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Lotfy HM, Fayez YM, Tawakkol SM, Fahmy NM, Shehata MAEA. Evaluation of graphical and statistical representation of analytical signals of spectrophotometric methods. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2017; 184:61-70. [PMID: 28482207 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous determination of miconazole (MIC), mometasone furaoate (MF), and gentamicin (GEN) in their pharmaceutical combination. Gentamicin determination is based on derivatization with of o-phthalaldehyde reagent (OPA) without any interference of other cited drugs, while the spectra of MIC and MF are resolved using both successive and progressive resolution techniques. The first derivative spectrum of MF is measured using constant multiplication or spectrum subtraction, while its recovered zero order spectrum is obtained using derivative transformation. Beside the application of constant value method. Zero order spectrum of MIC is obtained by derivative transformation after getting its first derivative spectrum by derivative subtraction method. The novel method namely, differential amplitude modulation is used to get the concentration of MF and MIC, while the novel graphical method namely, concentration value is used to get the concentration of MIC, MF, and GEN. Accuracy and precision testing of the developed methods show good results. Specificity of the methods is ensured and is successfully applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulation of the three drugs in combination. ICH guidelines are used for validation of the proposed methods. Statistical data are calculated, and the results are satisfactory revealing no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayam Mahmoud Lotfy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmaceutical industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Shereen Mostafa Tawakkol
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Egypt
| | - Nesma Mahmoud Fahmy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Egypt.
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2
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Casado J, Rodríguez I, Ramil M, Cela R. Identification of antimycotic drugs transformation products upon UV exposure. J Hazard Mater 2015; 289:72-82. [PMID: 25710817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of three imidazolic, environmental persistent antimycotic drugs (clotrimazole, CTZ; ketoconazole, KTZ; and miconazole, MCZ) upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is discussed. First, precursor compounds were immobilized in a silicone support which was further exposed to UV light at two different wavelengths: 254 and 365 nm. After solvent desorption, degradation kinetics of the precursor pharmaceuticals, identification of the arising transformation products (TPs) and evaluation of their time-course were investigated by liquid chromatography (LC) with quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS) detection. The three antimycotics displayed similar stabilities when exposed to 254 nm light; however, CTZ was significantly more stable than MCZ and KTZ when irradiated with the 365 nm lamp. TPs identified in silicone supports resulted from de-chlorination, cleavage, intra-molecular cyclization and hydroxylation reactions. Many of these species were also detected when exposing other solid matrices, such as sand and agricultural soil, previously spiked with target compounds, to UV light. The 50% estimated lethal concentration, calculated using the 48-h Daphnia magna test, for the two main TPs of CTZ and MCZ, at both wavelengths, were lower than those corresponding to the precursor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Casado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Isaac Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - María Ramil
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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Chen ZF, Ying GG, Ma YB, Lai HJ, Chen F, Pan CG. Typical azole biocides in biosolid-amended soils and plants following biosolid applications. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:6198-6206. [PMID: 23756711 DOI: 10.1021/jf4013949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biosolid application on agricultural land may contaminate soils with various household chemicals and personal care products. This study investigated the occurrence and dissipation of typical azole biocides climbazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole in biosolid-amended soils as well as the uptake of these biocides by plants. The field trial includes two treatment groups: old groups with biosolid application at rates of 5, 10, 20, and 40 t/ha every year within 5 years, and new groups with only one biosolid application. The results showed that climbazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole were detected in biosolid-amended soils, but not detected in control soils. These biocides were not found in the crop plants collected from the trial plots. The dissipation half-lives for climbazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole under the field conditions were 175-179, 244, and 130-248 days, respectively. High biosolid application rates and repeated biosolid applications could lead to higher persistence of the biocides in the agricultural soils. An exposure model could effectively predict the residual concentrations of climbazole and miconazole in the biosolid-amended soils of the old treatments with different biosolid application rates. Thus, the field trial demonstrated high persistence of these three biocides in the soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Chen ZF, Ying GG, Ma YB, Lai HJ, Chen F, Pan CG. Occurrence and dissipation of three azole biocides climbazole, clotrimazole and miconazole in biosolid-amended soils. Sci Total Environ 2013; 452-453:377-383. [PMID: 23542433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and dissipation of three azole biocides climbazole, clotrimazole and miconazole