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Gawad DA, Elnaggar MM, Belal TS. Multi-analyte HPLC–DAD Method for Concurrent Analysis of Six Antimicrobials and Three Proton Pump Inhibitors Frequently used in Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Application to Simulated Intestinal Fluid Samples. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present work deals with the optimization, validation and application of a versatile HPLC–DAD method for concurrent estimation of nine antimicrobials and proton pump inhibitors, namely amoxicillin (AMX), doxycycline (DOX), furazolidone (FRZ), lansoprazole (LNS), levofloxacin (LVF), metronidazole (MTZ), omeprazole (OMZ), pantoprazole (PNZ) and tinidazole (TNZ). The selected nine drugs are frequently included in various treatment regimens of Helicobacter pylori infection. Successful separation was accomplished using the analytical column Agilent Zorbax Eclipse plus-C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size) and a mobile phase prepared from phosphate buffer pH 5 and acetonitrile pumped at a flow rate 1 mL/min using a gradient elution program. The gradient elution started with buffer/acetonitrile ratio 90:10, then it was altered in 15 min to reach 40:60 by volume. Quantification of the analytes was based on measuring peak areas of AMX at 230 nm, LVF, LNS and PNZ at 290 nm, OMZ at 300 nm, MTZ and TNZ at 320 nm, and DOX and FRZ at 360 nm. The separated compounds eluted at retention times 5.68, 6.43, 7.82, 8.84, 9.42, 10.75, 12.82, 13.74 and 14.90 min for AMX, MTZ, LVF, TNZ, DOX, FRZ, OMZ, PNZ and LNS respectively. Validation of the proposed HPLC procedure was carefully studied according to the ICH items: ranges, precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness and limits of detection and quantitation. The linear dynamic ranges were 5–100, 5–50, 2–40, 10–100, 10–100, 5–50, 2.5–30, 3–30 and 2–30 µg/mL for AMX, MTZ, LVF, TNZ, DOX, FRZ, OMZ, PNZ and LNS, respectively with correlation coefficients > 0.9993. Application fields of the validated method included analysis of laboratory-prepared binary dosage forms along with analysis of several ternary mixtures in spiked simulated intestinal fluid.
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Zhou Z, Liu X, Li P. B 24N 24 nanocage as an electronic sensor for metronidazole drug: density functional theory studies. J Mol Model 2022; 28:134. [PMID: 35505197 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper implemented the density functional theory (DFT) to evaluate a nano-structured sensor of the metronidazole (ML) drug based on the interaction between pristine B24N24 nanocage and the drug. Chemisorption (adsorption energy = - 13.77 to - 15.11 kcal/mol) and physisorption (= - 1.48 to - 4.97 kcal/mol) were estimated to be potential mechanisms of adsorption. The substantial rise in the electrical conductivity of B24N24 suggested that the nanocage was capable of generating electronic noise in interaction with the drug. In addition, the adsorption of the drug significantly influenced the work function, Fermi level, and complexes (chemisorption) of the highest stability. This suggests that one can detect ML through the Φ-type nano-sensing efficiency of B24N24. The recovery process takes nearly 0.005 s, and it was observed that bare B24N24 nanocages could be employed without costly manipulations of the structure for sensitivity improvement. The UV-Vis results indicated that ML adsorption upshifted the transmission wavelength at 391.07 nm. Thus, the close distance of the drug molecule from the nanocage led to the redshift. It was concluded that B24N24 nanocages could be an effective and efficient nanosensor for the detection of ML in light of their structural characteristics and electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenping Zhou
- Jiangsu Taizhou People's Hospital, Digestive Internal Medicine Department, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Ping Li
- Jiangsu Taizhou People's Hospital, Digestive Internal Medicine Department, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, China.
