1
|
Fazzari M, Lunghi G, Di Biase E, Maggioni M, Carsana EV, Cioccarelli L, Vigani L, Loberto N, Aureli M, Mauri L, Ciampa MG, Valsecchi M, Takato K, Imamura A, Ishida H, Ben Mariem O, Saporiti S, Palazzolo L, Chiricozzi E, Eberini I, Sonnino S. GM1 structural requirements to mediate neuronal functions. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:655-668. [PMID: 38100017 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Since the 1980s, it has been known that the administration of ganglioside GM1 to cultured cells induced or enhanced neuronal differentiation. GM1 mechanism of action relies on its direct interaction and subsequent activation of the membrane tyrosine kinase receptor, TrkA, which naturally serves as NGF receptor. This process is mediated by the sole oligosaccharide portion of GM1, the pentasaccharide β-Gal-(1-3)-β-GalNAc-(1-4)-[α-Neu5Ac-(2-3)]-β-Gal-(1-4)-β-Glc. Here we detailed the minimum structural requirements of the oligosaccharide portion of GM1 for mediating the TrkA dependent neuritogenic processing. By in vitro and in silico biochemical approaches, we demonstrated that the minimal portion of GM1 required for the TrkA activation is the inner core of the ganglioside's oligosaccharide β-Gal-(1-3)-β-GalNAc-(1-4)-[α-Neu5Ac-(2-3)]-β-Gal. The addition of a sialic acid residue at position 3 of the outer galactose of the GM1 oligosaccharide, which forms the oligosaccharide of GD1a, prevented the interaction with TrkA and the resulting neuritogenesis. On the contrary, the addition of a fucose residue at position 2 of the outer galactose, forming the Fucosyl-GM1 oligosaccharide, did not prevent the TrkA-mediated neuritogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fazzari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Lunghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Di Biase
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Margherita Maggioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Emma Veronica Carsana
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Cioccarelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Vigani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Loberto
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Aureli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ciampa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Manuela Valsecchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Koichi Takato
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akihiro Imamura
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Omar Ben Mariem
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Saporiti
- Analytical Excellence & Program Management, Merck Serono S.p.A, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Palazzolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Chiricozzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy.
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Data Science Research Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Modulation of calcium signaling depends on the oligosaccharide of GM1 in Neuro2a mouse neuroblastoma cells. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:713-727. [PMID: 33201378 PMCID: PMC7679337 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that the oligosaccharide portion of ganglioside GM1 is responsible, via direct interaction and activation of the TrkA pathway, for the ability of GM1 to promote neuritogenesis and to confer neuroprotection in Neuro2a mouse neuroblastoma cells. Recalling the knowledge that ganglioside GM1 modulates calcium channels activity, thus regulating the cytosolic calcium concentration necessary for neuronal functions, we investigated if the GM1-oligosaccharide would be able to overlap the GM1 properties in the regulation of calcium signaling, excluding a specific role played by the ceramide moiety inserted into the external layer of plasma membrane. We observed, by calcium imaging, that GM1-oligosaccharide administration to undifferentiated Neuro2a cells resulted in an increased calcium influx, which turned out to be mediated by the activation of TrkA receptor. The biochemical analysis demonstrated that PLCγ and PKC activation follows the TrkA stimulation by GM1-oligosaccharide, leading to the opening of calcium channels both on the plasma membrane and on intracellular storages, as confirmed by calcium imaging experiments performed with IP3 receptor inhibitor. Subsequently, we found that neurite elongation in Neuro2a cells was blocked by subtoxic administration of extracellular and intracellular calcium chelators, suggesting that the increase of intracellular calcium is responsible of GM1-oligosaccharide mediated differentiation. These results suggest that GM1-oligosaccharide is responsible for the regulation of calcium signaling and homeostasis at the base of the neuronal functions mediated by plasma membrane GM1.