in biosolid-amended soils of the three sites (Zhejiang, Hunan and Shandong) in China following three treatments (CK: control without biosolid application; T1: one biosolid application; T2: biosolid application every year). The results showed that climbazole, clotrimazole and miconazole were present in the biosolid and biosolid-amended soils, but absent in the control soils. In the soils treated with biosolids, the concentrations of climbazole, clotrimazole and miconazole were mostly lower in the Zhejiang soils than in the Shandong or Hunan soils, suggesting that these three biocides are more readily dissipated under the flooding condition. During the one year monitoring, the concentrations of climbazole, clotrimazole and miconazole in the biosolid-applied soils showed only slight variations. The dissipation half-lives for miconazole calculated under the field conditions of Shandong site were 440 days for T1 and the half-lives for clotrimazole were 365 days for T2. The results suggested the persistence of these three biocides in the soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Peng X, Huang Q, Zhang K, Yu Y, Wang Z, Wang C. Distribution, behavior and fate of azole antifungals during mechanical, biological, and chemical treatments in sewage treatment plants in China. Sci Total Environ 2012; 426:311-317. [PMID: 22521100 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Residue of azole antifungals in the environment is of concern due to the environmental risks and persistence. Distribution, behavior, and fate of frequently used azole antifungal pharmaceuticals were investigated in wastewater at two sewage treatment plants (STPs) in China. Fluconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole were constantly detected at 1-1834 ng L(-1) in the wastewater. The latter four were also ubiquitously detected in sewage sludge. Fluconazole passed through treatment in the STPs and largely remained in the final effluent. On the contrary, biotransformation and sorption to sludge occurred to the other azoles. Ketoconazole was more readily bio-transformed, whereas clotrimazole, econazole, and miconazole were more likely to be adsorbed onto and persisted in sewage sludge. Lipophilicity plays the governing role on adsorption. The highest concentrations in the raw wastewater were observed in winter for the azole pharmaceuticals except for fluconazole. The seasonal difference was smoothed out after treatment in the STPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Peng
- State key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, Guangzhou 510640,China.
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Karacan E, Cağlayan MG, Palabiyik IM, Onur F. Liquid chromatographic and spectrophotometric determination of diflucortolone valerate and isoconazole nitrate in creams. J AOAC Int 2011; 94:128-135. [PMID: 21391489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new RP-LC method and two new spectrophotometric methods, principal component regression (PCR) and first derivative spectrophotometry, are proposed for simultaneous determination of diflucortolone valerate (DIF) and isoconazole nitrate (ISO) in cream formulations. An isocratic system consisting of an ACE C18 column and a mobile phase composed of methanol-water (95 + 5, v/v) was used for the optimal chromatographic separation. In PCR, the concentration data matrix was prepared by using synthetic mixtures containing these drugs in methanol-water (3 + 1, v/v). The absorbance data matrix corresponding to the concentration data matrix was obtained by measuring the absorbances at 29 wavelengths in the range of 242-298 nm for DIF and ISO in the zero-order spectra of their combinations. In first derivative spectrophotometry, dA/dlambda values were measured at 247.8 nm for DIF and at 240.2 nm for ISO in first derivative spectra of the solution of DIF and ISO in methanol-water (3 + 1, v/v). The linear ranges were 4.00-48.0 microg/mL for DIF and 50.0-400 microg/mL for ISO in the LC method, and 2.40-40.0 microg/mL for DIF and 60.0-260 microg/mL for ISO in the PCR and first derivative spectrophotometric methods. These methods were validated by analyzing synthetic mixtures. These three methods were successfully applied to two pharmaceutical cream preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Karacan
- University of Ankara, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06100 Tandoğan-Ankara, Turkey
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Lindberg RH, Fick J, Tysklind M. Screening of antimycotics in Swedish sewage treatment plants--waters and sludge. Water Res 2010; 44:649-657. [PMID: 19942249 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of six pharmaceutical antimycotics were determined in the sewage water, final effluent and sludge of five Swedish sewage treatment plants (STPs) by solid phase extraction, liquid/solid extraction, and liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The antimycotics were quantified by internal standard calibration. The results were used to estimate national flows that were compared to predictions based on sales figures. Fluconazole was the only one of the six investigated antimycotics that was detected (at concentrations ranging from 90 to 140 ng L(-1)) in both raw sewage water and final effluent. Negligible amounts of this substance were removed from the aqueous phase, and its levels were below the limit of quantification in all of the analyzed sludge samples. In contrast, clotrimazole, ketoconazole and econazole were present in all of the sludge samples, at concentrations ranging between 200 and 1000 microg kg(-1), dry weight. There were close correlations between the national measured and predicted antimycotic mass flows. Antimycotic fate analysis, based on sales figures, indicated that 53% of the total amount of fluconazole sold appeared in the final effluents of the STPs, while 1, 155, 35, 209 and 41% of the terbinafine, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, econazole and miconazole sold appeared in the digested dewatered sludge.
