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Ferreira D, Mohanty R, Murray ME, Nordberg A, Kantarci K, Westman E. The hippocampal sparing subtype of Alzheimer's disease assessed in neuropathology and in vivo tau positron emission tomography: a systematic review. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:166. [PMID: 36376963 PMCID: PMC9664780 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathology and neuroimaging studies have identified several subtypes of Alzheimer's disease (AD): hippocampal sparing AD, typical AD, and limbic predominant AD. An unresolved question is whether hippocampal sparing AD cases can present with neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in association cortices while completely sparing the hippocampus. To address that question, we conducted a systematic review and performed original analyses on tau positron emission tomography (PET) data. We searched EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases until October 2022. We also implemented several methods for AD subtyping on tau PET to identify hippocampal sparing AD cases. Our findings show that seven out of the eight reviewed neuropathologic studies included cases at Braak stages IV or higher and therefore, could not identify hippocampal sparing cases with NFT completely sparing the hippocampus. In contrast, tau PET did identify AD participants with tracer retention in the association cortex while completely sparing the hippocampus. We conclude that tau PET can identify hippocampal sparing AD cases with NFT completely sparing the hippocampus. Based on the accumulating data, we suggest two possible pathways of tau spread: (1) a canonical pathway with early involvement of transentorhinal cortex and subsequent involvement of limbic regions and association cortices, and (2) a less common pathway that affects association cortices with limbic involvement observed at end stages of the disease or not at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ferreira
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics; Center for Alzheimer Research; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Blickagången 16 (NEO building, floor 7th), 14152, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Rosaleena Mohanty
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics; Center for Alzheimer Research; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Blickagången 16 (NEO building, floor 7th), 14152, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Agneta Nordberg
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics; Center for Alzheimer Research; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Blickagången 16 (NEO building, floor 7th), 14152, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eric Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics; Center for Alzheimer Research; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Blickagången 16 (NEO building, floor 7th), 14152, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Neuroimaging, Center for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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2
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Kannappan B, te Nijenhuis J, Choi YY, Lee JJ, Choi KY, Balzekas I, Jung HY, Choe Y, Song MK, Chung JY, Ha JM, Choi SM, Kim H, Kim BC, Jo HJ, Lee KH. Can hippocampal subfield measures supply information that could be used to improve the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275233. [PMID: 36327265 PMCID: PMC9632892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) needs to be improved. We investigated if hippocampal subfield volume measured by structural imaging, could supply information, so that the diagnosis of AD could be improved. In this study, subjects were classified based on clinical, neuropsychological, and amyloid positivity or negativity using PET scans. Data from 478 elderly Korean subjects grouped as cognitively unimpaired β-amyloid-negative (NC), cognitively unimpaired β-amyloid-positive (aAD), mild cognitively impaired β-amyloid-positive (pAD), mild cognitively impaired-specific variations not due to dementia β-amyloid-negative (CIND), severe cognitive impairment β-amyloid-positive (ADD+) and severe cognitive impairment β-amyloid-negative (ADD-) were used. NC and aAD groups did not show significant volume differences in any subfields. The CIND did not show significant volume differences when compared with either the NC or the aAD (except L-HATA). However, pAD showed significant volume differences in Sub, PrS, ML, Tail, GCMLDG, CA1, CA4, HATA, and CA3 when compared with the NC and aAD. The pAD group also showed significant differences in the hippocampal tail, CA1, CA4, molecular layer, granule cells/molecular layer/dentate gyrus, and CA3 when compared with the CIND group. The ADD- group had significantly larger volumes than the ADD+ group in the bilateral tail, SUB, PrS, and left ML. The results suggest that early amyloid depositions in cognitive normal stages are not accompanied by significant bilateral subfield volume atrophy. There might be intense and accelerated subfield volume atrophy in the later stages associated with the cognitive impairment in the pAD stage, which subsequently could drive the progression to AD dementia. Early subfield volume atrophy associated with the β-amyloid burden may be characterized by more symmetrical atrophy in CA regions than in other subfields. We conclude that the hippocampal subfield volumetric differences from structural imaging show promise for improving the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Kannappan
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s & Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jan te Nijenhuis
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s & Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yu Yong Choi
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s & Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jang Jae Lee
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s & Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kyu Yeong Choi
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s & Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Irena Balzekas
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ho Yub Jung
- Department of Computer Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | | | - Min Kyung Song
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Chung
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s & Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung-Min Ha
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s & Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seong-Min Choi
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hoowon Kim
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s & Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Byeong C. Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hang Joon Jo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kun Ho Lee
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s & Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
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3
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Plachti A, Kharabian S, Eickhoff SB, Maleki Balajoo S, Hoffstaedter F, Varikuti DP, Jockwitz C, Caspers S, Amunts K, Genon S. Hippocampus co-atrophy pattern in dementia deviates from covariance patterns across the lifespan. Brain 2021; 143:2788-2802. [PMID: 32851402 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a plastic region and highly susceptible to ageing and dementia. Previous studies explicitly imposed a priori models of hippocampus when investigating ageing and dementia-specific atrophy but led to inconsistent results. Consequently, the basic question of whether macrostructural changes follow a cytoarchitectonic or functional organization across the adult lifespan and in age-related neurodegenerative disease remained open. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify the spatial pattern of hippocampus differentiation based on structural covariance with a data-driven approach across structural MRI data of large cohorts (n = 2594). We examined the pattern of structural covariance of hippocampus voxels in young, middle-aged, elderly, mild cognitive impairment and dementia disease samples by applying a clustering algorithm revealing differentiation in structural covariance within the hippocampus. In all the healthy and in the mild cognitive impaired participants, the hippocampus was robustly divided into anterior, lateral and medial subregions reminiscent of cytoarchitectonic division. In contrast, in dementia patients, the pattern of subdivision was closer to known functional differentiation into an anterior, body and tail subregions. These results not only contribute to a better understanding of co-plasticity and co-atrophy in the hippocampus across the lifespan and in dementia, but also provide robust data-driven spatial representations (i.e. maps) for structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Plachti
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Shahrzad Kharabian
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Somayeh Maleki Balajoo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Deepthi P Varikuti
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany.,C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sarah Genon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,GIGA-CRC In vivo Imaging, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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4