Collapse
|
3
|
Di Biase E, Lunghi G, Fazzari M, Maggioni M, Pomè DY, Valsecchi M, Samarani M, Fato P, Ciampa MG, Prioni S, Mauri L, Sonnino S, Chiricozzi E. Gangliosides in the differentiation process of primary neurons: the specific role of GM1-oligosaccharide. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:329-343. [PMID: 32198666 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It has been recently reported by our group that GM1-oligosaccharide added to neuroblastoma cells or administered to mouse experimental model mimics the neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties of GM1 ganglioside. In addition to this, differently from GM1, GM1-oligosaccharide is not taken up by the cells, remaining solubilized into the extracellular environment interacting with cell surface proteins. Those characteristics make GM1-oligosaccharide a good tool to study the properties of the endogenous GM1, avoiding to interfere with the ganglioside natural metabolic pathway. In this study, we show that GM1-oligosaccharide administered to mice cerebellar granule neurons by interacting with cell surface induces TrkA-MAP kinase pathway activation enhancing neuron clustering, arborization and networking. Accordingly, in the presence of GM1-oligosaccharide, neurons show a higher phosphorylation rate of FAK and Src proteins, the intracellular key regulators of neuronal motility. Moreover, treated cells express increased level of specific neuronal markers, suggesting an advanced stage of maturation compared to controls. In parallel, we found that in the presence of GM1-oligosaccharide, neurons accelerate the expression of complex gangliosides and reduce the level of the simplest ones, displaying the typical ganglioside pattern of mature neurons. Our data confirms the specific role of GM1 in neuronal differentiation and maturation, determined by its oligosaccharide portion. GM1-oligosacchairide interaction with cell surface receptors triggers the activation of intracellular biochemical pathways responsible for neuronal migration, dendrites emission and axon growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Di Biase
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Giulia Lunghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Fazzari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Margherita Maggioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Diego Yuri Pomè
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Manuela Valsecchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maura Samarani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Pamela Fato
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ciampa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Simona Prioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Elena Chiricozzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chiricozzi E, Maggioni M, di Biase E, Lunghi G, Fazzari M, Loberto N, Elisa M, Scalvini FG, Tedeschi G, Sonnino S. The Neuroprotective Role of the GM1 Oligosaccharide, II 3Neu5Ac-Gg 4, in Neuroblastoma Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6673-6702. [PMID: 30911934 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1556-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that the GM1 oligosaccharide, II3Neu5Ac-Gg4 (OligoGM1), administered to cultured murine Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells interacts with the NGF receptor TrkA, leading to the activation of the ERK1/2 downstream pathway and to cell differentiation. To understand how the activation of the TrkA pathway is able to trigger key biochemical signaling, we performed a proteomic analysis on Neuro2a cells treated with 50 μM OligoGM1 for 24 h. Over 3000 proteins were identified. Among these, 324 proteins were exclusively expressed in OligoGM1-treated cells. Interestingly, several proteins expressed only in OligoGM1-treated cells are involved in biochemical mechanisms with a neuroprotective potential, reflecting the GM1 neuroprotective effect. In addition, we found that the exogenous administration of OligoGM1 reduced the cellular oxidative stress in Neuro2a cells and conferred protection against MPTP neurotoxicity. These results confirm and reinforce the idea that the molecular mechanisms underlying the GM1 neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects depend on its oligosaccharide chain, suggesting the activation of a positive signaling starting at plasma membrane level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chiricozzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy.