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Meshram DB, Bagade SB, Tajne MR. Simultaneous determination of metronidazole and miconazole nitrate in gel by HPTLC. Pak J Pharm Sci 2009; 22:323-328. [PMID: 19553183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new, simple, precise, rapid and selective high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous quantification of Metronidazole (MTZ) and Miconazole nitrate (MCZ) in gel has been developed. It was performed on silica gel 60 GF254 Thin Layer Chromatographic plates using mobile phase comprising of Toluene: Chloroform: Methanol (3.0:2.0:0.6 v/v) and the detection was carried out at 240 nm using densitometer. The retention factors of MTZ and MCZ were 0.34 and 0.55 respectively. Calibration curves were linear in the range of 300-700 ng/spot of MTZ and 600-1400 ng/spot of MCZ both by height and by area. The percent recovery of the drugs from gel carried out by standard addition method was found to be 100.13+/-1.59 (by height) and 98.92+/-0.76 (by area) for MTZ and 99.49+/-1.58 (by height) and 99.63+/-1.46 (by area) for MCZ indicative of accuracy and precision of simultaneous determination of MTZ and MCZ nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay B Meshram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RTM Nagpur University, Amravati Road, Nagpur-440033 (MS), India.
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Salem AA, Mossa HA, Barsoum BN. Application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of miconazole, metronidazole and sulfamethoxazole in pharmaceutical and urine samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:654-61. [PMID: 16458473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2005] [Revised: 12/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Specific, accurate and precise NMR methods were developed for determining miconazole, metronidazole and sulfamethoxazole antibiotic drugs in authentic, pharmaceutical and urine samples. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) with maleic acid as an internal standard and DMSO-d6 as NMR solvent were used. 1H NMR signals at 9.0, 8.06, 7.50 and 6.26 ppm corresponding to miconazole, metronidazole, sulfamethoxazole and maleic acid were respectively used for calculating the concentrations of drugs per unit dose. Average percent recoveries of (97.54-101.10), (98.06-100.46) and (97.83-102.83) with average uncertainties of 1.02, 0.45 and 0.86 were respectively obtained for determining authentic samples of miconazole, metronidazole and sulfamethoxazole in the concentration range of 0.92-170 mg/0.6 ml DMSO-d6. In pharmaceutical formulations and urine samples, average percent recoveries in the ranges of 97.50-101.33 and 94.46-100.86 were respectively obtained. Relative standard deviations (R.S.D.)<or=2.68 were obtained for analyzing the three drugs in authentic, pharmaceutical and urine samples. Admixtures of the three drugs in authentic, pharmaceutical and urine samples were analyzed. Good precisions (0.79-2.99%) and recoveries (93.40-104.97%) were obtained indicating the high selectivity and resolving power of the developed NMR methods and no needs for separation steps. Applying statistical Student t-test revealed insignificant difference between the real and measured contents at the 95% confidence level. F-test revealed insignificant difference in precisions between the developed NMR methods and HPLC methods reported for analyzing miconazole, metronidazole and sulfamethoxazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Salem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain, UAE.