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Smailovic U, Koenig T, Savitcheva I, Chiotis K, Nordberg A, Blennow K, Winblad B, Jelic V. Regional Disconnection in Alzheimer Dementia and Amyloid-Positive Mild Cognitive Impairment: Association Between EEG Functional Connectivity and Brain Glucose Metabolism. Brain Connect 2020; 10:555-565. [PMID: 33073602 PMCID: PMC7757561 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The disconnection hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is supported by growing neuroimaging and neurophysiological evidence of altered brain functional connectivity in cognitively impaired individuals. Brain functional modalities such as [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography ([18F]FDG-PET) and electroencephalography (EEG) measure different aspects of synaptic functioning, and can contribute to understanding brain connectivity disruptions in AD. Aim: This study investigated the relationship between cortical glucose metabolism and topographical EEG measures of brain functional connectivity in subjects along AD continuum. Methods: Patients diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD (n = 67), and stratified into amyloid-positive (n = 32) and negative (n = 10) groups according to cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42/40 ratio, were assessed with [18F]FDG-PET and resting-state EEG recordings. EEG-based neuroimaging analysis involved standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA), which estimates functional connectivity from cortical sources of electrical activity in a 3D head model. Results: Glucose hypometabolism in temporoparietal lobes was significantly associated with altered EEG functional connectivity of the same regions of interest in clinically diagnosed MCI and AD patients and in patients with biomarker-verified AD pathology. The correlative pattern of disrupted connectivity in temporoparietal lobes, as detected by EEG sLORETA analysis, included decreased instantaneous linear connectivity in fast frequencies and increased lagged linear connectivity in slow frequencies in relation to the activity of remaining cortex. Conclusions: Topographical EEG measures of functional connectivity detect regional dysfunction of AD-vulnerable brain areas as evidenced by association and spatial overlap with the cortical glucose hypometabolism in MCI and AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Smailovic
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Koenig
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irina Savitcheva
- Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Chiotis
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinic for Cognitive Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Geriatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Vesna Jelic
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinic for Cognitive Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden
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5
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Hashimoto M, Yamazaki A, Ohno A, Kimura T, Winblad B, Tjernberg LO. A Fragment of S38AA is a Novel Plasma Biomarker of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:1163-1174. [PMID: 31524172 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease without a cure. The pathological process starts decades before clinical onset, and thus clinical trials of drugs aimed at treating AD should start at a presymptomatic stage. Therefore, it is critical to diagnose AD at an early stage. Tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of Aβ or tau accumulation are supportive biomarkers for AD diagnosis, but there is no reliable presymptomatic diagnostic marker. Since CSF sampling is invasive, and PET imaging is expensive and available only at specialized centers, a reliable blood biomarker has long been sought for. Here we describe a novel extramembrane fragment from solute carrier family 38 member 10 (SLC38A10, S38AA) that we found to be decreased in pyramidal neurons in AD cases by proteomics and immunohistochemical analysis. We detected a S38AA fragment in CSF and found the levels to correlate with severity of AD and APOE genotype. Importantly, the plasma levels of the fragment also showed a significant correlation with Mini-Mental State Examination scores in AD. Moreover, plasma from other neurodegenerative disease was analyzed and the fragment was found to be increased specifically in AD. Interestingly, the fragment is detected in mouse, rat, and monkey, and increases in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice as the AD-like pathology progresses. We propose that the S38AA fragment in plasma could be a novel quantitative diagnostic marker for AD and potentially a marker of disease progression in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hashimoto
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Yamazaki
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohno
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Department of Neurobiology, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J9:20, Solna, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Theme Aging, Huddinge/Solna, Sweden
| | - Lars O Tjernberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J9:20, Solna, Sweden
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6
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Novellino F, López ME, Vaccaro MG, Miguel Y, Delgado ML, Maestu F. Association Between Hippocampus, Thalamus, and Caudate in Mild Cognitive Impairment APOEε4 Carriers: A Structural Covariance MRI Study. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1303. [PMID: 31920926 PMCID: PMC6933953 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Although, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is widely recognized as one of the most important risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) development, the neural mechanisms by which the ε4 allele promotes the AD occurring remain under debate. The aim of this study was to evaluate neurobiological effects of the APOE-genotype on the pattern of the structural covariance in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects. Methods: We enrolled 95 MCI subjects and 49 healthy controls. According to APOE-genotype, MCI subjects were divided into three groups: APOEε4 non-carriers (MCIε4-/-, n = 55), APOEε4 heterozygous carriers (MCIε4+/-, n = 31), and APOEε4 homozygous carriers (MCIε4+/+, n = 9) while all controls were APOEε4 non-carriers. In order to explore their brain structural pattern, T1-weighted anatomical brain 1.5-T MRI scans were collected. A whole-brain voxel-based morphometry analysis was performed, and all significant regions (p < 0.05 family-wise error, whole brain) were selected as a region of interest for the structural covariance analysis. Moreover, in order to evaluate the progression of the disease, a clinical follow-up was performed for 2 years. Results: The F-test showed in voxel-based morphometry analysis a strong overall difference among the groups in the middle frontal and temporal gyri and in the bilateral hippocampi, thalami, and parahippocampal gyri, with a grading in the atrophy in these latter three structures according to the following order: MCIε4+/+ > MCIε4+/- > MCIε4-/- > controls. Structural covariance analysis revealed a strong structural association between the left thalamus and the left caudate and between the right hippocampus and the left caudate (p < 0.05 family-wise error, whole brain) in the MCIε4 carrier groups (MCIε4+/+ > MCIε4+/-), whereas no significant associations were observed in MCIε4-/- subjects. Of note, the 38% of MCIs enrolled in this study developed AD within 2 years of follow-up. Conclusion: This study improves the knowledge on neurobiological effect of APOE ε4 in early pathophysiological phenomena underlying the MCI-to-AD evolution, as our results demonstrate changes in the structural association between hippocampal formation and thalamo-striatal connections occurring in MCI ε4 carriers. Our results strongly support the role of subcortical structures in MCI ε4 carriers and open a clinical window on the role of these structures as early disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Novellino
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - María Eugenia López
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Yus Miguel
- Radiology Department, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Delgado
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Maestu
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Ettcheto M, Cano A, Busquets O, Manzine PR, Sánchez-López E, Castro-Torres RD, Beas-Zarate C, Verdaguer E, García ML, Olloquequi J, Auladell C, Folch J, Camins A. A metabolic perspective of late onset Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104255. [PMID: 31075308 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After decades of research, the molecular neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still one of the hot topics in biomedical sciences. Some studies suggest that soluble amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers act as causative agents in the development of AD and could be initiators of its complex neurodegenerative cascade. On the other hand, there is also evidence pointing to Aβ oligomers as mere aggravators, with an arguable role in the origin of the disease. In this line of research, the relative contribution of soluble Aβ oligomers to neuronal damage associated with metabolic disorders such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and obesity is being actively investigated. Some authors have proposed the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) as important mechanisms leading to an increase in Aβ production and the activation of neuroinflammatory processes. Following this line of thought, these mechanisms could also cause cognitive impairment. The present review summarizes the current understanding on the neuropathological role of Aβ associated with metabolic alterations induced by an obesogenic high fat diet (HFD) intake. It is believed that the combination of these two elements has a synergic effect, leading to the impairement of ER and mitochondrial functions, glial reactivity status alteration and inhibition of insulin receptor (IR) signalling. All these metabolic alterations would favour neuronal malfunction and, eventually, neuronal death by apoptosis, hence causing cognitive impairment and laying the foundations for late-onset AD (LOAD). Moreover, since drugs enhancing the activation of cerebral insulin pathway can constitute a suitable strategy for the prevention of AD, we also discuss the scope of therapeutic approaches such as intranasal administration of insulin in clinical trials with AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Ettcheto
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Cano
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Busquets
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Regina Manzine