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Zemanová N, Anzenbacher P, Hudcovic T, Anzenbacherová E. Rapid Determination of Metronidazole and 2-Hydroxymetronidazole in Murine Blood Plasma. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:81-87. [PMID: 33876238 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metronidazole is a drug used to treat bacterial and protozoan infections. Nowadays, it is one of the most frequently prescribed drugs worldwide. The main aim of this paper is to present a rapid, reliable and simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to determine metronidazole along with its primary metabolite, 2-hydroxymetronidazole, in plasma or serum using paracetamol as an internal standard. A total of 100% methanol was used to denature plasma proteins. After centrifugation, the supernatant was evaporated under nitrogen flow. The samples were dissolved in the mobile phase and injected into a Li-Chrospher RP-18 column. A total of 10 mmol/L NaH2PO4: acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) solution with a flow rate of 1 mL/min was used as the mobile phase. Metronidazole and 2-hydroxymetronidazole were detected at two different wavelengths at 320 nm and 311 nm, respectively. The method is characterized by high precision (relative standard deviation % < 6). The method was used for the determination of metronidazole and 2-hydroxymetronidazole in murine blood using small amounts of plasma (≤100 μL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zemanová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 976/3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 976/3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hudcovic
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Doly 183, 549 22 Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Anzenbacherová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 976/3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Zhang C, Zeng J, Xiong W, Zeng Z. Rapid determination of amoxicillin in porcine tissues by UPLC-MS/MS with internal standard. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xiao C, Ma K, Cai G, Zhang X, Vessally E. Borophene as an electronic sensor for metronidazole drug: A computational study. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 96:107539. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kokulnathan T, Chen SM. Praseodymium Vanadate-Decorated Sulfur-Doped Carbon Nitride Hybrid Nanocomposite: The Role of a Synergistic Electrocatalyst for the Detection of Metronidazole. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7893-7905. [PMID: 30681329 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The construction of efficient and superior nanostructured materials for the precise determination of contaminants that are hazardous to the environment has gained significant attention by the scientific community. In this regard, we fabricated a nanocomposite consisting of praseodymium vanadate (PrVO4; PrV) anchored to sulfur-doped carbon nitride (PrV/SCN) and applied it to the electrochemical detection of the antibiotic drug metronidazole (MTZ). The structural and crystalline features of the as-prepared PrV/SCN nanocomposite were characterized by various analytical and spectroscopic methods. More distinctly, the PrV/SCN nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibits an outstanding linear range (0.001-2444 μM), high sensitivity (1.386 μA/μM cm2), low detection limit (0.8 nM), good reproducibility, and strong anti-interference ability. Notably, the PrV/SCN sensor can determine MTZ in spiked urine and water samples with high recoveries, suggesting its feasibility for real-time applications. Our findings establish PrV/SCN as a robust and promising platform for electrochemical detection. This promotes innovative design for the synthesis of novel functional nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavelu Kokulnathan
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , National Taipei University of Technology , No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road , Taipei 106 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , National Taipei University of Technology , No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road , Taipei 106 , Taiwan , ROC
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Kathriarachchi UL, Vidhate SS, Al-Tannak N, Thomson AH, da Silva Neto MJJ, Watson DG. Development of a LC-MS method for simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and metronidazole in human serum using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1089:78-83. [PMID: 29775840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the determination of amoxicillin and metronidazole in human serum. The procedure used was hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) followed by mass spectrometric (MS) detection. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a ZIC-HILIC column and the mobile phase consisted of a mixture of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile. The method was validated with regard to selectivity, accuracy, precision, calibration, lower limit of quantification (LOQ), extraction recovery and matrix effect. The LOQs were 0.0138 and 0.008 μg/ml for amoxicillin and metronidazole respectively, while for quantification purposes linearity was achieved in the range of 0.1 μg/ml to 6.4 μg/ml for both drugs with correlation coefficients >0.9990. The intraday precision (expressed as %RSD) and the accuracy (expressed as the % deviation from the nominal value) was <15% for both antibiotics at all QC levels. Extraction recoveries for both drugs and internal standards were >80%, while a considerable matrix effect (<60%) was observed for amoxicillin. Finally, the method was applied to the determination of amoxicillin and metronidazole concentrations in serum for 20 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udani L Kathriarachchi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom; Government Analyst's Department, Pelawatta, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka
| | - Sagar S Vidhate
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Naser Al-Tannak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 23924, Safat, 13110 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Alison H Thomson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | | | - David G Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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Wang B, Pang M, Xie X, Zhao M, Xie K, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Wang Y, Wang R, Wu H, Zhang G, Dai G, Wang J. Quantitative Analysis of Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin Major Metabolites, and Ampicillin in Chicken Tissues via Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Development and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for the measurement of faecal metronidazole. Clin Biochem 2016; 50:323-330. [PMID: 27932283 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metronidazole is an oral antibiotic which is widely used in the treatment of patients with Clostridium difficile associated disease. METHODS This article describes the validation of a LC-MS/MS assay for the measurement of metronidazole in human faecal samples. RESULTS Matrix matched and aqueous standards showed no significant difference in performance for the routine calibration of the assay. D4 deuterated metronidazole internal standard eluted with a different retention time to the undeuterated metronidazole on chromatography, hence zidovudine was used as an internal standard. Ion suppression was noted for both metronidazole and zidovudine due to unidentified compounds present in the faecal matrix and this was improved by extracting a smaller quantity of faeces and diluting the extract prior to analysis. Measurement uncertainty was 13% at 28,400ng/ml, 7.2% at 3300ng/ml, 3.9% at 320ng/ml, 13.6% at 109ng/ml and 30.9% at 20ng/ml. The assay was shown to be linear on dilution and the sensitivity of the assay was superior to HPLC assays using UV detection. The limit of detection was 5ng/ml, the limit of quantitation was 66ng/ml and the upper limit of the working range was 30,000ng/ml. Patient samples were stable at -20°C for 12months and extracted faecal samples were stable on storage for 1week at 4°C. There were no specific requirements for patient preparation or time of sample collection relative to taking metronidazole. CONCLUSIONS Metronidazole can be quantified in faecal samples using LC-MS/MS which opens up opportunities for further research in this area.