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Jalali F, Rajabi MJ, Bahrami G, Shamsipur M. Preparation of a Novel Iodide-Selective Electrode Based on Iodide-Miconazole Ion-Pair and Its Application to Pharmaceutical Analysis. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:1533-5. [PMID: 16379401 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An iodide-miconazole ion-paired complex was used as a suitable ion-exchanger for the preparation of a plasticized-PVC membrane electrode. Among different solvent mediators tested, dioctylsebacate exhibited the proper response characteristics, including Nernstian slope of the calibration curve, fast response time and good reproducibility of the emf values. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian slope of -59.8 +/- 0.5 mV decade(-1) for I- ion over a concentration range of 1.0 x 10(-5) - 1.0 x 10(-2) M with a limit of detection of 7.0 x 10(-6) M. The electrode displays a good selectivity for I- with respect to a number of inorganic and organic species. It canbe used over a pH range of 2.5 - 8.5. The membrane sensor was successfully applied to the determination of iodide in water samples and blood serum, as well as in pharmaceutical products such as iodoquinol and thyroxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Jalali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Razii University, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Akay C, Ozkan SA, Sentürk Z, Cevheroğlu S. Simultaneous determination of metronidazole and miconazole in pharmaceutical dosage forms by RP-HPLC. Farmaco 2002; 57:953-7. [PMID: 12484545 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(02)01296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection is described for the simultaneous determination of metronidazole and miconazole in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatography was carried out on a C18 reversed-phase column, using a mixture of methanol-water (40+60, v/v) as a mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.0 ml min(-1). Sulfamethoxazole was used as an internal standard and detection was performed using a diode array detector at 254 nm. The method produced linear responses in the concentration ranges 10-70 and 1-20 microg ml(-1) with detection limits 0.33 and 0.27 microg ml(-1) for metronidazole and micanozole, respectively. This procedure was found to be convenient and reproducible for analysis of these drugs in ovule dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Akay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, 06018 Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Miconazole is reduced at mercury electrode above pH 6 involving organometallic compound formation, responsible for an anomalous polarographic behavior. The electrodic process presents a large contribution of the adsorption effects. The drug can be determined by cathodic stripping voltammetry from 8.0 x 10(-8) to 1, 5 x 10(-6) molL-1 in Britton-Robinson buffer pH 8.0, when pre-accumulated for 30s at an accumulation potential of 0V. A relative standard deviation of 3.8% was obtained for ten measurements of 1.0 x 10(-7) molL-1 miconazole in B-R buffer pH 8.0 and a limit detection of 1, 7 x 10(-8) molL-1 was determined using 60s of deposition time and scan rate of 100 mVs-1. The proposed method is simple, precise and it was applied successfully for the determination of the miconazole in pure form and in commercial formulations, showing mean recoveries of 99.7-98.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C Pereira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 14801-970, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Aboul-Enein HY, Ali I. Comparative study of the enantiomeric resolution of chiral antifungal drugs econazole, miconazole and sulconazole by HPLC on various cellulose chiral columns in normal phase mode. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:441-6. [PMID: 11755745 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The chiral resolution of (+/-)-econazole, (+/-)-miconazole and (+/-)-sulconazole on the columns containing different cellulose derivatives namely Chiralcel OD, OJ, OB, OK, OC and OF in normal phase mode has been described. The mobile phase used was hexane-2-propanol-diethylamine (425:74:1, v/v/v). The flow rates of the mobile phase used were 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 ml/min. The values of the separation factor (alpha) of the resolved enantiomers of econazole, miconazole and sulconazole on chiral phases were ranged from 1.07 to 2.50 while the values of resolution factor (R(s)) varied from 0.17 to 3.90. The chiral recognition mechanisms between the analytes and the chiral selectors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Department (MBC-03), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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Aboul-Enein HY, Ali I. Comparison of the chiral resolution of econazole, miconazole, and sulconazole by HPLC using normal-phase amylose CSPs. Fresenius J Anal Chem 2001; 370:951-5. [PMID: 11569882 DOI: 10.1007/s002160100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of the enantiomers of (+/-)-econazole, (+/-)-miconazole, and (+/-)-sulconazole has been achieved on different normal-phase chiral amylose columns, Chi-ralpak AD, AS, and AR. The mobile phase used was hexane-2-propanol-diethylamine, 400:99:1 (v/v). The flow rates of the mobile phase used were 0.50 and 1.00 mL min(-1). The alpha values for the resolved enantiomers of econazole, miconazole, and sulconazole on the chiral phases were in the range 1.63 to 1.04; the Rs values varied from 5.68 to 0.32.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Aboul-Enein
- Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Erk N, Altun ML. Spectrophotometric resolution of metronidazole and miconazole nitrate in ovules using ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry and RP-LC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 25:115-22. [PMID: 11274865 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metronidazole and miconazole nitrate in ovules was determined by ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The first method depends on ratio spectra first derivative spectrophotometry, by utilizing the linear relationship between substances concentration and ratio spectra first derivative peak amplitude. The ratio first derivative amplitudes at 242.6 [(1)DD(242.6)], 274.2 [(1)DD(274.2))] 261.8 [(1)DD(261.8))] 273.5 [(1)DD(273.5))]and 281.5 [(1)DD(281.5)] nm were selected for the assay of metronidazole and miconazole nitrate, respectively. The second method is based on high-performance liquid chromatography on a reversed-phase column using a mobile phase of methanol-water-phosphoric acid (30:70:0.20 v/v) (pH 2.8) with programmable detection at 220.0 nm. The minimum concentration detectable by HPLC was 0.9 microg ml(-1) for metronidazole and 0.3 microg ml(-1) for miconazole nitrate and by ratio derivative spectrophotometry 4.0 microg ml(-1) for metronidazole and 0.5 microg ml(-1) for miconazole nitrate. The proposed procedures were successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of metronidazole and miconazole nitrate in ovules with a high percentage of recovery, good accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Erk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ankara, Tandoğan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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Wróbel K, Wróbel K, de la Garza Rodríguez IM, López-de-Alba PL, López-Martínez L. Determination of miconazole in pharmaceutical creams using internal standard and second derivative spectrophotometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 20:99-105. [PMID: 10704013 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A simple method is proposed for miconazole determination in pharmaceutical creams, based on extraction and second derivative spectrophotometry. In the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate (0.5%) and sulphuric acid (0.4 mol l(-1)), the miconazole and internal standard (IS) (methylene blue) were extracted to 100 microl of methylene chloride. The organic phase was evaporated in the nitrogen stream and the dry residue was dissolved in methanol (1.5 ml). The analytical signal was obtained as the ratio between second derivative absorbances measured at 236.9 nm (miconazole) and at 663.2 nm (IS). The use of IS in such multi-stage procedure enabled quite good analytical performance in calibration range 50.0 400 mg l(-1): linear correlation coefficient 0.9995, precision (measured as CV for ten replicates) at 50.0 mg l(-1) and at 400 mg l(-1) of miconazole was 1.5 and 0.5% respectively. Four commercial pharmaceutical creams were analyzed and the results obtained were in good agreement with the results obtained by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wróbel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Di Pietra AM, Andrisano V, Gotti R, Cavrini V. On-line post-column photochemical derivatization in liquid chromatographic--diode-array detection analysis of binary drug mixtures. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1996; 14:1191-9. [PMID: 8818033 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(95)01695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
HPLC methods were developed for the analysis of pharmaceutical creams containing binary drug mixtures (betamethasone valerate-chlorocresol; hydrocortisone-miconazole nitrate; desonide pivalate-chlorhexidine; dexamethasone-clotrimazole; triamcinolone acetonide-econazole nitrate). The chromatographic separations were performed on C-18 and cyano columns under reversed-phase conditions. A post-column on-line photochemical reactor (irradiation at 254 nm) was arranged between the analytical column and the diode-array detector to enhance the performance of the method. Two UV spectra (photoreactor on and off) were obtained for each analyte and these additional sources of information proved to be useful for the unambiguous identification of the various analytes. The method was applied to the quality control of commercial creams using a solid-phase extraction procedure for the sample clean-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Di Pietra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Roychowdhury U, Das SK. Rapid identification and quantitation of clotrimazole, miconazole, and ketokonazole in pharmaceutical creams and ointments by thin-layer chromatography-densitometry. J AOAC Int 1996; 79:656-9. [PMID: 8634535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry was used to separate, identify, and quantitate clotrimazole, miconazole, and ketokonazole (alone or combined with other drugs) in various pharmacopoeial or proprietary creams and ointments. Clotrimazole was extracted from the cream or ointment with ethyl alcohol, and miconazole and ketokonazole were extracted with a mixture of equal volumes of chloroform and isopropyl alcohol. Active ingredients were separated from excipients and other drugs by TLC on a precoated silica gel F254 plate with a solvent system of n-hexane-chloroform-methanol-diethylamine (50 + 40 + 10 + 1, v/v). The 3 azoles were well separated and easily identified in this chromatographic system. The separated azoles were visualized under short-wave UV light and quantitated by scanning densitometry at 220 nm by comparing the integrated areas of samples with those of standard (one azole was used as internal standard for the other). Recoveries from samples spiked with known amounts of azoles were excellent. The method was validated further by comparison with official liquid chromatographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Roychowdhury