| | - Margherita Maggioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Erika di Biase
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Giulia Lunghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Fazzari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Loberto
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maffioli Elisa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Unimi, v.le Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bottai D, Adami R, Ghidoni R. The crosstalk between glycosphingolipids and neural stem cells. J Neurochem 2018; 148:698-711. [PMID: 30269334 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Until a few years ago, the majority of cell functions were envisioned as the result of protein and DNA activity. The cell membranes were considered as a mere structure of support and/or separation. In the last years, the function of cell membranes has, however, received more attention and their components of lipid nature have also been depicted as important cell mediators and the membrane organization was described as an important determinant for membrane-anchored proteins activity. In particular, because of their high diversity, glycosphingolipids offer a wide possibility of regulation. Specifically, the role of glycosphingolipids, in the fine-tuning of neuron activity, has recently received deep attention. For their pivotal role in vertebrate and mammals neural development, neural stem cells regulation is of main interest especially concerning their further functions in neurological pathology progression and treatment. Glycosphingolipids expression present a developmental regulation. In this view, glycosphingolipids can hold an important role in neural stem cells features because of their heterogeneity and their consequent capacity for eclectic interaction with other cell components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bottai
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Adami
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ghidoni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chiricozzi E, Pomè DY, Maggioni M, Di Biase E, Parravicini C, Palazzolo L, Loberto N, Eberini I, Sonnino S. Role of the GM1 ganglioside oligosaccharide portion in the TrkA-dependent neurite sprouting in neuroblastoma cells. J Neurochem 2017; 143:645-659. [PMID: 28796418 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
GM1 ganglioside (II3 NeuAc-Gg4 Cer) is known to promote neurite formation in neuroblastoma cells by activating TrkA-MAPK pathway. The molecular mechanism by which GM1 is involved in the neurodifferentiation process is still unknown, however, in vitro and in vivo evidences have suggested that the oligosaccharide portion of this ganglioside could be involved. Here, we report that, similarly to the entire GM1 molecule, its oligosaccharide II3 NeuAc-Gg4, rather than its ceramide (Cer) portion is responsible for the neurodifferentiation process by augmenting neurite elongation and increasing the neurofilament protein expression in murine neuroblastoma cells, Neuro2a. Conversely, asialo-GM1, GM2 and GM3 oligosaccharides are not effective in neurite elongation on Neuro2a cells, whereas the effect exerted by the Fuc-GM1 oligosaccharide (IV2 αFucII3 Neu5Ac-Gg4 ) is similar to that exerted by GM1 oligosaccharide. The neurotrophic properties of GM1 oligosaccharide are exerted by activating the TrkA receptor and the following phosphorylation cascade. By photolabeling experiments performed with a nitrophenylazide containing GM1 oligosaccharide, labeled with tritium, we showed a direct interaction between the GM1 oligosaccharide and the extracellular domain of TrkA receptor. Moreover, molecular docking analyses confirmed that GM1 oligosaccharide binds the TrkA-nerve growth factor complex leading to a binding free energy of approx. -11.5 kcal/mol, acting as a bridge able to increase and stabilize the TrkA-nerve growth factor molecular interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chiricozzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Diego Yuri Pomè
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Margherita Maggioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Di Biase
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Parravicini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Palazzolo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Loberto
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sindi RA, Harris W, Arnott G, Flaskos J, Lloyd Mills C, Hargreaves AJ. Chlorpyrifos- and chlorpyrifos oxon-induced neurite retraction in pre-differentiated N2a cells is associated with transient hyperphosphorylation of neurofilament heavy chain and ERK 1/2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 308:20-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