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Huang Z, Pan XD, Huang BF, Xu JJ, Wang ML, Ren YP. Determination of 15 β-lactam antibiotics in pork muscle by matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction (MSPD) and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Ilomuanya M, Uboh C, Ciallella J, Li X, Liu Y, Ifudu N, Azubuike C, Igwilo C. Analysis of metronidazole in equine plasma using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:753-763. [PMID: 26406490 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Treatment of racehorses with bicarbonate solutions to manage acidosis and muscle cramps prior to competition is banned in Pennsylvania (PA). Use of excess bicarbonate in horses causes diarrhea, requiring treatment with an antibiotic such as metronidazole (MTNZ). At present no method exists for detecting MTNZ in equine plasma. Thus, a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the detection, quantification and confirmation of MTNZ was developed. METHODS The analyte was recovered from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether and separated on an ACE® C18 column with its guard column. The mobile phase comprised a mixture of 5 mM ammonium formate (pH 3.5) and acetonitrile (60:40; v/v). Mass analysis was performed on an LTQ XL linear ion trap mass spectrometer in positive electrospray ionization mode while accurate mass determination was also performed in positive electrospray ionization mode using high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry (HRAMS). RESULTS The limit of detection (LOD), limit of confirmation (LOC) and lower limit of quantification (LLOD) were 1, 2 and 50 ng/mL, respectively. The analyte in plasma was stable at -20 and -70°C for 28 days, as well as for 24 h at 20°C in the autosampler. The percentage coefficients of variation (% CV) for the intra-day and inter-day precision for the LLOQ were 5.1:3.68 and 13.21:9.95, respectively, while the intra-day accuracy was from 98.71 to 101.57% and that of the inter-day was from 88.64 to 96.6%. The matrix effect was between 9 and 24%. The precursor → product ion transition m/z 172 → 128, a retention time of 2.92 min and the accurate mass of the [M+H](+) ion of the analyte (m/z 172.0173) were used as criteria for confirmation of the presence of MTNZ in equine plasma. CONCLUSIONS The method is highly sensitive and selective for the detection, identification and confirmation of MTNZ in equine plasma. Thus, illegal use of MTNZ in racehorses can be routinely monitored within the US State of Pennsylvania. The method is fast, sensitive, reproducible, and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Ilomuanya
- University of Lagos, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Lagos, 000, Nigeria
| | - Cornelius Uboh
- PA Equine Toxicology & Research Center, 220 E. Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| | - John Ciallella
- Melloir Discovery, 860 Spring Road, Exton, PA, 19341, USA
| | - Xiaoging Li
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control No. 2, Tiantanxili, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Ndu Ifudu
- University of Lagos, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Lagos, 000, Nigeria
| | - Chukwuemeka Azubuike
- University of Lagos, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Lagos, 000, Nigeria
| | - Cecilia Igwilo
- University of Lagos, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Lagos, 000, Nigeria
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Kianpour E, Azizian S. Optimization of one-step and one-substrate synthesis of carbon nanodots by microwave pyrolysis. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06928e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Lee HJ, Kang YW, Lee SM, An KA, Lee RK, Seo SC, Lee JH, Im MH, Lee JR, Hong CM, Chang MI, Cho YJ. Detection and Monitoring of Benzylpenicillin Residues in Livestock and Marine Products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2014.46.3.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dong X, Ding L, Cao X, Jiang L, Zhong S. A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and ambroxol in human plasma with segmental monitoring. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:520-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang; Nanjing; 210009; China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang; Nanjing; 210009; China
| | - Xiaomei Cao
- Organization for State Drug Clinical Trial; Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command; Nanjing; 210002; China
| | - Liyuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang; Nanjing; 210009; China
| | - Shuisheng Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang; Nanjing; 210009; China
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Lara FJ, del Olmo-Iruela M, Cruces-Blanco C, Quesada-Molina C, García-Campaña AM. Advances in the determination of β-lactam antibiotics by liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Population pharmacokinetics of metronidazole evaluated using scavenged samples from preterm infants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:1828-37. [PMID: 22252819 DOI: 10.1128/aac.06071-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in preterm infants are rarely conducted due to the research challenges posed by this population. To overcome these challenges, minimal-risk methods such as scavenged sampling can be used to evaluate the PK of commonly used drugs in this population. We evaluated the population PK of metronidazole using targeted sparse sampling and scavenged samples from infants that were ≤ 32 weeks of gestational age at birth and <120 postnatal days. A 5-center study was performed. A population PK model using nonlinear mixed-effect modeling (NONMEM) was developed. Covariate effects were evaluated based on estimated precision and clinical significance. Using the individual Bayesian PK estimates from the final population PK model and the dosing regimen used for each subject, the proportion of subjects achieving the therapeutic target of trough concentrations >8 mg/liter was calculated. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate the adequacy of different dosing recommendations per gestational age group. Thirty-two preterm infants were enrolled: the median (range) gestational age at birth was 27 (22 to 32) weeks, postnatal age was 41 (0 to 97) days, postmenstrual age (PMA) was 32 (24 to 43) weeks, and weight was 1,495 (678 to 3,850) g. The final PK data set contained 116 samples; 104/116 (90%) were scavenged from discarded clinical specimens. Metronidazole population PK was best described by a 1-compartment model. The population mean clearance (CL; liter/h) was determined as 0.0397 × (weight/1.5) × (PMA/32)²·⁴⁹ using a volume of distribution (V) (liter) of 1.07 × (weight/1.5). The relative standard errors around parameter estimates ranged between 11% and 30%. On average, metronidazole concentrations in scavenged samples were 30% lower than those measured in scheduled blood draws. The majority of infants (>70%) met predefined pharmacodynamic efficacy targets. A new, simplified, postmenstrual-age-based dosing regimen is recommended for this population. Minimal-risk methods such as scavenged PK sampling provided meaningful information related to development of metronidazole PK models and dosing recommendations.