- Central Drugs Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta, India
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19
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Dine T, Luyckx M, Brunet C, Mallevais ML, Goudaliez F, Gressier B, Cazin M, Kablan J, Cazin JC. Stability, compatibility and plasticizer extraction of miconazole injection added to infusion solutions and stored in PVC containers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1995; 13:1363-72. [PMID: 8634354 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(95)01553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The stability of miconazole in various diluents and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers was determined and the release of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from PVC bags into intravenous infusions of miconazole was measured. An injection formulation (80 ml) containing a 1% solution of miconazole with 11.5% of Cremophor EL was added to 250-ml PVC infusion bags containing 5% glucose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection, to give an initial nominal miconazole concentration of 2.42 mg ml-1, the mean concentration commonly used in clinical practice. Samples were assayed by stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the clarity was determined visually. Experiments were conducted to determine whether the stability and compatibility of miconazole would be compromised, and whether DEHP would be leached from PVC bags and PVC administration sets during storage and simulated infusion. There was no substantial loss of miconazole over 2 h simulated infusion irrespective of the diluent, and over 24 h storage irrespective of temperature (2-6 degrees C and 22-26 degrees C). All the solutions initially appeared slightly hazy. Leaching of DEHP was also detected during simulated delivery using PVC bags and PVC administration sets. There was a substantial difference between the amounts of DEHP released from PVC bags and from administration sets, and also between the amounts released in solutions stored in PVC bags at 2-6 degrees C and 22-26 degrees C over 24 h. At the dilution studied, miconazole was visually and chemically stable for up to 24 h. The storage of miconazole solutions in PVC bags seems to be limited by the leaching of DEHP rather than by degradation. To minimize patient exposure to DEHP, miconazole solutions should be infused immediately after their preparation in PVC bags.
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20
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Abstract
Reversed-phase HPLC on different column packing materials (Hypersil C-18, Spherisorb-CN, Chromspher-B) is used to obtain selective separations of imidazole antimycotic drugs, such as ketoconazole, clotrimazole, tioconazole, bifonazole, isoconazole, econazole, miconazole and fenticonazole. The use of a post-column on-line photochemical reactor is shown to be useful for the enhancement of the sensitivity of the HPLC analysis with UV detection. The proposed HPLC methods are applied to the analysis of commercial dosage forms (creams) with solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure, using a diol sorbent, being found to be a convenient technique for the sample preparation giving quantitative drug recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Di Pietra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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21
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Bouckaert S, Schautteet H, Lefebvre RA, Remon JP, van Clooster R. Comparison of salivary miconazole concentrations after administration of a bioadhesive slow-release buccal tablet and an oral gel. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 43:137-40. [PMID: 1425869 DOI: 10.1007/bf01740659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The salivary miconazole concentrations after administration of a bioadhesive slow-release buccal tablet and an oral gel have been compared. The bioadhesive tablet consisted of a mixture of thermally modified starch and 5% polyacrylic acid. Although the amount of drug administered via the bioadhesive tablet was sixfold lower than when the gel was used, the salivary miconazole levels were higher and remained above the MIC value of Candida albicans for more than 10 hours. The mean adhesion time of the tablet was 586 min. The bioadhesive tablet appears to be a promising drug delivery system for the buccal administration of drugs for local therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bouckaert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Gent, Belgium
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22