PKA Inhibitor H89 (N-[2-p-bromocinnamylamino-ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide) Attenuates Synaptic Dysfunction and Neuronal Cell Death following Ischemic Injury. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:374520. [PMID: 26448879 PMCID: PMC4584069 DOI: 10.1155/2015/374520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which activates prosurvival signaling proteins, has been implicated in the expression of long-term potentiation and hippocampal long-term memory. It has come to light that H89 commonly known as the PKA inhibitor have diverse roles in the nervous system that are unrelated to its role as a PKA inhibitor. We have investigated the role of H89 in ischemic and reperfusion injury. First, we examined the expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and synaptophysin in mouse brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion injury. Next, we examined the role of H89 pretreatment on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), PSD95, MAP2, and the apoptosis regulators Bcl2 and cleaved caspase-3 in cultured neuroblastoma cells exposed to hypoxia and reperfusion injury. In addition, we investigated the alteration of AKT activation in H89 pretreated neuroblastoma cells under hypoxia and reperfusion injury. The data suggest that H89 may contribute to brain recovery after ischemic stroke by regulating neuronal death and proteins related to synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tsai YT, Yu RK. Epigenetic activation of mouse ganglioside synthase genes: implications for neurogenesis. J Neurochem 2013; 128:101-10. [PMID: 24102378 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The quantity and expression pattern of gangliosides in mammalian brain change drastically during development and are mainly regulated through stage-specific expression of ganglioside synthase genes. Despite extensive investigations in the past, it remains largely unclear how the transcriptional activation of the genes encoding glycosyltransferases is regulated. Here, we show that in the neuronogenic cultures of mouse embryonic brain-derived neuroepithelial cells, histone modifications including acetylated histone H3 and histone H4, but not histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 27 of two genes encoding two key regulatory GTs, namely, N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase I and sialyltransferase II, were extensively and gradually enhanced, respectively. As a consequence, the level of each GT mRNA was increased correspondingly. Hyperacetylation of histones on the GalNAcT promoter resulted in recruitment of the trans-activation factors Sp2 and AP-1 when cellular histone deacetylases 1 and 2 were knocked down with RNA interference or inhibited by treatment with valproic acid. Moreover, epigenetic activation of GalNAcT was also detected, as accompanied by a pronounced induction of neural differentiation in primary neuroepithelium culture responding to an exogenous supplement of ganglioside GM1, a downstream product of the gene's encoding enzyme. Our findings thus provide direct evidence of novel pathways for ganglioside expression via the epigenetic up-regulation of ganglioside synthase genes during neural development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tzang Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics and the Institute of Neuroscience, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ryu JS, Chang KT, Lee JT, Lim MU, Min HK, Na YJ, Lee SB, Moussavou G, Kim SU, Kim JS, Ko K, Ko K, Hwang KA, Jeong EJ, Lee JW, Choo YK. Ganglioside GM1 influences the proliferation rate of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. BMB Rep 2013; 45:713-8. [PMID: 23261057 PMCID: PMC4133816 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.12.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides play important roles in the control of several biological processes, including proliferation and transmembrane signaling. In this study, we demonstrate the effect of ganglioside GM1 on the proliferation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs). The proliferation rate of miPSCs was lower than in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis showed that the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase in miPSCs was lower than that in mESCs. GM1 was expressed in mESCs, but not miPSCs. To confirm the role of GM1 in miPSC proliferation, miPSCs were treated with GM1. GM1-treated miPSCs exhibited increased cell proliferation and a larger number of cells in the G2/M phase. Furthermore, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases was increased in GM1- treated miPSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Ryu
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
CHEN YIXIN, CHEN XIAOWEN, LI CHANGGANG, YUE LIJIE, MAI HUIRONG, WEN FEIQIU. Effect of tumor gangliosides on tyrosine phosphorylation of p125FAK in platelet adhesion to collagen. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:343-8. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
12
|
