samples artificially contaminated with MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tasara
- Institute of Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 272, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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de Juan L, Mateos A, Domínguez L, Sharp JM, Stevenson K. Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis isolates from goats detected by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Vet Microbiol 2005; 106:249-57. [PMID: 15778031 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis in goats occurs worldwide causing considerable economic losses mainly due to reduced milk production. Nowadays, there is still relatively little knowledge about the epidemiology of this disease in goats, and only a few epidemiological studies have been carried out in goats naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. a. paratuberculosis). The objective of this study was to characterize forty four clinical caprine isolates of M. a. paratuberculosis by different molecular techniques (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE], restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis coupled with hybridization to IS900, and IS1311 polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme analysis) to determine the most useful technique for molecular typing of caprine isolates, as well as to disclose the genetic variation amongst caprine isolates and the relationship with strains isolated from other animal species. PFGE was found to be the most discriminative technique identifying a total of 13 'multiplex' PFGE profiles, ten of which were novel profiles found only in caprine isolates to date. All isolates were genotyped as Type II strains, except two isolates that resembled the intermediate group referred as Type III.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de Juan
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 OPZ, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
AIMS To investigate the usefulness of a straightforward filtration method for the isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 contaminants from milk for PCR detection. METHODS AND RESULTS Escherichia coli O157:H7 is grown in milk and enriched in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. Samples are filtered through a 0.45-microm pore membrane. The membrane is immersed in 200-microl lysis buffer and incubated at 95 degrees C for 10 min to release bacterial DNA for subsequent PCR detection. Under current conditions, the overall duration from filtration to PCR-ready DNA generation is <20 min, and the detection level for PCR was as low as 10 CFU of bacteria in 1 ml of milk. CONCLUSION Bacterial contaminants of milk can be concentrated and isolated by a simple, one-step filtration and their DNA can be released for subsequent PCR detection by heating the filter membrane at 95 degrees C for 10 min. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The simplicity of this method allows inexpensive, high throughput automation that meets the demands of modern food hygiene monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-J Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jung-da Road, Jhong-li City, Taiwan.
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Ongör H, Cetinkaya B, Karahan M, Açik MN, Bulut H, Muz A. Detection of Coxiella burnetii
by immunomagnetic separation-PCR in the milk of sheep in Turkey. Vet Rec 2004; 154:570-2. [PMID: 15144006 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.18.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Ongör
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
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Ongör H, Cetinkaya B, Açik MN, Karahan M, Bulut H. Detection of Chlamydophila abortus in ovine milk by immunomagnetic separation-polymerase chain reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 51:43-5. [PMID: 14995977 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the presence of Chlamydophila abortus, the causative agent of ovine enzootic abortion, in milk samples collected from sheep flocks with and without the history of abortion in Eastern Turkey by means of immunomagnetic separation (IMS) in conjunction with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total number of 201 milk samples collected from 10 flocks with abortion and four flocks without abortion were tested. In the analysis of the milk samples by IMS-PCR, correct amplification was obtained with three (1.5%) samples originating from one flock with abortion. In the digestion of PCR positive products by AluI, restriction profiles observed in all three samples were determined to be the same as C. abortus S26/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ongör
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
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Muehlherr JE, Zweifel C, Corti S, Blanco JE, Stephan R. Microbiological Quality of Raw Goat's and Ewe's Bulk-Tank Milk in Switzerland. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:3849-56. [PMID: 14740819 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73992-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A total of 407 samples of bulk-tank milk (344 of goat's milk and 63 of ewe's milk) collected from 403 different farms throughout Switzerland, was examined. The number of farms investigated in this study represents 8% of the country's dairy-goat and 15% of its dairy-sheep farms. Standard plate counts and Enterobacteriaceae counts were performed on each sample. Furthermore, the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter spp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis was studied. The median standard plate count for bulk-tank milk from small ruminants was 4.70 log cfu/ml (4.69 log cfu/ml for goat's milk and 4.78 log cfu/ml for ewe's milk), with a minimum of 2.00 log cfu/ml and a maximum of 8.64 log cfu/ml. Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 212 (61.6%) goat's milk and 45 (71.4%) ewe's milk samples, whereas S. aureus was detected in 109 (31.7%) samples of goat's milk and 21 (33.3%) samples of ewe's milk. Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. were not isolated from any of the samples. However, 16.3% of the goat's milk and 12.7% of the ewe's milk samples were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Seventy-nine (23.0%) goat's tank-milk and 15 (23.8%) ewe's tank-milk samples were PCR-positive for insertion sequence 900, providing presumptive evidence for the presence of M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis. These results form the basis for determining the microbiological quality standards for goat's and ewe's milk. Moreover, the data presented form part of the risk assessment program for raw milk from small ruminants in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Muehlherr
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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