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén D Castro-Torres
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Laboratorio de Regeneración y Desarrollo Neural, Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Mexico
| | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Laboratorio de Regeneración y Desarrollo Neural, Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Mexico
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Luisa García
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Carme Auladell
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Folch
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Apolipoprotein E: the resilience gene. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:1853-1859. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Schmitz TW, Nathan Spreng R. Basal forebrain degeneration precedes and predicts the cortical spread of Alzheimer's pathology. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13249. [PMID: 27811848 PMCID: PMC5097157 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is considerable debate whether Alzheimer's disease (AD) originates in basal forebrain or entorhinal cortex. Here we examined whether longitudinal decreases in basal forebrain and entorhinal cortex grey matter volume were interdependent and sequential. In a large cohort of age-matched older adults ranging from cognitively normal to AD, we demonstrate that basal forebrain volume predicts longitudinal entorhinal degeneration. Models of parallel degeneration or entorhinal origin received negligible support. We then integrated volumetric measures with an amyloid biomarker sensitive to pre-symptomatic AD pathology. Comparison between cognitively matched normal adult subgroups, delineated according to the amyloid biomarker, revealed abnormal degeneration in basal forebrain, but not entorhinal cortex. Abnormal degeneration in both basal forebrain and entorhinal cortex was only observed among prodromal (mildly amnestic) individuals. We provide evidence that basal forebrain pathology precedes and predicts both entorhinal pathology and memory impairment, challenging the widely held belief that AD has a cortical origin. Whether Alzheimer's disease originates in basal forebrain or entorhinal cortex remains highly debated. Here the authors use structural magnetic resonance data from a longitudinal sample of participants stratified by cerebrospinal biomarker and clinical diagnosis to show that tissue volume changes appear earlier in the basal forebrain than in the entorhinal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Schmitz
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK.,Wolfson College, University of Cambridge, Barton Road, Cambridge CB3 9BB, UK
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Department of Human Development, Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University, Martha Van Rensselaer Hall G62C, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Delli Pizzi S, Franciotti R, Bubbico G, Thomas A, Onofrj M, Bonanni L. Atrophy of hippocampal subfields and adjacent extrahippocampal structures in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 40:103-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mohan A, Roberto AJ, Mohan A, Liogier-Weyback L, Guha R, Ravishankar N, Rebello C, Kumar A, Mohan R. Caffeine as Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mohan
- Department of Arts and Letters, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Aaron J. Roberto
- Department of Psychiatry, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York
| | - Akansha Mohan
- Medical School, Baylor Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Luis Liogier-Weyback
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Rahul Guha
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Clinton Rebello
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toledo Medical School, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, GZA St. Vincentius Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ravinder Mohan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
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Montembeault M, Rouleau I, Provost JS, Brambati SM. Altered Gray Matter Structural Covariance Networks in Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:2650-62. [PMID: 25994962 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical symptoms observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients may reflect variations within specific large-scale brain networks, modeling AD as a disconnection syndrome. The present magnetic resonance imaging study aims to compare the organization of gray matter structural covariance networks between 109 cognitively unimpaired controls (CTRL) and 109 AD patients positive to beta-amyloid at the early stages of the disease, using voxel-based morphometry. The default-mode network (DMN; medial temporal lobe subsystem) was less extended in AD patients in comparison with CTRL, with a significant decrease in the structural association between the entorhinal cortex and the medial prefrontal and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. The DMN (midline core subsystem) was also less extended in AD patients. Trends toward increased structural association were observed in the salience and executive control networks. The observed changes suggest that early disruptions in structural association between heteromodal association cortices and the entorhinal cortex could contribute to an isolation of the hippocampal formation, potentially giving rise to the clinical hallmark of AD, progressive memory impairment. It also provides critical support to the hypothesis that the reduced connectivity within the DMN in early AD is accompanied by an enhancement of connectivity in the salience and executive control networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Montembeault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3W 1W5 Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Isabelle Rouleau
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Jean-Sébastien Provost
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3W 1W5 Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Simona Maria Brambati
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3W 1W5 Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
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Armstrong RA, Cairns NJ. Comparative quantitative study of 'signature' pathological lesions in the hippocampus and adjacent gyri of 12 neurodegenerative disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1355-67. [PMID: 25929331 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus (HC) and adjacent gyri are implicated in dementia in several neurodegenerative disorders. To compare HC pathology among disorders, densities of 'signature' pathological lesions were measured at a standard location in eight brain regions of 12 disorders. Principal components analysis of the data suggested that the disorders could be divided into three groups: (1) Alzheimer's disease (AD), Down's syndrome (DS), sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in which either β-amyloid (Aβ) or prion protein deposits were distributed in all sectors of the HC and adjacent gyri, with high densities being recorded in the parahippocampal gyrus and subiculum; (2) Pick's disease, sporadic frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 immunoreactive inclusions, and neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease in which relatively high densities of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions were present in the dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells; and (3) Parkinson's disease dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and multiple system atrophy in which densities of signature lesions were relatively low. Variation in density of signature lesions in DG granule cells and CA1 were the most important sources of neuropathological variation among disorders. Hence, HC and adjacent gyri are differentially affected in dementia reflecting either variation in vulnerability of hippocampal neurons to specific molecular pathologies or in the spread of pathological proteins to the HC. Information regarding the distribution of pathology could ultimately help to explain variations in different cognitive domains, such as memory, observed in various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Arendt T, Brückner MK, Morawski M, Jäger C, Gertz HJ. Early neurone loss in Alzheimer's disease: cortical or subcortical? Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:10. [PMID: 25853173 PMCID: PMC4359478 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative disorder where the distribution of pathology throughout the brain is not random but follows a predictive pattern used for pathological staging. While the involvement of defined functional systems is fairly well established for more advanced stages, the initial sites of degeneration are still ill defined. The prevailing concept suggests an origin within the transentorhinal and entorhinal cortex (EC) from where pathology spreads to other areas. Still, this concept has been challenged recently suggesting a potential origin of degeneration in nonthalamic subcortical nuclei giving rise to cortical innervation such as locus coeruleus (LC) and nucleus basalis of Meynert (NbM). To contribute to the identification of the early site of degeneration, here, we address the question whether cortical or subcortical degeneration occurs more early and develops more quickly during progression of AD. To this end, we stereologically assessed neurone counts in the NbM, LC and EC layer-II in the same AD patients ranging from preclinical stages to severe dementia. In all three areas, neurone loss becomes detectable already at preclinical stages and is clearly manifest at prodromal AD/MCI. At more advanced AD, cell loss is most pronounced in the NbM > LC > layer-II EC. During early AD, however, the extent of cell loss is fairly balanced between all three areas without clear indications for a preference of one area. We can thus not rule out that there is more than one way of spreading from its site of origin or that degeneration even occurs independently at several sites in parallel.