Valero T, Moschopoulou G, Mayor-Lopez L, Kintzios S. Moderate superoxide production is an early promoter of mitochondrial biogenesis in differentiating N2a neuroblastoma cells. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1333-43. [PMID: 23022608 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been widely considered as harmful for cell development and as promoters of cell aging by increasing oxidative stress. However, ROS have an important role in cell signaling and they have been demonstrated to be beneficial by triggering hormetic signals, which could protect the organism from later insults. In the present study, N2a murine neuroblastoma cells were used as a paradigm of cell-specific (neural) differentiation partly mediated by ROS. Differentiation was triggered by the established treatments of serum starvation, forskolin or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. A marked differentiation, expressed as the development of neurites, was detected by fixation and staining with coomassie brilliant blue after 48 h treatment. This was accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial mass detected by mitotracker green staining, an increased expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and succinate dehydrogenase activity as detected by MTT. In line with these results, an increase in free radicals, specifically superoxide anion, was detected in differentiating cells by flow cytometry. Superoxide scavenging by MnTBAP and MAPK inhibition by PD98059 partially reversed differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis. In this way, we demonstrated that mitochondrial biogenesis and differentiation are mediated by superoxide and MAPK cues. Our data suggest that differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis in N2a cells are part of a hormetic response which is triggered by a modest increase of superoxide anion concentration within the mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Valero
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chang CY, Ma KH, Wang JK, Tung YL, Chueh SH. Inhibition of protein kinase C promotes differentiation of neuroblastoma × glioma NG108-15 hybrid cells. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:1074-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
14
|
Yeyeodu S, Gilyazova N, Huh EY, Dandepally SR, Oldham C, Williams A, Ibeanu G. A trifluoromethyl analog of verbenachalcone promotes neurite outgrowth and cell proliferation of NeuroScreen-1 cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 31:145-53. [PMID: 20848307 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Past research has shown that natural products of plant and marine origins and their congeners enhance the actions of neuritogenic factors of the central nervous system (CNS) such as nerve growth factor (NGF). However, the role of fluorine substitutions in their structure-activity relationship (SAR) has not been explored. We have synthesized a trifluoromethyl analog of verbenachalcone (VC), a pharmacologically active natural compound previously shown to potentiate NGF activity. This analog, designated C278, enhances neurite outgrowth and proliferation of NeuroScreen-1™ (NS-1) cells, a subclone of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. C278 increases the percentage of neurite bearing cells in the presence of suboptimal doses of NGF in comparison with controls treated with NGF alone. In addition, C278 stimulates cell growth in reduced serum and serum-free cell culture conditions based on our observation of increases in cell number and metabolic assessment with MTT reduction and resazurin assays. The addition of C278 partially restored inhibition of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors PD98059 and U0126. Short-term sequential exposure of cells to U0126, C278, and NGF enhanced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in comparison with cells treated with only the MEK inhibitor and NGF. C278 also attenuated cell growth arrest caused by exposure to PD98059, U0126 and the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002 but did not alter phosphorylation of Akt, a classic downstream target of PI3K during cell survival. These data suggest that C278 promotes NGF-dependent neurite outgrowth in NS-1 cells through a MEK signaling pathway by a mechanism that alters short-term activation of ERK. In contrast, C278 promotes PI3K-mediated survival independently of Akt phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yeyeodu
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Seira O, Gavín R, Gil V, Llorens F, Rangel A, Soriano E, del Río JA. Neurites regrowth of cortical neurons by GSK3beta inhibition independently of Nogo receptor 1. J Neurochem 2010; 113:1644-58. [PMID: 20374426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lesioned axons do not regenerate in the adult mammalian CNS, owing to the over-expression of inhibitory molecules such as myelin-derived proteins or chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans. In order to overcome axon inhibition, strategies based on extrinsic and intrinsic treatments have been developed. For myelin-associated inhibition, blockage with NEP1-40, receptor bodies or IN-1 antibodies has been used. In addition, endogenous blockage of cell signalling mechanisms induced by myelin-associated proteins is a potential tool for overcoming axon inhibitory signals. We examined the participation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) and extracellular-related kinase (ERK) 1/2 in axon regeneration failure in lesioned cortical neurons. We also investigated whether pharmacological blockage of GSK3beta and ERK1/2 activities facilitates regeneration after myelin-directed inhibition in two models: (i) cerebellar granule cells and (ii) lesioned entorhino-hippocampal pathway in slice cultures, and whether the regenerative effects are mediated by Nogo Receptor 1 (NgR1). We demonstrate that, in contrast to ERK1/2 inhibition, the pharmacological treatment of GSK3beta inhibition strongly facilitated regrowth of cerebellar granule neurons over myelin independently of NgR1. Finally, these regenerative effects were corroborated in the lesioned entorhino-hippocampal pathway in NgR1-/- mutant mice. These results provide new findings for the development of new assays and strategies to enhance axon regeneration in injured cortical connections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Seira