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Liu C, Wang H, Jiang Y, Du Z. Rapid and simultaneous determination of amoxicillin, penicillin G, and their major metabolites in bovine milk by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:533-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Selective recognition in potentiometric transduction of amoxicillin by molecularly imprinted materials. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Development and validation of a dried blood spot–HPLC assay for the determination of metronidazole in neonatal whole blood samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:687-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The pharmacokinetics of single dose intramuscular amoxicillin trihydrate in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii). J Zoo Wildl Med 2009; 40:113-6. [PMID: 19368249 DOI: 10.1638/2008-0104.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) were injected intramuscularly with 10 mg/kg amoxicillin trihydrate. Serial blood samples were collected through to 26 hr postinjection. Plasma amoxicillin concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental analysis. The terminal half-life (1.77 +/- 0.40 hr) was comparable to that previously reported in domestic small ruminants. Without intravenous kinetic data, it is unclear whether the terminal phase is elimination- or absorption-dependent; both scenarios have been reported in domestic species. Plasma concentrations of amoxicillin remained above a reported minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoint for staphylococci and streptococci for at least 8 hr; the MIC breakpoint for enterobacteria and enterococci was never attained.
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Delis G, Batzias G, Kounenis G, Koutsoviti-Papadopoulou M. Application and validation of a LC/fluorescence method for the determination of amoxicillin in sheep serum and tissue cage fluid. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:375-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Maher HM, Youssef RM. Development of Validated Chromatographic Methods for the Simultaneous Determination of Metronidazole and Spiramycin in Tablets. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tashtoush BM, Jacobson EL, Jacobson MK. Validation of a Simple and Rapid HPLC Method for Determination of Metronidazole in Dermatological Formulations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:840-4. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040801928598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Reyns T, Cherlet M, De Baere S, De Backer P, Croubels S. Rapid method for the quantification of amoxicillin and its major metabolites in pig tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with emphasis on stability issues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 861:108-16. [PMID: 18060847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fast method for the quantitative determination of amoxicillin (AMO), amoxicilloic acid (AMA) and amoxicillin diketopiperazine-2',5'-dione (DIKETO) in pig edible tissues (kidney, liver, fat and muscle) with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) is presented. The method uses a simple liquid-liquid extraction of the tissue matrix with a 10 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 4.5) as extraction solvent. After deproteinisation by ultrafiltration, the tissue extract was directly injected onto the LC column. Chromatographic separation of the components was performed on a PLRP-S polymeric column using 0.1% of formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive electrospray MS/MS mode. The method was fully validated according to EU requirements (linearity, precision, trueness, quantification limit, detection limit and specificity). The stability of the components was evaluated over the pH range from 1.2 to 8.0. Biological samples of pigs medicated with AMO and AMO/clavulanic acid were analyzed using the developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Reyns
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Biochemistry and Organ Physiology, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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25
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Samanidou VF, Evaggelopoulou EN, Papadoyannis IN. Development of a validated HPLC method for the determination of four penicillin antibiotics in pharmaceuticals and human biological fluids. J Sep Sci 2007; 29:1550-60. [PMID: 16922270 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative method for the determination of four penicillin antibiotics, amoxicillin (AMO), oxacillin (OXA), cloxacillin (CLO), and dicloxacillin (DICLO), has been developed. Separation was achieved on an Inertsil ODS-3 (250 x 4 mm, 5 microm) column after selective extraction of penicillin drugs from biological matrices by means of SPE. Gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% TFA (pH 1) and ACN, and PDA detection with monitoring at 240 nm was applied. Salicylic acid (5 ng/microL) was used as the internal standard. RP-8 Adsorbex Merck cartridges provided high absolute recoveries (98-101%). The developed method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, and sensitivity. Repeatability (n = 8) and between-day precision (n = 8) revealed RSD <10%. Recoveries from biological samples ranged from 91 to 103%. The detection limits were estimated as 3.3 ng for AMO, OXA, and CLO, and 6.6 for DICLO in blood plasma. LOD in whole blood and urine was 6.6 ng. Injection volume was 20 microL. The method was applied to commercially available AMO containing pharmaceuticals and spiked biological matrices. The method was also applied to biological samples after AMO oral administration, where the drug was successfully identified and quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria F Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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26
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Storms ML, Stewart JT. DEVELOPMENT OF A REVERSED-PHASE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF AMOXICILLIN, METRONIDAZOLE, AND PANTOPRAZOLE IN HUMAN PLASMA USING SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120014265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L. Storms
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia , Athens , GA 30602-2352 , USA
| | - James T. Stewart
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia , Athens , GA 30602-2352 , USA
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27
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Cavazos-Rocha N, Vera-Cabrera L, Welsh-Lozano O, Waksman-de-Torres N, de la Luz Salazar-Cavazos M. Simultaneous determination and validation of antimicrobials in plasma and tissue of actinomycetoma by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and fluorescence detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1775-81. [PMID: 17289329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 12/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple, precise, and reliable chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination in plasma and infected tissue of five antimicrobials proposed for the treatment of actinomycotic mycetoma: amoxicillin, trimethoprim, linezolid, sulfamethoxazole and garenoxacin. Separation of the analytes was achieved on an Atlantis dC18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, ID 5 microm) with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and trifluoroacetic acid (ATF) 0.1% (v/v) using a gradient program. The detection was carried out using a diode array detector at 254 nm and in a fluorescence detector at wavelengths of excitation and emission of 292 nm and 392 nm for linezolid and sulfamethoxazole, and 292 nm and 408 nm for garenoxacin, respectively. The intraday precision was in the range of 0.7-15% of relative standard deviations (%R.S.D.) for plasma and 1-18% for tissue. Linearity range was from 2.4 to 20 microg/ml for amoxicillin, 0.3 to 20 microg/ml for trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and linezolid, and 0.3 to 10 microg/ml for garenoxacin. Acetonitrile was used to precipitate proteins from plasma. Recoveries in plasma ranged from 71% to 118% and in infected tissue from 78% to 122%. Limits of detection (LODs) were 1.2 and 0.5 microg/ml for amoxicillin in plasma and tissue, respectively and 0.15 and 1.2 microg/ml in plasma and tissue, respectively for the other antimicrobials. The method can be applied for individual or simultaneous determination of the antimicrobials in plasma and tissue of mouse infected with actinomycetoma.