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Reijmer YD, Fotiadis P, Martinez-Ramirez S, Salat DH, Schultz A, Shoamanesh A, Ayres AM, Vashkevich A, Rosas D, Schwab K, Leemans A, Biessels GJ, Rosand J, Johnson KA, Viswanathan A, Gurol ME, Greenberg SM. Structural network alterations and neurological dysfunction in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain 2014; 138:179-88. [PMID: 25367025 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a common form of small-vessel disease and an important risk factor for cognitive impairment. The mechanisms linking small-vessel disease to cognitive impairment are not well understood. We hypothesized that in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy, multiple small spatially distributed lesions affect cognition through disruption of brain connectivity. We therefore compared the structural brain network in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy to healthy control subjects and examined the relationship between markers of cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related brain injury, network efficiency, and potential clinical consequences. Structural brain networks were reconstructed from diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in 38 non-demented patients with probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy (69 ± 10 years) and 29 similar aged control participants. The efficiency of the brain network was characterized using graph theory and brain amyloid deposition was quantified by Pittsburgh compound B retention on positron emission tomography imaging. Global efficiency of the brain network was reduced in patients compared to controls (0.187 ± 0.018 and 0.201 ± 0.015, respectively, P < 0.001). Network disturbances were most pronounced in the occipital, parietal, and posterior temporal lobes. Among patients, lower global network efficiency was related to higher cortical amyloid load (r = -0.52; P = 0.004), and to magnetic resonance imaging markers of small-vessel disease including increased white matter hyperintensity volume (P < 0.001), lower total brain volume (P = 0.02), and number of microbleeds (trend P = 0.06). Lower global network efficiency was also related to worse performance on tests of processing speed (r = 0.58, P < 0.001), executive functioning (r = 0.54, P = 0.001), gait velocity (r = 0.41, P = 0.02), but not memory. Correlations with cognition were independent of age, sex, education level, and other magnetic resonance imaging markers of small-vessel disease. These findings suggest that reduced structural brain network efficiency might mediate the relationship between advanced cerebral amyloid angiopathy and neurologic dysfunction and that such large-scale brain network measures may represent useful outcome markers for tracking disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael D Reijmer
- 1 Stroke Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Panagiotis Fotiadis
- 1 Stroke Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergi Martinez-Ramirez
- 1 Stroke Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David H Salat
- 2 Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron Schultz
- 2 Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashkan Shoamanesh
- 1 Stroke Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison M Ayres
- 1 Stroke Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anastasia Vashkevich
- 1 Stroke Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diana Rosas
- 3 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin Schwab
- 1 Stroke Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Leemans
- 4 Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Biessels
- 5 Department of Neurology, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- 1 Stroke Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith A Johnson
- 3 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 6 Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- 1 Stroke Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Edip Gurol
- 1 Stroke Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- 1 Stroke Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Fodero-Tavoletti MT, Furumoto S, Taylor L, McLean CA, Mulligan RS, Birchall I, Harada R, Masters CL, Yanai K, Kudo Y, Rowe CC, Okamura N, Villemagne VL. Assessing THK523 selectivity for tau deposits in Alzheimer's disease and non-Alzheimer's disease tauopathies. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:11. [PMID: 24572336 PMCID: PMC3979096 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The introduction of tau imaging agents such as 18F-THK523 offers new hope for the in vivo assessment of tau deposition in tauopathies such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where preliminary 18F-THK523-PET studies have demonstrated significantly higher cortical retention of 18F-THK523 in AD compared to age-matched healthy individuals. In addition to AD, tau imaging with PET may also be of value in assessing non-AD tauopathies, such as corticobasal degeneration (CBD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and Pick’s disease (PiD). Methods To further investigate the ability of THK523 to recognize tau lesions, we undertook immunohistochemical and fluorescence studies in serial brain sections taken from individuals with AD (n = 3), CBD (n = 2), PSP (n = 1), PiD (n = 2) and Parkinson’s disease (PD; n = 2). In addition to the neuropathological analysis, one PSP patient had undergone a 18F-THK523 PET scan 5 months before death. Results Although THK523 labelled tau-containing lesions such as neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads in the hippocampus and frontal regions of AD brains, it failed to label tau-containing lesions in non-AD tauopathies. Furthermore, though THK523 faintly labelled dense-cored amyloid-β plaques in the AD frontal cortex, it failed to label α-synuclein-containing Lewy bodies in PD brain sections. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that 18F-THK523 selectively binds to paired helical filament tau in AD brains but does not bind to tau lesions in non-AD tauopathies, or to α-synuclein in PD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T Fodero-Tavoletti
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Nuclear Medicine & Centre for PET, Austin Health, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, 3084 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shozo Furumoto
- Department Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Leanne Taylor
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel S Mulligan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Centre for PET, Austin Health, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, 3084 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Birchall
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryuichi Harada
- Department Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Department Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Innovation of New Biomedical Engineering Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Centre for PET, Austin Health, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, 3084 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Department Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Nuclear Medicine & Centre for PET, Austin Health, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, 3084 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Structural networks in Alzheimer's disease. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:63-77. [PMID: 23294972 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) appears to be a uniquely human condition, which is possibly attributable to our expanded longevity and peculiar capacity for episodic memory. Due to a lack of naturally-occurring animal model for investigating AD pathogenesis, our knowledge about the disease must be derived from correlational observation of humans, or from animal models produced by genetic manipulation of known risk factors in humans. Advances in neuroimaging, cellular and molecular science, and computational methods have proven useful for the improvement of such techniques, but the general limitation persists; as a result we remain without clear answers to some of the fundamental questions posed by AD. On the other hand, much progress has been made in characterizing the longitudinal progression of AD pathology, which includes the formation of "plaques and tangles", a distinct topological pattern of atrophy of grey and white matter, and the concurrent decline of specific cognitive functions, beginning with mild memory impairments and ending with general debilitating dementia. In this review, we first discuss the existing literature which characterizes AD etiology, pathology, and pathogenesis, with the intention of framing the disease as primarily a "disconnection syndrome". We next describe methodologies for investigating the topological properties of human brain networks, using graph theoretical techniques and connectivity information derived from anatomical and diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Finally, we discuss how these methodologies have been applied to systems-level analyses of AD, to help characterize the network changes underlying the disease process, and how these patterns relate to specific cognitive outcome measures.
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Devanand DP, Bansal R, Liu J, Hao X, Pradhaban G, Peterson BS. MRI hippocampal and entorhinal cortex mapping in predicting conversion to Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 2012; 60:1622-9. [PMID: 22289801 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using MRI surface morphometry mapping, to evaluate local deformations of the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex in predicting conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Baseline brain MRI with surface morphological analysis was performed in 130 outpatients with MCI, broadly defined, and 61 healthy controls followed for an average of 4 years in a single site study. RESULTS Patients with MCI differed from controls in several regions of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, and to a lesser extent in the parahippocampal gyrus. In the MCI sample, Cox regression models were conducted for time to conversion comparing converters to AD (n=31) and non-converters (n=99), controlling for age, sex and education. Converters showed greater atrophy in the head of the hippocampus, predominantly in the CA1 region and subiculum, and in the entorhinal cortex, especially in the anterior-inferior pole bilaterally. When distances of specific points representing localized inward deformation were entered together with the corresponding hippocampal or entorhinal cortex volume in the same Cox regression model, the distances remained highly significant whereas the volumes of the corresponding structures were either marginally significant or not significant. Inclusion of cognitive or memory measures or apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype as covariates, or restricting the sample to patients with amnestic MCI (24 converters and 81 non-converters) did not materially change the findings. In the 3-year follow-up sample of patients with MCI, logistic regression analyses using the same measures and covariates yielded similar results. INTERPRETATION These findings indicate selective early involvement of the CA1 and subiculum regions of the hippocampus and provide new information on early anterior pole involvement in the entorhinal cortex in incipient AD. Fine-grained surface morphometry of medial temporal lobe structures may be superior to volumetric assessment in predicting conversion to AD in patients clinically diagnosed with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Devanand
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, USA.
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Royall DR, Palmer RF, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Masaki K, White LR. Modeling regional vulnerability to Alzheimer pathology. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1556-63. [PMID: 21803455 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Latent growth curve (LGC) models estimate change over time in a cohort's serially obtained measurements. We have applied LGC techniques to a spatial distribution of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology using autopsy data from 435 participants in the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) and neuritic plaques (NP) were distributed across differently ordered sets of anatomical regions. The gradient of spatial change in neuritic plaque (dNP), was significantly associated with that of neurofibrillary tangle (dNFT), but weakly and inversely (r = -0.12; p < 0.001). Both dNFT and dNP correlated significantly and inversely with Braak stage. Sixty-one percent of the variance in Braak stage was explained by dNFT independent of covariates. Only dNFT was significantly associated with longitudinal change in cognition. Only dNP was associated with apolipoprotein (APOE) e4 burden. This is the first application of LGC models to spatially-ordered data. The result is a quantification of the interindividual variation in the interregional vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Royall
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78284-7792, USA.