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Protective and antioxidative effects of GM1 ganglioside in PC12 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide are mediated by Trk tyrosine kinase. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:85-98. [PMID: 19621257 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
GM1 ganglioside was found to increase the survival of PC12 cells exposed to H(2)O(2), its action was blocked by Trk tyrosine kinase inhibitor K-252a. Thus, the inhibition of H(2)O(2) cytotoxic action by GM1 constituted 52.8 +/- 4.3%, but in the presence of 1.0 microM K-252a it was only 11.7 +/- 10.8%, i.e. the effect of GM1 became insignificant. Exposure to GM1 markedly reduced the increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and diminished the inactivation of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase induced in PC12 cells by H(2)O(2), but in the presence of K-252a GM1 did not change these metabolic parameters. The inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase and protein kinase C decreased the effects of GM1. A combination of these protein kinase inhibitors reduced inhibition of H(2)O(2) cytotoxic action by GM1 to the larger extent than each of the inhibitors and practically abolished the ability of GM1 to decrease H(2)O(2)-induced ROS accumulation. The protective and antioxidative effects of GM1 in PC12 cells exposed to H(2)O(2) appear to be mediated by activation of Trk receptor tyrosine kinase and the protein kinases downstream from this enzyme.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sokolova TV, Zakharova IO, Furaev VV, Rychkova MP, Vlasova YA, Avrova NF. A Decrease of neuroprotective effect of ganglioside GM1 on PC12 cells under conditions of oxidative stress in the presence of inhibitor of tyrosine kinase of Trk-receptors. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093008040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
18
|
Zakharova IO, Sokolova TV, Furaev VV, Rychkova MP, Avrova NF. Effects of oxidative stress inhibitors, neurotoxins, and ganglioside GM1 on Na+,K+-ATPase activity in PC12 Cells and brain synaptosomes. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093007020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Sokolova TV, Zakharova IO, Furaev VV, Rychkova MP, Avrova NF. Neuroprotective effect of ganglioside GM1 on the cytotoxic action of hydrogen peroxide and amyloid beta-peptide in PC12 cells. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1302-13. [PMID: 17401655 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Ganglioside GM1 was shown to increase the viability of PC12 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide or amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta(25-35)). The PC12 cells transfected with mutant gene (expressing APP(SW)) were found to be more sensitive to oxidative stress than the cells transfected with wild type gene (expressing APP(WT)) or vector-transfected cells, GM1 being effective in enhancing the viability of the cells transfected with mutant gene. The exposure to hydrogen peroxide or Abeta(25-35) results in a partial inactivation of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase in PC12 cells, H(2)O(2) increases MDA accumulation in these cells. But these effects could be partially prevented or practically abolished by GM1 ganglioside. In the presence of the inhibitor of tyrosine kinase of Trk receptors (K-252a) the protective and metabolic effects of GM1 on PC12 cells in conditions of oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide are not observed or are markedly diminished.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Sokolova
- Department of Comparative Neurochemistry, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Valaperta R, Valsecchi M, Rocchetta F, Aureli M, Prioni S, Prinetti A, Chigorno V, Sonnino S. Induction of axonal differentiation by silencing plasma membrane-associated sialidase Neu3 in neuroblastoma cells. J Neurochem 2007; 100:708-19. [PMID: 17176265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A reduction of 70% of the plasma membrane-associated sialidase Neu3 activity, due to a corresponding reduction of the enzyme expression by transducing cells with a short hairpin RNA encoding a sequence target (complementary messenger of mouse Neu3), caused neurite elongation in Neuro2a murine neuroblastoma cells. The differentiation process was accompanied in parallel by an increase of the acetylcholinesterase activity, a moderate increase of the c-Src expression and by the presence of the axonal marker tau protein on the neurites. The sphingolipid pattern and turnover in transduced and control cells were characterized by thin layer chromatography, mass spectrometry and metabolic radiolabeling after feeding cells with tritiated sphingosine. Control cells contained about 2 nmol of gangliosides/mg cell protein. GM2 was the main compound, followed by GD1a, GM3 and GM1. In Neu3 silenced cells, the total ganglioside content remained quite similar, but GM2 increased by 54%, GM3 remain constant, and GM1 and GD1a decreased by 66% and 50%, respectively. Within the organic phase sphingolipids, ceramide decreased by 50%, whereas the sphingomyelin content did not change in Neu3 silenced cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rea Valaperta