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Tyler TA, Genzale JA. Liquid chromatographic determination of miconazole nitrate in creams and suppositories. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1989; 72:442-4. [PMID: 2745367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A rapid method has been developed for the determination of miconazole nitrate in creams and suppositories. The sample is dissolved in ethanol, diluted in acetonitrile-water (1 + 1), and injected onto a C18 column. The mobile phase consists of 55% acetonitrile, a triethylammonium phosphate buffer, and an ion-pairing agent. The total run time is less than 4 min, and the active ingredient is determined using absorbance detection at 214 nm. The mean recovery of miconazole from spiked placebo samples was 99.7 +/- 0.7% for the cream samples at the 2% level and 98.8 +/- 0.3% for the suppository samples at the 4% level.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Tyler
- Herbert V. Shuster, Inc., Quincy, MA 02171
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Cavrini V, Di Pietra AM, Gatti R. Analysis of miconazole and econazole in pharmaceutical formulations by derivative UV spectroscopy and liquid chromatography (HPLC). J Pharm Biomed Anal 1989; 7:1535-43. [PMID: 2490540 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(89)80162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Methods based on derivative UV spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been developed for the selective determination of miconazole and econazole in pharmaceutical dosage forms. A solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure using a diol column gave quantitative drug extraction from formulated creams and provided purified sample solutions suitable for assay by the derivative UV spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. The proposed methods gave comparable accurate results, whereas a conventional UV spectrophotometric method was found to be seriously affected by excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cavrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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24
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Selinger K, Matheou D, Hill HM. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of miconazole in vaginal fluid. J Chromatogr 1988; 434:259-64. [PMID: 3243823 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(88)80085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Selinger
- Bio-Research Laboratories Ltd., Senneville, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Abstract
The sorption of the antifungal drug miconazole onto the plastics of infusion bags and intravenous administration sets has been investigated. HPLC methodology was applied for the determination of miconazole concentrations. The results obtained indicate that the sorption of miconazole is low and is unlikely to result in significant loss of clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G McGookin
- Department of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Northern Ireland
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26
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Abstract
A rapid and simple colorimetric method is presented for the estimation of organic bases in pharmaceutical preparations. Solid cobalt thiocyanate reagent is used. Many bases form blue coloured ion pairs soluble in dichloromethane.
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Warnock DW, Richardson MD, Turner A. High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and other non-biological methods for quantitation of antifungal drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother 1982; 10:467-78. [PMID: 7161226 DOI: 10.1093/jac/10.6.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Abstract
Data from this in vivo albino rabbit study suggest that miconazole nitrate may penetrate the ocular compartments better than either natamycin or amphotericin B after intravenous, subconjunctival, or topical administration. The concentrations of miconazole in cornea and in aqueous humor after either topical or subconjunctival administration were very high, and a further threefold increase in the levels was seen if the corneal epithelium had been removed prior to drug therapy. Miconazole was found in the vitreous in some animals after subconjunctival injections of the drug. Intravenous administration produced high concentrations of miconazole in the aqueous humor, which rapidly fell over eight hours. No signs of toxicity or adverse reactions were found in these short-term experiments. Miconazole may be a useful addition in our methods of treating keratomycosis and oculomycosis.
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Burdon DW, Brown JD, Youngs DJ, Arabi Y, Shinagawa N, Alexander-Williams J, Keighley MR, George RH. Antibiotic susceptibility of Clostridium difficile. J Antimicrob Chemother 1979; 5:307-10. [PMID: 479065 DOI: 10.1093/jac/5.3.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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31
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Abstract
A radial diffusion bioassay for miconazole, which employs Candida stellatoidea as the indicator organism, is described. Results from three patients treated with the drug are presented.
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32
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Szabolcs L. [Determination of the active principle in preparations based on Miconazole and clotrimazole]. Acta Pharm Hung 1976; 46:43-8. [PMID: 1258652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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