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Corder EH, Mellick GD. Parkinson's disease in relation to pesticide exposure and nuclear encoded mitochondrial complex I gene variants. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2006:27601. [PMID: 17047302 PMCID: PMC1510938 DOI: 10.1155/jbb/2006/27601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder thought to result from the integrated effects of genetic
background and exposure to neuronal toxins. Certain individual nuclear-encoded mitochondrial complex I gene polymorphisms were found to be associated with ∼ 2-fold risk variation in an Australian case-control sample. We further characterized this
sample of 306 cases and 321 controls to determine the mutual information contained in the 22 SNPs and, additionally, level of pesticide exposure: five distinct risk sets were
identified using grade-of-membership analysis. Of these, one was robust to pesticide exposure (I), three were vulnerable (II, III, IV), and another (V) denoted low risk for unexposed persons. Risk for individual subjects varied > 16-fold according to level of membership in the vulnerable groups. We conclude that inherited variation in mitochondrial complex I genes and pesticide exposure together modulate risk for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H. Corder
- Center for Demographic Studies, Duke University, 2117
Campus Drive, PO Box 90408, Durham, NC 27708-0408, USA
- *Elizabeth H. Corder:
| | - George D. Mellick
- Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111 Australia
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Early-onset and robust amyloid pathology in a new homozygous mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7931. [PMID: 19936202 PMCID: PMC2775952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transgenic mice expressing mutated amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin (PS)-1 or -2 have been successfully used to model cerebral β-amyloidosis, one of the characteristic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, the use of many transgenic lines is limited by premature death, low breeding efficiencies and late onset and high inter-animal variability of the pathology, creating a need for improved animal models. Here we describe the detailed characterization of a new homozygous double-transgenic mouse line that addresses most of these issues. Methodology/Principal Findings The transgenic mouse line (ARTE10) was generated by co-integration of two transgenes carrying the K670N/M671L mutated amyloid precursor protein (APPswe) and the M146V mutated presenilin 1 (PS1) both under control of a neuron-specific promoter. Mice, hemi- as well as homozygous for both transgenes, are viable and fertile with good breeding capabilities and a low rate of premature death. They develop robust AD-like cerebral β-amyloid plaque pathology with glial inflammation, signs of neuritic dystrophy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Using our novel image analysis algorithm for semi-automatic quantification of plaque burden, we demonstrate an early onset and progressive plaque deposition starting at 3 months of age in homozygous mice with low inter-animal variability and 100%-penetrance of the phenotype. The plaques are readily detected in vivo by PiB, the standard human PET tracer for AD. In addition, ARTE10 mice display early loss of synaptic markers and age-related cognitive deficits. By applying a γ-secretase inhibitor we show a dose dependent reduction of soluble amyloid β levels in the brain. Conclusions ARTE10 mice develop a cerebral β-amyloidosis closely resembling the β-amyloid-related aspects of human AD neuropathology. Unifying several advantages of previous transgenic models, this line particularly qualifies for the use in target validation and for evaluating potential diagnostic or therapeutic agents targeting the amyloid pathology of AD.
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CD147, a gamma-secretase associated protein is upregulated in Alzheimer's disease brain and its cellular trafficking is affected by presenilin-2. Neurochem Int 2009; 56:67-76. [PMID: 19751784 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-secretase activity has been extensively investigated due to its role in Alzheimer's disease. Here, we studied the association of CD147, a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin family, with gamma-secretase and its expression in Alzheimer's disease and control tissues. Subcellular fractionation of postmitochondrial supernatant from rat brain on step iodixanol gradient in combination with co-immunoprecipitation using an anti-nicastrin antibody showed association of limited amount of CD147 to gamma-secretase. By immunoblotting of postnuclear pellets from Alzheimer's disease and control human brain tissues we showed that CD147 with molecular weight 75 kDa is upregulated in frontal cortex and thalamus of the Alzheimer's disease brains. Immunohistochemistry of brain tissues from Alzheimer's disease and control revealed specific upregulation of CD147 in neurons, axons and capillaries of Alzheimer's disease frontal cortex and thalamus. The effect of presenilin-1 and -2, which are the catalytic subunits of gamma-secretase, on CD147 expression and subcellular localization was analyzed by confocal microscopy in combination with flow cytometry and showed that PS2 affected the subcellular localization of CD147 in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. We suggest that a small fraction of CD147 present in the brain is associated with the gamma-secretase, and can be involved in mechanisms dysregulated in Alzheimer's disease brain.
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Paisán-Ruiz C, Washecka N, Nath P, Singleton AB, Corder EH. Parkinson's disease and low frequency alleles found together throughout LRRK2. Ann Hum Genet 2009; 73:391-403. [PMID: 19489756 PMCID: PMC5217459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations within LRRK2, most notably p.G2019S, cause Parkinson's disease (PD) in rare monogenic families, and sporadic occurrences in diverse populations. We investigated variation throughout LRRK2 (84 SNPs; genotype or diplotype found for 49 LD blocks) for 275 cases (European ancestry, onset at age 60 or older) and 275 neurologically healthy control subjects (NINDS Neurogenetics Repository). Three grade-of-membership groups, i.e. genetic risk sets, were identified that exactly matched many subjects (cases: 46, 4, 137; controls: 0, 178, 0), and distinguished 94% of the subjects (i.e. >50% likeness to one set). Set I, affected, carried certain low frequency alleles located in multiple functional domains. Set II was unaffected. Set III, also affected, resembled set II except for slightly elevated frequencies of minor alleles not defining set I. We conclude that certain low frequency alleles distributed throughout LRRK2 are a genetic background to a third of cases, defining a distinct subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coro Paisán-Ruiz
- Molecular Neuroscience Department and Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, England
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Amyloid beta-peptide levels in laser capture microdissected cornu ammonis 1 pyramidal neurons of Alzheimer's brain. Neuroreport 2008; 19:1085-9. [PMID: 18596605 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e328302c858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) is a pathophysiological event associated with Alzheimer's disease. Although much is known about the molecular composition of extracellular Abeta deposits, the role of the intracellular pool of Abeta is not fully understood. We investigated whether Abeta levels are increased in cornu ammonis 1 pyramidal neurons of Alzheimer's disease hippocampus, using laser capture microdissection to isolate the neurons and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantification. Our results showed increased Abeta42 levels and an elevated Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio in neurons from sporadic as well as from familial cases of Alzheimer's disease, whereas Abeta40 levels remain unchanged between the cases and controls. We speculate that intracellular accumulation of Abeta42 increase vulnerability of cornu ammonis 1 pyramidal neurons in Alzheimer's disease.
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Corder EH, Blennow K, Prince JA. Genetic susceptibility sets for Alzheimer's disease identified from diverse candidate loci. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:667-79. [PMID: 18593285 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been demonstrated to be associated with gene variants of APOE, but numerous additional candidate loci exist with varying levels of statistical support. We defined susceptibility sets for AD based on information on 18 genetic loci on chromosome 10q (32 loci) and elsewhere (34 loci) and quantitative traits, including CSF tau and Abeta(42) levels. The 938 AD patients and 397 control subjects were enrolled in Scotland and Sweden. A fuzzy latent classification approach -- grade-of-membership analysis (GoM) -- was taken to identify risk sets. Individuals were automatically related to each set via GoM scores. Set I: unaffected + (downward arrow) CSF tau + (upward arrow) CSF Abeta(42) + multiple protective alleles. High intrinsic risk sets II-VI differed in onset age and relevant alleles: close resemblance (i.e., >75% aggregate membership) multiplied risk of AD >100-fold at ages 65 to 84. It is likely that AD has multiple determinants, including APOE polymorphism and gene variants located on chromosome 10q and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Corder
- Center for Demographic Studies, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0408, USA.
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Nelson PT, Jicha GA, Schmitt FA, Liu H, Davis DG, Mendiondo MS, Abner EL, Markesbery WR. Clinicopathologic correlations in a large Alzheimer disease center autopsy cohort: neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles "do count" when staging disease severity. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007; 66:1136-46. [PMID: 18090922 PMCID: PMC3034246 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31815c5efb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is uncertainty regarding the association of cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease (AD) with classic histopathologic features- neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and "neuritic" amyloid plaques (NPs). This uncertainty fuels doubts about the diagnostic importance of NFTs and NPs and leads to confusion regarding hypotheses of AD pathogenesis. Three hundred ninety subjects who underwent longitudinal premortem clinical workup and postmortem quantitative neuropathologic assessment served as the group to address this issue. Subjects with concomitant brain disease(s) were analyzed independently to more accurately assess the contribution of distinct pathologies to cognitive decline. More than 60% of patients of all age groups had important non-AD brain pathologies. However, subjects without superimposed brain diseases showed strong correlations between AD-type pathology counts (NFTs > NPs) and premortem Mini-Mental State Examination scores. The observed correlation was stronger in isocortex than in allocortex and was maintained across age groups including patients older than 90 years. A theoretical model is proposed in which our results are interpreted to support the "amyloid cascade hypothesis" of AD pathogenesis. Our data show that there are many important contributory causes to cognitive decline in older persons. However, NFTs and NPs should not be dismissed as irrelevant in AD based on clinicopathologic correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0230, USA.