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bueno C, Lemke CD, Criado G, Baroja ML, Ferguson SSG, Rahman AKMNU, Tsoukas CD, McCormick JK, Madrenas J. Bacterial Superantigens Bypass Lck-Dependent T Cell Receptor Signaling by Activating a Gα11-Dependent, PLC-β-Mediated Pathway. Immunity 2006; 25:67-78. [PMID: 16860758 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The paradigm to explain antigen-dependent T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is based on the activation of the CD4 or CD8 coreceptor-associated kinase Lck. It is widely assumed that this paradigm is also applicable to signaling by bacterial superantigens. However, these bacterial toxins can activate human T cells lacking Lck, suggesting the existence of an additional pathway of TCR signaling. Here we showed that this alternative pathway operates in the absence of Lck-dependent tyrosine-phosphorylation events and was initiated by the TCR-dependent activation of raft-enriched heterotrimeric Galpha11 proteins. This event, in turn, activated a phospholipase C-beta and protein kinase C-mediated cascade that turned on the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK-1 and ERK-2, triggered Ca(2+) influx, and translocated the transcription factors NF-AT and NF-kappaB to the nucleus, ultimately inducing the production of interleukin-2 in Lck-deficient T cells. The triggering of this alternative pathway by superantigens suggests that these toxins use a G protein-coupled receptor as a coreceptor on T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bueno
- The FOCIS Centre for Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapeutics, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dyatlovitskaya EV, Kandyba AG. Role of biologically active sphingolipids in tumor growth. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:10-7. [PMID: 16457613 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the literature on the effects of biologically active sphingolipids (sphingosine, ceramide, sphingomyelin, glucosylceramide, gangliosides GM1, GM2, GM3, GD3, etc.) on proliferation, apoptosis, metastases, and invasiveness of tumor cells and the putative role of sphingolipids in chemotherapy of malignant tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E V Dyatlovitskaya
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rios C, Gomes I, Devi LA. Interactions between delta opioid receptors and alpha-adrenoceptors. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 31:833-6. [PMID: 15566403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.04076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Several studies have reported functional interactions between different subtypes of opioid and alpha2A-adrenoceptors in the induction of spinal cord analgesia. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well characterized. We propose that direct receptor-receptor associations could account for some of the observed functional interactions. In the present study, we examined the presence of delta opioid receptors and alpha2A-adrenoceptors in interacting complexes and the functional implications of such interactions on receptor activity. 2. Using the proximity based bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay, we found that the delta opioid receptors and alpha2A-adrenoceptors are in close enough proximity (< 100 A) in live cells that can foster physical interactions. 3. Using coimmunoprecipitation of differentially epitope-tagged receptors, we found that delta opiate receptors exist in interacting complexes with alpha2A-adrenoceptors in heterologous cells. 4. Finally, using receptor activity mediated neurite outgrowth in Neuro 2A cells as a physiological readout, we found that interactions between delta opiate receptors and alpha2A-adrenoceptors have functional consequences. The expression of alpha2A-adrenoceptors is sufficient to promote delta opiate receptor-mediated neurite outgrowth, suggesting that the presence of inactive alpha2A-adrenoceptors can enhance delta opiate receptor-mediated signalling. 5. Taken together, these findings suggest that modulation of receptor function as a result of physical associations between delta opiate receptors and alpha2A-adrenoceptors may account for the observed synergy between opiate and adrenergic agonists in spinal analgesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Rios