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28
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Pérez-Lozano P, García-Montoya E, Orriols A, Miñarro M, Ticó JR, Suñé-Negre JM. Stability evaluation of amoxicillin in a solid premix veterinary formulation by monitoring the degradation products through a new HPLC analytical method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:192-9. [PMID: 16765013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A methodology (by VICH guidelines) for the stability evaluation of amoxicillin in granular premixes is described. This method is based on the monitoring of the degradation products formed during the stability study by a new HPLC-RP method, which has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and its degradation products. The method uses a Nucleosil 120 C18 column and gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol and buffer solution pH 3+/-0.05 at different proportion according to a time-schedule programme, pumped at a flow rate of 1.750 ml min(-1). The DAD detector was set at 230 nm. The validation study was carried out fulfilling the VICH guidelines in order to prove that the new analytical method, meets the reliability characteristics, and these characteristics showed the capacity of analytical method to keep, throughout the time, the fundamental criteria for validation: selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity (LOD, LOQ) and robustness. The method was applied during the stability study of an amoxicillin premix in order to quantify the drug (amoxicillin) and all its degradation products to evaluate the shelf life of the new veterinary dosage form. The method also proved to be suitable as a rapid and reliable quality control method.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pérez-Lozano
- Unit of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Avda Joan XXIII s/n 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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29
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Samanidou VF, Evaggelopoulou EN, Papadoyannis IN. Chromatographic analysis of penicillins in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1879-908. [PMID: 16970190 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural penicillin (benzylpenicillin) is the oldest antibiotic observed by Alexander Fleming in 1928. To broaden its spectrum of activity, natural penicillin was modified, giving rise to a group of antibiotics under the name 'penicillins'. Although an increasing number of bacteria appear to be resistant to them, penicillins are used to treat a variety of bacterial infections including Gram-positive, Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Consequently, they are widely used in human and veterinary medicine to prevent and treat diseases. This review covers the analytical methodologies, mainly chromatographic, employed to the penicillins determination in pharmaceutical formulations, biological fluids and in production-scale fermentations reported in the literature. Results of published assays are comparatively presented focusing on sample preparation regarding isolation and purification, chromatographic conditions and method validation. Information on chemical structure, spectrum of activity and action mechanism of common penicillins has also been given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria F Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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30
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Tavakoli N, Varshosaz J, Dorkoosh F, Zargarzadeh MR. Development and validation of a simple HPLC method for simultaneous in vitro determination of amoxicillin and metronidazole at single wavelength. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 43:325-9. [PMID: 16859857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, sensitive and robust reversed phase-HPLC method was developed and validated to measure simultaneously the amount of amoxicillin and metronidazole at single wavelength (254 nm) in order to assess drug release profiles and drug-excipients compatibility studies for a new floating-sustained release tablet formulation and its subsequent stability studies. An isocratic elution of filtered sample was performed on C18 column with buffered mobile phase (pH 4.0) and UV detection at 254 nm. Quantification was achieved with reference to the external standards. The linearity for concentrations between 0.15 and 600 microg/ml for amoxicillin and 0.13 and 300 microg/ml for metronidazole were established. Intra and inter-day precision were less than 2.5%. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification were 0.05 and 0.15 microg/ml for amoxicillin and 0.10 and 0.13 microg/ml for metronidazole. The determination of the two active ingredients was not interfered by the excipients of the products. Samples were stable in the release media (37 degrees C) and the HPLC injector at least for 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Tavakoli
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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31
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Li W, Tan F, Zhao K. Simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and ranitidine in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:594-8. [PMID: 16364584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 11/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography method using ultraviolet detection at 230 nm for the simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and ranitidine in rat plasma has been validated. Plasma samples after pretreatment with acetonitrile to effect deproteinization were dried under N2 and reconstituted with water. The standard calibration curves for amoxicillin and ranitidine were linear (r2=0.9999) over the concentration range of 0.2-20 microg ml-1 and 0.03-6 microg ml-1 in rat plasma, respectively. The intra- and inter-day assay variability range for amoxicillin was 2.4-8.5% and 3.2-11.7%, and for ranitidine was 1.7-9.0% and 4.5-10.1%, respectively. This method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study after oral coadministration of amoxicillin and ranitidine to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- The College of Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
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32