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Giunta S, Galeazzi R, Marcellini M, Corder EH, Galeazzi L. The inflammation-sensitive protein alpha 1-anti-chymotrypsin neutralizes fibrillar aggregation and cytotoxicity of the beta-amyloid peptide more effectively than alpha 1-antitrypsin. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:887-92. [PMID: 17512513 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A neuroinflammatory process, triggered by amyloid-beta (Abeta)-peptide, is thought to play a central role in the neurodegenerative process leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Abeta(25-35) retains the functionality of Abeta(42) and was employed to investigate the effects of inflammation-sensitive proteins (ISPs) alpha1-antichymotrypsin (A1ACT) and alpha1-antitrypsin (A1AT) on fibrillar aggregation and cytotoxicity. DESIGN AND METHODS Inhibitory concentrations of the ISPs were determined in an established human red blood cell lysis model of Abeta-cytotoxicity. For studies of Abeta-fibrillar aggregation CSF levels of A1ACT (0.041 microM)/A1AT (0.11 microM) were incubated with Congo Red dye 25 microM+Abeta(25-35) 10 microM noting the formation of visible aggregates and spectrophotometric changes over 24 h. RESULTS A1ACT at CSF reported levels inhibited fibrillar aggregation and cytotoxicity while A1AT at CSF reported levels failed to cause a similar inhibition. CONCLUSIONS A1ACT neutralizes fibrillar aggregation and cytotoxicity of Abeta-peptide more effectively than A1AT. Both proteins are known to be co-deposited with Abeta within senile plaques of AD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giunta
- Laboratorio Analisi Chimico-Cliniche, Microbiologiche e Diagnostica Molecolare, Ospedale Geriatrico INRCA (IRCCS), via della Montagnola 81, 60100, Ancona, Italy.
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Licastro F, Porcellini E, Caruso C, Lio D, Corder EH. Genetic risk profiles for Alzheimer's disease: integration of APOE genotype and variants that up-regulate inflammation. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 28:1637-43. [PMID: 16930778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies associate Alzheimer's disease with APOE polymorphism and alleles which favor the increased expression of immunological mediators such as cytokines or acute phase proteins. We integrated this information to better define risk and determine the relative importance of APOE and immunological mediators. METHODS We investigated functional gene variants for APOE, IL-10 (3 loci), ACT (2 loci), HMGCR, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-6 found for 260 AD patients and 190 controls enrolled in Northern Italy. A fuzzy latent classification approach, namely grade-of-membership analysis (GoM), was taken to identify extreme pure type risk sets, or profiles. This approach automatically relates individuals to each profile via graded membership scores. FINDINGS Four extreme pure type risk sets were identified. Set I defined low intrinsic risk and had a low probability of carrying pro-inflammatory alleles or APOE epsilon4. Three sufficient risk sets were identified: early onset AD (set II) was characterized by a high density of pro-inflammatory alleles, a rapid cognitive decline and independent of APOE epsilon4. Late onset AD had a lower density (ages 65-74, set III), or a subset homozygous (ages 75+, set IV), for these alleles and a high probability of one or two APOE epsilon4 alleles. A total of 97% of the subjects who were cases strongly resembled, i.e. had at least 50% membership in, the sufficient risk sets, as did 25% of middle aged control subjects. IL-10, HMGCR, ACT, and IL-1beta gene variants were each more informative in identifying the risk sets than was APOE. INTERPRETATION AD likely has many determinants including APOE polymorphism and gene variants that modulate innate immunity. Identification of these factors, risk prediction for individuals, and successful prevention and treatment trials require integration of relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Licastro
- Department of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Corder EH, Huang R, Cathcart HM, Lanham IS, Parker GR, Cheng D, Smith S, Poduslo SE. Membership in genetic groups predicts Alzheimer disease. Rejuvenation Res 2006; 9:89-93. [PMID: 16608402 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2006.9.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiple polymorphisms contributing to Alzheimer disease (AD) have been difficult to identify. Three essentially sufficient risk sets were found using a fuzzy latent classification statistical model; that is, grade-of-membership analysis, and genotypes for APOE, APOCI, LDLr, cystatin C, and cathepsin D (180 cases, 120 controls). These were: (a) CST3:GA and CTSD:CT; (b) APOE44 and LDLr8:GG and LDLr13:TT; and (c) APOE34 and LDLr13:TC. Consonance with one of the groups and high aggregate membership carried >800-fold elevated risk for AD. The absence of these combinations defined low risk. APOE3/- with heterozygous promoter and receptor genotypes predicted long life without dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Corder
- Center for Demographic Studies, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Palop JJ, Chin J, Bien-Ly N, Massaro C, Yeung BZ, Yu GQ, Mucke L. Vulnerability of dentate granule cells to disruption of arc expression in human amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. J Neurosci 2006; 25:9686-93. [PMID: 16237173 PMCID: PMC6725729 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2829-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-induced expression of Arc is necessary for maintenance of long-term potentiation and for memory consolidation. In transgenic (TG) mice with neuronal production of human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) and hAPP-derived amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides, basal Arc expression was reduced primarily in granule cells of the dentate gyrus. After exploration of a novel environment, Arc expression in these neurons was unaltered in hAPP mice but increased markedly in nontransgenic controls. Other TG neuronal populations showed no or only minor deficits in Arc expression, indicating a special vulnerability of dentate granule cells. The phosphorylation states of NR2B and ERK1/2 were reduced in the dentate gyrus of hAPP mice, suggesting attenuated activity in NMDA-dependent signaling pathways that regulate synaptic plasticity as well as Arc expression. Arc reductions in hAPP mice correlated with reductions in the actin-binding protein alpha-actinin-2, which is located in dendritic spines and, like Arc, fulfills important functions in excitatory synaptic activity. Reductions in Arc and alpha-actinin-2 correlated tightly with reductions in Fos and calbindin, shown previously to reflect learning deficits in hAPP mice. None of these alterations correlated with the extent of plaque formation, suggesting a plaque-independent mechanism of hAPP/Abeta-induced neuronal deficits. The brain region-specific depletion of factors that participate in activity-dependent modification of synapses may critically contribute to cognitive deficits in hAPP mice and possibly in humans with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Palop
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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31
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Corder EH, Hefler LA. Multilocus Genotypes Spanning Estrogen Metabolism Associated with Breast Cancer and Fibroadenoma. Rejuvenation Res 2006; 9:56-60. [PMID: 16608396 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2006.9.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated inherited polymorphic variation in genes spanning estrogen metabolism (10 SNPs [single nucleotide polymorphism]) to distinguish multilocus genotypes associated with breast cancer (n = 393), benign breast lesions (n = 154), and low risk (n = 1936). Three latent classification GoM extreme type groups represented the data: (a) fibroadenoma, and infrequent SRD5A2 and VDR alleles; (b) postmenopausal breast cancer, and infrequent CYP1A1-1 and CYP1A1-2 alleles (both over-represented infrequent alleles for CYP17, CYP19-3, and COMT); and (c) women at intrinsically low risk. Carriage of the respective multilocus genotypes increased risk 25-fold. We conclude that GoM latent classification may be useful to identify genetic risk sets and estimate risk for individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Corder
- Center for Demographic Studies, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0408, USA.