- Department of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Diestel S, Laurini C, Traub O, Schmitz B. Tyrosine 734 of NCAM180 interferes with FGF receptor-dependent signaling implicated in neurite growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 322:186-96. [PMID: 15313190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic domain of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) contains multiple phosphorylation sites. We report here that in addition to serine and threonine residues a tyrosine of the NCAM180 isoform is phosphorylated as shown by phosphoamino acid analysis. Exchange of the only cytoplasmic tyrosine at position 734 of human NCAM180 (NCAM180-Y734F) to phenylalanine resulted in increased neurite outgrowth of NCAM180-Y734F transfected B35 neuroblastoma cells compared to NCAM180-wt transfectants on poly-L-lysine as substrate. As demonstrated by inhibitor studies the increased neurite outgrowth was due to higher FGF receptor 1 and ERK1 activity in NCAM180-Y734F cells, indicating that tyrosine residue 734 plays a role in signal transduction mediated by the FGF receptor. On an NCAM expressing monolayer of COS-7 cells the Y734F mutation also influences FGF receptor 1 dependent neurite outgrowth, but under these conditions additional mechanisms seem to be responsible for the increased neurite length observed for NCAM180-Y734F transfected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Diestel
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Physiology, Biochemistry and Animal Health, Katzenburgweg 9a, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ramm P, Alexandrov Y, Cholewinski A, Cybuch Y, Nadon R, Soltys BJ. Automated screening of neurite outgrowth. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2003; 8:7-18. [PMID: 12854994 DOI: 10.1177/1087057102239779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Outgrowth of neurites in culture is used for assessing neurotrophic activity. Neurite measurements have been performed very slowly using manual methods or more efficiently with interactive image analysis systems. In contrast, medium-throughput and noninteractive image analysis of neurite screens has not been well described. The authors report the performance of an automated image acquisition and analysis system (IN Cell Analyzer 1000) in the neurite assay. Neuro-2a (N2a) cells were plated in 96-well plates and were exposed to 6 conditions of retinoic acid. Immunofluorescence labeling of the cytoskeleton was used to detect neurites and cell bodies. Acquisition of the images was automatic. The image set was then analyzed by both manual tracing and automated algorithms. On 5 relevant parameters (number of neurites, neurite length, total cell area, number of cells, neurite length per cell), the authors did not observe a difference between the automated analysis and the manual analysis done by tracing. These data suggest that the automated system addresses the same biology as human scorers and with the same measurement precision for treatment effects. However, throughput of the automated system is orders of magnitude higher than with manual methods.
Collapse
|
26
|
Fang Y, Xie X, Ledeen RW, Wu G. Characterization of cholera toxin B subunit-induced Ca(2+) influx in neuroblastoma cells: evidence for a voltage-independent GM1 ganglioside-associated Ca(2+) channel. J Neurosci Res 2002; 69:669-80. [PMID: 12210833 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of endogenous GM1 ganglioside in neurite outgrowth has been studied in N18 and NG108-15 neuroblastoma cells with the GM1-specific ligand cholera toxin B subunit (Ctx B), which stimulates Ca(2+) influx together with neuritogenesis. Our primary goal has been to identify the nature of the calcium channel that is modulated by GM1. An L-type voltage-operated Ca(2+) channel (VOCC) was previously proposed as the mediator of this phenomenon. This investigation, employing fura-2 fluorescent measurements and specific channel blockers and other agents, revealed that GM1 modulates a hitherto unidentified Ca(2+) channel not of the L type. It was opened by Ctx B; was permeable to Ca(2+) and Ba(2+) but not Mn(2+); and was blocked by Ni(2+), Cd(2+), and La(3+). Although most dihydropyridines inhibited Ctx B-induced Ca(2+) influx as well as neurite outgrowth at higher concentrations, they and other VOCC blockers at normally employed concentrations failed to do so, suggesting uninvolvement of VOCC. In addition, Ca(2+) influx induced by Ctx B was not mediated by cGMP-dependent or G-protein-coupled nonselective cation channels, as demonstrated by the cGMP antagonist Rp-cGMPS or the G-protein/receptor uncoupling agent suramin, respectively. Finally, Ca(2+) influx was unlikely to be due to inhibition or reversal of Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger via Ctx B induction of Na(+) uptake, insofar as no effect was seen on blocking Na(+) channels, inhibiting Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, or eliminating extracellular Na(+). The results suggest that this novel channel is gated by interaction with GM1, which, when associated with the channel and bound by appropriate ligand, promotes Ca(2+) influx. This in turn induces signaling for the onset of neuritogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fang
- Department of Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|