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Du X, Li C, Sun HK, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. A sensitive assay of amoxicillin in mouse serum and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid by liquid-liquid extraction and reversed-phase HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 39:648-52. [PMID: 15935600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of amoxicillin in mouse serum and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. One hundred microlitres of sample were needed for the assay. Sample processing was carried out with liquid-liquid extraction. Cefadroxil was used as an internal standard. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 reversed-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer, 1-octanesulphonic acid sodium salt and acetonitrile. The detection was conducted at 210 nm. The ranges of the standard curves were 0.2-20 and 0.05-5 microg/ml for serum and BAL samples, respectively. The recoveries of amoxicillin from serum and normal saline were 87 and 88%, respectively. The coefficients of variation were 1.78-6.13% for intra-day and 0.82-6.42% for inter-day analyses. The accuracy was within 100+/-6%. This method was successfully applied to analyze amoxicillin in mouse serum and BAL samples from a pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Du
- Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA
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33
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Ashraf-Khorassani M, Taylor LT, Koeth LM, Roush JA. Quantitative Analysis of Amoxicillin, Clavulanic Acid, and Ticarcillin in Multi-Wells by Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry as a Strategy for Quality Control. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Lindegårdh N, Singtoroj T, Annerberg A, White NJ, Day NPJ. Development and Validation of a Solid-Phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Amoxicillin in Plasma. Ther Drug Monit 2005; 27:503-8. [PMID: 16044109 DOI: 10.1097/01.ftd.0000158082.38330.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A bioanalytic method for the determination of amoxicillin in plasma by hydrophilic interaction solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography has been developed and validated. Plasma was precipitated with acetonitrile before samples were loaded onto a zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (ZIC-HILIC) solid-phase extraction column. Amoxicillin was analyzed by liquid chromatography on an Aquasil (150 x 4.6 mm) LC column with mobile-phase acetonitrile: phosphate buffer (pH 2.5; 0.1 mol/L) (7:93, v/v) and UV detection at 230 nm. A regression model using 1/concentration weighting was found the most appropriate for quantification. The intraassay precision for plasma was 3.3% at 15.0 microg/mL and 10.9% at 0.200 microg/mL. The interassay precision for plasma was 1.8% at 15.0 microg/mL and 7.5% at 0.200 microg/mL. The total-assay precision for plasma over 4 days using a total of 20 replicates was 13.2%, 5.5%, and 3.8% at 0.200 microg/mL, 3.00 microg/mL, and 15.0 microg/mL, respectively. The lower limit of quantification and the limit of detection were 0.050 microg/mL and 0.025 microg/mL, respectively, for 100 microL plasma. Long-term storage stability studies of amoxicillin in plasma indicate that a temperature of -80 degrees C is necessary to prevent degradation of amoxicillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lindegårdh
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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35
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do Nascimento TG, Oliveira EDJ, Macêdo RO. Simultaneous determination of ranitidine and metronidazole in human plasma using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:777-83. [PMID: 15797801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Revised: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development and validation of a simple method for the simultaneous determination of ranitidine and metronidazole in human plasma is described. Plasma samples (250 microL) were deproteinized by precipitation with 60% perchloric acid, centrifuged and the supernatant directly injected into the HPLC. Separation was achieved in isocratic mode with a Shimpak C(18) column and a mobile phase consisting of 10mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate pH 3.5:acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) with UV detection at 315 nm. The method showed good selectivity and sensitivity. Good and consistent recovery for metronidazole and ranitidine was obtained: 96.22+/-3.52 and 95.00+/-4.50% for ranitidine (25-1000 ng/mL) and metronidazole (60-10,000 ng/mL), respectively (n=3). With this one-step sample preparation method, both ranitidine and metronidazole could be quantified simultaneously in human plasma with good precision (R.S.D.<15%) and accuracy (bias values below 15%). The limit of quantification for ranitidine and metronidazole were 20 and 40 ng/mL plasma, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ticiano Gomes do Nascimento
- Unidade de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos (UDEM/ LTF), Universidade Federal da Paraíba-UFPB, Campus I, Cidade Universitária, 58051-970 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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36
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Wang P, Qi M, Sun Y, Yang J. A liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of amoxicillin sodium and sulbactam sodium in a combination formulation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:565-9. [PMID: 15522531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2004] [Revised: 07/10/2004] [Accepted: 07/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An isocratic liquid chromatographic method with UV detection at 210nm is described for simultaneous determination of amoxicillin sodium and sulbactam sodium in a new combination formulation. Chromatographic separation of the two drugs was achieved on a Hypersil C(18) column using a mobile phase consisting of a binary mixture of methanol and 0.01mol/l sodium acetate (5:95, v/v). The commonly used paired-ion aqueous mobile phase for the determination of penicillins was avoided in this study. The developed LC method offers symmetric peak shape, good resolution and reasonable retention time for both drugs. Linearity, accuracy and precision were found to be acceptable over the concentration ranges of 155.3-1553.0microg/ml for amoxicillin sodium and 45.0-450.0microg/ml for sulbactam sodium. The proposed LC method can be used for the quality control of formulated products containing these two drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Shenyang Pharmtech Institute of Pharmaceuticals, Shenyang 110016, China