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Wang L, Miller JP, Gado MH, McKeel DW, Rothermich M, Miller MI, Morris JC, Csernansky JG. Abnormalities of hippocampal surface structure in very mild dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuroimage 2005; 30:52-60. [PMID: 16243546 PMCID: PMC2853193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To better define the pattern of hippocampal deformity early in the course of Alzheimer's disease, we compared the pattern of hippocampal surface variation in subjects with very mild dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and nondemented subjects. The surface of the hippocampus was divided a priori on a neuroanatomical template into three zones approximating the locations of underlying subfields [Csernansky, J.G., Wang, L., Swank, J., Miller, J.P., Gado, M., McKeel, D., Miller, M.I., Morris, J.C., 2005. Preclinical detection of Alzheimer's disease: hippocampal shape and volume predict dementia onset in the elderly. NeuroImage 25, 783--792]; i.e., a lateral zone (LZ) approximating the CA1 subfield, a superior zone (SZ) approximating the combined CA2, CA3, CA4 subfields and the gyrus dentatus (GD), and an inferior-medial zone (IMZ) approximating the subiculum. Large-deformation high-dimensional brain mapping (HDBM-LD) was used to generate the hippocampal surfaces of all subjects and to register the surface zones across subjects. Average variations within each zone were calculated for the subjects with very mild DAT as compared to the average of the nondemented subjects. After correcting for multiple comparisons, the very mild DAT subjects showed significant inward variation in the left and right LZ, the left and right IMZ, but not in the left and right SZ as compared to nondemented subjects. In logistic regression analyses, inward variation of the left and right LZ or IMZ by 0.1 mm relative to the average of the nondemented subjects increased the odds of the subject being a very mild DAT subject (range-1.18 to 1.57) rather than being a nondemented subject. The odds ratios for the left and right SZ were not significant. These results represent a replication of our previous findings [Csernansky, J.G., Wang, L., Joshi, S., Miller, J.P., Gado, M., Kido, D., McKeel, D., Morris, J.C., Miller, M.I., 2000. Early DAT is distinguished from aging by high-dimensional mapping of the hippocampus. Neurology 55, 1636--1643.] and suggest that inward deformities of the hippocampal surface in proximity to the CA1 subfield and subiculum can be used to distinguish subjects with very mild DAT from nondemented subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and The Department of Psychiatry (Box 8134), Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Karelson E, Fernaeus S, Reis K, Bogdanovic N, Land T. Stimulation of G-proteins in human control and Alzheimer's disease brain by FAD mutants of APP(714-723): implication of oxidative mechanisms. J Neurosci Res 2005; 79:368-74. [PMID: 15614786 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the effects of amyloid precursor protein (APP) fragment 714-723 (APP(714-723); peptide P1) and its V717F and V717G mutants (peptides P2 and P3, respectively) on G-protein activity ([35S]GTPgammaS binding) in membranes from postmortem human control and Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. The peptides P1, P2, and P3 revealed a significant stimulatory effect on [35S]GTPgammaS binding in control temporal cortex. The most potent stimulator, P3, at 10 microM concentration enhanced [35S]GTPgammaS binding by 500%. The effect was threefold stronger than that for wild-type P1 and twofold stronger than that for P2. In sporadic AD, the stimulatory effect of P1, P2, and P3 on G-proteins was reduced significantly whereas in Swedish familial AD (SFAD), only P1 elicited marked stimulation (at 10 microM by 50%). In control sensory postcentral cortex, the stimulation of G-proteins by P3 was 1.5-fold lower than that in control temporal cortex, whereas in AD and SFAD the effect showed no remarkable regional difference. Treatment of membranes with H2O2 produced 1.5-fold higher stimulation in [35S]GTPgammaS binding to temporal cortex than that in binding to sensory postcentral cortex. In AD and SFAD, the stimulation by H2O2 revealed no significant regional difference. Glutathione, desferrioxamine (DFO), and 17beta-estradiol markedly decreased the strong stimulatory effect by P3 on [35S]GTPgammaS binding to control temporal cortex, with the protective effect by DFO being most potent. The G(alphaO)-protein levels were not changed in AD or SFAD brain membranes as compared to levels in control membranes. We suggest that strong G-protein stimulation by P3 in the human brain implies the specific (per)oxidation mechanism that might be affected by regional content of peroxidizing substrates and antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ello Karelson
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, Stockholm University, Sweden
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von Gunten A, Kövari E, Rivara CB, Bouras C, Hof PR, Giannakopoulos P. Stereologic analysis of hippocampal Alzheimer's disease pathology in the oldest-old: Evidence for sparing of the entorhinal cortex and CA1 field. Exp Neurol 2005; 193:198-206. [PMID: 15817278 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Revised: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several neuropathologic analyses postulate that Alzheimer disease (AD) in the oldest-old is associated with substantial neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation in the CA fields of the hippocampus and neuronal loss confined to the entorhinal cortex. All of these studies have measured densities, rather than absolute numbers, and most do not take into account the potential interaction between the above pathological hallmarks in a global multivariate analysis. We present here a stereologic analysis of AD-related pathology in 12 oldest-old individuals including a complete assessment of total NFT, neuron numbers and amyloid volume in entorhinal cortex, CA fields, and dentate gyrus. The progression of NFT numbers and amyloid volume across the different Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) groups was significantly slower in these cases compared to previously reported younger cases. Although patients with mild and moderate dementia showed significantly lower mean neuron numbers compared to CDR 0-0.5 cases, there was a marked overlap in individual values among CDR groups. A modest proportion of the variability in CDR scores was explained by NFT numbers in the CA2 field (18.1%) and the dentate gyrus (17.3%). In contrast, neither Nissl-stained neuron numbers nor total amyloid volume in the areas studied significantly predicted cognitive status. These data indicate that the occurrence and progression of AD-related pathologic changes are not an unavoidable consequence of aging. They also suggest that dementia in extreme aging depends more on the damage of hippocampal subdivisions commonly less affected than on severe NFT formation and neuronal loss in the CA1 field and entorhinal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin von Gunten
- Service of Old Age Psychiatry, University of Lausanne School of Medicine, 1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Lee YB, Lee HJ, Won MH, Hwang IK, Kang TC, Lee JY, Nam SY, Kim KS, Kim E, Cheon SH, Sohn HS. Soy isoflavones improve spatial delayed matching-to-place performance and reduce cholinergic neuron loss in elderly male rats. J Nutr 2004; 134:1827-31. [PMID: 15226476 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.7.1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the protective activity of soy isoflavones on neurons, the effects of isoflavones on cholinergic enzyme activity, immunoreactivities of cholinergic enzyme, and delayed matching-to-place (DMP) performance were measured in normal elderly rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48; 10 mo old) were assigned to 3 groups: CD (control diet), ISO 0.3 (0.3 g/kg soy isoflavones diet), and ISO 1.2 (1.2 g/kg soy isoflavones diet). After 16 wk of consuming these diets, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the ISO 0.3 group was greater in cortex and basal forebrain (BF; P < 0.05) than in controls. In BF, ChAT activity was also significantly greater in the ISO 1.2 group than in control rats. Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity in the ISO 0.3 group was significantly inhibited in cortex, BF, and hippocampus and in the ISO 1.2 group in cortex and hippocampus. Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity (ChAT-IR) in the ISO 1.2 group was significantly greater than in controls in the medial septum area. ChAT-IR in the ISO 0.3 and ISO 1.2 groups was significantly higher than in the CD group in the hippocampus CA1 area. Spatial DMP performance by the ISO 0.3 group showed significantly shorter swimming time than by the CD group. These findings show that soy isoflavones can influence the brain cholinergic system and reduce age-related neuron loss and cognition decline in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Bok Lee
- Central Research Institute, Dr. Chung's Food Company Limited, Choongchungbuk-Do, 361-782, Korea
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36