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37
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Newcombe DAL, Bochner F, White JM, Somogyi AA. Evaluation of levo-alpha-acetylmethdol (LAAM) as an alternative treatment for methadone maintenance patients who regularly experience withdrawal: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 76:63-72. [PMID: 15380290 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if substitution of daily methadone with second daily levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) would convert non-holders on methadone into holders on LAAM, and to compare plasma concentration-time profiles of (R)-methadone with LAAM and its two metabolites. Sixteen stable methadone maintenance treatment participants (non-holders, n = 8) were randomly allocated to continue methadone for 3 months or switch to LAAM for 3 months, and then crossed over to the alternative drug for 3 months. At steady state, there were two testing sessions (24 h for methadone and 48 h for LAAM), during which opioid withdrawal severity, respiration rate and pupil diameter were measured 10-11 times and venous blood was collected 13-15 times. Ten age- and gender-matched controls underwent one 48-h test session. Areas under the withdrawal severity score versus time curve (AUC(0-47) hours for LAAM and controls; AUC(0-24) x 2 for methadone) were similar in holders on methadone and LAAM (P = 0.62), but were greater in non-holders when they were taking methadone than LAAM (P < 0.001). Respiratory depression and pupillary constriction were similar for LAAM and methadone. In comparison to (R)-methadone, plasma nor- and dinor-LAAM concentrations fluctuated little over the dosing interval. LAAM converted methadone non-holders into LAAM holders. LAAM may therefore be useful in selected MMT non-holders and improve retention in opioid treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A L Newcombe
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
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38
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El-Gindy A, Emara S, Hadad GM. Determination of certain drugs in binary mixtures formulations by second derivative ratio spectrophotometry and LC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:703-12. [PMID: 15337436 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2003] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods are developed for simultaneous determination of three binary mixtures with overlapping spectra. The spectrophotometric method is based on the use of second derivative of the ratio spectra (2DD) for resolution of three binary mixtures of indapamide with captopril (mixture 1), cinnarizine with heptaminol acefylline (mixture 2) and amoxycillin trihydrate with flucloxacillin sodium (mixture 3). The HPLC method depends on the separation of components of binary mixtures using ODS column with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 5 mM aqueous heptane sulphonic acid sodium salt in ratios of (60:40, v/v, pH 5.5) for mixture 1, (50:50, v/v, pH 3.0) for mixture 2 and (35:65, v/v, pH 4.2) for mixture 3. The proposed methods are accurate, non-destructive and successfully applied for the determination of the three binary combinations in synthetic mixtures and commercial pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa El-Gindy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
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39
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Nakamura M, Spiller RC, Barrett DA, Wibawa JID, Kumagai N, Tsuchimoto K, Tanaka T. Gastric juice, gastric tissue and blood antibiotic concentrations following omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin triple therapy. Helicobacter 2003; 8:294-9. [PMID: 12950601 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.2003.00156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amoxicillin and clarithromycin are key antibiotics in proton pump inhibitor-based Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies. AIMS To study gastric mucus and tissue concentrations and collect basic data about optimal antibacterial doses. METHODS Plasma, gastric mucosa and gastric juice antibiotic concentrations were measured following either low- or high-dose amoxicillin (750 or 1000 mg b.i.d.) and clarithromycin (400 or 500 mg b.i.d.) given in combination with omeprazole 20 mg bid to 12 male volunteers in an open crossover design. Gastric juice and mucosal biopsy collection was performed either 2 (n=6) or 6 hours (n=6) after dosing. RESULTS Amoxicillin concentrations 2 hours after high dosage were gastric juice > gastric body > antral mucosa > plasma. At 6 hours, plasma and gastric juice concentrations were still above the MIC for amoxicillin-susceptible bacteria but no antibiotic was detectable in mucosa samples. Clarithromycin concentrations after high dosage were gastric juice > mucosa > serum; all above the MIC for clarithromycin-susceptible bacteria at both 2 and 6 hours. CONCLUSIONS Both dosage regimens provided effective antibiotic concentrations in gastric juice at 2 hours. After dosing, both antibiotics demonstrated high gastric tissue concentrations via local diffusion while clarithromycin also provided sustained delivery (6 hours) via gastric mucosa penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Nakamura