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Bi X, Head E, Cotman CW, Lynch G. Spatial patterns of mammalian brain aging: distribution of cathepsin D-immunoreactive cell bodies and dystrophic dendrites in aging dogs resembles that in Alzheimer's disease. J Comp Neurol 2003; 464:371-81. [PMID: 12900930 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D are found in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and co-occur with intraneuronal tangles. The present study tested whether increases in cathepsin D would emerge during aging in another mammalian species. Regional brain patterns of cathepsin D immunostaining were compared in dogs ages 0.35 to 16 years. Accumulations of immunopositive material were evident in neuronal cell bodies in many forebrain sites in middle-age to old dogs (>/=6 years). Three types could be distinguished: (1) dense aggregates with no particular position within the cell body; (2) crescent-shaped "caps" that occupied one pole of the cell body; and (3) very dense "spikes" that extended from the cell body for variable distances into the apical dendrite; these spikes were found in only a few areas, most notably the subiculum and layer V of neocortex. The spikes appeared between ages 2 and 5 years and increased steadily with age thereafter. Spikes were found in the subiculum in the aged human brain but only infrequently; they were, however, present in large numbers in AD brains. These results established that brain aging in dogs is (1) well advanced by middle age, (2) varies markedly across regions, and (3) in at least some of its aspects (dystrophic dendrites) is prominent in areas known to exhibit pathology early in the course of AD. Combined with previous results for rats, these findings indicated that changes in cathepsin D observed in AD, in particular in the temporal lobe, reflect a generalized mammalian pattern of brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Bi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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Boteva K, Lieberman J. Reconsidering the classification of schizophrenia and manic depressive illness--a critical analysis and new conceptual model. World J Biol Psychiatry 2003; 4:81-92. [PMID: 12692779 DOI: 10.3109/15622970309167956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The idea of 'disease entity' in psychiatry and the nosologic map of insanity with the distinction between dementia praecox (schizophrenia since Bleuler 1911) and manic depressive insanity, originally developed by Emil Kraepelin (1986), is an important landmark in the history of psychiatry (Jablensky 1995). This classification, however, has been vigorously debated throughout the years, and new evidence emerging from epidemiological, clinical, genetic and biological research demonstrates that the two nosological categories have distinct features as well as share many similarities in their risk factors, genetic predisposition, brain pathology, neurophysiology, clinical phenomenology and response to treatment, thus raising questions about the validity of the categorical classification of psychoses. In this paper we examine some of the similarities and differences between schizophrenia and bipolar illness emerging from recent biological and clinical research and attempt to clarify major inherent logical contradictions in the application of the 'disease' model of psychiatric diagnosis to the categorical classification of schizophrenia and bipolar illness. Then we examine how similar predicaments have been resolved in other natural classification systems, namely the biological classification of species and the periodic table of the elements. Finally we propose a hypothetical conceptual approach to the classification of psychoses that has been greatly informed by the organizing principle underlying the periodic table of the elements, and is distinct from the 'disease' model of psychiatric classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Boteva
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Bigio EH, Hynan LS, Sontag E, Satumtira S, White CL. Synapse loss is greater in presenile than senile onset Alzheimer disease: implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2002; 28:218-27. [PMID: 12060346 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2990.2002.00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the past, 'Alzheimer disease' (AD) referred to pathologic AD with clinical onset of dementia in the presenium, while 'senile dementia of the Alzheimer type' (SDAT) referred to senile onset AD. Because AD appears clinically homogeneous regardless of age of onset, the two subtypes in more recent years have not been distinguished. Pathologic differences have been noted, but synapse loss has not previously been compared between the two groups. Hypothesizing that synapse loss would be greater in presenile onset than senile onset AD, we compared synapse loss, as well as Alzheimer pathology in presenile and senile onset AD, using an ELISA method to quantify synaptophysin. Synaptophysin was significantly lower in presenile than senile AD in right frontal and bilateral parietal lobes. Neuritic plaque counts were significantly higher in presenile than senile AD in bilateral frontal and parietal lobes. Semi-quantitative evaluation of neurofibrillary tangles revealed significantly more tangles in bilateral frontal and parietal lobes in presenile than senile AD. Brain weight was significantly lower in presenile than senile AD. The differences in synapse loss and Alzheimer-type pathology in presenile and senile onset AD support the hypothesis that 'cognitive reserve' protects the human brain from neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen H Bigio
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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Bogdanovic N, Corder E, Lannfelt L, Winblad B. APOE polymorphism and clinical duration determine regional neuropathology in Swedish APP(670, 671) mutation carriers: implications for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2002; 6:199-214. [PMID: 12169205 PMCID: PMC6740279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2002.tb00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibrillary changes throughout the brain were investigated for three relatives who carried the Swedish APP(670, 671) mutation which causes overproduction of Abeta40 and Abeta42. They differed in terms of APOE genotype, age at the onset of dementia, and disease duration (P1: epsilon2/3, age 57, 11 years; P2: epsilon2/3, age 61, 5 years; P3: epsilon4/4, age 44, 12 years). For each subject, paraffin-embedded sections from diverse anatomically and cytoarchitectonically well-preserved regions were stained using the modified Bielschowsky method. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and neuritic plaques (NP) were counted, and the area occupied by plaque estimated (%NP). In addition, sections from the medial frontal gyrus were stained with monoclonal antibodies to APOE. The regional patterns of neurofibrillary changes were consistent with those for late-onset AD. Longer disease duration was associated with further accumulations in earlier-affected areas, with superficial cortical layers consistently containing higher %NP than deep layers. APOE epsilon4/4 was associated with deeper limbic and frontal NFT, with an excess of NP (especially in the outer parietal cortex) which stained heavily for APOE - as well as with very early onset. APP(670, 671) mutation carriers demonstrate regional brain neurofibrillary changes characteristic of late-onset Alzheimer's disease with evidence for more Abeta deposition for epsilon4/4 than epsilon2/3. This raises the possibility that early Braak Stage I-II lesions might also follow this pattern of promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bogdanovic
- NEUROTEC, Geriatric Section, KI, NOVUM, KFC, level 4, S-14186, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Maki M, Matsukawa N, Yuasa H, Otsuka Y, Yamamoto T, Akatsu H, Okamoto T, Ueda R, Ojika K. Decreased expression of hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide precursor protein mRNA in the hippocampus in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2002; 61:176-85. [PMID: 11853019 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/61.2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide (HCNP) is involved in the phenotype development of the septo-hippocampal system. HCNP precursor protein (HCNP-pp) is known to interact with other molecules including phosphatidylethanolamine and Raf-1 kinase, and is also known as phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein and raf kinase-inhibitory protein. To assess whether HCNP-pp is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), the expression levels of its mRNA in the hippocampus of autopsy brains from patients with dementia (including AD and ischemic vascular dementia) were compared with those of non-demented control subjects. The in situ hybridization analysis revealed that the expression of HCNP-pp mRNA in patients with clinically late-onset AD was decreased in the hippocampal CA1 field, but not in the CA3 field or the dentate gyrus. The early-onset AD patients showed a wide range of expression levels in the hippocampal sub-regions. Northern blot analysis of HCNP-pp mRNA in brain tissue supported these observations. Since HCNP is known to stimulate the enzymatic activity of choline acetyltransferase in neurons, its low expression in the CAI field of AD patients may explain the downregulation of cholinergic neurons seen in these patients and may thus contribute to the pathogenic processes underlying AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Maki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Nagoya City University, Japan
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