- Research Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Basic Research, Kitasato Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Cass QB, Gomes RF, Calafatti SA, Pedrazolli Júnior J. Determination of amoxycillin in human plasma by direct injection and coupled-column high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2003; 987:235-41. [PMID: 12613817 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the use of multidimensional HPLC by coupling a restricted access medium (RAM) bovine serum albumin (BSA) octadecyl column (100 x 4.6 mm I.D., 10 microm particle size and 120 A pore size) to an octadecyl Hypersil column (150 x 4.6 mm I.D., 5 microm particle size and 120 A pore size) to the analysis of amoxycillin in human plasma by direct injection. Ion pairing was necessary to extract amoxycillin with good recovery from the plasma proteins. To prepare the spiked samples, aliquots (60 microl) of the appropriated standard solutions were added to each culture tube containing an 180 microl of plasma and a solution of 0.30 mM tetrabuthylammonium phosphate (60 microl). They were vortexed for 15 s and then 290 microl were transferred to autosampler vials. Aliquots (250 microl) of the spiked plasma samples were injected to a column-switching HPLC system. An analysis time of 25 min with no time spent on sample preparation was achieved. The developed method showed good selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision for direct analysis of this polar low wavelength ultraviolet absorption antibiotic using only 180 microl of human plasma. The validated method proved to be reliable and sensitive for the determination of amoxycillin in plasma samples of five healthy volunteers to whom test and reference formulations were administered as an oral dose (500 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Q B Cass
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Cx Postal 676, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Akay C, Ozkan SA, Sentürk Z, Cevheroğlu S. Simultaneous determination of metronidazole and miconazole in pharmaceutical dosage forms by RP-HPLC. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2002; 57:953-7. [PMID: 12484545 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(02)01296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection is described for the simultaneous determination of metronidazole and miconazole in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatography was carried out on a C18 reversed-phase column, using a mixture of methanol-water (40+60, v/v) as a mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.0 ml min(-1). Sulfamethoxazole was used as an internal standard and detection was performed using a diode array detector at 254 nm. The method produced linear responses in the concentration ranges 10-70 and 1-20 microg ml(-1) with detection limits 0.33 and 0.27 microg ml(-1) for metronidazole and micanozole, respectively. This procedure was found to be convenient and reproducible for analysis of these drugs in ovule dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Akay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, 06018 Ankara, Turkey
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42
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Pajchel G, Pawłowski K, Tyski S. CE versus LC for simultaneous determination of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin/sulbactam in pharmaceutical formulations for injections. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 29:75-81. [PMID: 12062667 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, capillary electrophoresis method was evaluated for determination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in Augmentin as well as ampicillin and sulbactam in Unasyn preparations for injections. Phosphate-borate buffer at pH 8.66 containing 14.4% sodium dodecyl sulfate was used as a mobile phase. The method was validated. Reproducibility, precision, accuracy and assay linearity in concentration of amoxicillin 0.05-3.03 mg/ml and ampicillin 0.05-3.08 mg/ml, as well as clavulanic acid 0.02-2.02 mg/ml and sulbactam 0.05-2.08 mg/ml were established. This new method is fast, inexpensive and limits consumption of organic solvents when compared with alternative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, used for drug analysis. Statistical analysis by Student's t-test showed no significant differences between the results obtained by the two methods t(calculated) 0.32 and 1.69 for amoxicillin and clavulanic acid and 0.67 and 1.93 for ampicillin and sulbactam were smaller than t(tabulated).
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Affiliation(s)
- Genowefa Pajchel
- Antibiotics and Microbiology Department, Drug Institute, 30/34 Chełmska St., 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
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De BS, Cherlet M, Baert K, De BP. Quantitative analysis of amoxycillin and its major metabolites in animal tissues by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2002; 74:1393-401. [PMID: 11922309 DOI: 10.1021/ac010918o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of amoxycillin and its major metabolites (amoxycilloic acid, amoxycillinpiperazine-2',5'-dione) in animal tissue samples using liquid chromatography combined with positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) is presented. A liquid extraction using an aqueous 0.01 M potassium dihydrogenphosphate solution as the extraction solvent was performed for a preliminary sample cleanup. The extracts were further purified by a solid-phase extraction using an octadecyl (C18) column. Ampicillin was used as the internal standard. Chromatographic separation of the analytes of interest was achieved on a reversed-phase Hypersil column (100 x 3 mm i.d., dp, 5 microm), using a mixture of 9.6 mM pentafluoropropionic acid in water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Gradient elution was performed. To obtain as high sensitivity and selectivity as possible, the mass spectrometer was operated in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was validated for the analysis of amoxycillin and its investigated metabolites in various porcine tissues, kidney, liver, muscle, and fat, according to the requirements defined by the European Community. Calibration graphs were prepared for all tissues, and good linearity was achieved over the concentration range tested (25-500 ng/g, r > or = 0.9974, and goodness of fit < or = 9.6). A limit of quantification of 25 ng/g was obtained for amoxycillin and its metabolites in all tissues, which corresponds to half the maximum residue limit for amoxycillin. Limits of detection ranged from 2.3 to 12.0 ng/g for amoxycillin and from 1.1 to 15.1 ng/g and 0.2 to 2.4 ng/g for amoxycilloic acid and amoxycillinpiperazine-2',5'-dione, respectively. The results for the within-day precision and the trueness fell within the ranges specified. The method has been successfully used for the quantitative determination of amoxycillin and its major metabolites in tissue samples from pigs medicated via the drinking water, proving the usefulness of the developed method for application in the field of residue analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baere Siegrid De
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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